BUILDING UTILITIES

01
PLUMBING & SANITARY
SYSTEMS

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 Plumbing
PLUMBING – is the art and
technique of installing pipes, fixtures
and other apparatuses in buildings for
bringing in the supply,
liquid substances and/or ingredients
and removing them; and such water ,
liquid and other carried wastes
hazardous to health, sanitation, life,
property, also the pipes and fixtures
after installation. (S217.6, NPC 1999)
 Plumbing System
PLUMBING – includes all potable water
supply and distribution pipes, all plumbing
fixtures and traps; all sanitary and storm
drainage systems; vent pipes, roof drains,
leaders and downspouts, and all building
drain and sewers, including their respective
joints and connections; devices,
receptacles, and appurtenances WITHIN
the property; water lines in the premises;
potable, hot, and chilled water piping;
potable water treating or using equipment;
fuel gas piping; water heaters and vent
for same (S217.12, NPC 1999)
DETERMINE THE PLUMBING UNIT IN THE PLAN49
 PLUMBING FIXTURES

Samples of Plumbing
LAVATORY Fixtures in a
Residential Toilet and
Bath

WATER CLOSET
BIDET

BATHTUB 86
 PLUMBING SYSTEM:
• Includes all potable water supply and
distribution pipes, all plumbing fixtures
and traps; all sanitary and storm
drainage systems; vent pipes, roof drains,
leaders and downspouts; and all building
drains and sewers, including their
respective joints and connections;
devices,receptacles,and
appurtenances within the property;
water lines in the premises; potable, tap,
hot and chilled water pipings; potable
water treating or using equipment; fuel
gas piping; water heaters and vents for
the same.
 WATER SUPPLY

DRAINAGE

THE PLUMBING SYSTEM

 PLUMBING FIXTURES:
CLEARANCES,ROUGHING-‐IN
DIMENSIONS and FIXTURE
UNIT
VALUES (dfu) (wsfu)

19
 WATER CLOSET

Clearances are
minimum distances 750 mm 762 mm
375 mm
of fixtures for
human safety and
comfort.

1524 mm
457 mm
219.9 457 mm

ROUGHING-‐IN -‐the
installa\on of all pipings
and fipng parts of the
plumbing system, which
can be completed prior to
the installa\on of fixtures
600 mm 600 mm
and accessories. These 300 mm
381 mm

include sanitary and storm

drainage, tap, hot and
chilled water supplies, gas
pipings, vent pipings and 457 mm

the necessary fixture

supports.
CLEARANCE DIMENSIONS 20
 300 mm

750 MM
375 MM

457 MM

206 mm
150 mm
300 mm

ROUGHING-‐IN FOR WATER CLOSET

206 mm *always check for manufacturer’s specification
prior to rough-in works*

21
What are the Minimum Clearance & Roughing‐ins
for Lavatories?

*always check for manufacturer’s

specification prior to rough-in works*

19
SHOWER / BATH TUB

* Shower vent connected to light switch

93
PLUMBING ACCESSORIES

94
DO NOT FORGET BP 344!!!
Toilet for PWD’s

95
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS (WSFU)
EQUIVALENT *WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS (WSFU)

Number of Water Supply Number of Drainage

Fixture Units Fixture Units
Type of Fixture (WSFU) (DFU)
Private Use Public Use Private Use Public Use
Bar Sink 1 2 1 2
Bathtub (with or without Shower over) 2 4 2 -
Bidet 2 4 2 -
Drinking Fountain (each faucet) 1 2 - 1
Floor Drain 2 2
Hose Bibb 3 5 - -
Laundry Tub or Clothes Washer 2 4 2 -
Lavatory 1 2 1 2
Shower (each head) 2 4 2
Sink (kitchen) or dishwasher 2 4 2 3
Urinal (wall or stall type) - 5 3 6
Water Closet – Flush Tank 3 5 4 6
Water Closet – Flush Valve: 19mm 3 6 4 6
Water Closet – Flush Valve: 25mm 6 10 4 6

96
TOILET AND BATH WINDOW OPENING: Toilet and
bath and similar rooms shall be
DESCRIPTION: The space in the provided with windows with an
house where the daily personal area not less than 1/20 (5%) of the
sanitary and hygienic practices floor area of such room, provided
of t h e o c c u p a n t s ar e that such opening shall not be less
undertaking. These may than 240 square millimeters. Such
include the movement of window or windows shall open
bowels, taking a bath or directly to a court, yard, public
shower, washing of face and street or alley, or open
brushing of teeth. watercourse. (National Building
Code of the Philippines, 2005)
AREA REQUIREMENT: The
minimum toilet and bath size PRINCIPLE No. 16 – No water closet
and dimension is 1.20 square shall be located in a room or
meters w i t h t h e least compartment which is not properly
dimension of 900 millimeters. lighted or ventilated. National
(National building Code of the Plumbing Code of the Philippines,
Philippines, 2005) 1999)

97
CONTENTS IN THE TOILET AND BATH

98
 PLUMBING
FIXURES
1. WATER CLOSET
2 2. LAVATORY
3. SHOWER/BATHTUB
1 4 and DRAIN
3 4. FLOOR DRAIN
5. BIDET (Op\onal)
6. URINAL

PLAN OF A 1 PASSENGER TOILET AND BATH

Plumbing Fixtures, put in simpler term, are receptacles or receivers

aoached to the plumbing system other than a trap in which water or
waste may be collected or retained for ul\mate discharge into the
plumbing treatment facility and point of discharge
99
 PLUMBING FITTINGS
FITTINGS FOR WATER
SUPPLY:
• LAVATORY FAUCET
• WATER CLOSET
FLUSHING
MECHANISM
• SHOWER HEAD AND
VALVE ASSEMBLY
FITTINGS FOR
DRAINAGE:
• LAVATORY (SWIVEL
TYPE) P-‐TRAP
A plumbing fittin g is used in pipe • FLOOR DRAIN and
plumbing systems to connect straight P-‐TRAP
pipes to adapt to different sizes or • SHOWER FLOOR
DRAIN/BATHTUB
shapes, and for other p u rp o s e s , DRAIN
s u c h a s r e g u l a \ n g o r measuring • WATERCLOSET
water flow. FLANGE 31
 HEAD

CENTER SET FAUCET WIDESPREAD FAUCET

LAVATORY FAUCET

SPOUT

HOT

DIVESTER
COLD
WATER CLOSET FLUSHING SHOWER HEAD and VALVE ASSEMBLY
MECHANISM
FITTINGS FOR WATER SUPPLY
32MM LAVATORY P-TRAP-swivel type

100mm WATER CLOSET FLANGE

FLOOR DRAIN STANDARD P-‐TRAP

4” X 4” FOR 2” ø FOR STANDARD FLOOR
STANDARD DRAIN
FLOOR DRAIN 4”ø FOR SHOWER FLOOR
6” X 6” FOR DRAIN BATHTUB DRAIN ASSEMBLY
SHOWER FLOOR
DRAIN
(RECOMMENDED)
FITTINGS FOR DRAINAGE
 PLUMBING APPLIANCES

EF

EXHAUST FAN

Plumbing Appliance is any one of a special class of device or

equipment intended to perform a special plumbing function. Its
operation and/or control may be dependent upon one or more
energized components such as motors, controls, heating elements
and pressure – temperature 10
3
– sensing elements.
PLUMBING ACCESSORIES

10
4
 KITCHEN
DESCRIPTION. The kitchen is part of the CONTENTS OF THE KITCHEN
house where the prepara\on and PLUMBING FIXTURE:
cooking of food are done. 1. KITCHEN SINK
2. FLOOR DRAIN
AREA REQUIREMENT: The minimum
kitchen size and dimension is 3.00 square PLUMBING FITTINGS FOR
meters with a least dimension of 1.50 WATER SUPPLY:
meters. 1. KITCHEN SINK FAUCET
PLUMBING FITTINGS FOR
WINDOW OPENING: Rooms intended DRAINAGE:
for any use, not provided with ar\ficial 1. KITCHEN SINK P-‐TRAP
ventilation system, shall be provided 2. FLOOR DRAIN P-‐TRAP
with a window or windows with a total 3. GREASE TRAP (OPTIONAL)
free area of openings equal to at least
PLUMBING APPLIANCE:
10% of the floor area of the room,
1. WATER HEATER
provided that such opening shall not be
(OPTIONAL)
less than 1.00 square meter.

10
5
WATER HEATER UNDERNEATH KITCHEN SINK with KITCHEN SINK FAUCET
THE COUNTER
GREASE TRAP, UNDERCOUNTER
(OPTIONAL)

FLOOR DRAIN-always install

(minimum width)
3.00 m² (Minimum Area)

1.50 m
2.00 m (minimum length)

A PLAN OF A KITCHEN
10
6
 38 mm STANDARD P-‐TRAP BOTTLE TRAP
KITCHEN SINK; STAINLESS STEEL
KITCEN P-TRAP

CENTER SET KITCHEN WIDE SPREAD KITCHEN

SINK FAUCET SINK FAUCET

KITCHEN SINK FAUCET; GOOSENECK or SWAN NECK GREASE TRAP; UNDER

COUNTER (OPTIONAL) WATER HEATER;
UNDER SINK
(OPTIONAL)
PLUMBING CONTENTS IN A KITCHEN
 LAUNDRY

DESCRIPTION: The LAUNDRY is the area WINDOW OPENING: If the laundry

allocated in the house where washing of area is confined in a room, the
clothes are done. In the Philippine sepng, window opening shall be at least 5%
the laundry area is osen in the exterior of the floor area of the room but not
part of the house that form part of the less than 240 square millimeters.
service area, along with the “dirty” Such window/s shall open directly to
kitchen. Laundry may be done by hand or a court, yard, public street or alley,
by the use of the washing machine or or open watercourse.
both.
PLUMBING FIXTURE and FITTINGS :
AREA REQUIREMENT: The National • Laundry Tub
Building Code of the Philippines does not • Hose Bibb
state the minimum area for a laundry. • Floor Drain
• Lint and Grit Trap

39
 HOSE BIBB/FAUCET

LAUNDRY TUB

LINT AND GRIT TRAP

PLUMBING CONTENTS OF LAUNDRY AREA/ROOM

 What is PLUMBING?
• The art and technique of installing
pipes, fixtures and other apparatuses in
buildings for bringing in the supply,
liquids, substances and/or ingredients
and removing them; and such water,
liquid and other carried wastes
hazardous to health, sanitation, life,
property; also the pipes and fixtures
after installations i.e., the plumbing
system.

\ 11
0
What is a MASTER PLUMBER?
• Master Plumber – a person
technically and legally qualified
and licensed to practice the
profession of Master Plumbing
without limitations in
accordance with Republic Act
1378, having pass ed the
examinations conducted
by the Professional Regulation
Commission, has r e c e i v e d
a C e r t i f i c a t e o f
Registration from the Board of
Master Plumbing and possesses
the current license to practice.
11
1
 THE PLUMBING FIRM
• Plumbing Firm – a sole
proprietorship or
corporation composed of
Registered and Licensed
Master Plumbers together
with allied professionals,
with the Master Plumbers
composing the majority of
the membership,
incorporators, directors
and/or executive officers.

11
2
 THE PLUMBING OFFICIAL
• Plumbing Official – the
Administrative Authority or the
officer charged with the
administration and
enforcement of the National
Plumbing Code, or his regularly
authorized deputy.
• Approves and issues the
Plumbing permits which has
the same life as the Building
Permit.
11
3
 THE PLUMBING CODE
• National Plumbing Code –
governs the practice of
plumbing in the Philippines,
the design, installation and
use of plumbing fixtures and
materials in buildings and
infrastructure projects where
such fixtures and materials are
necessary.
• * referral code NBC, 1999
11
4
HOUSE WATER SUPPLY AND
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• DIRECT PRESSURE METHOD
• HYDROPNEUMATIC PRESSURE
BOOSTING METHOD
• DOWNFEED DISTRIBUTION
METHOD: TRANSFER PUMP and
GRAVITY TANK
 DIRECT PRESSURE METHOD

Advantages:
1. Low investment and operational cost
2. Easy to install system
Disadvantages:
1. Relies on water main pressure and
availabity.
2. Low main pressure, low outside
pressure
Elements of the Domestic Water Distribution System:

• Water (Street) Main – A water supply

pipe for public or community use
controlled by public authority. (300mm
up)
• Water – Service Pipe – The pipe from
the water main, water meter, water
supply system or other approved
source of water supply, to the building
or structure served.(50mm)
• Water – Distribution Pipe – A pipe which
conveys potable water from the building
supply pipe to the plumbing fixtures &
other water outlets in the
building.(19mm-25mm)
• Fixture Branch – A pipe connec\ng
several fixture.(12mm)
• Fixture Supply – A water supply pipe
connec\ng the fixture with the fixture
branch or directly to a main water supply
11
pipe.(12mm-10mm) 7
 Service Tap ConnecTIon Detail:

• Corporation Cock – A valve screwed into the street water main to supply the
house service connection.(Maynilad, Manila Water….)
• Gooseneck – The part of the pipe curved like the neck of a goose, usually
flexible. Also the lead connection between a service pipe and water main.
• Curb Stop or Curb Cock – A control valve for the water supply of a building,
usually placed between the sidewalk and the street curb; used to shut off the
water supply in case of emergency or should the water supply of the building
be discontinued.
11
8
WATER
MAIN
SERVICE
TAP Pipe Tap Tool

Water Main

Corpora\on Cock Saddle Clamp

11
9
 Service Tap Connection
Gooseneck Connection-allows flexibility in case of soil movement

12
0
 Meter Connection Detail:

• Water Meter – A mechanical device used to measure the volume of

water passing through a pipe.(5/8”,3,4”,1”,1 ½”, 2”)
• Residetial-12mm to 19mm
• Commercial-25mm to 50mm

• Meter Stop – A valve placed at the street side of the water meter and
serves as a controlling device for the building installation.
12
1
WATER, WATER, WATER…
1. LWUA - Local Water Utilities Administration
Water Districts (WD)-local corporate entity that operates and
maintains a water supply system in one or more provincial cities
or municipalities. It is established on a local option basis and, like
LWUA, is classified as a government-owned and controlled
corporation or GOCC. A WD is run by a five-man Board of
Directors through a General Manager.
2. MWSS – Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System
is the government agency that is in charge of water privatization
in Metro Manila.
MAYNILAD – West Zone of Metro Manila (Caloocan, Las Pinas,
Malabon, Muntinlupa, Navotas, Paranaque, Pasay, Valenzuela, parts of
Manila, Quezon City and Makati)
MANILA WATER – East Zone of Metro Manila (Makati,
Mandaluyong, Pasig, Pateros, San Juan, Taguig, Markina, East of Quezon
City, San Andres and Santa Ana in Manila)

12
2
• Shower Connection
• Water Closet
Connection
• Lavatory
Connection

Fixture Branch

• Sink Connection

House Distribution Layout: Fixture Supply

12
3
 Water
Connections
Closet and
: Lavatory Fixture Supply

Vacuum Breaker

12
4
Shower Fixture Supply Connections:

12
5
 Hydropneumatic Pressure System
• This is a pumping system that provide water within pre-‐set flow
and pressure ratings, automatically on demand giving all the
advantages of city water supply.

• This system contains 3 basic elements:

1. A Pump (of any type or manufacture)
2. A Pressure Sensing Electric Switch
3.A Pressure Vessel (Pressure Tank) which contains an elastic
medium.

12
6
 Pressure Tank

Pressure Sensing Electric

Switch

Pump

Hydropneumatic Pressure
Boosting System

12
7
 To House

Hydropneumatic Pressure Boosting System using Bladder

Type Pressure Tank:

12
8
Bladder type Pressure Tank
12
9
DOWNFEED DISTRIBUTION METHOD: TRANSFER PUMP and GRAVITY TANK
PUMP – A device or machine that compresses and/or
transports fluids usually by pressure or suction, or both; may
be used to remove water from a construction site or to
convey water from one elevation to another. (Harris, C.M.;
Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, 1975)
 • Classification of Pumps as
to Casing Design:
1. Horizontal Split Case
2. Vertical Split Case
3. Submerged

• Classification of Pumps as Horizontal

to Mounting: Split Case
1. Base Mounted
2. In – line Mounted

Vertical Split
Case
Submerged
Base Mounted In – line Mounted
65
 WATER STORAGE TANK
• GRAVITY STORAGE TANK
• SUCTION TANK or
BREAK CISTERN

66
 Water Storage Tanks

Stainless Steel Grade 304

Modular Water Storage Tank:
100,000 to 1 million liter
Capacity
*Best tank is a fabricated
tank to conform to design
Polyethylene Water Storage Stainless Steel specifications.
Tanks: For Hard water, deep Grade 304 Water
well system, cisterns & storage tank
other fluids.
67
5. The gravity tanks shall
be provided with the
following pipes:
a. Inlet Pipe
b. Overflow
c. Drain Pipe
d. Outlet Pipe
e. Air Vent Pipe
f. Manholes & Covers
g. Water Level Indicator
h. Control Valves

Section of a Water Storage

Tank 13
5
 Float switch

Float Valve A float switch is a device used

A float valve is used to shut to detect the level
off the flow of liquids, of water within a tank that
normally water, at a pre-‐ actuates the pump to turn ON
determined level. or OFF. (wired connection)

TANK ACCESSORY 13
6
4. HOT WATER HEATING SYSTEM
What are the factors to consider in Hot Water
Supply & Distribu"on System?

• The operation and efficiency of 2. Type of Tank connection used

the hot water supply and a. Vertical position
distribution system is dependent
upon the following: b. Horizontal position
1. Type of Heating System used c. Pipes, Valves & Fipngs
A. Direct System
3. Type of Installation used
a. Range Boilers
a. Upfeed & Gravity Return
b. Gas Water Heater
b. Overhead Feed & Gravity
c. Oil-‐Fired Water Heater
Return
d. Electric Water Heater
c. Pump Circuit System
e. Solar Water Heater
B. Indirect System
a. Primatic Cylinder
b. Calorifiers
c. Annular Cylinder
139
Direct Heating System: In this system the water that is being heated by the boiler is
actually used out of the hot water faucets.

Range Boiler -‐ is a small cylindrical hot water tank that varies in size from 300mm to
600mm in diameter & is not more than 1800mm long. It is made of galvanized steel of Standard
& Extra Heavy Gauge.

Range Boiler & Furnace Coil – The Range Boiler & Heater – The range
range boiler is usually mounted upright on boiler is usually installed horizontally on a
a stand. A drain is placed at the bottom to stand. The heater may be fired by coal,
remove sediment; a temperature & gas or oil.
pressure relief valve is placed at the top
for safety. The furnace coil is located in
the furnace box. 140
Gas Fired Water Heater:

The Installation

The Operating Principle

The Equipment 141

Electric Water Heater:

142
 Solar Hot Water Installation:

Solar Panel and Collector

The Operating Principle – based on the Installation

“thermos” operation
 What is Indirect Water Heating System?
• In this system the water that is • The advantages of this system are:
heated by the boiler is never used 1.Since the water in the boiler does
out of the hot water faucets, but not mix with the water in the storage
circulates through a heat exchanger. tank, the risk of rusty water being
It takes the form of a coil of pipe drawn off through the faucets is
within the hot water storage tank. eliminated.
The heated water circulates through 2.It keeps the carbonate deposits to
the system & in turn heats the water a minimum level because once the
held within the storage tank, then temporary hardness of the water has
returns to the boiler to be reheated. been released it will not recur as the
• The 3 types of Indirect System same water is reheated over & over
currently used in buildings are: again.
1. Primatic Cylinder 3.It can use steam as the heating
2. Calorifiers medium instead of water.
3. Annular Cylinder
 Indirect Heating System: Heat Pump

Operating Principle
Equipment

Installation

Installation
Instantaneous Water Heater:
• Instantaneous Water Heater instantly heats cold
water as it passes through the heater. This heater is
compact since storage is not required. Their 3 kinds
of model:
1.Shower Model – has a rated power consumption of
6000 waos (6 kW) and provides a continuous supply
of hot water at a maximum rate of 3 LPM at a
showering
temperature of 40 degrees Centigrade.
2.Lavatory Model – has a rated power consump\on of
3000 waos (3kW) & provides a con\nuous supply of warm
water for hand washing at a rate of about 1.4 LPM. Lavatory Model of
3.Multi – point Model – serves several fixtures such as an Instantaneous
lavatory, sink, bidet & shower. Water Heater

Operating Diagram
Shower Model of an of an Instantaneous
Instantaneous Water Water Heater
Heater
 Types of Installations of Hot Water Distribution
• The installation for hot water distribution consists of the piping work that
conveys the heated water from the storage tank to the plumbing fixtures.
1.Upfeed & Gravity Return (Recirculation) System – With this system, as the hot
water in the pipe cools, the cooled water, being heavier than the hot water , slowly
flows down the return pipes to the heaters while the hot water replaces it in the
system.
2.Overhead feed & Gravity Return (Recirculation) System – The operating
principle of the overhead system is based on the fact that in the closed system of piping,
water rises when heated. As the water has reached the high point of the system,
natural forces of gravity return it to the storage unit.
3.Pump Circuit System (Pumped Recirculation) – The circulation of hot water
to the plumbing fixtures by means of a mechanical device, usually a centrifugal
pump. This is used in buildings where the other systems already mentioned are not
suitable to produce a circulation of hot water.
Upfeed & Gravity Return System:

• Commonly used in residential installations.

•The purpose of this system is to permit
circulation of hot water within the piping
arrangement.
•The circulating return is economical since it
eliminates water waste.
Overhead Feed & Gravity Return System:

•It is dependent on the natural laws governing

•The most efficient method of delivering hot water to expansion and gravity.
fixtures.
•Its advantage is that it allows continuous circulation
• It is generally used in multi-storey buildings even if there is a mechanical defect in the system,
 Pump Circuit System:

•The circulation of hot water to the plumbing fixture by A Circulating Pump moves water through a piping
means of a mechanical device, usually a centrifugal system. Low horsepower pumps are inexpensive
pump. The rotary motion of the impeller of the to operate.
centrifugal pump creates an even movement of hot
water in the pipes which makes this pump practical to
use.
Available in:
1/25 hp
1/33 hp
1/40 hp
Valves and Fittings used in the Domestic Hot
Water System
 Valves and Fittings for Hot Water
Heating System:
Air Vent – a
Pressure fitting used to
Relief Valve remove air,
– is designed either
to open if the manually or
pressure in automatically,
the system from the hot
reaches the water heating
set point on system.
the valve.
Once the Air Separator – removes
valve opens, smaller air bubbles, called
the pressure microbubbles, from the
in the system system.
will be
relieved and,
when the
pressure
drops to an
acceptable
level, the
valve will
close again. 15
3
 4. Water Supply Pipes and
Fittings, Water Supply Valves
 Types of G.I. Pipe Fittings
1. Nipple 5. Reducer
a. short nipple 6. Bushing
b. long nipple 7. Plug
c. close nipple 8. Cap
9. Union
2. Coupling
10. Flange
3. Elbow 11. Extension Piece
a. reducing elbow
b. street elbow
4. Tee

88
G.I PIPE JOINT FITTINGS
G.I. PIPE JOINT FITTINGS
PIPE FITTINGS: SCREW TYPE FOR STEEL, IRON or BRASS

Use of Teflon Tape or PTFE

(Polytetrafluoroethylene) Tape

PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene)
Tape or TEFLON Tape (1/2”,3/4”,1”
thick)
10m per roll
 COPPER PIPES and TUBINGS
• Copper tubing is most osen used for supply of hot and cold
tap water, and as refrigerant line in HVAC systems. There are
two basic types of copper tubing, sos copper and rigid
copper.
• Copper tubing is joined using flare connection, compression
connection, or. solder Copper offers a high level of resistance
to corrosion, but is becoming very costly.
 COMMON WALL-‐THICKNESSES OF COPPER TUBING ARE "TYPE K",
"TYPE L", "Type M", and "Type DWV":

Type K has the thickest wall section of the three types of pressure rated
tubing and is commonly used for deep underground burial such as under
sidewalks and streets, with a suitable corrosion protection coating or
continuous polyethylene sleeve as required by code. It is color coded in
Green.
Type L has a thinner pipe wall section, and is most popular for use in water
supply system. It is color coded in Blue.
Type M has an even thinner pipe wall section, and is used in
residential and commercial water supply where pressure is not too
great. It is color coded in Red.
Type DWV has the thinnest wall section, and is generally only suitable for
unpressurized applications, such as drains, waste and vent (DWV) lines.
PIPE FITTINGS: SOLDER JOINT for RIGID & FLEXIBLE COPPER TUBING

1. Cut copper tubing with 3. Apply Tinning Flux 5. Heat the joint just
pipe cutter. enough to melt the solder.

2. Clean copper pipes 4. Assemble the pipes,

then solder the joints all at
once. 6. Make sure the joint is
filled.
PIPE FITTINGS: FLARE TYPE for FLEXIBLE COPPER TUBING

1. Cut copper pipe squarely with a

tube cutter & remove burrs from
rough inner edge. Slip a flare nut on
the pipe & clamp tightly between the
flaring tool.

3. Screw the flare nut to the fitting

using two wrenches to tighten the joint.

2. Mount shaper to bars & screw

down ram to expand copper into
cone-shaped mold.
Cut Ream Clean

Apply Flux and Assemble Light Torch Solder

Copper Pipe Solder Joint or Sweat Joint

 Copper Pipe Flared Joint

Pipe Cuoer Flaring Tool

Copper Pipe Compression Joint
PolyVinylChloride (PVC) Supply Pipes &
Fittings:
PVC PIPE JOINT AND CONTROL FITTINGS
PIPE FITTINGS: CEMENT JOINT for SEMI-‐RIGID & RIGID PLASTIC PIPE

Solvent Weld Joint

50,100,200,400cc
packaging
 Gibault Joint is a
coupling designed to
supply an efficient and
economical method for
PVC pipes. It is an ideal
way for re-‐connecting
Solvent Weld Joint pipes aser removal of
the damaged PVC pipe
PIPE JOINT or for Connecting 2
pipe into a pipeline.
METHOD FOR PVC
PIPES Compression Joint
 Polypropylene (PPR) Supply Pipes & Fipngs:

Polypropylene pipe is
used in many
industrial sepngs
due to its chemical
and thermal
resistance,
affordability, and
cost.
Use PPR PN 10 for
cold water piping.
Use PPR PN 20 for
hot & cold water
piping.
POLYETHYLENE PIPES AND FITTINGS

Rigid HDPE Pipe

Flexible PE Pipe

Fipngs for Heat

Compression Fipngs
Fusion / Screw Joint
PIPE FITTINGS: CLAMP – TYPE FOR FLEXIBLE PLASTIC PIPE

Pipe Clamp

Pipe joint for PEX or XLPE

(Cross-linked Polyethylene) pipes
POLYBUTYLENE (PB) PIPES
Composite Pipe:

From Unitec Pipes

 Pipe Chart
PIPE CHARTS
Item Type Primary Use Length Color Jointing Method

1Galvanized Iron G.I WD 6.00 meters Galvanized Threaded/Screwed/Welded

2Black Iron B.I FP 6.00 meter Black Threaded/Screwed/Welded
3Polyvinyl Choride PVC WD 3.00 meters Blue Solvent Jointing
Unplasticized Polyvinyl
4 Chloride uPVC WD 3.00 meters Cream Solvent Jointing/Threading
Fusion Welding/Compression
5Chorinated Polyvinyl Pipe cPVC WD 3.00m/6.00m White Fitting
6Polypropylene Random PPR WD 4.00 meters Green/White Fusion Welding
7Copper CO WD 3.00 meters Copper Solder/Compression Fitting
High Density Polyethylene
8 Pipe HDPE WD Rigid-6.00 meters Black Fusion Welding
Coil-
WD 50,60,100,150meters
9Polybutylene Pipe PB WD 3.00 meters Black/Gray Fusion Welding
10Polyethylene Pipe PE WD 30 meters Black Electrofusion/Mechanical fittings
Acrylonitrile Butadiene
11 Styrene ABS DWV 3.00 meters Black Solvent Jointing
12Cast Iron CS DWV 1.50/3.00 meters Dark Brown Caulking/Neoprene Gasket
Gate Valve: Globe Valve:

Gate Valve – A valve in which

Globe Valve -‐ A valve in
the flow of water is cut off by
which the flow of fluid is cut
means of a circular disc fioed
off by means of a circular disc
against machine – smoothed
that fits against the horizontal
faces at right angles to the valve seat.
direction of flow.
Check Valve: Angle Valve:

Check Valve – A valve that Angle Valve – A device,

automatically close to prevent usually of the globe type, in
the flow of liquid or gas in a which the inlet and outlet are
reverse direction. at right angles.
Ball Valve: Faucet:

Faucet – A valve on a water

pipe by means of which water
Ball Valve – A spherical can be drawn from or held
shaped gate valve providing within the pipe. The valve is
very tight shut off. placed at the end of the pipe.
Buoerfly Valve Foot Valve

Pressure Shower Valve for

Reducing Valve Hot & Cold
5. Tools for Water Supply
Pipes and Fittings; Water
Leak Test
 Basic Tools for Water Supply Works

The Basic Plumbing Tools for Water

Supply Works are:
• Pipe vise • Strap Wrench
• Pipe cutter • Chain Wrench/Pipe
• Pipe reamer Tong
• Pipe stock and die • Basin Wrench
• Pipe tap • Open End Wrench
• Pipe wrench • Adjustable Wrench
• Monkey wrench • Flaring Tool
PIPE WRENCHES:

Straight Pipe Wrench – is used to screw

pipes into or out of their fittings.

End Pipe Wrench – assures a fast and easy

grip for pipe working in restricted spaces or
close to a wall.

Monkey Wrench or Spud Wrench – is

used to tighten or loosen fitting with parallel
sides or hexagonal ends such as nuts, valves
and unions.

Strap Wrench – is used when working with

brass or plated pipes and fittings since it
does not damage the surface being tightened.
It is also used in places too small to admit a
pipe wrench.
PIPE WRENCHES:

Adjustable Wrench – is used the same as

that of a monkey wrench.

Basin Wrench – spring loaded jaws

Chain Wrench provide fast one hand ratcheting

Chain Tong
Chain Wrench – is used for turning
pipes usually with 150mm diameter and Plastic Nut Basin Wrench – designed to
larger. reach & turn plastic mounting nuts on
faucets, sprayers & ballcocks.
PLUMBING TOOLS:

Pipe Reamer – is used to remove the burrs from

the inside of the pipe or to enlarge an opening. A
burr is a rough or sharp edge left on metal by a
Pipe Vise – is used to hold the pipe to cutting tool.
be cut, threaded or assembled.

Pipe Tap – is used for Pipe Extractors –

making internal make easy work of
threads in G. I. pipes. removing broken
Flaring Tool – is used to widen the end threaded ends of
of a soft metal tubing usually copper, to pipe, plugs &
make a mechanical seal. fittings.
1
8 PLUMBING TOOLS:
5

Pipe Cutter – is used

for cutting G.I. pipe
or copper tubing

Pipe Stock & Die (Ratchet Threader

Type) – is used to make external threads Plastic Pipe Cutter
on G.I. pipes.

Deburring Tools
and Inner – Outer
Reamer

Automatic Threading Machine

OTHER GENERAL
PLUMBING TOOLS:

Angle Grinder

Cold Chisel
Electric Drill

Anvil

Folding Rule
Steel Tape
 OTHER GENERAL PLUMBING TOOLS:

Hacksaw Level

Different Types of Hammer

Vise

Tin Snip PVC/ABS Saw

 PLUMBING DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENT:
LINE LOCATING TOOL

Line Locator

Transmitter
 Personal Protec\ve Equipment (PPE)

Personal Protec\ve Equipment (PPE)

Fall Protection Component

Hard Hat
GENERAL SAFETY: EYE AND EAR PROTECTION
 TESTING THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
PLUMBING CODE REQUIREMENT:

• Upon completion of a section or of the entire hot

& cold water supply systems, it shall be tested and
proved tight under a water pressure not less than
the working pressure under which it is to be used
plus 50% of not less than 15 minutes. Sec. 501.2.6
NPC
Hydrostatic Water Test:
Compressed Air Test for Water
Supply Piping System:
6. SANITARY DRAINAGE,
WASTE AND VENT (DWV)
SYSTEM
 The 4 Major Components of the Drainage
System:
• Sanitary or Soil Drainage • Vent System – The piping installed to
System – the piping that provide a flow of air to or from a
conveys the discharge of water drainage system or to provide a
closets or fixtures having circulation of air within such system
similar functions (containing to protect trap seals from siphonage
fecal manner), with or without and back pressure.
the discharges from other
fixtures. • Storm Drainage System -‐ the piping
• Waste Drainage System – the system that receives clear water
piping that receives the liquid drainage from leaders, downspouts,
discharge from plumbing surface runoff, ground water,
fixtures other than water subsurface water, condensate water,
closets. It is free of fecal cooling water or other similar
maoer. discharges and conveys them to the
point of disposal. All sanitary wastes
must not be included in this system.
 GRAY WATER

Storm Drainage System:

Downspout, Catch Basin &
Storm pipe
BLACK WATER

Vent System: Main Vent

Stack & Vent Stack Thru Waste Drainage System:
Roof (VSTR) Waste pipe from Kitchen sink

Sanitary Drainage System:

Soil pipe from water closet
and other fixtures

Points of Disposal for Storm

water
Private Treatment Facility:
Sep\c Tank

Point of Disposal for

Sanitary Waste
 Terms and Definitions in the DWV System:

• Building Drain – is that part of the lowest horizontal piping of a

drainage system which receives the discharge from soil, waste & other
drainage pipes inside the walls of the building & conveys it to the building
sewer beginning 600 mm outside the building wall. It is also known as
House Drain.
• Building Sewer – is that part of the horizontal piping of a drainage
system which starts from the end of the building drain & receives the
discharge of the building drain & conveys it to the public sewer, private
sewer, individual sewage disposal system or other point of disposal.
• House Sewer – is that part of a plumbing system extending from the
house drain at a point 600 mm from the outside face of the foundation
wall of a building to the conjunction with the street sewer or to any point
of discharge, and conveying the drainage of one building site.
• Waste pipe – a pipe which conveys only wastewater or liquid waste, free of fecal
maoer.
• Soil pipe – any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closet, urinal or
fixtures having similar functions, with or without the discharges from other
fixtures to the building drain or building sewer.
• Soil Stack pipe – A vertical soil pipe conveying fecal maoer and wastewater.
• Vent pipe – a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a
plumbing system and for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
• Vent Stack – the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing
circulation of air to and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage
system.
• Stack Vent – the extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest
horizontal drain connected to the stack.
• Stack Vent Through Roof (SVTR) – the uppermost end of the stack vent
above the roof.
• Branch Vent – a horizontal vent connecting one or more individual vertical back
vents with the vent stack or stack vent.
SANITARY DWV SYSTEM
 TRAPS permit
waste & wastewater VENTS protect the water
to enter the seals in traps and permit them
drainage system & to operate effec\vely. By
prevent any sewer admipng air to the system,
gases from entering vents permit atmospheric
the house. The pressure on both sides of the
water seal u\lizes a trap seal to be maintained, and
por\on of the permit air to enter at the same
wastewater to act \me as gases escape the
as a barrier. drainage system.

Cleanout

SOIL STACKS &

Cleanout LINES are bigger in
Cleanout diameter than the waste
lines, except at ground
WASTE LINES floor or basement
carry wastes such as hair,
lint, grease, food scraps,
etc. Because of this
function, cleanouts
should be located so that
the entire system can be The DWV System combines the use of
opened up if necessary. TRAPS, VENTS, WASTE LINES and SOIL
STACKS & LINES
 VSTR or SVTR

Branch Vent Vent Stack

Individual Vent
or Back Vent
Wall Cleanout
Lavatory Waste Pipe
600 mm from
foundation wall Water Closet
Auxiliary Floor DrainShower Floor Drain
Floor Cleanout House Drain
or Building
Drain

Sanitary or Soil Pipe

House Sewer or
Cleanout
Building Sewer
Cleanout
Cleanout
Digestive Chamber
To point of Disposal
Holding Chamber

Septic Tank
The DWV SYSTEM
 GENERAL Each plumbing fixture trap shall be
REQUIREMENTS provided with vent pipes
FOR A PROPERLY
DESIGNED
DRAINAGE
SYSTEM
Each plumbing fixture, except those with
All horizontal piping shall be integral traps, shall be separately trapped by
supported & anchored at an approved type watersealed trap.
intervals not to exceed 3
meters.

Ver"cal piping shall be

secured at sufficiently close
intervals to keep the pipes in
alignment. Stacks shall be
A cleanout, easily accessible, shall be
properly supported at their
provided for inspec"on or cleaning of
bases.
the pipe run.

All horizontal piping shall run in

prac"cal alignment & at a uniform
grade of not less than 2% (20 mm per
meter) toward the point of disposal
DRAINS and TRAPS
 What is a Drain?
• A Drain is a pipe, which carries ground and surface
waters, storm water or wastewater into a building
drainage system.
• The common types of drains are the floor drains and the
roof drains.
• The 2 types of drain connections are the direct drain
connec"on and the indirect drain connec"on.
 ROOF DRAIN
FLOOR DRAIN

SCUPPER DRAIN
DIRECT DRAIN

INDIRECT DRAIN
 Trap
A Trap is a fipng or device designed and constructed to provide, when
properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul air or
methane gas without materially affecting the flow of sewage or
wastewater through it.
The types of watersealed traps are:

1. P-Trap – is the most widely used for fixtures, common diameter sizes are 32mm (1-
‐1/4”) and 38mm (1-‐1/2”)
2. Drum trap – is used mostly for bathtubs. It has the advantage of containing a
larger volume of water & discharging a greater volume of water than a P-‐trap.
3. Grease Interceptor / Grease Trap – Grease interceptor is an interceptor of at
least 3 cubic meter capacity to serve one or more fixtures and which is remotely
located. Grease trap is a device designed to retain grease from one to a maximum
of four fixtures.
4. House Trap/Running trap – a device installed to prevent circulation of air
between the drainage of the building and the building sewer.
 Types of Waterseal Traps:
Crown Weir – the
highest point of
the booom of the
internal surface of
the trap
51 – 102 mm

Dip – the
lowest
por\on of
the inside top
surface of
the channel
through the
trap
Trap seal –the ver\cal distance or depth of liquid that a
trap will retain, measured between the crown weir and
the top of the dip of the trap.
Grease Trap:
DRAINAGE VENT
 Vents
• A Vent is a pipe or opening that brings outside air into the
plumbing system and equalizes the pressure on both sides of a
trap to prevent trap seal loss.
• Inadequate ventilation usually causes the loss of trap seal.
• At sea level, atmospheric pressure is about 102 kPa (14.75 psi).
• Any difference between this pressure and the pressure on the
discharge side forces the water seal into the direction of less
pressure. Venting the discharge side of the trap to the atmosphere
tends to equalize these pressures.
 Causes of Trap Seal Loss:
• Siphonage – the withdrawal of a liquid from a trap due to a suction
caused by liquid flow in a pipe without proper ventilation.
1. Direct or Self – siphonage
2. Indirect or Momentum siphonage
• Back Pressure or Back Siphonage – pressure developed in
opposition to the flow of liquid in a pipe due to friction, gravity or
some other restriction to the flow of the conveyed liquid.
• Evaporation – occurs when a fixture is not used for a long time.
• Capillary Attraction – a foreign object lodged in the trap causes
loss of trap seal by capillary action by acting as a wick.
• Wind Effect
Causes of Trap Seal Loss:
 Types of Vents
• Soil and Waste Vent • Relief Vent
• Main Vent • Yoke Vent
• Individual Vent or Back • Wet Vent
Vent • Looped Vent
• Unit Vent • Local Vent
• Circuit Vent or Loop • Utility Vent
Vent
Vents and Venting: VENT TERMINATION

Section 906 VENT TERMINATION

VERTICAL SURFACE

300 mm
(minimum) 906.1 Each vent pipe or stack through roof
(SVTR) shall extend its flashing all around and
the stack vent shall terminate vertically not less
than 15 cm above the roof nor less than 0.3
150 mm
(minimum) meter from any vertical surface nearby.

905. 4 … the vent through roof (VSTR) shall be

increased 1 pipe size above the reconnection
point of stack vent and horizontal vent.
Vents and Venting: TERMINATION
3000 mm

900 mm
300 mm

300 mm 150 mm

900 mm

150 mm

This are Minimum Distances

Vents and Venting

2100 mm
(minimum)
Vents and Venting: AIR ADMITTANCE VALVE (STUDOR SYSTEM)

Air admittance valves offer a substitute You can use air admioance valves for:
for running vent pipes to the outside of •trap vents
buildings. These valves open •group vents
automatically to let fresh air into the •stack vents
sanitary
there is system if
a decrease in air pressure within •branch drains.
the system. The valves close automatically, These are not suitable for upstream
to avoid the discharge of foul air, whenever venting of a main drain (unless there
the pressure in the system is equal to or are two upstream vents, in which case
greater than the external pressure. one may be an air admittance valve).
They should be installed in the same
location and using the same method as
the vent they are replacing.
Vents and Venting

Conventional Looped Vent Studor System

 SEPTIC
TANK
Design
and
Construction
SITING OF SEPTIC TANK*
(Minimum Horizontal Distance)
From building or structure: 1.50 meters
Property line adjoining
Private property: 1.50 meters
Water supply Wells: 15.20 meters
Streams: 15.20 meters
Trees: 3.00 meters
Seepage pits or
Cesspools; 1.50 meters
Disposal Fields; 1.50 meters
On site Domes"c Water
Service line: 1.50 meters
Pressure Public
Water Main: 3.00 meters

*Table B-‐1,Revised National

Plumbing Code of the
Philippines
 Septic Tank: Design and Construction Considerations
Septic Tank .
Septic Tank Construction:
A water ti ght
receptacle which the
discharge of a sanitary Sep\c tanks shall have a minimum of 2 compartments.

plumbing system or part

The Inlet Compartment shall not be less than 2/3 of the total
thereof, designed and capacity of the tank, nor less than 2 cubicmeters liquid
capacity.
constructed to retain
solids, digest organic Minimum Length of 1500 mm
maoer through a period
of detention and to
allow the liquids to
discharge into the soil
outside of the tank
through a system of
open-‐jointed sub-‐surface
pipings or a seepage pit
meeting the
requirements of the Minimum Width of
National Plumbing Code. The Outlet Compartment shall have a 900 mm
minimum capacity of 1 cubic meter and a
maximum capacity of 1/3 of the total
capacity of the sep"c tank
 The vaults and chambers are
vented through the sanitary
tees in the inlet and outlet
having the top ends open and
screened to make the tank Manhole: Minimum of 2 with
mosquito proof Minimum Dimension of 508mm x
508mm placed over the inlet and the
outlet
228.6mm
Minimum Air
Space or
Freeboard

Liquid Depth: 2 cu.m. mi nimum

600 mm volume
(minimum) to
1800 mm
(maximum)

If the Sep\c Tank is over 6 cubic meters,

the minimum length of Secondary
The booom of the tank should slope (1:10) towards the Compartment shall be 1500mm.
center and below the manhole to facilitate cleaning

No septic tank shall be constructed

Secondary Compartment: Minimum Capacity of 1 cubic
or installed within or under a house. meter or Maximum of 1/3 of the Total Capacity of
Sec. 233 of the 1959 Phil. Na/onal Plumbing Code Sep"c Tank
 Inlet Pipe and Fipng:
use 104.6mm Ø (minimum) The invert of the Inlet Pipe shall be at
least 50.8mm above the invert of the
Outlet Pipe

Inlet and Outlet Pipe

shall extend at least
101.6mm above the
water surface

304.8mm Minimum
Depth of Inlet and
Outlet Pipe below
the water surface

Outlet Pipe and Fipng:

Siphon Pipe and Fipng: use 104.6mm Ø
Use 104.6mm Ø (minimum) (minimum)
Access to each septic tank shall be provided by at least 2 manholes Septic tank installed under concrete or black
508mm in minimum dimension or by an equivalent removable cover slab. top paving shall have the required manholes
One access manhole shall be located over the inlet and 1 access manhole accessible by extending the manhole
shall be located over the outlet. Whenever a first compartment exceeds openings to grade in a manner acceptable to
3700mm in length, an additional manhole shall be provided over the the Administrative Authority.
baffle wall.

Septic tank shall be structurally designed to withstand all anticipated earth or

other loads. All septic tanks covers shall be capable of supporting an earth load
of not less than 14.4 kPa when the maximum coverage does not exceed 9000mm.
Method 2a:
Estimated Waste/Sewage Flow Rates (Table B-‐2, 1999National Plumbing Code)
Capacity of Septic Tanks*
SINGLE MULTIPLE OTHER MINIMUM SEPTIC TANK CAPACITY IN:
FAMILY DWELLING USES:
DWELLING UNITS or MAX. DFU GALLONS LITERS CUBIC
(NO. OF APARTMENTS SERVED METERS
BEDROOMS)

1 or 2 -‐-‐-‐ 15 750 2838 2.84

3 -‐-‐-‐ 20 1000 3785 3.79
4 2 units 25 1200 4582 4.58
5 or 6 3 units 33 1500 5677.5 5.68
-‐-‐-‐ 4 units 45 2000 7570 7.57
-‐-‐-‐ 5 units` 55 2250 8516.3 8.52
-‐-‐-‐ 6 units 60 2500 9462.5 9.46
-‐-‐-‐ 7 units 70 2750 10,408.8 10.41
-‐-‐-‐ 8 units 80 3000 11,355 11.36
-‐-‐-‐ 9 units 90 3250 12,301.3 12.30
-‐-‐-‐ 10 units 100 3500 13,247.5 13.25
Extra Bedroom: 150 gallons (567.8 liters) each
Extra Dwelling Units over 10: 250 gallons (946.3 liters)
Extra Fixture Units over 100: 25 gallons (94.6 liters) per fixture unit

*Septic Tank sizes in this table include sludge storage capacity and the connection disposal of domestic food waste
units without further volume increase.
 Prefabricated Septic Tanks
Manufactured or prefabricated septic
tanks shall comply with all approved
applicable standards and be approved
by the Administrative Authority.

Independent laboratory tests and

engineering calculations certifying
the tank capacity and structural
stability shall be provided as required
by the Administrative Authority.

Plastic Purifying Septic Tank (PPST): Courtesy of KOTEC PLASTIC CORPORATION.

Invented by a Korean Engineer, Soon Weon Seo in 1997
Cost Effective: Price Range from P5,000.00 to P7,000.00
Private Sewage Disposal System – a septic tank with the effluent
discharging into a subsurface disposal field, seepage pits or of such other
facilities as may be permioed by the plumbing code.

* Refer to Annex B.7 of the NPC

Private Sewage Disposal System: Disposal Field

*Refer to Annex B.6

of the NPC
Materials for DWV piping
works
 Section 701: MATERIALS FOR DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS

Excreta Drainage Piping

materials are: Drainage pipes are the pipes that convey wastes from the
• Cast Iron building to an approved point of disposal.
• Ductile Iron
• Galvanized Steel Drainage fi f n g s are the pipe accessories in the drainage
• Galvanized Wrought Iron, system, such as coupling, bend, wye, etc., used to join two
• Lead or more pipes together or to change their direc\on.
• Copper
• Brass The Types of Drainage Pipes are:
• Series 1000 PVC DWV • Sanitary or Soil pipe – the pipe which carries the
•Extra Strength Vitrified wastes from water closets, urinals or fixtures of
Clay Pipe similar function to the building drain. This contains
•or other approved human excrement.
materials having smooth •Waste pipe – the pipe which carries only liquid
and uniform bore. wastes, free of human excrement or fecal maoer.
•Vent pipe – the pipe connected to the drainage
system that conveys air to and from the system and
keep the water from being siphoned from the trap.
•Storm pipe – the pipe which convey rainwater from
the roof guoer to the building storm drain.
 CAST IRON SOIL PIPES (CISP)
SPIGOT – the end Cast Iron Soil Pipe – is made from an alloy of iron, carbon& silicon, with
of a pipe which fits the controlled amounts of manganese, sulfur & phosphorous. This is
into a bell. primarily used for sanitary drain, waste and storm water systems.

BELL or HUB –
that portion of a
pipe which, for a Classification of CISP
short distance, is 1. Class A – Extra Heavy (XH) – is osen used for
sufficiently underground applications.
enlarge to receive 2. Class B – Service Weight (SV) – is used for
the end of general building installations.
another pipe of
the same
Telescoping Length: 64mm diameter for the
(2-1/2”) to 108mm (4-1/4”) purpose of Properties of CISP
making a caulked
or push-on joint. Available Diameter (Nominal I.D.): 2”, 3”,
4”, 5”, 6”, 8”, 12”, and 15”
 Length: 1500mm (5’) and 3000mm (10’)
Hydrostatic Test:
345 kPa (50 psi) for Service
Weight 690 kPa (100 psi) for
Extra Heavy)
CAST IRON SOIL PIPE (CISP)

Cast Iron Soil Pipe

Most popular and generally specified material for drainage
installation. Extensively used in the 60s and 70s.
Durable, conveniently installed (<25 storey)
Commercial length: 1.5 m & 3.0 m
SPIGOT
Diameters: 2”, 3”, 4”, 5”, 6”, 8”, 10”,
Hub or Bell
12” and 15”
Affected to some extent by corrosion by acid formed by Carbon
Dioxide, Sulphur Oxide, and Methane Gases that create rust

2 Types:
Extra Heavy (XH) -‐Class A (100 psi); for underground installations
Service Weight (SV) -‐ Class B (50 psi); for general building installations
 CAST IRON SOIL PIPE (CISP)
BELL or HUB –is that portion of the pipe which, for a short distance, is sufficiently enlarged to receive
the end of another pipe of the same diameter for the purpose of making a caulked or push-‐on joint .
(Sec.203.12)

SPIGOT – is the end of the pipe

that fits into a bell. (Sec. 220.24)
Single Hub Pipe with Single Hub Pipe
Spigot Bead
SINGLE HUB – is equipped with 1
hub & 1 spigot end and used in
the installation of plumbing in
its full length.

DOUBLE HUB – is constructed

with hub on each end so it may
be cut into 2 pieces when a short
piece of pipe is needed. Double Hub Pipe Hubless Pipe
HUBLESS PIPES – are cast iron
pipes with plain ends connected
together with bolted stainless
steel bands and neoprene
gaskets. (Sec. 209.9)
Cast Iron Soil Pipe
Cast Iron Soil Pipe (CISP) Fipngs
CAST IRON SOIL PIPE (CISP)
CAST IRON SOIL PIPE (CISP): TYPES OF JOINTS
1. Caulked joint or Calk Joint
2. Neoprene Compression Gasket
3. Stainless Steel couplings for hubless pipes

Neoprene Compression Gasket

Caulked Joint Stainless Steel Couplings

 CAST IRON SOIL PIPE (CISP): Caulked Joint
Making Lead and Oakum Joints in Cast Iron Drainage fifngs.
NOTE: Remember to wear appropriate personal protective equipment to work with
molten lead. Wear safety glasses and full length shirt and pants of non-‐synthe\c
material.
Always be sure to warm tools and materials that are being placed into molten lead
remove any condensing moisture which might react explosively.
Cast iron soil pipe joints, also known as calked
joints, when made with oakum fiber and lead,
are leak-‐proof, rot-‐proof, strong and flexible.
The waterproofing qualities of oakum fiber
have long been recognized by plumbers.
Molten lead, when poured over oakum in the
hub end of the pipe, completely seals and locks
the joint. Aser the lead has cooled a minute or
two, it can be caulked into the joint.

CAULKING – plugging an opening with oakum, Oakum – hemp or old hemp

lead or other materials that are pounded into the rope soaked in oil or tar to make
annular space. Also the material pounded into it waterproof.
the annular opening. (Sec. 204.1)
CAST IRON SOIL PIPE (CISP): Caulked Joint

The table below lists the amounts of Calking Irons

materials needed per joint for various Caulking irons are used to drive the lead firmly into
sizes of pipe. the joint. This is necessary because lead shrinks
when it cools. Therefore, to produce a \ght seal,
the lead must be caulked to fill the joint.
Inside and Outside Calking Irons
There are “inside” and “outside”
caulking irons. Outside caulking
irons are used to shape the lead
to the inside of the hub. Inside
caulking irons are used to shape
the lead near the spigot.
Yarning Irons
Yarning irons are used to pack the
oakum into the joint.
 CAST IRON SOIL PIPE (CISP): Caulked Joint
Making Vertical Caulked Joints
To assemble vertical, upside-‐down and horizontal caulked joints, the plumber should follow these procedures:
1.Wipe the hub and spigot ends dry and free from any other foreign materials. MOISURE CAN CAUSE MOLTEN LEAD
TO EXPLODE OUT OF A JOINT. SERIOUS INJURIES CAN RESULT. If necessary, dry the ends with a heating torch to
eliminate all traces of moisture.
2.Slide spigot end into the hub of the other pipe and align the joint. A cut piece of pipe has no spigot bead, so extra
care should be taken to center the cut end in the hub.
3.Using a yarning iron, pack the oakum around the pipe. Repeat this operation until the hub is packed to about 1”
from its top. Pack the oakum with a hammer and packing iron to make a bed for the molten lead.
4. Using the plumber’s ladle, carefully pour the molten lead into the joint. Dip enough lead to fill the joint in one
pouring. Allow a minute or two for the molten lead to harden and change in color from royal blue to a dull grey.
Usually, one pound of lead is melted for each inch of pipe size.
5.Caulk the joint first using the outside caulking iron and then the inside caulking iron. The first four blows should be
struck 90 degrees apart around the joint to set the pipe. Drive the lead down on the oakum and into contact with
the spigot surface on one edge and the inner surface of the hub on the other. Use firm but light hammer blows.
Caulking the lead too lenghtly may create pressures high enough to crack the pipe. If this occurs, the broken
section must be replaced.
CAST IRON SOIL PIPE (CISP): Caulked Joint

Making Horizontal Caulked Joints

1.Prepare the ends of the pipe and pack the
joint with oakum as in vertical joints.
2. Clamp the joint runner in place around the
pipe and fill the joint with molten lead.
3.Aser the lead hardens, remove the runner
and trim off the surplus.
4.Caulk the joint as a vertical joint, but use the
inside iron first.
CAST IRON SOIL PIPE (CISP): Neoprene Compression Gasket Joint

The compression gasket is a precision molded

one-‐piece gasket that is made of an elastomer
that meets the requirements of ASTM C-‐564.
The physical characteristics of this elastomer
ensures that the gasket will not decay or
deteriorate from contact with the materials
flowing in the pipe or chemicals in the soil or
air around the pipe.
CAST IRON SOIL PIPE (CISP): Stainless Steel Coupling for Hubless Pipe Joint

Hubless cast iron soil pipe and fipngs are simply pipe and
fipngs manufactured, without a hub, in accordance with
ASTM A888 or CISPI 301. The method of joining these pipe
and fitti ngs utilizes a hubless coupling which slips over
the plain ends of the pipe and fipngs and is tightened to
seal it. Hubless cast iron soil pipe and fipngs are made in
only one class or thickness. There are many varied
configurations of fipngs and both pipe and fipngs range
in sizes from 1 1/2" to 10". Couplings for use in joining
hubless pipe and fipngs are also available in these same
size ranges from the member companies of the Cast Iron
Soil Pipe Institute.
CAST IRON SOIL PIPE (CISP): Stainless Steel Coupling for Hubless Pipe Joint
Shielded Hubless Coupling
The shielded hubless coupling for cast iron soil pipe
and fipngs is a plumbing concept that provides a more
compact arrangement without sacrificing the quality and
permanence of cast iron. The illustrated design in Figure 1
shows the system typically uses a one-‐piece neoprene
gasket, a shield of stainless steel retaining clamps. The great
advantage of the system is that it permits joints to be made
in limited-‐access areas. The 300 series stainless steel, which
is osen used with hubless couplings, was selected because
of its superior corrosion resistance. It is resistant to
oxidation, warping and deformation, offers rigidity under
tension with a substantial tensile strength, and yet provides
sufficient flexibility.
In the illustration shown, the shield is corrugated in order to
grip the gasket sleeve and give maximum compression
distribution. The stainless steel worm gear clamps compress
the neoprene gasket to seal the joint. The gasket absorbs
shock, vibration and completely eliminates galvanic action
between the cast iron soil pipe and the stainless steel shield.
 PVC DWV SERIES 1000
ABS and PVC DWV piping installations shall be used in high-‐rise buildings, provided that its
use shall be the discretion of the Master Plumber/Designer and also with the full consent
of the owner. (Sec. 701.1.2)
ABS pipe and fipngs are made from a thermoplastic resin called Acrylonitrile-‐Butadiene-‐
Styrene (ABS for short).

A polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe is made from a plastic and vinyl combination material. The
pipes are durable, hard to damage, and long lasting. A PVC pipe does not rust, rot, or wear
overtime. For that reason, PVC piping is most commonly used in water systems,
underground wiring, and sewer lines.
PVC was first developed in 1925 when a BF Goodrich employee, Dr. Waldo Semon,
aoempted to invent a method for bonding metal and rubber. Aser blending materials
together to create a strong and flexible material, Semon discovered PVC. Nonetheless, the
product remained virtually useless for another decade. In the late 1930s, PVC was found to
have great shock absorbing abilities. This discovery led to the creation of long
lasting PVC ti re treads, which were created with flexible forms of PVC.
Two decades later, PVC pipe was invented. By heating the PVC material, a special machine
called an extruder could be used to push it into hollow pipes. This PVC pipe was extremely
solid and virtually indestructible. Using these pipes for irrigation systems proved to be
effective, and PVC pipe has since been considered an affordable and reliable means for
water piping.
PVC DWV SERIES 1000
 6. STORM WATER
DRAINAGE and
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
 STORM WATER
DRAINAGE AND
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(ABOVE GRADE) TIE WIRE STRAINER

RAIN GUTTER
 STORM WATER
DRAINAGE AND
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(ABOVE GRADE)
DOWNSPOUT
 STORM WATER
DRAINAGE AND
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
CATCH BASIN
(ABOVE GRADE)

STORM WATER
DRAIN PIPE

RAINWATER
CATCHMENT CISTERN
STORM WATER
DRAINAGE AND
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(ABOVE GRADE and with
RAINWATER CATCHMENT
TANK)
STORM WATER DRAINAGE FOR DECK
ROOF
 STORM WATER
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
(BELOW GRADE)
STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM
(BELOW GRADE)
STORM WATER DRAINAGE
SYSTEM (BELOW GRADE)
STORM DRAINAGE

Storm Water Sumps and Sump Pumps

The vast majority of both sumps pumps are of the

centrifugal kind.

Sump Pumps (Ejectors)

There are generally two types of basement water
pumps: pedestal and submersible. The pedestal
pump's motor is mounted above the pit, where it is
more easily serviced but also more conspicuous.
The submersible pump is entirely mounted inside
the pit, and is specially sealed to prevent electrical
short circuits. Although the submersible models
are known for quieter operation, they are
considerably more expensive. Although there is no
considerable difference in performance, and both
styles are considered fine for basement water
drainage purposes.
STORM DRAINAGE
Grinder Pump
All solids are ground into fine particles, allowing them to
pass easily through the pump, check valve and small
diameter pipelines. Even objects that are not normally found
in sewage, such as plastic, rubber, fiber, wood, etc., are
ground into fine particles.

The grinder is designed not to jam and for minimum wear to

the grinding mechanism. The AMGP comes complete with a
self-‐contained level control system, eliminating troublesome
float switches. The grinder pump is automatically activated.
It runs infrequently for very short periods. The annual energy
consumpt i on is typically that of a 40-‐watt light bulb.

The 1 1/4" slide face discharge connection is adaptable to

any existing discharge piping.

The internal check valve assembly, located on the grinder

pump, is custom designed for non-‐clog, trouble-‐free
operation.

Units are available with a number of discharge hose lengths

to accommodate a wide range of existing tank depths.
STORM DRAINAGE

Effluent Pump Pump Controls

Effluent pumps are designed to
pump liquid human waste only,
and for that reason they cannot
replace standard sewage or
grinder pumps. They are usually
installed in a septic tank,
pumping the liquid from the tank
out to the leaching bed, or in any
Pump Mounted Float Switch
other location where liquid
human waste must be pumped
to another site.
Tank Mounted Float
Switch

Diaphragm Pump Switch

STORM DRAINAGE

Sumps or Tanks
•Only piping that is too low to drain into a
building sewer by gravity shall be drained
to a sump or receiving tank.
•Where the sump or tank receives
sanitary sewage it shall be water and air-‐
ti ght and shall be vented.
Storm Water Basin Duplex Tank •Equipment such as a pump or ejector
that can lis the contents of the sump or
tank and discharge it into the sanitary
building drain or sanitary building sewer
shall be installed.
•Where the equipment does not operate
automatically the capacity of the sump
shall be sufficient to hold at least a 24
hours accumulation of liquid.
Sewage Tank
Sewage tanks, unlike
storm tanks, must be
completely water and air
ti ght
STORM DRAINAGE

The discharge pipe from every sanitary sewage

Where there is a building trap
sump shall be equipped with a union, a check
the discharge pipe from the
valve and a shut-‐off valve installed in that
equipment shall be connected sequence in the direction of discharge.
to the sanitary building drain
downstream of the trap.

The discharge piping from a pump or ejector shall be sized for optimum flow velocities
at pump design conditions.

Note: The diameter of the discharge pipe from a sewage or storm pump is determined
by the manufacturer.
STORM DRAINAGE: BACKWATER VALVE

Flow

Backwater Valve
PLUMBING SYMBOLS
AND COLOR CODES
PLUMBING SYMBOLS
PLUMBING SYMBOLS

Bushing: Screw type Cap: Screw type

Crossover: Screw type

Straight Cross: Screw type

Elbow: Screw type

PLUMBING SYMBOLS

Plug: Screw type

Concentric Reducer:
Screw type

Pipe Sleeve

Tee: Screw type

PLUMBING SYMBOLS

Union

Automatic Bypass Valve

Angle Globe Valve: Flange type

PLUMBING SYMBOLS

Check Valve: Flange type

Pitcock: Screw type

Float Valve: Flange type

Diaphragm Valve

Gate Valve: Flange type

PLUMBING SYMBOLS

Globe Valve: Flange type Fire Hose Valve: Screw type

Radiator Lockshield Valve

Quick Opening Valve: Screw type

Safety Valve

Stop Valve or
Stop cock
SUPPLY PIPE: COLOR CODING
 SAMPLE: RESIDENTIAL
SCHEMATIC PLUMBING DESIGNS
END