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A Government of India Enterprise Limited

SIX MONTHS INDUTRIAL TRANING REPORT

Session 2014-2018
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR
AWARD OF DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING BY ;

MOHAMMAD NAJMU ZUHA(CE14054)

UNIV. ROLL NO.: 2084435

Under the supervision of :ER. BILAL AHMAD ZARGAR (DPM-NBCC)

Guided by : ER.AYAZ AHMAD (JE-NBCC)

Project: CONSTRUCTION OF INCOME TAX COMPLEX (ITO) AT

RAJBAGH SRINAGAR JAMMU AND KASHMIR.

Department: CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“Gratitude is the fairest blossom which spring from my soul”

As per our university syllabus we started our training at NBCC

Ltd (A Navratna CPSE). It is our pleasure to be indebted to
various people, who directly or indirectly contributed in the
development of this work and who influenced our
thinking, behavior, and acts during the training. We express
our sincere gratitude to NBCC Ltd , for providing us an
opportunity to undergo industrial training at construction of
income tax complex at Srinagar , J&K .

Great appreciation goes to Mr. Bilal Ahmad Zargar

(DPM-NBCC) who supervised us from time to time during the
project. We are also very thankful to Mr.Ayaz Ahmad Kasana
(JE-NBCC) for his Support, cooperation, and motivation
provided to us during the training for constant
inspiration. The supervision and support that they gave truly
helped us in  the progression and smoothness of the
internship program. The co-operation is much indeed
appreciated. We also extend our sincere appreciation to Ms.
Sana Shadab (HOD Civil Engineering Department), who
provided her valuable suggestions and precious time in
accomplishing our project .

Thank You.
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NBCC CERTIFICATE TO BE
ATTACHED HERE
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CONTENTS
s.no NAME OF TOPIC
INTRODUCTION
1 SITE PLANNING AND PROPOSAL
2 BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL
3 PILE FOUNDATION
4 DIRECT MUD CIRCULATION
5 SOIL CLASSIFICATION BASIS AND
SAFETY MEASURES DURING
EXCAVATION
6 PILE CAP
7 TIE BEAMS AND COLUMN
CENTERING
8 DIFFERENT TESTS OF MATERIALS
USED
9 ADMIXTURES AND SECONDARY
RIENFORCEMENT
10 BAR BENDING SCHEDULE AND
REGISTER MAINTENANCE
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INTRODUCTION
ABOUT THE ORGANISATION:
National Buildings Construction Corporation( NBCC India Limited )(formerly
National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited), a Navratna organisation
under category I, is a  Public Service Undertaking which trades publicly in the
market and is largely owned by Government of India. It engages in the Real
Estate Development & Construction business, and also provides Project
Management Consultancy.
Headquartered in New Delhi, NBCC has 10 regional/zonal offices across India.
The projects undertaken by the company are spread across 23 states and 1
Union Territory in India. In addition, NBCC has also undertaken overseas
projects in countries like Iraq, Libya, Nepal, Mauritius, Turkey, Botswana,
Republic of Maldives, Republic of Yemen. NBCC is also designated as the
implementing agency for executing projects under Jawaharlal Nehru National
Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak
Yojna (PMGSY), Solid Waste Management (SWM) and developmental work in
North Eastern Region.

Project Management & Consultancy business segment includes providing

management and consultancy services for a range of civil construction projects
including residential and commercial complexes, redevelopment of buildings
and colonies, hospitals, educational institutions; infrastructure works for
security personnel, border fencing as well as infrastructure projects such as
roads, water supply systems, storm water systems and water storage solutions.
The company’s work in power sector segment includes engineering, designing
and construction services for civil and structural works for power projects,
cooling towers, and chimneys.
This time they were executing the project of constructing income tax
complex at Rajbagh Srinagar which included 8 building (Office building , type
3(A) building,type 4-4 spl building,type 5&6 building ,Barrack , Guest house,
A.T.M{post office}.They started tender and worked with p.v techno
(contractor).
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INTRODUCTION
ABOUT THE PROJECT:
The project was the construction of income tax complex at rajbagh
srinagar which included 8 building (Office building,type 3(A) building,type 4-4
spl building,type 5&6 building ,Barrack,Guest houe, A.T.M{post office}.The
tender was awarded to the P.V Techno Constt. Company, Ghaziabad.

Total Area of The Site =1375 sqm.

Total Cost of the Projet = 19 crores.

Time of completion =20/12/2017.

Name of the Contractor= P.V Techno Constt. Company, Ghaziabad.

Name of the architect and Design Consultant= CP & DS Assocites Ghaziabad.

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1) SITE PLAN (PROPOSAL):

This is the proposed site plan for complex office which has to be made at
Rajbagh Srinagar Jammu & Kashmir.

Few things done before starting of the project are as follows:

Cleaning: Remove jungle from plot area. If there is any tree in the
buildup area, un-rooted them completely. And remove from the plot area.

Leveling: Thoroughly level the ground. If there is any hole in the ground fill
up that properly. Remove excess soil from the plot or fill up the plot by
imported soil to take the ground to desired level, if required.

Fencing: Now plot area is cleaned and leveled. It is time to secure the plot
area. It can be done by making permanent boundary wall or temporary fencing
around plot. Temporary fencing is the more common way. Builder logo or
company logo can be setup with fencing for branding. Also, safety signboard
can be attached with fence.
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Site office: Site office can be temporary or fixed depending on situation. If

there is any driver's waiting room or visitor's waiting room or guest waiting
room to build later then build that first to use as site office. But that is
exceptional. The common practice in this case is temporary site office. You can
make it with CI sheet and bamboo or you can use port cabin as a temporary
site office. You should make a toilet which is separated from labor’s toilet as
you will have many vip clients and visitors during construction period.

Store: The most essential thing in any construction site is store. To keep safe
various building materials from un-wanted damage or stolen, make a store
before starting construction. Make a separate store for cement because that
are huge quantities and that are quickly affected by weathering impact. So the
cement store should be protected from weather effect, specially from water.

Labor shed: It is common practice for Bangladesh and India that, workers, who
work in the construction project stay at site. For them a shed should be made
at site with essential facilities like water and power supply and sanitation.
Some construction companies have permanent labor accommodation, so they
don't need to make shed at site.

Utility connection: As civil construction needs continuous power and water

supply, so ensure them first. For water supply, you can connect to city's water
supply line, or you can install a deep tube well. For electricity connection,
connect to city's power supply line, or you can keep a generator at site.

One thing should be remembered during placing toilet. Footing of structure

often extend beyond floor area. So, during placing toilet, consider footing
location so that you don't have to face problem during footing work. he
bearing capacity of soil so that we could know the load it can bear and what
type of foundation should be there.
After all this we checked the bearing capacity of the soil so that we could know
the type of foundation which needs to be laid and can bear the load without
any collapse.

2) Bearing capacity of Soil:

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It is the capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground. The bearing
capacity of soil is the maximum average contact pressure between the
foundation and the soil which should not produce shear failure in the soil.
We checked the bearing capacity by Plate Load Test which  is a field test for
determining the bearing capacity of soil and the likely settlement under a given
load. The Plate Load Test basically consists of loading a steel plate placed at
the foundation level and recording the corresponding to each load increment.
The test load is gradually increased till the plate starts to sink at a rapid rate.
The total value of load on the plate in such a stage divided by the area of the
steel plate gives the value of the bearing capacity of soil. The bearing capacity
of soil is divided by suitable factor of safety (which varies from 2 to 3) to arrive
at the value of safe bearing capacity of soil. The bearing capacity was so low
that around 20 m deep we could find the deep hard strata
The test done above where done when there was availability of new material
on site or as per cpwd specification for sand we checked after use of 40
cum ,for aggregate 20 cum.
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3) PILE FOUNDATION:

The following are the basic ideas about pile foundation:

A pile foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads to the

earth farther down from the surface than a shallow foundation does, to a
subsurface layer or a range of depths. A pile is a vertical structural element of a
deep foundation, driven or drilled deep into the ground at the building site.
THE piles were 20m deep down the cut-off level to the harder strata where it
would transfer the load safely.The piles used here did the work of both End
Bearing piles and skin friction piles.

Pile foundation is required when the soil bearing capacity is not

sufficient for the structure to withstand. This is due to the soil
condition or the order of bottom layers, type of loads on
foundations, conditions at site and operational conditions.

Many factors prevent the selection of surface foundation as a

suitable foundation such as the nature of soil and intensity of
loads, we use the piles when the soil have low bearing capacity
or in building in water like bridges and dams

A pile foundation consists of two components: Pile cap and

single or group of piles. Piles transfers the loads from
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structures to the hard strata, rocks or soil with high bearing

capacity. These are long and slender members whose length
can be more than 15m.

Piles can be made from concrete, wood or steel depending on

the requirements. These piles are then driven, drilled or jacked
into the ground and connected to pile caps. Pile foundation are
classified based on material of pile construction, type of soil,
and load transmitting characteristic of piles.

The use of pile foundations as load carrying and load

transferring systems has been for many years. Timber piles
were used in early days, driven in to the ground by hand or
holes were dug and filled with sand and stones. The use of
steel pile started since 19th century and concrete piles since
20th century.

With the change in technology and industrial revolution, many

advance systems have been devloped for pile driving from the
invention of steam and diesel pile driving machines.The use of
pile foundations is increasing day by day due to non-availability
of land for construction. Heavy multi-storyed building are being
constructed, and load from these structures can not be directly
transferred to ground due to low bearing capacity issue and
stability issues of building during lateral load application. Due
to this demand for piles, there have been many improvements
in piles and pile driving technology and systems. Today there
are many advanced techniques of pile installation.After all this few
months later we started the excavation and started working. The drawings of the
piles building site plan everything was ready.
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A) DETAILING OF PILE USED IN PROJECT:

The mixture of concrete for pcc is 1:5:10The mixture of rcc concrete 1:4:8 A
pile is basically a long cylinder of a strong material such as concrete that is
pushed into the ground to act as a steady support for structures built on top of it.

B) USES OF PILE FOUNDATION:

Pile foundations are used in the following situations:

1. When there is a layer of weak soil at the surface. This layer cannot
support the weight of the building, so the loads of the building have to
bypass this layer and be transferred to the layer of stronger soil or rock
that is below the weak layer.
2. When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high
rise structure, bridge, or water tank.

Pile foundations are capable of taking higher loads than spread footings.

C) TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION:

There are two types of pile foundations, each of which works in its own way.
a) End bearing piles.

b )Skin friction .

Piles can be made of wood, concrete, or steel. 

In traditional construction, wooden piles were used to support buildings in
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areas with weak soil. Wood piles are still used to make jetties. For this one
needs trees with exceptionally straight trunks. The pile length is limited to the
length of a single tree, about 20m, since one cannot join together two tree
trunks. The entire city of Venice in Italy is famous for being built on wooden
piles over the sea water .Piles are first cast at ground level and then hammered
or driven into the ground using a pile driver. This is a machine that holds the
pile perfectly vertical, and then hammers it into the ground blow by blow. Each
blow is is struck by lifting a heavy weight and dropping it on the top of the pile
- the pile is temporarily covered with a steel cap to prevent it from
disintegrating. The pile driver thus performs two functions - first, it acts as a
crane, and lifts the pile from a horizontal position on the ground and rotates it
into the correct vertical position, and second, it hammers the pile down into
the ground. Piles should be hammered into the ground till refusal, at which
point they cannot be driven any further into the soil.

After the complete pile work with detailed information given in the drawing we
further after few days started the excavation of the building area where the
pile work had already been done

D)Function of Pile Foundation:

As other types of foundations, the purpose of pile foundations
is:

– To transmit the buildings loads to the foundations and the

ground soil layers whether these loads vertical or inclined

– To install loose cohesion less soil through displacement and

vibration.

– To control the settlements; which can be accompanied by

surface foundations.

– To increase the factor of safety for heavy loads buildings

The selection of type of pile foundation is based on site

investigation report. Site investigation report suggests the
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need of pile foundation, type of pile foundation to be used,

depth of pile foundation to be provided. The cost analysis of
various options for use of pile foundation should be carried out
before selection of pile foundation types.

Unless the ground condition is rocks, for heavy construction

and multi-storied buildings, the bearing capacity of soil at shallow
depth may not be satisfactory for the loads on the foundation.
In such cases, pile foundation has to be provided. The number
of piles in a pile groups required is calculate from the pile
capacity of single pile and the loads on the foundation. Piles are
a convenient method of foundation for works over water, such
as jetties or bridge piers.
The step was to excavate till the cut off level . All piles shall be concreted to
a level 600 mm above the specified pile cut off elevation which shall be 7.5 cm.
above the bottom of the Pile cap Before casting the pile cap, this excess
concrete shall be cut off up to pile cut off elevation. Pile Cut-off level is the
actual level at which the piles below pier are made to be of the same level. The
concrete of pile is cut-off at the specified level (given in the specifications or
drawings usually around 75 mm) while the steel is kept projected In cap to
make an effective bond between pile cap and piles.
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E) RIENFORCEMENT CALCULATION FOR PILES:

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F) TRIMMING OF PILE CAPS:

For Piles casted in dry bore holes while using temporary casing, piles heads
shall be casted to a level a bit above the specified cut-off so that, after cutting
or trimming , a sound concrete connection can be made with the pile.
While we cast the piles under water we use tremie method of concreting. In
this method the shaft of concrete pile is casted by using a tremie pipe which is
lowered below the water level or the interfacing concrete and concrete is
poured with pressure while the slurry and other raw concrete or weak
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concrete comes up. For Tromie method slump mix should be greater than 175
mm. Pile cut-off level can be above or below the group. When it is above
ground, Concrete should overflow from the pile head on completion. Due to
tremie method the upper part of pile consists of weak concrete as well as
some contaminated boring debris.
In case the pile cut-off below the ground, the concrete level should be raised to
allow for around 1 m for trimming off the weak concrete. Traditionally the
cropping or trimming process to achieve the required cut off level is done using
a jackhammer or hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS).
Pile mix = 1:1.408:2.84,Pcc= 1:5:10

After the excavation the concrete comes out known as bad concrete which is
drilled out and removed .from the cut off level 750 mm steel is kept above
it.pcc is done in which three piles are joined and a single pile cap is made to
centre up a single column .This pcc is done to be a hard strata for the rcc
because it cannot be done on soil..The grid type RCC reinforcement is
done100*100 mm dia this is done for separation plus cover is also provided .
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4 )Direct Mud Circulation:

 Because it involves the circulation of mud from the pile bore directly to the
bentonite pit where the pump reuses the bentonite slurry leaving alone the
settled mud.

1) The Tripod is made to stand around the target pile (two legs around the pile
and one into the slot provided in winch machine) and a plumb bob is then
hung down the pulley (mounted on the tripod) aiming the center of the target
pile so as to obtain the center for the chisel. The maximum tolerance
permissible for piles with diameter 600mm or more is 75mm or D/2, whichever
is more.

2) Once the position of winch machine and the tripod is fixed, casing is
installed into the earth keeping the center point intact. A wall made up of
sacks filled with rubble or soil is created around the pile-area so as to channel
an artificial conduit directed towards the bentonite pit. This channel directs
the mixture of mud and bentonite slurry coming out from the bore to the
bentonite pit .
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3) The topmost drill pipe is connected with a hose emerging from the vertical
pump (installed in the bentonite) pit sending fresh bentonite slurry to the
borehole through a fine opening in chisel and when the bore hole is filled to
the brink, it flows back to the bentonite pit along with the mud through the
artificial conduit. In this way the mud from the bore keeps on moving up the
borehole and is directed to the bentonite tank .We started the work of pile by
direct mud circulation (D.M.C).

Excavation as any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in the Earth’s

surface formed by earth removal. A trench is defined as a narrow excavation
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(in relation to its length) made below the surface of the ground. Excavation
work presents serious hazards to all workers involved.

5) Soil classification categories:

Some of the compliance methods permitted under the Excavation standards

require a competent person to classify soil and rock deposits as: ■ Stable rock;
■ Type A soil; ■ Type B soil; or ■ Type C soil. See Appendix A to Subpart P of
Part 1926 – Soil Classification. Stable Rock – Natural solid mineral matter that
can be excavated with vertical sides and remain intact while exposed. Type A –
Cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength of 1.5 tons per square
foot (tsf) (144 kPa) or greater. Examples include: clay, silty clay, sandy clay, and
clay loam. Certain conditions preclude soil from being classified as Type A. For
example, no soil is Type A if it is fissured or has been previously disturbed. See
Appendix A to Subpart P of Part 1926, paragraph (b) – Definitions (Type A), for
a detailed definition of Type A soil. Type B – Includes cohesive soil with an
unconfined compressive strength greater than 0.5 tsf (48 kPa) but less than 1.5
tsf (144 kPa) and granular cohesionless soils (such as angular gravel, similar to
crushed rock, silt, silt loam, sandy loam, and, in some cases, silty clay loam and
sandy clay loam). See Appendix A to Subpart P of Part 1926, paragraph (b) —
Definitions (Type B), for a detailed definition of Type B soil. Type C – Cohesive
soil with an unconfined compressive strength of 0.5 tsf (48 kPa) or less,
granular soils (including gravel, sand, and loamy sand), submerged soil or soil
from which water is freely seeping, submerged rock that is not stable, or
material in a sloped, layered system where the layers dip into the excavation.

What safety factors should be considered when bidding on a job?

Before preparing a bid, employers should know as much as possible about the
jobsite and the materials they will need to have on hand to perform the work
safely and in compliance with OSHA standards. A safety checklist may prove
helpful when employers are considering new projects. Factors to consider may
include: ■ Traffic ■ Proximity and physical condition of nearby structures ■ Soil
classification ■ Surface and ground water ■ Location of the water table ■
Overhead and underground utilities ■ Weather ■ Quantity of shoring or
protective systems that may be required ■ Fall protection needs ■ Number of
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ladders that may be needed ■ Other equipment needs. Employers can gather
the information they need through jobsite studies, observations, test borings
for soil type or conditions, and consultations with local officials and utility
companies. This information will help employers determine the amount, kind,
and cost of safety equipment they will need to perform the work safely.

How can employers avoid hitting underground utility lines and pipes during
excavation work?

Before starting work, the Excavation standards require employers to do the

following: ■ Determine the approximate location(s) of utility installations —
including sewer, telephone, fuel, electric, and water lines. One common
industry practice is to call 811, the “Call Before You Dig” number, to establish
the location of any underground utility installations in the work area. Trenching
and Excavation Safety 5 ■ Contact and notify the utility companies or owners
involved to inform them of the proposed work within established or customary
local response times. ■ Ask the utility companies or owners to establish the
location of underground installations prior to the start of excavation work. If
they cannot respond within 24 hours (unless the period required by state or
local law is longer) or cannot establish the exact location of the utility
installations, employers may proceed with caution, which includes using
detection equipment or other acceptable means to locate utility installations.
■ Determine the exact location of underground installations by safe and
acceptable means when excavation operations approach the approximate
location of the installations. ■ Ensure that while the excavation is open,
underground installations are protected, supported or removed as necessary
to safeguard workers. What other excavation hazards do employers need to
address? In addition to cave-ins and related hazards, workers involved in
excavation work are exposed to hazards involving falling loads and mobile
equipment. To protect workers from these hazards, OSHA requires employers
to take certain precautions. For example, employers must: ■ Protect workers
from excavated or other materials or equipment that could pose a hazard by
falling or rolling Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1 0 inside the
excavation by placing and keeping such materials or equipment at least 2 feet
(0.61 meters) from the edge and/or by using a retaining device to keep the
materials or equipment from falling or rolling into the excavation. ■ Provide a
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warning system (such as barricades, hand or mechanical signals, or stop logs)

when mobile equipment is operated adjacent to an excavation, or when such
equipment must approach the edge of an excavation, and the operator does
not have a clear and direct view of the edge. ■ Protect workers from loose rock
or soil that could fall or roll from an excavation face by scaling to remove loose
material, installing protective barricades at appropriate intervals, or using
other equivalent forms of protection. ■ Institute and enforce work rules
prohibiting workers from working on faces of sloped or benched excavations at
levels above other workers unless the workers at the lower levels are
adequately protected from the hazards of falling, rolling, or sliding material or
equipment. ■ Institute and enforce work rules prohibiting workers from
standing or working under loads being handled by lifting or digging equipment.
■ Require workers to stand away from vehicles being loaded or unloaded to
protect them from being struck by any spillage or falling materials. (Operators
may remain inside the cab of a vehicle being loaded or unloaded if the vehicle
is equipped
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6) PILE CAP:

A pile cap is a thick concrete mat that rests on concrete or timber piles that

have been driven into soft or unstable ground to provide a suitable stable
foundation. It usually forms part of the foundation of a building, typically a
multi-story building, structure or support base for heavy equipment. The
cast concrete pile cap distributes the load of the building into the piles. A
similar structure to a pile cap is a "raft", which is a concrete foundation floor
resting directly onto soft soil which may be liable to subsidence.
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Formwork (shuttering) for a pile cap

A) REINFORCEMENT CALCULATION FOR PILE CAPS:
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After preparing the steel reinforcement, centering of column is done by two

grids with a thread intersecting at one point and column is placed. we started
for casting of piles with shuttering done

With the help of mixer and proper proportion of sand water cement they
started casting .it is must if on a day of casting more than 6 cum is used we
have to go for cpwd specification in which it is said that we have to go for
slump test .
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7) TIE BEAMS AND COLUMN CENTTRING :

A  horizontal  timber or the concrete beam which is used to tie up the

two structural members   for connecting and
to keep them from spreading apart. Tie Beams on the other hand are those
beams which are, like primary beams, connecting two columns but, unlike
primary beams, not taking any floor load. These beams are meant to act as
length breakers for the column where the floor height is unusually high. It can
also be at the top of the column as a part of the roof truss, or at the plinth level
(known as plinth beams)

TYPES OF TIE BEAMS:

Primary Beam:
A horizontal beam connecting columns (simply supported or shear
connected.) 
Function: It will transfer the load from secondary beam(if present) to the
columns.
Secondary Beam:
A horizontal beam connecting primary beams (simply supported or shear
connected.) 
Function: It will transfer the load to the primary beam and not directly
connected to the columns.
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COLUMNS CENTRING:

A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural

element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure
above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a
compression member. The term column applies especially to a large round
support (the shaft of the column) with a capital and a base or pedestal and
made of stone, or appearing to be so. A small wooden or metal support is
typically called a post, and supports with a rectangular or other non-round
section are usually called piers. For the purpose of wind or earthquake
engineering, columns may be designed to resist lateral forces.
Other compression members are often termed "columns" because of the
similar stress conditions. Columns are frequently used to
support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. In
architecture, "column" refers to such a structural element that also has certain
proportional and decorative features. A column might also be a decorative
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element not needed for structural purposes; many columns are "engaged",
that is to say form part of a wall.

The centering of column is done when two apparent grids opposite to each
other from the two opposite sides cross each other at a point where the
column is centered .Starters are provided at the column to provide the correct
alignment to the columns After the centering of column, shuttering is done
after that pile cap casting is done in which a concrete mix of M 25 or
1:1.408:2.84 is used . After all this tie beams were provided to connect two
columns .
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8) DIFFERENT TESTS OF MATERIALS:

Following are some of the tests and there results that were conducted during
the execution of the project;

1) SLUMP TEST

2) CUBE TEST

3) SIEVE ANALYSIS

4) ABRASSION TEST

5) TENSILE STRENGHT OF CONCRETE

1) SLUMP TEST :

Concrete slump test is done to determine the workability or consistency of

concrete mix prepared at the laboratory or the construction site during the
progress of the work. Concrete slump test is carried out from batch to batch to
check the uniform quality of concrete during construction. The slump of the
concrete should be from 150 cm to 180cm for good quality of concrete , in
order to be workable ,consistent and compactable.
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2) CUBE TEST :

In order to check the compressive strength of the concrete , a cube of

dimension 15cm is filled from the batch randomly and the compressive
strength is checked after 14 days and after 28 days. In order to achieve the
more accurate result the number of cubes per batch should be 4 to 6. It is
popularly known as cube test .The cubes are then put in a curing tank for a
period of 28 days and then taken under compression testing machine and the
readings are noted down. For different grades of concrete , the compressive
strength per unit is given according to the specifications.

These are kept for two dates one for 7 days and other sets for 28 days to check
the compressive strength that is the average of the sets for each days . The
mark of identification was set as date on the cubes for respective grids and pile
caps.
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9) USE OF ADMIXTURES AND SECONDARY REINFORCEMENT:

In winters the use of admixtures like rapidite was used in order to decrease the
setting time of the concrete .The ratio of admixtures to the concrete was done
according to the CPWD specifications .
To minimize the generation of cracks on the surface of finished concrete due to
heat of hydration and shrinkage , the use of secondary reinforcement was
made which is called as Reckron , a fiber like tough material
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10) BAR BENDING SCHEDULE AND REGISTER MAINTENANCE:

To know the number of rings to be used in a tie beam bbS is used.

Bar Bending Schedule
 Drawings generally include a bar bending schedule
 The bar bending schedule describes the length and number, position and the
shape of the bar
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 Anchorage in steel bars is normally provided in the form of bends and hooks
 The anchorage value of bend of bar is taken as 4 times the diameter of bar for
every 450 bend subjected to maximum of 16 times the diameter of bar.

Standard hooks for detailing:

The beams are classified as:

 According to shape: Rectangular, T, L, Circular etc
 According to supporting conditions: Simply supported, fixed, continuous and
cantilever beams
 According to reinforcement:  Singly reinforced and doubly reinforced
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Reinforcement Cover in Beam:

 Minimum cover in beams must be 25 mm or shall not be less than the larger
diameter of bar for all steel reinforcement including links.
 Nominal cover specified in Table 16 and 16A of IS456-2000 should be used to
satisfy the durability criteria.
Types of Reinforcement in Beams:
Generally a beam consists of following steel reinforcements:

 Longitudinal reinforcement at tension and compression face.

 Shear reinforcements in the form of vertical stirrups and or bent up
longitudinal bars are provided .Side face reinforcement in the web of the beam
is provided when the depth of the web in a beam exceeds 750 mm. (0.1% of
the web area and shall be distributed equally on two faces at a spacing not
exceeding 300 mm or web thickness whichever is less)
The test done above where done when there was availability of new material
on site or as per cpwd specification for sand we checked after use of 40
cum ,for aggregate 20 cum.

NOT ONLY THE MANUAL BUT SOME PHYSICAL TEST WERE ALSO DONE

In case of aggregates

10mm
:- (MORTAR) GENERALLY USED FOR CONSTRUCTION WORK
20mm

40mm :- USED FOR PCC

TYPES OF REGISTERS MAINTAINEDON THE PROJECT:

 Work diary
 Silt register
 Cube register
 Sieve analysis
 Cement register
 Hindrance.
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