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    Electrolysis

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    Gowriram Ram
    The impure copper dissolves as Cu2+ ions at the anode. The Cu2+ ions migrate to the cathode where they gain electrons and deposit as pure copper. The impurities remain behind in the electrolyte. This process is used to obtain pure copper commercially from impure copper anodes.

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    Electrolysis

    Uploaded by

    Gowriram Ram
    44 views20 pages
    The impure copper dissolves as Cu2+ ions at the anode. The Cu2+ ions migrate to the cathode where they gain electrons and deposit as pure copper. The impurities remain behind in the electrolyte. This process is used to obtain pure copper commercially from impure copper anodes.

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    The impure copper dissolves as Cu2+ ions at the anode. The Cu2+ ions migrate to the cathode where they gain electrons and deposit as pure copper. The impurities remain behind in the electrolyte. This process is used to obtain pure copper commercially from impure copper anodes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    44 views20 pages

    Electrolysis

    Uploaded by

    Gowriram Ram
    The impure copper dissolves as Cu2+ ions at the anode. The Cu2+ ions migrate to the cathode where they gain electrons and deposit as pure copper. The impurities remain behind in the electrolyte. This process is used to obtain pure copper commercially from impure copper anodes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 20

    ELECTROLYSIS

    Subtitle
    Definitions

     Electrolysis
     It is the process of decomposition of a chemical compound in aqueous solutions
    or in molten state accompanied by a chemical change by using direct electric
    current
     Electrolyte
     Are compounds which either in aqueous solutions or in molten state allow
    electric current to pass through them.
    Metallic vs electrolytic conductors

    Metallic conductors Non metallic conductors


     Electrons are responsible for the  Ions are responsible for the flow of
    flow of current current
     Metals and alloys  Electrovalent compounds
     Physical change takes place  Chemical change
    Strong vs weak electrolytes

    Strong electrolyte Weak electrolyte

     Large amount of electricity to flow  Small amount of electricity to flow


     Good conductors of electricity  Poor conductors of electricity
     Contains mostly ions  Contains ions and molecules
     Acids – HCl, H2SO4, HNO3  Acids – carbonic, acetic, oxalic
    acid
     Bases – NaOH, KOH
     Bases -ammonium and calcium
     Salts – NaCl, PbBr2, CuCl2, CuSO4
    hydroxide
     Salts – ammonium carbonate and
    lead acetate
    Terms related to electrolytic cell
     Electrodes
     The metallic plates or wires immersed in the electrolyte through which the current
    enters and leaves the electrolytic cell
     Anode
     The electrode connected to the positive terminal of the cell
     Anions migrate to anode
     Oxidation takes place at anode
     Cathode
     The electrode connected to the negative terminal of the cell
     Cations migrate to cathode
     Reduction takes place at cathode.
    Terms related to electrolytic cell
     Cations
     Positive charged ions
     Migrate to cathode
     Gain electrons from cathode
     Anions
     Negative charged ions
     Migrate to anode
     Lose electrons from anode
    Electrochemical series

    Note:
    Elements lower in the
    series get discharged
    more easily at the
    respective
    electrodes.
    Preferential or selective discharge of
    ions at electrodes
     The relative position of ions in the electrochemical series.
     The relative concentration of ions.
     The nature of the electrodes.
    Electrolysis of acidified water using platinum
    electrodes
    Electrolyte used:
    • Water, sulphuric acid

    Ions present
    • H+, OH- , SO42-

    Anode: Cathode:
    • Reaction • Reaction
    • OH- - e- → OH
    • H+ + e- → H
    • OH + OH → H2O + O
    • H + H → H2
    • O + O → O2
    • Observation • Observation
    • Hydrogen gas is obtained
    • Oxygen gas is obtained
    Electrolysis of copper sulphate solution using
    inert electrodes
    Electrolyte used:
    • Copper sulphate
    solution
    Ions present
    • Cu2+, H+, OH- , SO42-

    Anode: Cathode:
    • Reaction • Reaction
    • OH- - e- → OH
    • Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu
    • OH + OH → H2O + O
    • O + O → O2

    Observation
    • The blue colour fades since the blue ions migrate towards the cathode.
    Electrolysis of copper sulphate solution using
    active electrodes
    Electrolyte used:
    • Copper sulphate solution

    Ions present
    • Cu2+, H+, OH- , SO42-

    Anode: Cathode:
    • Reaction • Reaction
    • Cu - 2e- → Cu2+ • Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu

    Observation
    • The blue colour does not fades since the amount of copper irons remains
    the same.
    Applications of electrolysis

     Electroplating
     Is the electrolytic process of deposition of a metal on the surface of an article
     Electrorefining
     Is a process by which metals containing impurities are purified electrolytically to
    give a pure metal.
    Electroplating
    Conditions for electroplating
     The article to be electroplated is always placed at the cathode
     The metal is always deposited at the cathode
     The metal to be plated on the article is always made the anode.
     The metal anode dissolves as ions in solution and migrates to cathode
     The anode has to be replaced periodically
     The electrolyte must contain ions of the metal
     The ions migrate towards the cathode
     A low current for a longer duration
     Higher current causes uneven deposition
     A direct current and not AC
     In order to obtain effective coating
    Electroplating with nickel
    Electrolyte used:
    • Nickel sulphate solution

    Ions present
    • Ni2+, H+, OH- , SO42-

    Anode: Cathode:
    • Pure Nickel • Article to be plated
    • Reaction • Reaction
    • Ni - 2e- → Ni 2+ • Ni2+ + 2e- → Ni
    Electroplating with Silver
    Electrolyte used:
    • Sodium argentocyanide

    Ions present
    • Na+, Ag+, CN-, H+

    Anode: Cathode:
    • Pure Silver • Article to be plated
    • Reaction • Reaction
    • Ag - e- → Ag+ • Ag+ + e- → Ag

    Note: Silver nitrate is not used because the deposition of silver will be very fast and
    hence not very smooth and uniform
    Electrorefining of impure copper

    Electrolyte used:
    • Copper sulphate solution

    Ions present
    • Cu2+, H+, OH- , SO42-

    Anode: Cathode:
    • Impure Copper • Pure copper strip
    • Reaction • Reaction
    • Cu - 2e- → Cu2+ • Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu

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