Our objectives is to know what is neurocognitive disorder

To identify the types and causes of neurocognitive disorder

To know the symptoms, exam and tests for neurocognitive disorder

And to know the risk factors and lifestyle tips of this disorder

A neurocognitive disorder, previously known as dementia, refers to a wide range of disorders that affect
the brain.

Neurocognitive disorders involve impairments in cognitive abilities such as memory, problem solving
and perception. Cognitive deficits are acquired rather than developmental. Although cognitive
impairments are present in many mental disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorders), only
disorders whose core features are cognitive are included in neurocognitive disorders. Neurocognitive
disorders represent impairment in cognition that has not been present since birth or the early
developmental period. Thus, individuals with this disorder experience a decline from a previously
attained level of functioning.

Neurocognitive disorders most commonly occur in older adults, but they can affect younger people as
well. Reduced cognitive capacity may include problems with complex attention, executive functioning,
learning and memory, expressive and receptive language, perceptual-motor abilities, changes in
behavior, and trouble performing everyday tasks. These symptoms may be caused by a
neurodegenerative condition, such as Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, frontotemporal lobar
degeneration, or Lewy body disease. They can also be caused by illnesses such as Parkinson's or
Huntington's disease, or traumatic brain injury or stroke. Neurocognitive disorders can also develop as a
result of substance abuse or HIV infection.

What is Alzheimer’s Disease?

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia.

It is a progressive disease beginning with mild memory loss and possibly leading to loss of the ability to
carry on a conversation and respond to the environment.

Alzheimer’s disease involves parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language.

Maaari itong makaapekto sa kakayahan ng isang tao na magsagawa ng pang-araw-araw na gawain.

Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills and, eventually,
the ability to carry out the simplest tasks. In most people with the disease — those with the late-onset
type symptoms first appear in their mid-60s.

Alzheimer's disease is caused by a combination of genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors that affect
the brain over time. Less than 1% of the time, Alzheimer's is caused by specific genetic changes that
virtually guarantee a person will develop the disease.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob (KROITS-felt YAH-kobe) disease (CJD) is a degenerative brain disorder that leads to
dementia and, ultimately, death. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease symptoms can be similar to those of other
dementia-like brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease.

Ito ay isang neurodegenerative disorder na may mga katangiang klinikal at diagnostic na katangian. Ang
sakit na ito ay mabilis na kumalat at nakamamatay. Ang impeksyon sa sakit na ito ay humahantong sa
kamatayan karaniwang sa loob ng 1 taon ng simula ng sakit.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is caused by an abnormal infectious protein in the brain called a prion.

Prions can be transmitted through contaminated food, surgical instruments and blood.

Lewy body dementia (LBD) is a disease associated with abnormal deposits of a protein called alpha-
synuclein in the brain. These deposits, called Lewy bodies, affect chemicals in the brain whose changes,
in turn, can lead to problems with thinking, movement, behavior, and mood.

Ang Lewy body dementia (LBD) ay isang sakit na nauugnay sa abnormal na deposit ng isang protin na
tinatawag na alpha-synuclein sa utak. Ang mga deposits na ito, na tinatawag na Lewy bodies, ay
nakakaapekto sa mga kemikal sa utak .

The life expectancy of people with lewy body dimentia typically survive about 5 to 7 years after they are
diagnosed.

It caused by the decay of brain tissues. This decay is caused by the build up of abnormal proteins called
Lewy bodies, which are also found in people with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a common cause of dementia, is a group of disorders that occur when
nerve cells in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain are lost. This causes the lobes to shrink. FTD
can affect behavior, personality, language, and movement.

The nerve cell damage caused by frontotemporal dementia leads to loss of function in these brain
regions, which variably cause deterioration in behavior, personality and/or difficulty with producing or
comprehending language.

caused by clumps of abnormal protein forming inside brain cells. These are thought to damage the cells
and stop them working properly. The proteins mainly build up in the frontal and temporal lobes of the
brain at the front and sides.
Parkinson's disease is a brain disorder that causes unintended or uncontrollable movements, such as
shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination. Symptoms usually begin gradually and
worsen over time. As the disease progresses, people may have difficulty walking and talking.

Parkinson's disease signs and symptoms can be different for everyone. Early signs may be mild and go
unnoticed. Symptoms often begin on one side of your body and usually remain worse on that side, even
after symptoms begin to affect both sides

Parkinson's disease is caused by a loss of nerve cells in the part of the brain called the substantia nigra.
Nerve cells in this part of the brain are responsible for producing a chemical called dopamine.

Huntington's disease is a rare, inherited disease that causes the progressive breakdown (degeneration)
of nerve cells in the brain. Huntington's disease has a broad impact on a person's functional abilities and
usually results in movement, thinking (cognitive) and psychiatric disorders.

A person with this disease will cause him/her to decline in thinking and reasoning skills, including
memory, concentration, judgment, and ability to plan and organize. Huntington's disease brain changes
lead to alterations in mood, especially depression, anxiety, and uncharacteristic anger and irritability.

Huntington's disease is caused by an inherited defect in a single gene. Huntington's disease is an

Mixed dementia is a condition where changes representing more than one type of dementia occur
simultaneously in the brain. In the most common form, the plaques and tangles associated with
Alzheimer's disease are present along with blood vessel changes associated with vascular dementia.

The life expectancy will vary from person to person and what other conditions you have. On average,
people with vascular dementia live for around five years after symptoms begin, less than the average for
Alzheimer's disease.

caused by problems with the supply of blood throughout the brain. Sometimes this can be caused by
having a stroke or a series of mini-strokes. In other cases it can be due to a more gradual deterioration
of small blood vessels over many years.
Causes

Dementia is caused by damage to brain cells. This damage interferes with the ability of brain cells to
communicate with each other. When brain cells cannot communicate normally, thinking, behavior and
feelings can be affected.

The brain has many distinct regions, each of which is responsible for different functions (for example,
memory, judgment and movement). When cells in a particular region are damaged, that region cannot
carry out its functions normally.

Different types of dementia are associated with particular types of brain cell damage in particular
regions of the brain. For example, in Alzheimer's disease, high levels of certain proteins inside and
outside brain cells make it hard for brain cells to stay healthy and to communicate with each other. The
brain region called the hippocampus is the center of learning and memory in the brain, and the brain
cells in this region are often the first to be damaged. That's why memory loss is often one of the earliest
symptoms of Alzheimer's.

While most changes in the brain that cause dementia are permanent and worsen over time, thinking
and memory problems caused by the following conditions may improve when the condition is treated or
addressed:

Depression.

Medication side effects.

Excess use of alcohol.

Thyroid problems.

… Vitamin deficiencies.