Abulag, Lovely T.

BSIT III-B

Advanced Database Systems

Assignment 1

1. SIGNIFICANCE and APPLICATIONS OF DATABASES

Databases are notably organized and efficient, allowing for multiple users to
access information out of a large pool of data. There are several types of databases,
including, but not limited to, relational databases, object-oriented databases, NoSQL
databases, open-source databases, and self-driving databases. One of the most dominant
types of databases is relational databases. Relational databases are made of multiple parts
that allow users to write, query, or manipulate data, starting with tables. Tables hold data
that is organized in rows, which are also referred to as records, and columns where
categories such as an employee’s start date reside. The columns of a relational database’s
table will have a specific data type; the rows or records are entries. For instance, if a
company utilizes a database, they might have a table in which there is a row that has
employee names, the columns might have an employee’s start date or position title. In an
organized fashion, databases allow for maximized searches of necessary data to be
retrieved when needed. If a user queries specific data, unnecessary data will not show up
in the database application. This is practical for users, seeing as the information that is
not queried will be out of sight, which will make the query efficient, productive, and
secure.

2. DATABASE ARCHITECTURE
Database architecture uses programming languages to design a particular type
of software for businesses or organizations. Database architecture focuses on the design,
development, implementation and maintenance of computer programs that store and
organize information for businesses, agencies and institutions. A database architect
develops and implements software to meet the needs of users.

The design of a DBMS depends on its architecture. It can be centralized or decentralized

or hierarchical. The architecture of a DBMS can be seen as either single tier or multi-tier.
The tiers are classified as follows :

1. 1-tier architecture
2. 2-tier architecture
3. 3-tier architecture
4. n-tier architecture
 1. 1-tier architecture
One-tier architecture involves putting all of the required components for a software
application or technology on a single server or platform. Basically, a one-tier architecture
keeps all of the elements of an application, including the interface, Middleware and back-
end data, in one place. Developers see these types of systems as the simplest and most
direct way.

2. 2-tier architecture
The two-tier is based on Client Server architecture. The two-tier architecture is like client
server application. The direct communication takes place between client and server.
There is no intermediate between client and server.

3. 3-tier architecture
A 3-tier architecture separates its tiers from each other based on the complexity of the
users and how they use the data present in the database. It is the most widely used
architecture to design a DBMS.

This architecture has different usages with different applications. It can be used in web
applications and distributed applications. The strength in particular is when using this
architecture over distributed systems.
1. Database (Data) Tier – At this tier, the database resides along with its query
processing languages. We also have the relations that define the data and their
constraints at this level.
2. Application (Middle) Tier – At this tier reside the application server and the
programs that access the database. For a user, this application tier presents an
abstracted view of the database. End-users are unaware of any existence of the
database beyond the application. At the other end, the database tier is not aware of
any other user beyond the application tier. Hence, the application layer sits in the
middle and acts as a mediator between the end-user and the database.
3. User (Presentation) Tier – End-users operate on this tier and they know nothing
about any existence of the database beyond this layer. At this layer, multiple
views of the database can be provided by the application. All views are generated
by applications that reside in the application tier.

4. n-tier architecture
N-tier architecture would involve dividing an application into three different tiers. These
would be the logic tier, the presentation tier, and the data tier.

3. DATABASE USERS and ADMINISTRATORS

Database users are categorized based up on their interaction with the data base. These are
seven types of data base users in DBMS.
 1. Database Administrator (DBA)
- Administrator (DBA) is a person/team who defines the schema and also controls the 3
levels of database.
-The DBA will then create a new account id and password for the user if he/she need to
access the data base.
-DBA is also responsible for providing security to the data base and he allows only the
authorized users to access/modify the data base.
- DBA also monitors the recovery and back up and provide technical support.
-The DBA has a DBA account in the DBMS which called a system or super user account.
-DBA repairs damage caused due to hardware and/or software failures.
2. Naïve / Parametric End Users
Parametric End Users are the unsophisticated who don’t have any DBMS knowledge but
they frequently use the data base applications in their daily life to get the desired results.
For examples, Railway’s ticket booking users are naïve users. Clerks in any bank is a naïve
user because they don’t have any DBMS knowledge but they still use the database and
perform their given task.
3. System Analyst
System Analyst is a user who analyzes the requirements of parametric end users. They check
whether all the requirements of end users are satisfied.
4. Sophisticated Users
Sophisticated users can be engineers, scientists, business analyst, who are familiar with the
database. They can develop their own data base applications according to their requirement.
They don’t write the program code but they interact the data base by writing SQL queries
directly through the query processor.
5. Data Base Designers
Data Base Designers are the users who design the structure of data base which includes
tables, indexes, views, constraints, triggers, stored procedures. He/she controls what data
must be stored and how the data items to be related.
6. Application Program
Application Program are the back end programmers who writes the code for the application
programs. They are the computer professionals. These programs could be written in
Programming languages such as Visual Basic, Developer, C, FORTRAN, COBOL etc.
7. Casual Users / Temporary Users
Casual Users are the users who occasionally use/access the data base but each time when
they access the data base they require the new information, for example, Middle or higher
level manager.

4. DATA and ANALYTICS TRENDS

Data and analytics is the management of data for all uses (operational and
analytical) and the analysis of data to drive business processes and improve business
outcomes through more effective decision making and enhanced customer experiences.
Adaptive artificial intelligence (AI) systems, data sharing and data fabrics are among the
trends that data and analytics leaders need to build on to drive new growth, resilience and
innovation. These data and analytics (D&A) trends will allow you to anticipate change
and manage uncertainty, Investing in those trends that are most relevant to your
organization can help you meet your CEO’s priority of returning to and accelerating
growth, and Proactively monitor, experiment with or then decide to aggressively invest in
key trends based on their urgency and alignment to your strategic business priorities.

Some examples of current analytics trends are:

Trend 1: Smarter and Scalable Artificial Intelligence
COVID-19 has changed the business landscape in myriad ways and historical data is no
more relevant. So, in place of traditional AI techniques, arriving in the market are some
scalable and smarter Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning techniques that can
work with small data sets. These systems are highly adaptive, protect privacy, are much
faster, and also provide a faster return on investment. The combination of AI and Big
data can automate and reduce most of the manual tasks.

Trend 2: Agile and Composed Data & Analytics

Agile data and analytics models are capable of digital innovation, differentiation, and
growth. The goal of edge and compostable data analytics is to provide a user-friendly,
flexible, and smooth experience using multiple data analytics, AI, and ML solutions. This
will not only enable leaders to connect business insights and actions but also, encourage
collaboration, promote productivity, agility and evolve the analytics capabilities of the
organization.

Trend 3: Hybrid Cloud Solutions and Cloud Computing

One of the biggest data trends for 2022 is the increase in the use of hybrid cloud services
and cloud computation. Public clouds are cost-effective but do not provide high security
whereas a private cloud is secure but more expensive. Hence, a hybrid cloud is a balance
of both a public cloud and a private cloud where cost and security are balanced to offer
more agility. This is achieved by using artificial intelligence and machine learning.
Hybrid clouds are bringing change to organizations by offering a centralized database,
data security, scalability of data, and much more at such a cheaper cost.