What is Automation Testing?

Automation testing is the process of testing a software or application using an automation

testing tool to find the defects. In this process, executing the test scripts and generating the
results are performed automatically by automation tools. It is required when we have a huge
amount of regression test cases. Some most popular tools to do automation testing are HP
QTP/UFT, Selenium WebDriver, etc.,

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2. What are the benefits of Automation Testing?

This is one of the common interview questions in any Automation testing job.

1. Saves time and money. Automation testing is faster in execution.

2. Reusability of code. Create one time and execute multiple times with less or no
maintenance.
3. Easy reporting. It generates automatic reports after test execution.
4. Easy for compatibility testing. It enables parallel execution in the combination of
different OS and browser environments.
5. Low-cost maintenance. It is cheaper compared to manual testing in a long run.
6. Automated testing is more reliable.
7. Automated testing is more powerful and versatile. Automation tools allow us to
integrate with Cross Browser Testing Tools, Jenkins, Github, etc.,
8. It is mostly used for regression testing. Supports execution of repeated test
cases.
9. Minimal manual intervention. Test scripts can be run unattended.
10. Maximum coverage. It helps to increase the test coverage.
3. What are the challenges and limitations of Selenium WebDriver?

As we all know Selenium WebDriver is a tool that automates the browser to mimic real user
actions on the web. Selenium is a free open source testing tool. Some of the challenges with
Selenium WebDriver are as follows

1. We cannot test the windows application

2. We cannot test mobile apps
3. Limited reporting
4. Handling dynamic Elements
5. Handling page load
6. Handling pop up windows
7. Handling captcha

Read the detailed explanation on the challenges and limitations of Selenium WebDriver

4. What type of tests have you automated?

Our main focus is to automate test cases to do Regression testing, Smoke & Sanity
testing. Sometimes based on the project and the test time estimation, we do focus on End to
End testing.

5. How many test cases you have automated per day?

It is one of the Selenium Tricky Interview Questions.

Actually, it depends on Test case scenario complexity and length. I did automate 2-5 test
scenarios per day when the complexity is limited. Sometimes just 1 or fewer test scenarios in
a day when the complexity is high.

6. What is a Framework?

A framework defines a set of rules or best practices that we can follow in a systematic way to
achieve the desired results. There are different types of automation frameworks and the most
common ones are:

 Data-Driven Testing Framework

 Keyword Driven Testing Framework
 Hybrid Testing Framework
 Behavioural Driven Framework

Detailed Explanation: Types of Framework

7. What type of test cases to be automated?

Types of Test Cases To Automate are

 Data-driven test cases

 Test cases with higher complexity
 Test case with many database updates
 The test execution rate is high
 Smoke/Critical tests
 Tests with several combinations
 Graph test cases
 Higher manual execution time

Read in detail explanation on types of test cases to be automated here

8. What type of test cases not to be automated?

Types of Test Cases Not To Be Automated are

 Subjective Validation
  New Functionalities
 Strategic Development
 User Experience
 Complex Functionality
 Quality Control
 Low return on investment
 Installation and setup testing

Read in detail explanation on types of test cases not to be automated here

9. What are the advantages of the Test Automation Framework?

1. Reusability of code.
2. Easy reporting.
3. Low-cost maintenance.
4. Maximum Coverage
5. Minimal manual intervention
10. Have you created any Framework?

If you are a beginner: You can say “No, I didn’t get a chance to create framework from the
scratch. I have used the framework which is already available. My contribution is mostly in
creating test cases by using the existing framework.”

If you are a beginner but have good knowledge on creating framework: You can say
“Yes, I have involved in developing framework along with other automation tester in my
company.”

If you are an experienced tester: You can say “I have contributed in developing

framework.” or You can say “Yes, I have created framework from the scratch. There was no
automation process in my previous company. I designed the framework from the scratch.”

11. How would you explain the Selenium test automation framework in the
interview?

Here we have clearly explained each component of the Framework. Check this post to learn
more about how to explain the selenium test automation framework to the interviewer.

12. Why do you prefer Selenium Automation Tool?

I prefer Selenium Automation Tool because some of the benefits of Selenium to do

automation testing are

 Free and open source – It is a free open source tool. There is no need to allot
budget for this tool
 Help – Have large user base and helping communities.
 Cross-browser compatibility – It works on almost all popular browsers such as
Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Safari.
 Cross Platform compatibility – It works on platforms such as Windows, Linux,
Mac.
 Multiple programming languages – It supports programming languages such
as Java, Phyton, Perl, Php, C#, Ruby, etc.,
 Parallel Execution – Selenium Grid supports parallel execution of Selenium
Scripts.
 Continuous Integration – We can achieve nightly execution using Jenkins.
13. What is Selenium?

Selenium is an open source (free) automated testing suite to test web applications. It supports
different platforms and browsers. It has gained a lot of popularity in terms of web-based
automated testing and giving a great competition to the famous commercial tool HP QTP
(Quick Test Professional) AKA HP UFT (Unified Functional Testing).

Selenium is a set of different software tools. Each tool has a different approach in supporting
web based automation testing.

It has four components namely,

i. Selenium IDE (Selenium Integrated Development Environment)

ii. Selenium RC (Selenium Remote Control)
iii. Selenium WebDriver
iv. Selenium Grid
14. What is Selenium IDE?

Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a Firefox plugin. It is the simplest

framework in the Selenium Suite. It allows us to record and playback the scripts. Even though
we can create scripts using Selenium IDE, we need to use Selenium RC or Selenium
WebDriver to write more advanced and robust test cases.

15. What is Selenese?

Selenese is the language which is used to write test scripts in Selenium IDE.

16. Which is the only browser that supports Selenium IDE to be used?

Firefox

17. What is Selenium RC?

Selenium RC AKA Selenium Remote control / Selenium 1. Selenium Remote Control was the
main Selenium project for a long time before the WebDriver merge brought up Selenium 2.
Selenium 1 is still actively supported (in maintenance mode). It relies on JavaScript for
automation. It supports Java, Javascript, Ruby, PHP, Python, Perl and C#. It supports almost
every browser out there.
18. What is Selenium WebDriver?

Selenium WebDriver AKA Selenium 2 is a browser automation framework that accepts

commands and sends them to a browser. It is implemented through a browser-specific
driver. It controls the browser by directly communicating with it. Selenium WebDriver supports
Java, C#, PHP, Python, Perl, Ruby.

Learn Selenium WebDriver Architecture

19. What is Selenium Grid?

Selenium Grid is a tool used together with Selenium RC to run tests on different machines
against different browsers in parallel. That is, running multiple tests at the same time against
different machines running different browsers and operating systems.

In simple words, it is used to distribute your test execution on multiple platforms and
environments concurrently.

20. When do you use Selenium Grid?

Selenium Grid can be used to execute same or different test scripts on multiple platforms and
browsers concurrently so as to achieve distributed test execution

21. What are the advantages of Selenium Grid?

It allows running test cases in parallel thereby saving test execution time.
It allows multi-browser testing
It allows us to execute test cases on multi-platform

22. What is a hub in Selenium Grid?

A hub is a server or a central point that controls the test executions on different machines.

23. What is a node in Selenium Grid?

Node is the machine which is attached to the hub. There can be multiple nodes in Selenium
Grid.

24. What are the types of WebDriver APIs available in Selenium?

 Firefox Driver
 Gecko Driver
 InternetExplorer Driver
 Chrome Driver
 HTMLUnit Driver
 Opera Driver
 Safari Driver
Android Driver
iPhone Driver
EventFiringWebDriver
25. Which WebDriver implementation claims to be the fastest?

The fastest implementation of WebDriver is the HTMLUnitDriver. It is because the

HTMLUnitDriver does not execute tests in the browser. Starting a browser and running test
cases took more time compared to running the scripts without a browser. HTMLUnitDriver
took a simple HTTP request-response mechanism for test case execution.

Learn more on How To Do Headless Browser Testing using Selenium WebDriver

26. What are the Programming Languages supported by Selenium WebDiver?

 Java
 C#
 Python
 Ruby
 Perl
 PHP
27. Which language is not supported by selenium?

Selenium supports all major programming languages such as Java, C#, Perl, Python, Ruby,
PHP, Scala and Groovy. As of today, others are not compatible.

28. What are the Operating Systems supported by Selenium WebDriver?

 Windows
 Linux
 Mac OS X
 iOS
 Android
29. What are the testing types that can be supported by selenium?

Testing types that can be supported by Selenium are as follows:

 Functional Testing
 Regression Testing
 Retesting
 Acceptance Testing
 End-to-End Testing
 Smoke Testing
 Sanity Testing
 Responsive Testing
 Cross Browser Testing
 UI Testing
 Integration Testing
30. How many parameters can selenium commands have at minimum?

There are four parameters that you have to pass in Selenium are

 Host
 Port Number
 Browser
 URL

Host: It is the parameter which we use to bind Selenium to a specific IP. Usually, we run
selenium tests on our local machine so the value will be ‘localhost’. You can sepcify IP
address instead of localhost.

java -jar <selenium server standalone jar name> -host <Your IP Address>

Port Number: TCP/IP port which is used to connect selenium tests to the selenium grid hub.
Default port hub is 4444.
java -jar <selenium server standalone jar name> -role hub -port 4444

Make sure no other application in your system is using this port. You may face an exception
like Exception in thread “main” java.net.BindException: Selenium is already running on port
4444. Or some other service is.

If this occurs you can either shutdown the other process that is using port 4444, or you can
tell Selenium-Grid to use a different port for its hub. Use the -port option for changing the port
used by the hub.

java -jar <selenium server standalone jar name> -role hub -port 4441

Browser: To pass the browser which has to execute our selenium scripts

URL: To pass the application URL

31. What are the Open-source Frameworks supported by Selenium WebDriver?

 JUnit
 TestNG
Read: TestNG Complete Tutorial
32. What are the Locators available in Selenium?

In Selenium WebDriver, there are 8 different types of locators:

1. ID – Practical example
2. ClassName – Practical example
 3. Name – Practical example
4. TagName – Practical example
5. LinkText – Practical example
6. PartialLinkText – Practical example
7. XPath – Practical example
8. CSS Selector – Practical example

Click here to see the detailed post on Locators.

33. What is an XPath?

XPath is used to locate the elements. Using XPath, we could navigate through elements and
attributes in an XML document to locate web elements such as textbox, button, checkbox,
Image etc., in a web page.

Learn How To Write Dynamic XPath

34. When you use these locators ID, Name, XPath, Or CSS Selector?

ID & Name locators will be used when there are unique identifiers & unique names available
on the web page.
CSS Selector can be used for performance and when ID & Name locators are not unique.
XPath is used when there is no preferred locators.

35. What is the difference between “/” and “//” 

Single Slash “/” – Single slash is used to create XPath with absolute path i.e. the XPath
would be created to start selection from the document node/start node.

Double Slash “//” – Double slash is used to create XPath with relative path i.e. the XPath
would be created to start selection from anywhere within the document.

36. What is the difference between Absolute Path and Relative Path?

Absolute XPath starts from the root node and ends with desired descendant element’s node.
It starts with top HTML node and ends with input node. It starts with a single forward slash(/)
as shown below.

1 /html/body/div[3]/div[1]/form/table/tbody/tr[1]/td/input

Relative XPath starts from any node in between the HTML page to the current element’s
node(last node of the element). It starts with a double forward slash(//) as shown below.
1 //input[@id='email']
37. What is the difference between Assert and Verify in Selenium?

Assert: In simple words, if the assert condition is true then the program control will execute
the next test step but if the condition is false, the execution will stop and further test step will
not be executed.

Verify: In simple words, there won’t be any halt in the test execution even though the verify
condition is true or false.

Read this detailed post on Assert vs Verify with practical example here detailed post check
the below link.

38. What are Soft Assert and Hard Assert in Selenium?

Soft Assert: Soft Assert collects errors during @Test Soft Assert does not throw an exception
when an assert fails and would continue with the next step after the assert statement.

Hard Assert: Hard Assert throws an AssertException immediately when an assert statement

fails and test suite continues with next @Test

Detailed Post: Soft Assert

39. What is the difference between setSpeed () and sleep () methods?

Both sleep() and setSpeed() are used to delay the execution speed.

setSpeed(): It set up speed that will apply a delay time before every Selenium operation.

Example: setSpeed(“5000”) – It waits for 5 seconds

sleep(): It set up wait only for once when called in our Selenium script.

Example: sleep(5000) – It waits for 5 seconds

40. What are the verification points available in Selenium?

In Selenium IDE, we use Selenese Verify and Assert Commands as Verification points
In Selenium WebDriver, there is no built-in features for verification points. It totally depends
on our coding style. some of the Verification points are
 To check for page title

To check for certain text

To check for certain element (text box, button, drop down, etc.)

41. How to launch a browser using Selenium WebDriver?

WebDriver is an Interface. We create an Object of a required driver class such as

FirefoxDriver, ChromeDriver, InternetExplorerDriver etc.,

To launch Firefox Driver:

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

Note: If you use geckodriver with Selenium, you must upgrade to Selenium 3.3. Here we
have to set the property as follows

1 System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver", "D:\\Selenium Environment\\Drivers\\geckodriver.exe");

To launch Chrome Driver:

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

To launch Internet Explorer Driver:

WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver();

To launch Safari Driver:

WebDriver driver = new SafariDriver();

42. Is the FirefoxDriver a Class or an Interface? 

FirefoxDriver is a Java class, and it implements the WebDriver interface.

43. What is the super interface of WebDriver?

SearchContext acts as the super interface of Web Driver.

44. Explain the line of code Webdriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(); ?

1 Webdriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

‘WebDriver‘ is an interface and we are creating an object of type WebDriver instantiating an
object of FirefoxDriver class.

Read more on why WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

45. We do create a reference variable ‘driver’ of type WebDriver as shown below.

What is the purpose of doing this way?

1 WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

2  
3 instead of creating
4  
5 FirefoxDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

If we create a reference variable driver of type WebDriver then we could use the same driver
variable to work with any browser of our choice such as IEDriver, SafariDriver etc.,

46. What is WebElement selenium?

WebElement in Selenium represents an HTML element. It basically represents a DOM

element in a HTML document.

47. What are the different exceptions you have faced in Selenium WebDriver?

Some of the exceptions I have faced in my current project are

1. ElementNotVisibleException
2. StaleElementReferenceException

Element Not visible Exception:

This exception will be thrown when you are trying to locate a particular element on webpage
that is not currently visible eventhough it is present in the DOM. Also sometimes, if you are
trying to locate an element with the xpath which associates with two or more element.

Stale Element Reference Exception:

A stale element reference exception is thrown in one of two cases, the first being more
common than the second.

The two reasons for Stale element reference are

 1. The element has been deleted entirely.
2. The element is no longer attached to the DOM.

We face this stale element reference exception when the element we are interacting is
destroyed and then recreated again. When this happens the reference of the element in the
DOM becomes stale. Hence we are not able to get the reference to the element.

Some other exceptions we usually face are as follows:

 WebDriverException
 IllegalStateException
 TimeoutException
 NoAlertPresentException
 NoSuchWindowException
 NoSuchElementException
48. How to handle STALEELEMENTREFERENCEEXCEPTION?

Before looking how to handle Stale Element Reference Exception through Page Object
Model. Let’s see what is Stale Element Reference Exception first.

Stale means old, decayed, no longer fresh. Stale Element means an old element or no longer
available element. Assume there is an element that is found on a web page referenced as a
WebElement in WebDriver. If the DOM changes then the WebElement goes stale. If we try to
interact with an element which is staled then the StaleElementReferenceException is thrown.

Here we have given solutions to handle StaleElementReferenceException in detail.

49. What are the types of waits available in Selenium WebDriver?

In Selenium we could see three types of waits such as Implicit Waits, Explicit Waits and
Fluent Waits.

 Implicit Waits – Click to view detailed post

 Explicit Waits – Click to view detailed post
 Fluent Waits – Click to view detailed post
50. What is Implicit Wait In Selenium WebDriver?

Implicit waits tell to the WebDriver to wait for a certain amount of time before it throws an
exception. Once we set the time, WebDriver will wait for the element based on the time we
set before it throws an exception. The default setting is 0 (zero). We need to set some wait
time to make WebDriver to wait for the required time.

Practical example

51. What is WebDriver Wait In Selenium WebDriver?

WebDriverWait is applied on a certain element with defined expected condition and time. This
wait is only applied to the specified element. This wait can also throw an exception when an
element is not found.

Practical example

52. What is Fluent Wait In Selenium WebDriver?

FluentWait can define the maximum amount of time to wait for a specific condition and
frequency with which to check the condition before throwing an “ElementNotVisibleException”
exception.

Practical example

53. What happen if you mix both implicit wait and explicit wait in a Selenium Script?

As per the official Selenium documentation, it is suggested not to mix both Implicit waits and
Explicit Waits. Mixing both of them can cause unpredictable wait times.

Implicit wait is defined only once in the code. It will remain same throughout the driver object
instance.

Explicit wait is defined whenever it is necessary in the code. This wait will call at the time of
execution. It is a conditional wait.

Explicit wait will overwrite the implicit wait where ever explicit wait is applied. So, Explicit Wait
gets first preference then Implicit Wait.

54. What happen if you mix both Thread.Sleep and WebDriver Waits in a Selenium
Script?

Thread.sleep() method can be used to pause the execution for specified time in milliseconds

If we use WebDriver waits along with Thread.sleep() method then webdriver will hold the
execution for specified time and then will follow other wait. Test execution time will become
more, if we mix both waits.

55. How to Login into any site if it is showing an Authentication Pop-Up for
Username and Password?

To do this we pass username and password with the URL

1 http://username:password@url
2 e.g. http://myUserName:[email protected]
56. How to input text in the text box using Selenium WebDriver?

By using sendKeys() method

1 WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

2 driver.get("https://www.gmail.com");
3 driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath")).sendKeys("Software Testing Material Website");
57. How to input text in the text box without calling the sendKeys()?

1 // To initialize js object
2 JavascriptExecutor JS = (JavascriptExecutor)webdriver;
3 // To enter username
4 JS.executeScript("document.getElementById('User').value='SoftwareTestingMaterial.com'");
5 // To enter password
6 JS.executeScript("document.getElementById('Pass').value='tester'");
Learn JavaScriptExecutor in Selenium with Examples
58. How to clear the text in the text box using Selenium WebDriver?

By using clear() method

1 WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

2 driver.get("https://www.gmail.com");
3 driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath_of_element1")).sendKeys("Software Testing Material Website");
4 driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath_of_element1")).clear();
59. How to get a text of a web element?

By using getText() method

 1 package softwareTestingMaterial;
2 import org.openqa.selenium.By;
3 import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
4 import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
5 import org.testng.annotations.Test;
6 public class TestTestTest {
7  
8 @Test
9 public void testmethod(){
10 System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "D:\\Selenium Environment\\Drivers\\chromedriver.exe");
11    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
12    driver.get("https://www.google.com");
13    String availableText = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='gbw']/div/div/div[1]/div[1]/a")).getText();
14    System.out.println("Text Available is :"+availableText);
15 }
16 }
60. How to get an attribute value using Selenium WebDriver?

By using getAttribute(value);

It returns the value of the attribute passed as a parameter.

HTML:

1 <input name="nameSelenium" value="valueSelenium">SoftwareTestingMaterial</input>

Selenium Code:

1 String attributeValue = driver.findElement(By.name("nameSelenium")).getAttribute("value");

2 System.out.println("Available attribute value is :"+attributeValue);
3 Output: valueSelenium
61. How to click on a hyperlink using Selenium WebDriver?

We use click() method in Selenium to click on the hyperlink

1 driver.findElement(By.linkText(“Software Testing Material Website”)).click();

62. How to submit a form using Selenium WebDriver?

We use “submit” method on element to submit a form

1 driver.findElement(By.id("form_1")).submit();

Alternatively, you can use click method on the element which does form submission

63. How to press ENTER key on text box In Selenium WebDriver?

To press ENTER key using Selenium WebDriver, We need to use Selenium Enum Keys with

its constant ENTER.

1 driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath")).sendKeys(Keys.ENTER);
64. How to pause a test execution for 5 seconds at a specific point?

By using java.lang.Thread.sleep(long milliseconds) method we could pause the execution

for a specific time. To pause 5 seconds, we need to pass parameter as 5000 (5 seconds)

1 Thread.sleep(5000)
65. Is Selenium Server needed to run Selenium WebDriver Scripts?

When we are distributing our Selenium WebDriver scripts to execute using Selenium Grid, we
need to use Selenium Server.

66. What happens if I run this

command. driver.get(“www.softwaretestingmaterial.com”) ;

If the URL doesn’t contain http or https prefix then an exception is thrown. So, we need to
pass HTTP protocol within driver.get() method.

1 driver.get("https://www.softwaretestingmaterial.com");
67. What is the alternative to driver.get() method to open an URL using Selenium
WebDriver?
Alternative method to driver.get(“url”) method is driver.navigate.to(“url”)

68. What is the difference between driver.get() and driver.navigate.to(“url”)?

driver.get(): To open an URL and it will wait till the whole page gets loaded
driver.navigate.to(): To navigate to an URL and It will not wait till the whole page gets loaded

69. Can I navigate back and forth in a browser in Selenium WebDriver?

We use Navigate interface to do navigate back and forth in a browser. It has methods to
move back, forward as well as to refresh a page.

driver.navigate().forward(); – to navigate to the next web page with reference to the

browser’s history
driver.navigate().back(); – takes back to the previous webpage with reference to the
browser’s history
driver.navigate().refresh(); – to refresh the current web page thereby reloading all the web
elements
driver.navigate().to(“url”); – to launch a new web browser window and navigate to the
specified URL

70. What are the different types of navigation commands?

Refer above question (Can I navigate back and forth in a browser)

71. How to fetch the current page URL in Selenium?

To fetch the current page URL, we use getCurrentURL()

1 driver.getCurrentUrl();
72. How can we maximize browser window in Selenium?

To maximize browser window in selenium we use maximize() method. This method

maximizes the current window if it is not already maximized

1 driver.manage().window().maximize();
73. How to delete cookies in Selenium?
To delete cookies we use deleteAllCookies() method

1 driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();
74. What are the ways to refresh a browser using Selenium WebDriver?

There are multiple ways to refresh a page in selenium

Using driver.navigate().refresh() command as mentioned in the question 45


Using driver.get(“URL”) on the current URL or using driver.getCurrentUrl()

Using driver.navigate().to(“URL”) on the current URL

or driver.navigate().to(driver.getCurrentUrl());
 Using sendKeys(Keys.F5) on any textbox on the webpage
75. What is the difference between driver.getWindowHandle() and
driver.getWindowHandles() in Selenium WebDriver?

driver.getWindowHandle() – It returns a handle of the current page (a unique identifier)

driver.getWindowHandles() – It returns a set of handles of the all the pages available.

76. What is the difference between driver.close() and driver.quit() methods?

Purpose of these two methods (driver.close and driver.quit) is almost same. Both allow us to
close a browser but still, there is a difference.

driver.close(): To close current WebDriver instance

driver.quit(): To close all the opened WebDriver instances

77. What is the difference between driver.findElement() and driver.findElements()

commands?

The difference between driver.findElement() and driver.findElements() commands is-

 findElement() returns a single WebElement (found first) based on the locator

passed as parameter. Whereas findElements() returns a list of WebElements, all
satisfying the locator value passed.
 Syntax of findElement()-
WebElement textbox = driver.findElement(By.id(“textBoxLocator”));
Syntax of findElements()-
List <WebElement> elements = element.findElements(By.id(“value”));
 Another difference between the two is- if no element is found then findElement()
throws NoSuchElementException whereas findElements() returns a list of 0
elements.
78. What Is The Difference Between MaxSessions Vs. MaxInstances Properties in
Selenium Grid?

MaxInstances is the no. of browser instances of the same version of the browser that can run
on the remote machine.

Let’s see an example below:

1 -browser browserName=InternetExplorer,version=6,maxInstances=2,platform=WINDOWS
2 -browser browserName=firefox,version=11,maxInstances=2,platform=WINDOWS

As per the above example, it will allow us to run 4 instances of both IE and Firefox at the
same time (in parallel) in a remote machine.

MaxSession says how many browsers, independent of the type & version, can run in parallel
on the remote machine.

It supersedes the “MaxInstances” setting.

If maxSession=1 then no more than a single browser would run. If maxSession=2 then any of
the below combinations can run at a time irrespective of what MaxInstances we have defined.
2 Internet Explorer
2 Firefox
1 Internet Explorer + 1 Firefox

79. How to find whether an element is displayed on the web page? 

WebDriver facilitates the user with the following methods to check the visibility of the web
elements. These web elements can be buttons, drop boxes, checkboxes, radio buttons, labels
etc.

1. isDisplayed()

1 boolean elePresent = driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath")).isDisplayed();
2. isSelected()
 1 boolean eleSelected= driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath")).isSelected();
3. isEnabled()

1 boolean eleEnabled= driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath")).isEnabled();
80. How to select a value in a dropdown?

By using Select class

1 WebElement mySelectElement = driver.findElement(By.name("dropdown"));

2 Select dropdown = new Select(mySelectElement);
3 dropdown.selectByVisibleText(Text);
4 dropdown.selectByIndex(Index);
5 dropdown.selectByValue(Value);

Practical Example:

81. How to capture Screenshot in Selenium WebDriver?

Test cases may fail while executing the test scripts. While we are executing the test cases
manually we just take a screenshot and place in a result repository. The same can be done
by using Selenium WebDriver.

Some of the scenarios we may need to capture a screenshot using Selenium WebDriver are

i. Application issues
ii. Assertion Failure
iii. Difficulty to find Webelements on the web page
iv. Timeout to find Webelements on the web page

Selenium provides an interface called TakesScreenshot which has a

method getScreenShotAs which can be used to take a screenshot of the application under
test.

In Selenium 3, we may face few issues while capturing Screenshots. To overcome we use
aShot utility. Click on below links to see posts related to the normal way of capturing a
screenshot and capturing a screenshot using aShot utility.

Capture screenshot using Selenium WebDriver

Full Page Screenshot using aShot utility

Failed Test Cases Screenshot

82. How to mouse hover on a web element using WebDriver?

By using Actions class

1 WebElement ele = driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath"));

2 //Create object 'action' of an Actions class
3 Actions action = new Actions(driver);
4 //Mouseover on an element
5 action.moveToElement(ele).perform();

Practical Example.

83. How can we handle Web-based Pop-ups or Alerts in Selenium?

To handle Web-based alerts or popups, we need to do switch to the alert window and call
Selenium WebDriver Alert API methods.

dismiss(): To click on Cancel button.

accept(): To Click on OK button.
getText(): To get the text which is present on the Alert.
sendKeys(): To enter the text into the alert box.

Practical Example.

84. How can we handle windows based pop up?

Selenium doesn’t support windows based applications. It is an automation testing tool which
supports only web application testing. We could handle windows based popups in
Selenium using some third party tools such as AutoIT, Robot class etc.

85. How to handle hidden elements in Selenium WebDriver?

We can handle hidden elements by using javaScript executor

1 (JavascriptExecutor(driver)).executeScript("document.getElementsByClassName(ElementLocator).click();");
86. How can you find Broken Links in a page using Selenium WebDriver?

Practical Example.

87. How to find more than one web element in the list?

1 // To store the list

2 List <WebElement> eleList = driver.findElements(By.xpath("xpath"));
3 // To fetch the size of the list
4 int listSize = eleList.size();
5 //for loop
6 for (int i=0; i<listSize; i++)
7 {
8 // Clicking on each link
9 links.get(i).click();
10 // Navigating back to the previous page that stores the links
11 driver.navigate().back();
12 }
88. How to read a JavaScript variable in Selenium WebDriver?

By using JavascriptExecutor

1 // To initialize the JS object.

2 JavascriptExecutor JS = (JavascriptExecutor) webdriver;
3 // To get the site title.
4 String title = (String)JS.executeScript("return document.title");
5 System.out.println("Title of the webpage : " + title);
89. What is JavaScriptExecutor and in which cases JavaScriptExecutor will help in
Selenium automation?

In general, we click on an element using click() method in Selenium.

For example:

1 driver.findElement(By.id("Id Value")).click();

Sometimes web controls don’t react well against selenium commands and we may face
issues with the above statement (click()). To overcome such kind of situation, we
use JavaScriptExecutor interface.
It provides a mechanism to execute Javascript through Selenium driver. It provides
“executescript” & “executeAsyncScript” methods, to run JavaScript in the context of the
currently selected frame or window.

There is no need to write a separate script to execute JavaScript within the browser
using Selenium WebDriver script. Just we use predefined interface named ‘Java Script
Executor’. We need to import the JavascriptExecutor package in the script.

Package:

1 import org.openqa.selenium.JavascriptExecutor;

Syntax:

1 JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;  

2 js.executeScript(Script,Arguments);

Script – The JavaScript to execute

Arguments – The arguments to the script(Optional). May be empty.
Returns – One of Boolean, Long, String, List, WebElement, or null.

Let’s see some scenarios we could handle using this Interface:

1. To type Text in Selenium WebDriver without using sendKeys() method

2. To click a Button in Selenium WebDriver using JavaScript
3. To handle Checkbox
4. To generate Alert Pop window in selenium
5. To refresh browser window using Javascript
6. To get innertext of the entire webpage in Selenium
7. To get the Title of our webpage
8. To get the domain
9. To get the URL of a webpage
10. To perform Scroll on an application using  Selenium
11. To click on a SubMenu which is only visible on mouse hover on Menu
12. To navigate to different page using Javascript

90. How do you read test data from excels?

Test data can efficiently be read from excel using JXL or POI API. POI API has many
advantages than JXL.
Click here to see a practical example of using Apache POI.

91. Is it possible to automate the captcha using Selenium?

No, It’s not possible to automate captcha and bar code reader.

92. Can You Use Selenium For Rest API Testing Or Web Services Testing?

Simple answer for this is Selenium is not a tool for API Testing. It automates web browsers.
Rest API & Web Services contains no UI. So we cannot automate using Selenium.

Don’t miss: API Testing Interview Questions

93. How to handle Ajax calls in Selenium WebDriver?

Handling AJAX calls is one of the common issues when using Selenium WebDriver. We
wouldn’t know when the AJAX call would get completed and the page has been updated. In
this post, we see how to handle AJAX calls using Selenium.

AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. AJAX allows the web page to retrieve
small amounts of data from the server without reloading the entire page. AJAX sends HTTP
requests from the client to server and then process the server’s response without reloading
the entire page. To handle AJAX controls, wait commands may not work. It’s just because the
actual page is not going to refresh.

When you click on a submit button, the required information may appear on the web page
without refreshing the browser. Sometimes it may load in a second and sometimes it may
take longer. We have no control over loading time. The best approach to handle this kind of
situations in selenium is to use dynamic waits (i.e. WebDriverWait in combination with
ExpectedCondition)

Some of the methods which are available are as follows:

1. titleIs() – The expected condition waits for a page with a specific title.

1 wait.until(ExpectedConditions.titleIs(“Deal of the Day”));

2. elementToBeClickable() – The expected condition waits for an element to be clickable i.e. it

should be present/displayed/visible on the screen as well as enabled.
1 wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.xpath("xpath")));

3. alertIsPresent() – The expected condition waits for an alert box to appear.

1 wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent()) !=null);

4. textToBePresentInElement() – The expected condition waits for an element having a

certain string pattern.

1 wait.until(ExpectedConditions.textToBePresentInElement(By.id(“title’”), “text to be found”));

94. List some scenarios which we cannot automate using Selenium WebDriver?

1. Bitmap comparison is not possible using Selenium WebDriver

2. Automating Captcha is not possible using Selenium WebDriver
3. We can not read bar code using Selenium WebDriver

95. What is Object Repository in Selenium WebDriver?

Object Repository is used to store element locator values in a centralized location instead of
hard coding them within the scripts. We do create a property file (.properties) to store all the
element locators and these property files act as an object repository in Selenium WebDriver.

96. How you build Object Repository in your project?

In QTP, there is an Object Repository concept. When a user records a test, the objects and
its properties are captured by default in an Object Repository. QTP uses this Object
Repository to play back the scripts. Coming to Selenium, there is no default Object Repository
concept. It doesn’t mean that there is no Object Repository in Selenium. Even though there is
no default one still we could create our own. In Selenium, we call objects as locators (such as
ID, Name, Class Name, Tag Name, Link Text, Partial Link Text, XPath, and CSS). Object
repository is a collection of objects. One of the ways to create Object Repository is to place all
the locators in a separate file (i.e., properties file). But the best way is to use Page Object
Model. In the Page Object Model Design Pattern, each web page is represented as a class.
All the objects related to a particular page of a web application are stored in a class.
97. What is Page Object Model in Selenium?

Page Object Model is a Design Pattern which has become popular in Selenium Test
Automation. It is widely used design pattern in Selenium for enhancing test maintenance and
reducing code duplication. Page object model (POM) can be used in any kind of
framework such as modular, data-driven, keyword driven, hybrid framework etc.  A page
object is an object-oriented class that serves as an interface to a page of your Application
Under Test(AUT). The tests then use the methods of this page object class whenever they
need to interact with the User Interface (UI) of that page. The benefit is that if the UI changes
for the page, the tests themselves don’t need to change, only the code within the page object
needs to change. Subsequently, all changes to support that new UI is located in one place.

98. What is Page Factory? 

We have seen that ‘Page Object Model’ is a way of representing an application in a test
framework. For every ‘page’ in the application, we create a Page Object to reference the
‘page’ whereas a ‘Page Factory’ is one way of implementing the ‘Page Object Model’.

99. What is the difference between Page Object Model (POM) and Page Factory?

Page Object is a class that represents a web page and hold the functionality and members.
Page Factory is a way to initialize the web elements you want to interact with within the page
object when you create an instance of it.

100. What are the advantages of Page Object Model Framework?

Code reusability – We could achieve code reusability by writing the code once and use it in
different tests.

Code maintainability – There is a clean separation between test code and page specific
code such as locators and layout which becomes very easy to maintain code. Code changes
only on Page Object Classes when a UI change occurs. It enhances test maintenance and
reduces code duplication.

Object Repository – Each page will be defined as a java class. All the fields in the page will
be defined in an interface as members. The class will then implement the interface.

Readability – Improves readability due to clean separation between test code and page
specific code

101. How can you use the Recovery Scenario in Selenium WebDriver?

By using “Try Catch Block” within Selenium WebDriver Java tests.

1 try {
2      driver.get("www.softwaretestingmaterial.com");
3 }catch(Exception e){
4      System.out.println(e.getMessage());
5 }
102. How to Upload a file in Selenium WebDriver?

There are two cases which are majorly used to upload a file in Selenium WebDriver such
as using SendKeys Method and using AutoIT Script.

Practical Example.

103. How to Download a file in Selenium WebDriver?

By using AutoIT script, we could download a file in Selenium WebDriver.

Practical Example

104. How to run Selenium WebDriver Test from the command line?

Run Java Program using Command Prompt

Run TestNG using Command Prompt

105. How to switch between frames in Selenium?

By using the following code, we could switch between frames.

1 driver.switchTo().frame();
106. How to connect a Database in selenium?

As we all know Selenium WebDriver is a tool to automate User Interface. We could only
interact with Browser using Selenium WebDriver.

We use JDBC Driver to connect the Database in Selenium (While using Java Programming
Language).

Practical Example
107. How To Resize Browser Window Using Selenium WebDriver?

To resize the browser window to particular dimensions, we use ‘Dimension’ class to resize the
browser window.

Practical Example

108. How To Scroll Web Page Down Or UP Using Selenium WebDriver?

JavaScript scrollBy() method scrolls the document by the specified number of pixels.

Practical Example

109. How To Perform Right Click Action (Context Click) In Selenium WebDriver?

We use Actions class in Selenium WebDriver to do Right-Click (Context Click) action.

Practical Example

110. How To Perform Double Click Action In Selenium WebDriver?

We use Actions class to do Double click action in selenium.

Practical Example

111. How To Perform Drag And Drop Action in Selenium WebDriver?

In some applications, we may face a situation to automate drag and drop an item from one
location to another location. We could not achieve these using basic elements. Selenium has
provided an “Actions” class to handle this kind of scenarios. We overcome this kind of
scenarios such as drag and drop using Actions Class.

To achieve this, we use Actions class in Selenium WebDriver.

Practical Example

112. How To Highlight Element Using Selenium WebDriver?

By using JavascriptExecutor interface, we could highlight the specified element

Practical Example

113. Have you used any crossbrowsertesting tool to run selenium scripts on cloud?
I have used BrowserStack to run selenium tests on multiple browsers & Multiple operating
systems in parallel. Earlier we have made a video on how to use BrowserStack to run
selenium scripts on the cloud. Find the link in the description below.

114. What is desired capabilities?

In Selenium we use desired capabilities to handle SSL certificates in chrome browser

We need to create an instance of DesiredCapabilities

1 DesiredCapabilities desiredCapability = DesiredCapabilities.chrome();

115. What is Continuous Integration?

Continuous Integration is abbreviated as CI. Continuous Integration is a development practice

that aims to make sure the correctness of software. After each commit, a suite of tests run
automatically and test the software to ensure whether the software is running without any
breaks. If any test fails, we will get immediate feedback say “build is broken”.

In simple words, continuous integration is a process of verifying the correctness of a software.

Some of the continuous integration tools are Jenkins, TeamCity, Bamboo, Travis, Circle Ci,
Bitbucket.

We can schedule the test suite execution using these CI Tools.

Learn how Continuous Integration with Jenkins in Selenium works

116. Name some CI tools available in the Market?

Some of the best continuous testing softwares to use in your project.

 Selenium
 Katalon Studio
 Appium
 Unified Functional Testing
 Travis CI
 Egg Plant
 Watir
 Tricentis Tosca
 Test Sigma
  IBM Rational Functional Tester
 Test Complete
 QuerySurge
 JMeter
 Jenkins
 Bamboo
 Docker
 PagerDuty
 JIRA
 GitHub

Read the detailed explanation on Continuous Testing Tools

117. How to achieve Database testing in Selenium?

As we all know Selenium WebDriver is a tool to automate User Interface. We could only
interact with Browser using Selenium WebDriver.

Sometimes, we may face a situation to get the data from the Database or to modify
(update/delete) the data from the Database.  If we plan to automate anything outside the
vicinity of a browser, then we need to use other tools to achieve our task. To achieve the
Database connection and work on it, we need to use JDBC API Driver.

The Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API provides universal data access from the Java
programming language. Using the JDBC API, you can access virtually any data source, from
relational databases to spreadsheets and flat files. It lets the user connect and interact with
the Database and fetch the data based on the queries we use in the automation script. JDBC
is a SQL level API that allows us to execute SQL statements. It creates a connectivity
between Java Programming Language and the database.

Using JDBC Driver we could do the following

i. Establish a Database connection

ii. Send SQL Queries to the Database
iii. Process the results

118. How to delete Browser Cookies with Selenium Web Driver?

driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteAllCookies();

1
119. What is TestNG?

TestNG is a testing framework designed to simplify a broad range of testing needs, from unit
testing to integration testing.

120. What are the types of annotations available in TestNG?

@BeforeTest
@AfterTest
@BeforeClass
@AfterClass
@BeforeMethod
@AfterMethod
@BeforeSuite
@AfterSuite
@BeforeGroups
@AfterGroups
@Test

121. What is TestNG Assert and list out some common Assertions supported by
TestNG?

TestNG Asserts help us to verify the condition of the test in the middle of the test run. Based
on the TestNG Assertions, we will consider a successful test only if it is completed the test run
without throwing any exception.

Some of the common assertions supported by TestNG are

 assertEqual(String actual,String expected)

 assertEqual(String actual,String expected, String message)
 assertEquals(boolean actual,boolean expected)
 assertTrue(condition)
 assertTrue(condition, message)
 assertFalse(condition)
 assertFalse(condition, message)

For Complete Post

122. How to create and run TestNG.xml? 

In TestNG framework, we need to create TestNG XML file to create and handle multiple test
classes. We do configure our test run, set test dependency, include or exclude any test,
method, class or package and set priority etc in the XML file.

For Complete Post

123. How to set test case priority in TestNG?

We use priority attribute to the @Test annotations. In case priority is not set then the test

scripts execute in alphabetical order.
 1 package TestNG;
2 import org.testng.annotations.*;
3 public class PriorityTestCase{
4 @Test(priority=0)
5 public void testCase1() {  
6 system.out.println("Test Case 1");
7 }
8 @Test(priority=1)
9 public void testCase2() {
10 system.out.println("Test Case 2");
11 }
12 }

Output:

1 Test Case 1
2 Test Case 2
124. What is Parameterized testing in TestNG?

Parameterized tests allow developers to run the same test over and over again using different
values.

There are two ways to set these parameters:

with  testng.xml -  Practical Example


 with Data Providers  – Practical Example
125. How to run a group of test cases using TestNG?

TestNG allows you to perform sophisticated groupings of test methods. Not only can you
declare that methods belong to groups, but you can also specify groups that contain other
groups. Then TestNG can be invoked and asked to include a certain set of groups (or regular
expressions) while excluding another set.  This gives you maximum flexibility in how you
partition your tests and doesn’t require you to recompile anything if you want to run two
different sets of tests back to back.

Groups are specified in your testng.xml file and can be found either under

the <test> or <suite> tag. Groups specified in the <suite> tag apply to all the <test> tags
underneath.
1 @Test (groups = { "smokeTest", "functionalTest" })
2 public void loginTest(){
3 System.out.println("Logged in successfully");
4 }

View Complete Post

126. What is the use of @Listener annotation in TestNG?

Ans. TestNG listeners are used to configure reports and logging. One of the most widely used
listeners in TestNG is ITestListener interface. It has methods like onTestStart,
onTestSuccess, onTestFailure, onTestSkipped etc. We should implement this interface
creating a listener class of our own. Next, we should add the listeners annotation
(@Listeners) in the Class which was created.

Practical Example

127. How can we create a data-driven framework using TestNG?

By using @DataProvider annotation,  we can create a Data-Driven Testing Framework.

1 @DataProvider(name="getData")
2 public Object[][] getData(){
3 //Object [][] data = new Object [rowCount][colCount];
4 Object [][] data = new Object [2][2];
5
6 data [0][0] = "FirstUid";
7 data [0][1] = "FirstPWD";
8
9 data[1][0] = "SecondUid";
10 data[1][1] = "SecondPWD";
11
12 return data;
13
14 }

Practical Example

128. Where you have applied OOPS in Automation Framework?

 
Here we have given a clear explanation of the application of OOPs in Automation Framework
 
129. How to handle browser (chrome) notifications in Selenium?
 
 
In Chrome, we can use ChromeOptions as shown below.

1 ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();

2 options.addArguments("disable-infobars");
3 WebDriver player = new ChromeDriver(options);

I would like to conclude this post here. Final words, Bookmark this post “Selenium Testing
Interview Questions” for future reference. We keep on updating this post based on user
requests.

130. Mention types of data you have handled in Selenium?

 Excel
 CSV
 XML
 JSON
 YAML
 SQL