Elec 2 Report Final

PROJECT REPORT
(DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL USING 555 IC)
Lab Project: Electronic 2
Submitted By
Mamoon khan
(FA20-BEE-016/ATK)
M.salim khan
(FA19-BEE-010/ATK)
Submitted To
Sir Ihtesham Jadoon
Comsats University Islamabad, Attock Campus

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is our great fortune that we have got opportunity to carry out this project work
under the supervision of SIR EHTISHAM in the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Comsats University Attock .
We express my sincere thanks and deepest sense of gratitude to my guide for his
constant support, unparalleled guidance and limitless encouragement.
Abstract
There are several motor control circuits and this is one of the commonly used
motor control circuit and it was done by employing a simple NE555IC. The
timer IC here was used to generate PWM waves so that the speed of the motor
can be adjusted accordingly. PWM is nothing but Pulse Width modulation, a
modulation technique in which the width of the output pulse was varied with
respect to the amplitude of the input signal.
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………. 1
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………….2
CHAPTER#1
1.1 INTROCUCTION
1.2 BASICPRINCIPLE
CHAPTER#2
2.1 CIRCUIT COMPONENTS
2.2 555 TIMER IC
2.3 POTENTIOMETER
2.4 CAPACITORS
2.5 RESISTOR
2.6 DIODE(IN4007)
2.7 TRANSISTOR(2N2222)
2.8 DC MOTOR
CHAPTER#3
3.1 CIRCUIT DESIGN
3.2WORKING
3.3 APPLICATION
3.3 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER#1
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
In this project, I will show How Speed Control of DC Motor can be implemented using 555
and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).
We use DC Motors in many systems in our daily life. For example, CPU fans, fume
extinguishers, toy cars etc. are all DC Motors which are operated by DC power supply. Most
of the times we will have to adjust the speed of the motors as per our requirement.
The main component of this circuit is a 555 timer IC. This IC is widely used in different
circuits and projects since it is versatile, easily available, and inexpensive. It is used to
provide oscillations, short or long time intervals in the circuit.
1.2 BASIC PRINCIPLE:
The basic principle of dc motor controller is to use 555 timer IC
In (a stable mode ) as a oscillator or free running multivibrator whose output doesn’t depend on
the trigger pin and get a constant square output signal whose duty cycle depend on the input
voltage.
CHAPTER#2
2.1 CIRCUIT COMPONENTS :
NO NAME OF THE SPECIFICATIONS QUANTITY

COMPONENT
1. Timer IC IC 555 1
2. Potentiometer 10KΩ 1
3. NPN Transistor 2N2222 1
4. 9V Battery -- 1
5. Capacitor 300µF,0.01µF 1,1
6. Resisters 10K 2
7. Diode IN4001 3
8. DC motor -- 1
9. Connecting wires -- --
10. Veroboard -- 1

2.2 555 TIMER IC:
The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse
generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time
delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four
timing circuits in one package.
We are using A-stable mode of 555 timer IC .
A-stable Multi-vibrator mode of 555 timer IC is also called Free running or self triggering mode.
When the output at pin 3 is HIGH, the capacitor charges up through the resistor. When
the voltage across the capacitor reaches 2/3Vcc, pin 6 causes the output at pin 3 to change
state and goes LOW. The capacitor now discharges back through the same resistor until
pin 2 reaches 1/3Vcc causing the output to change state once again. The capacitor
continually charges and discharges between 2/3Vcc and 1/3Vcc back and forth through
the same resistor creating a HIGH and LOW state at the output, pin 3.
2.3 POTENTIOMETER:
A potentiometer, informally a pot, is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact
that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it
acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.
The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage divider used for
measuring electric potential (voltage); the component is an implementation of the same
principle, hence its name. Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such
as volume controls on audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as
position transducers,
for example, in a joystick. Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant power
(more than a watt), since the power dissipated in the potentiometer would be comparable to the
power in the controlled load.
2.4 RESISTOR( two 10KΩ):

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as
a circuit element. Resistors may be used to
reduce current flow, and, at the same time, may act to lower voltage levels
within circuits.
2.5 CAPACITOR(0.01µF,300µF)
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component
used to store electrical energy temporarily in an electric field.
The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical
conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e. an insulator that can store energy by becoming
polarized).
2.6 DIODES (IN4007):
The maximum current carrying capacity is 1A it withstand peaks up to 30A. Hence we can use
this in circuits that are designed for less than 1A. It is not necessary to use this much of high
current capacity diode but because of safety and flexibility purpose, high current capacity diode
is used.
Generally, because of surges in current, it is possible to damage the diode, if we used low ampere
rating diode.
2.7 TRANSISTOR (2N2222):
 Bi-Polar high current NPN Transistor
 Continuous Collector current (IC) is 800mA
 Emitter Base Voltage (VBE) is 6V
 Collector Emitter Voltage (VCE) is 30V
 Base Current(IB) is 5mA maximum
The 2N2222A transistor can allow collector current upto 800mA and also has power dissipation
of 652mW which can be used to drive larger loads .

2.8 DC MOTOR :
A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current electrical power
into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields.
Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or
electronic, to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the motor. Most types
produce rotary motion; a linear motor directly produces force and motion in a straight line.
CHAPTER#3
3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
3.2 WORKING:
The working principle of the 555 timer is by considering the block diagram of the
555 timer IC.
The output signal at pin 3 of the 555 is equal to the supply voltage switching the
transistors fully “ON”. The time taken for C to charge or discharge depends upon
the values of R1, R2. The capacitor charges up through the network RA but is
diverted around the resistive network RB and through diode D1. As soon as the
capacitor is charged, it is immediately discharged through diode D2 and network R2
into pin 7. During the discharging process the output at pin 3 is at 0 V and the
transistor is switched “OFF”. Then the time taken for capacitor, C to go through
one complete charge-discharge cycle depends on the values of R1, R2 and C with
the time T for one complete cycle. Pulse width modulation is a great method of
controlling the amount of power delivered to a load without dissipating any wasted
power.
This circuit will help us to visualize the working of dc motor controller .
3.3 REAL TIME APPLLICATIONS:
 CPU fan speed control.
 Toy cars
 fume extinguishers
3.4 CONCLUSION :
This application note describes how to control DC motor using 555 timer.
Overall, there may be better way to control DC motor with precise timing and
position for example microcontroller, unfortunately, some of them aretedious,
some of them are not applicable in our project. The reason I pick 555 timer is
that it is non-programmable and still could provide accurate timing and position.

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PROJECT REPORT

(DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL USING 555 IC)

Lab Project: Electronic 2

Sir Ihtesham Jadoon

Comsats University Islamabad, Attock Campus

NO NAME OF THE SPECIFICATIONS QUANTITY

1. Timer IC IC 555 1

2. Potentiometer 10KΩ 1

3. NPN Transistor 2N2222 1

4. 9V Battery -- 1

5. Capacitor 300µF,0.01µF 1,1

6. Resisters 10K 2

7. Diode IN4001 3

9. Connecting wires -- --

10. Veroboard -- 1

2.4 RESISTOR( two 10KΩ):

 Bi-Polar high current NPN Transistor

 Continuous Collector current (IC) is 800mA

 Emitter Base Voltage (VBE) is 6V

 Collector Emitter Voltage (VCE) is 30V

 Base Current(IB) is 5mA maximum

of 652mW which can be used to drive larger loads .

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