1.

- Rewrite the sentences

1 I am sure someone told David what happened.

____________________________________________________________

2 It is thought to have been lots of robberies in the bank.

____________________________________________________________

3 We did not understand the problem so we could not solve it (if).

____________________________________________________________

4 Mrs Mackay is retiring this year after 25 years of teaching. When she retires…….

____________________________________________________________

5 Perhaps she forgot about the meeting.

____________________________________________________________

6 Peter is an unlucky man. His car was stolen yesterday.

____________________________________________________________

7 Could you please open the door? (mind).

____________________________________________________________

8 I enjoyed the party although I arrived late.

____________________________________________________________

9 The visitors are being shown round by a guide.

____________________________________________________________

10 A professional baker made Margaret’s wedding cake.

____________________________________________________________

11 It was a mistake not to tell Mary what had happened.

____________________________________________________________

12 It is a pity she did not write a letter to the editor. (wish)

_____________________________________________________________

13 John began to work three years ago. (He)

_____________________________________________________________

14 They work a lot and later they rest. (stop)

_____________________________________________________________

15 When he was a child he went to the mountain every weekend. (used to)

_____________________________________________________________

1
16 I wanted to invite you but I did not have enough money. (if)

____________________________________________________________

17 The disorder in question has an alarming impact on its victims. It has received little medical attention.
(Although)

____________________________________________________________

18 He is bothered because she does not want to tell her the news. (regret).

_____________________________________________________________

19 “Shall I make dinner?”, Juan said to his wife.

_____________________________________________________________

20 “Keep everything in the bag”, said Mary to her son.

_____________________________________________________________

21 My sister loves scary movies, she watches one every day. (can’t help)

_____________________________________________________________

22 They can’t go out because they are very young. (if)

_____________________________________________________________

23 People say I was a fast learner when I was young (I)

_____________________________________________________________

24 Has the position already been taken? (someone)

_____________________________________________________________

25 When was your house painted? (have)

_____________________________________________________________

26 A professional does her make-up before each performance (she)

_____________________________________________________________

27 You should have asked him first.

_____________________________________________________________

28 I’m sorry I didn’t participate in the experiment. (had)

_____________________________________________________________

29 I’ll come home if the weather improves. (won’t)

_____________________________________________________________

30 She can’t go on this ride because she is too young. (could).

_______________________________________________________________

2
31 Having a dog would make her feel less lonely. (wishes)

_______________________________________________________________

32 The spacecraft needs to orbit Earth before it can land.

As soon as ____________________________________________________________

33 I am sorry I never visited her in hospital.

If only ________________________________________________________________

34 If he doesn’t rush, he will be late.

Unless ________________________________________________________________

35 They didn’t move to a safer place because they hadn’t received a warning.

If ___________________________________________________________________________

36 It is too bad he can’t participate in the experiment

If only ________________________________________________________________________

37 I wasn’t accepted because I didn’t make a good impression.

If I ___________________________________________________________________________

38 My brother has calculated his carbon footprint. He is only six. (who)

______________________________________________________________________________

39 The optician is testing my son’s eyes tomorrow. (getting)

______________________________________________________________________________

40 In which countries does that company produce coffee? (by)

______________________________________________________________________________

41 Bobby: “We will travel to Italy next summer” (Bobby said)

______________________________________________________________________________

42 Bobby: “Do not come here tomorrow” (Bobby told)

______________________________________________________________________________

43 Peter also takes care of Maria. His mother is a very old woman. (relative pronoun)

______________________________________________________________________________

44 You lost the match yesterday because you were very tired. (If)

______________________________________________________________________________

45 I cannot find my purse. Perhaps I left it on the bus. (may)

______________________________________________________________________________

3
2.- Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets to write conditional sentences. You may
have to use the negative.

1 If I __________________ (be) rich I ________________________ (buy) a Ferrari! Of course. I don’t have enough
money.
2 We __________________ (go) running later if the weather ________________ (be) good. The forecast looks
fine.
3 He ____________________ (miss) the meeting if he _____________________ (be) on time; but he arrived two
hours later.
4 If the students _____________________ (work) hard they ___________________ (do) so well next week.
5 Unless you ___________________________ (reserve) a ticket, you ____________________ (get) a seat.

3.- Read the situations. Then complete the responses with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1 I didn’t notice you.

If I _____________________ (see) you, I ________________________ (say) “hello”.
2 I am not working at the moment.
If I ________________________ (have) a job, I ______________________ (save) money to buy a car.
3 It is a pity you didn’t call an hour before.
I ___________________________ (cancel) my meetings if I _________________ (know) you were in town.
4 I can’t concentrate.
I wish the children ________________________ (go) outside to play because they ____________________
(make) a lot of noise.

4.- Complete the dialogue with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

Rob: I know you’re not, but if you __________________ (be) an inventor, what ________________________
(you/try) to invent?
Sue: Oh, I ________________________ (love) to make a time machine if I ______________________ (can). I believe
that if I ___________________________(live) long enough somebody _____________________ (invent) one. Of
course, it _______________________ (be) me. No chance, of course.
Rob: I have tickets for the exhibition on time at the museum. _______________________________ (you/come)
there with me if I ___________________________ (give) you a ticket?
Sue: Great, thanks.

5.- Complete the text with the appropriate verbs.

If you visit Port T Barre Elementary School in Lousiana, USA, you _____________________ (find) that the school
________________ (run) by the person who once ________________________ (wash) its floor, Grabe Sonnier. In
1980s, while he ____________________________ (work) as a caretaker, he ______________________ (notice) by
the headmaster, who _________________ (say) that Sonnier ________________________ (make) a good teacher.
He ______________________ (never tell) anything like that. After _____________________ (listen) to that, he
_________________________ (begin/study) a lot. Since then, he ________________________ (earn) two degrees
and now he _______________________________ (believe) that any goal ________________________ (can/achieve)
if you put an effort. He ____________________ (hope) the future generations ______________________
(encourage) by his example.

4
6.- Turn into passive. Omit the agent if possible.

1 They’re going to sell the new product in China

__________________________________________________________

2 The police will arrest the thieves very soon.

__________________________________________________________

3 Your niece is making a delicious cake.

__________________________________________________________

4 The priest has blessed my house twice.

__________________________________________________________

5 Someone sent Susan’s boyfriend two Christmas cards. (2 pasivas)

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
6 Peter showed us his new job yesterday. (2 pasivas)
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

7 Michael shouldn’t send her the file. (2 pasivas)

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

8 They are offering customers free samples of the product. (2 pasivas)

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

9 In my opinion, we should give her another chance. (2 pasivas)

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

10 The company has given its employees a longer holiday. (2 pasivas)

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

11 Many people said his ideas were useless. (2 pasivas)

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

12 The boss advised me to revise my work. (2 pasivas)

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

5
7.- Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the passive form.

1 According to the plan, this area ____________________________(turn into) a car park next year.

2 The cars aren’t here. They __________________________ (must/take away) by the police.

3 John is excited; he ___________________________________ (just/invite) to play for the school team.

4 The room was very dirty; clearly it ________________________ (not clean) for ages.

8.- Complete the sentences with modal or modal perfect verbs and the verbs in brackets.

1 Sally ____________________________ (get up) early on Sundays because there is no school.

2 Tim _____________________________ (work) so hard. I know it is up to him, but I don’t think it is a good idea.
3 We _____________________________ (hurry up). We are going to be late.
4 Players __________________________ (buy) tennis balls. The leisure center will provide them for free.
5 She _____________________________ (be) late for work. If she is, she will lose her job.
6 They weren’t very good. They _______________________ (rehearse) more before the gig.
7 She _______________________ (be) upset about something. She hasn’t stopped crying.
8 I think the waiter ____________________________(make) a mistake in the bill, but I am not sure.
9 He _______________________________ (forget) to buy me a birthday present because I reminded him every
day.
10 He _______________________________ (take) time off from studying next year, but he is still not certain.

9.- Rewrite the sentences using a modal or modal perfect verb.

1 It is unlikely that the children are home yet.
______________________________________________________________
2 It is advisable to learn the lyrics if you want to sing along.
______________________________________________________________
3 Perhaps Penny doesn’t have much money.
______________________________________________________________
4 I am certain Carlos has got back together with his girlfriend.
______________________________________________________________
5 It is possible that Fiona won the competition yesterday.
______________________________________________________________
6 Drinking alcohol while you drive is prohibited by law.
You ______________________________________________________________
7 It is impossible that you saw Hannah with Rachel’s boyfriend.
You ______________________________________________________________
8 It was wrong of the manager to employ 13 year old children.
The manager ______________________________________________________
9 It is not necessary to clean your room right now.
You ______________________________________________________________
10 It is possible that Mr Smith committed a crime.
Mr Smith __________________________________________________________
11 It was a mistake not to tell Mary what had happened.
We _______________________________________________________________
12 The bus hasn’t definitely left yet; there are too many people at the bus stop.
The bus ____________________________________________________________

6
13 It wasn’t necessary to wear trekking boots.
We ________________________________________________________________

10.- Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use a modal or modal perfect where
necessary. There may be more than one possible answer.

1 By the time the taxi ________________________ (arrive), we _________________________ (miss) the train, so
we had to wait another hour for the next one.
2 Tom _______________________ (play) in the team for several weeks when he broke his leg. He
__________________ (replace) by his brother.
3 We _________________________ the food ______________________ (cater) for the party next Friday night. If
only we ______________________________ (do) this every day!
4 They ran out of petrol after they ______________________ (drive) for three hours. They _________________
(leave) home with a full tank.
5 Over a thousand tickets ___________________ (sell) for the concert so far. We __________________ (hurry) to
buy some as soon as possible.
6 Lucy ____________________ (get) the job if she _____________________ (not arrive) so late. Unfortunately,
she didn’t make a good first impression.
7 They ________________________ (complain) about the service, so they _____________________ (give) a free
dessert.
8 John was exhausted because he ______________________ (cook) dinner all afternoon. He
_____________________ (ask) me to help him, but he didn’t.
9 The football final ________________________ (show) on television now. That is why my dad told me, I
____________________ (not bother) him.
10 Many students ____________________________ (chose) to study Chinese if it _______________________
(offer) at our school but at the moment, it isn’t.
11 She admitted that she ___________________________ (not know) what to do then. As usual, she
_______________________ (not make) a decision on her own.
12 His lawyer advised him _______________________________ (not say) anything. His trial date
_______________________ (not set) yet.
13 She insisted on _____________________ (pay) for our meal. If we ______________________ (know), we
___________________________ (chose) a less expensive restaurant.
14 I _________________________ (wait) for the bus since nine o’clock. I wish I ________________________ (call)
a taxi.

11.- Write the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

Sue Thomas is a fashion designer. She ________________ (make) clothes since she __________________ (be) a
young girl. She __________________________ (get) her first job in a clothes factory when she was sixteen. She
_______________________ (sew) buttons onto a shirt one day when she ____________________ (have) a brilliant
idea for a design. After she _________________________ (speak) to her bank manager, she got a loan and she
_________________ (open) he own little workshop. Now she _________________________ (make) lots of money.
Next year she _______________________ (open) a shop which will sell all her own designs. She
__________________ (sell) clothes to a lot of famous people, including film stars and singers.

7
12.- Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

When Francis Lee was a boy he ______________________ (want) to be an astronaut. He ______________________

(watch) TV one day in 1969 when he ____________________ (see) Neil Armstrong walk on the moon. Since then he
_________________________ (dream) of doing the same. Every night when there is a full moon, he
___________________ (stare) up at it for hours and __________________________ (imagine) himself walking
around on it. At the moment, however, he ___________________________ (work) as a night-watchman at a meat
factory. He ____________________________ (do) the same job since he left school 15 years ago, but he still hopes
that one day his dream will come true. He _____________ (hear) that in the year 2030 they ____________________
(sell) tickets to fly to the moon. For this reason, he ___________________________ (save) half of his wages every
month for the past two years.

13.- Fill in the gaps with the correct tenses.

P.D. James __________________ (write) for many years before she _________________________ (come) to fame
with her second novel in 1963. Since then she ______________________ (write) about 20 thrillers, which
________________ (translate) into more than 30 languages. If her latest novel, The Lighthouse,
__________________ (reach) the top of the fiction charts, she ________________________ (have) a record number
of best-selling thrillers. When I _____________________ (see) her last week, she ______________________
(just/complete) an exhausting tour of the country. I ____________________ (ask) her why she
____________________ (think) her novels _______________________ (be) so successful. “I wish I
____________________ (know)”, she said, “but I _______________________ (not suppose) that any writer ever
really _______________________ (know) how the public will react to a novel. Most of us
_______________________ (write) stories for ourselves, and often we don’t even know how the novel
_________________ (end)”.

14.- Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1 Jasmine apologized for _________________________________ (work) late.

2 Dan agreed ____________________________ (not waste) all his money on stupid things.
3 Penelope invited us ___________________________ (go) to a really good party.
4 Raymond _______________________(not be) to Australia yet.
5 At this time tomorrow, what ______________________________? (you/do)
6 While I _________________________ (do) the cleaning, I __________________________ (break) my dad’s
favorite ornament.
7 By the time I rang Bill, he ________________________ (leave) work.
8 Stop ____________________________ (disturb)
9 I have decided __________________________ (learn) French and I am looking forward to
_____________________ (visit) France and _____________________ (practice) French.
10 __________________________ (recycle) we need different types of containers.
11 He _________________________ (learn) English by _______________________ (read).
12 Harry got used to ________________________ (climb) when he was 17.
13 He _______________________ (enjoy) the trip because he _______________________ (not/fly) before.
14 Tom _________________________ (use/ride) this bicycle when he __________________ (be) a child.
15 Before ________________________ (watch) TV, promise _______________________ (help) me.
16 Oh, you did not pass the exam! If you _________________________(work) harder, you ____________________
(get) better marks.

8
15.- Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. Do not change the meaning of the original sentences.

1 Although the jacket was so expensive, he bought it. (in spite of)
__________________________________________________________

2 I spoke to the Prime Minister on the phone a week ago. (for)

__________________________________________________________

3 Do you have any experience in editing books? (ever)

__________________________________________________________

4 Chewing gum in forbidden in class.

You ___________________________________________________________

5 A university degree isn’t necessary for that job.

You __________________________________________________________

6 Patrick didn’t lose his wallet, so he wasn’t upset. (if)

__________________________________________________________

7 The city centre roundabout will re-open tomorrow. It has been closed to traffic for some time. (Relative clause).
__________________________________________________________

8 I’m sure that Istambul is an exciting city. (Modal verb)

__________________________________________________________

9 Although he was ill, he carried on working. (In spite of)

__________________________________________________________

10 The girls finished their homework and then they ate an ice cream. (after)
__________________________________________________________

11 Last May, our neighbours moved in next door. (living)

__________________________________________________________

12 Tony didn’t call me, so I went out with George. (If)

__________________________________________________________

13 I expect you to give me back my leather jacket. I lent it to you last year. (which)
__________________________________________________________

14 The tour guide didn’t give anyone their ticket until everyone had arrived. (handed out)
____________________________________________________________________

15 I advise you not to stay out late. (better).

__________________________________________________________

9
16 It took months of saving. Then we were able to buy tickets to Australia. (before)
__________________________________________________________

17 I always cry whenever I see a romantic film. (avoid)

__________________________________________________________

16.- Non-defining relative clauses. Join the sentences with relative pronouns. Use commas where necessary.

1 Samuel Johnson was the son of a bookseller. Samuel Johnson was born in 1709.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2 A powerful hurricane is heading our way. It struck the east coast yesterday.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 Norway is an extremely rich country. There is a very significant oil industry there.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4 This hotel was located next to a beautiful lake. Michael had recommended it.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

17.- Defining relative clauses. Join the sentences with relative pronouns. Write between brackets the relatives if
they can be omitted.

1 Jan has lost the bag. She wanted to show it to you.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
2 The cinema has closed down. I met my girlfriend there.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 The student asked me to play tennis with him later today. His name is James.
______________________________________________________________________________________
4 We travelled to a mountain. It is near the town of Fort William.
______________________________________________________________________________________

18.- Rewrite the sentences using a suitable relative pronoun. Use the formal structure.

1 The volunteers I work with are very helpful.

____________________________________________________________________________
2 The competition we are practicing hard for will be challenging.
______________________________________________________________________________

19.- Combine the sentences using a suitable relative pronoun. Make any necessary changes.

1 The donation came from an anonymous donor. We received it yesterday.

_______________________________________________________________________________
2 The driver escaped without any injuries. His car crashed into a tree
_______________________________________________________________________________
3 Caffè Sospeso began in Naples. It is a century-old tradition.
_______________________________________________________________________________
4 Mrs. Smith is a regular customer of our café. She always leaves a generous tip.
_______________________________________________________________________________

10
20.- Fill in the relative pronouns. Put commas where necessary. Add parenthesis if the relative can be omitted.

1 Your cousin __________________ lives in the city centre broke his leg last week.
2 That is the woman _______________________ drives the school bus.
3 I know a boy _____________________ mother is a builder.
4 This is the pen _____________________ he gave me for my birthday.
5 St. Paul’s Cathedral in London ______________________ we visited yesterday is quite old.
6 Stuart _______________________ is older than me loves riding his bicycle.
7 This book _____________________ is very old belongs to my father.
8 Paris _____________________ my grandmother lives is a very beautiful city.
9 The books ____________________ I had ordered over the internet took nearly three weeks to arrive.
10 Thomas _______________________ car broke down last year is late for work.

21.- Make questions for the underlined words.

1 Mr. Thomas explained how much the company had spent in the last decade.
_________________________________________________________________
2 She was listening to the radio for three hours.
_________________________________________________________________
3 The buyer normally suffers from affective or personal problems, such as anxiety, depression or loneliness.
_________________________________________________________________

22.- Correct the mistakes in these sentences.

1 They have leave three minutes ago. ___________________________________________________

2 There were many money in him pocket. ________________________________________________

23.- Translate the following sentences into English.

1 Tengo una canción metida en la cabeza y no puedo parar de cantarla. ¡Es muy pegadiza!

2 El concierto de heavy metal fue muy ensordecedor; después me dolían los oídos.

3 Al principio encontré las clases de piano muy estimulantes.

4 Mi tía vive en la misma calle que tu tío. Puede que le conozca.

5 Nuestro vecino no pudo haber ido a la fiesta; ¡estaba de vacaciones!

6 Si tuvieras una capa de invisibilidad, ¿Qué harías con ella?

11
7 Los grandes avances en la ciencia son el resultado de una investigación meticulosa.

8 Las vendas, que son trozos de tela que se ponen en las heridas, ayudan a la cicatrización.

9 Algunas personas dicen que una imagen vale más que mil palabras.

10 En el lado izquierdo se puede ver una escultura de mármol.

11 Las personas que fueron a la reunión estaban preocupadas por el medio ambiente.

12 En España, los paneles solares son obligatorios en todos los edificios nuevos.

13 No debes comer chicle en clase. Está prohibido.

14 Las autoridades dan verdura fresca a la gente que lleva su basura al vertedero.

15 ¿Habrías comprado la Tablet si te hubieran dado 500 euros por tu cumpleaños?

16 Tiene que hacerse un análisis de sangre mañana. ¿Quieres que vaya con ella?

17 Cuando haya recogido mi habitación, tendré que terminar de hacer mis deberes.

18 Ojala hubieras encontrado lo que yo perdí.

19 A pesar de estudiar todos los días, no soy capaz de entender la lección.

20 No sé qué tengo que hacer para que ella me ayude cada vez que no entiendo un problema.

21 No puede evitar llorar cada vez que ve a su cantante favorito.

22 Se cree que le han nombrado ministro para que pueda hacer frente de la crisis.

12
23 Si hubieras ido a la exposición, te habrías aburrido.

24 Puede que Kate venga hoy, después de terminar el proyecto sobre violencia, que le pidieron que hiciera.

25 El médico me dijo que dejara de fumar, pero no soy capaz de dejarlo.

26 ¿Te pintaron la casa el mes pasado? ¿Cuánto pagaste por ello?

27 Leer es necesario para mejorar tus notas.

28 Juan recomendó quedarnos un rato porque estaba lloviendo.

29 No merece la pena llorar por algo que no tiene solución. Diviértete para superar todos los problemas.

30 Han debido de limpiar el patio porque ayer estaba lleno de papeles. O puede que lloviera toda la noche.

31 Los niños sienten un sentimiento de seguridad tan pronto como aparecen sus padres.

32 Hacerse mayor no estaba en mis planes. ¿Te acuerdas de haber visto mis llaves?

13
1

1 Someone must have told David what happened.

2 There have been lots of robberies in the bank.
3 If we had understood the problem, we could have solved it.
4 When she retires, she will have been teaching for 25 years
5 She might have forgotten about the meeting.
6 Peter, whose car was stolen yesterday, is an unlucky man.
7 Do you mind opening the door?
8 Although I had arrived late, I enjoyed the party.
9 A guide is showing round the visitors.
10 Margaret got her wedding cake made by a professional baker.
11 We should have told Mary what had happened.
12 She wishes she had written a letter to the editor.
13 He has been working for three years.
14 After they work a lot, they stop to rest.
15 He used to go to the mountain every weekend when he was a child.
16 If I had had enough money, I would have invited you.
17 Although the disorder in question has an alarming impact on its victims, it has received little medical attention.
18 He regrets her not wanting to tell her the news.
19 Juan offered to make dinner.
20 Mary told her son to keep everything in the bag.
21 My sister can’t help watching a scary movie every day.
22 If they weren’t so young, they would go out.
23 I was thought to be a fast learner when I was young.
24 Has someone already taken the position?
25 When did you have your house painted?
26 She gets her make-up done before each performance by a professional.
27 He should have been asked first.
28 I wish I had participated in the experiment.
29 I won’t come home unless the weather improves.
30 She could go on this ride if she weren’t so young.
31 She wishes she would have a dog.
32 As soon as the spacecraft orbits Earth, it can land.
33 If only I had visited her in hospital.
34 Unless he rushes, he will be late.
35 If they had received a warning, they would have moved to a safer.
36 If only he could participate in the experiment.
37 If I had made a good impression, I would have been accepted.
38 My brother, who is only six, has calculated his carbon footprint.
39 My son is getting his eyes tested tomorrow by the optician.
40 In which countries is coffee produced by that company?
41 Bobby said that they would travel to Italy the following summer.
42 Bobby told me not to go there the next day.
43 Peter, whose mother is a very old woman, also takes care of Maria.
44 If you hadn’t been so tired, you wouldn’t have lost the match yesterday.
45 I cannot find my purse. I may have left it on the bus.

2.-

1 If I were rich, I would buy a Ferrari! Of course. I don’t have enough money.
2 We will go running later if the weather is good. The forecast looks fine.
3 He wouldn’t have missed the meeting if he had been on time; but he arrived two hours later.
4 If the students work hard, they will do so well next week.

14
5 Unless you reserve a ticket, you won’t get a seat.

3.-
1 If I had seen you, I would have said “hello”.
2 If I had a job, I would save money to buy a car.
3 I would have cancelled my meetings if I had known you were in town.
4 I wish the children would go outside to play because they are making a lot of noise.

4.-
were / would you try
would love / could / lived / would invent / wouldn’t be
will you come / give

5.-
Will find / is run / washed / was working / was noticed / said / would make / had never been told / listening /
began to study / has earned / believes / can be achieved / hopes / will be encouraged

6.-
1 The new product is going to be sold in China.
2 The thieves will be arrested very soon by the police.
3 A delicious cake is being made by your niece.
4 My house has been blessed twice by the priest.
5 Susan’s boyfriend was sent two Christmas cards. Two Christmas cards were sent to Susan’s boyfriend.
6 We were shown his new job yesterday by Peter. His new job was shown to us yesterday by Peter.
7 She shouldn’t be sent the file by Michael. The file shouldn’t be sent to her by Michael.
8 Customers are being offered free samples of the product.
Free samples of the product are being offered to customers.
9 In my opinion, she should be given another chance. In my opinion, another chance should be given to her.
10 The company’s employees have been given a longer holiday.
A longer holiday has been given to the company’s employees.
11 His ideas are said to be useless. It is said that his ideas were useless.
12 I was advised to revise my work by the boss It was advised that I revise my work.

7.-

1 According to the plan, this area will be turned into a car park next year.
2 The cars aren’t here. They must have been taken away by the police.
3 John is excited; he has just been invited to play for the school team.
4 The room was very dirty; clearly it hadn’t been cleaned for ages.

8.- Complete the sentences with modal or modal perfect verbs and the verbs in brackets.

1 Sally doesn’t have to get up early on Sundays because there is no school.

2 Tim shouldn’t work so hard. I know it is up to him, but I don’t think it is a good idea.
3 We must hurry up. We are going to be late.
4 Players don’t have to buy tennis balls. The leisure centre will provide them for free.
5 She mustn’t be late for work. If she is, she will lose her job.
6 They weren’t very good. They should have rehearsed more before the gig.

15
7 She must be upset about something. She hasn’t stopped crying.
8 I think the waiter might have made a mistake in the bill, but I am not sure.
9 He couldn’t have forgotten to buy me a birthday present, because I reminded him every day.
10 He might take time off from studying next year, but he is still not certain.

9.- Rewrite the sentences using a modal or modal perfect verb.

1 The children can’t be home yet.
2 You should learn the lyrics if you want to sing along.
3 Penny might not have much money.
4 Carlos must have got back together with his girlfriend.
5 Fiona may have won the competition yesterday.
6 You mustn’t drink alcohol while you drive.
7 You can’t have seen Hannah with Rachel’s boyfriend.
8 The manager shouldn’t have employed 13 year old children.
9 You don’t need to clean your room right now.
10 Mr. Smith could have committed a crime.
11 We should have told Mary what had happened.
12 The bus can’t have left yet; there are too many people at the bus stop.
13 We didn’t need to wear trekking boots.

10.- Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use a modal or modal perfect where
necessary. There may be more than one possible answer.

1 By the time the taxi arrived, we had missed the train, so we had to wait another hour for the next one.
2 Tom had been playing in the team for several weeks when he broke his leg. He was replaced by his brother.
3 We are going to have the food catered for the party next Friday night. If only we could do this every day!
4 They ran out of petrol after they had been driving for three hours. They had left home with a full tank.
5 Over a thousand tickets have been sold for the concert so far. We must hurry to buy some as soon as possible.
6 Lucy would have got the job if she hadn’t arrived so late. Unfortunately, she didn’t make a good first impression.
7 They complained about the service, so they were given a free dessert.
8 John was exhausted because he had been cooking dinner all afternoon. He should have asked me to help him,
but he didn’t.
9 The football final is being shown on television now. That is why my dad told me, I couldn’t bother him.
10 Many students would have chosen to study Chinese if it had been offered at our school but at the moment, it
isn’t.
11 She admitted that she didn’t know what to do then. As usual, she can’t make a decision on her own.
12 His lawyer advised him not to say anything. His trial date hasn’t been set yet.
13 She insisted on paying for our meal. If we had known, we would have chosen a less expensive restaurant.
14 I have been waiting for the bus since nine o’clock. I wish I had called a taxi.

11.- Write the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

Has been making / was / got / was sewing / had / had spoken / opened / is making / is going to open / will sell

16
12.- Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

Wanted / was watching / saw / has been dreaming / stares / imagines / is working / has been doing / hears /
will sell / has saved

13.- Fill in the gaps with the correct tenses.

Had been writing / came / has written / have been translated / reaches / will have / saw / had just completed /
asked / thought / were / knew / don’t suppose / knows / write / ends.

14.- Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1 Working
2 Not to waste
3 To go
4 Hasn’t been
5 Will you be doing
6 Was doing / broke
7 Had left
8 Disturbing
9 To learn / visiting / practicing
10 To recycle
11 Is learning / reading
12 Climging
13 Enjoyed / had flown
14 Use to ride / was
15 Watching / to help
16 had worked / would have got

15.- Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. Do not change the meaning of the original sentences.

1 In spite of the jacket being so expensive, he bought it.

2 I haven’t spoked to the Prime Minister for a week.
3 Have you ever edited books?
4 You mustn’t chew gum in class.
5 You don’t need a university degree for that job.
6 If Patrick had lost his wallet, he would have been upset.
7 The city centre roundabout, which has been closed to traffic for some time, will re-open tomorrow.
8 Istambul must be an exciting city.
9 In spite of being ill, he carried on working.
10 The girls ate an ice cream after they had finished their homework.
11 Our neighbours have been living next door since last May.
18 If Tony had called me, I would have gone out with George.
19 I expect you to give me back my leather jacket, which I lent to you last year.
20 The tour guide handed out the tickets after everyone had arrived.
21 You’d better not stay out late.
22 We had been saving for months before we were able to buy tickets to Australia.
23 I can’t avoid crying whenever I see a romantic film.

17
16.- Non-defining relative clauses. Join the sentences with relative pronouns. Use commas where necessary.

1 Samuel Johnson, who was born in 1709, was the son of a bookseller.
2 A powerful hurricane, which struck the east coast yesterday, is heading our way.
3 Norway, where there is a very significant oil industry, is an extremely rich country.
4 This hotel, which Michael had recommended, was located next to a beautiful lake.

17.- Defining relative clauses. Join the sentences with relative pronouns. Write between brackets the relatives if
they can be omitted.

1 Jan has lost the bag which she wanted to show to you.
2 The cinema where I met my girlfriend has closed down.
3 The student whose name is James asked me to play tennis with him later today.
4 We travelled to a mountain which is near the town of Fort William.

18.- Rewrite the sentences using a suitable relative pronoun. Use the formal structure.

1 The volunteers with whom I work are very helpful.

____________________________________________________________________________
2 The competition for which we are practicing hard will be challenging.

19.- Combine the sentences using a suitable relative pronoun. Make any necessary changes.

1 The donation, which we received yesterday, came from an anonymous donor.

2 The driver, whose car crashed into a tree, escaped without any injuries.
3 Caffè Sospeso, which is a century-old tradition, began in Naples.
4 Mrs. Smith, who always leaves a generous tip, is a regular customer of our café.

20.- Fill in the relative pronouns. Put commas where necessary. Add parenthesis if the relative can be omitted.

11 Your cousin, who lives in the city centre, broke his leg last week.
12 That is the woman who drives the school bus.
13 I know a boy whose mother is a builder.
14 This is the pen (which) he gave me for my birthday.
15 St. Paul’s Cathedral in London, which we visited yesterday, is quite old.
16 Stuart, who is older than me, loves riding his bicycle.
17 This book, which is very old, belongs to my father.
18 Paris, where my grandmother lives, is a very beautiful city.
19 The books which I had ordered over the internet took nearly three weeks to arrive.
20 Thomas, whose car broke down last year, is late for work.

21.- Make questions for the underlined words.

1 Who explained how much the company had spent in the last decade?
2 How long was she listening to the radio?
3 What does the buyer normally suffer from?

18
22.- Correct the mistakes in these sentences.

1 They left three minutes ago.

2 There was a lot of money in his pocket.

23.- Translate the following sentences into English.

1 I have a song stuck in my head and I can’t stop singing it. It’s very catchy!
2 The heavy metal concert was very loud; my ears were hurting afterwards.
3 At the beginning I found the piano lesson to be very stimulating.
4 My aunt lives in the same street as your uncle. He might know her.
5 Our neighbour can’t have gone to the party; he was on holiday!
6 If you had an invisibility cloak, what would you do with it?
7 The great advances in science are the result of meticulous research.
8 The bandages, which are pieces of cloth that are placed on wounds, help with healing.
9 Some people say that a picture is worth more than a thousand words.
10 On the left you can see a marble statue.
11 The people who went to the meeting were worried about the environment.
12 In Spain, the solar panels are compulsory in all new buildings.
13 You mustn’t chew gum in class. It is prohibited.
14 The authorities give fresh vegetables to the people who take rubbish to the landfill.
15 Would you have bought the tablet if they had given you 500 euros for your birthday?
16 She has to have a blood test done tomorrow. Would you like me to go with her?
17 When I have tidied my room, I will have to finish my homework.
18 I wish you had found what I lost.
19 In spite of studying every day, I am not able to understand the lesson.
20 I don’t know what I have to do so she can help me each time I don’t understand an exercise.
21 She can’t help crying each time she sees her favorite singer.
22 It is believed that he had been appointed minister so that he can face the crisis.
23 If he had gone to the exhibition, he would have been bored.
24 Kate may come today, after finishing the project on violence, which she was asked to do.
25 The doctor told me to stop smoking, but I am not able to quit.
26 Did you get the house painted last month? How much did you pay for it?
27 Reading is essential to better your marks.
28 Juan recommended staying for a while because it was raining.
29 It is not worth crying over something that has no solution. Have fun to overcome all your problems.
30 They must have cleaned the patio because yesterday it was full of papers. Or it might have rained all night.
31 Children feel a sense of security as soon as their parents appear.
32 Getting older was not in my plans. Do you remember seeing my keys?

19