Fukuoka City in 1978
[Minamihata Dam’s exposed reservoir bed

during severe drought (right) and residents

getting water from water truck (above)]
 







Waterworks Technologies


of Fukuoka City
ʊOvercoming Water Shortagesʊ



Fukuoka City
Waterworks Bureau

Present Fukuoka City

 


Waterworks Technologies of Fukuoka City



Contents


1. Overview of Fukuoka City
 —Not blessed with large rivers— P 2

2. Water Resource Developments

—Diverse developments implemented to overcome water shortages— P 3
  (1) History of water resource developments P 4
 (2) Water conveyance outside the basin (Fukuoka District Waterworks Agency) P 4
  (3) Piping for agricultural water conveyance P 5
  (4) Seawater desalination plant (Fukuoka District Waterworks Agency) P 5
  (5) Pumped-storage dam P 5


3. A Water-Conscious City
—Effective use of limited water resources— P 6
(1) Use of non-potable water (reclaimed water, etc.) P 6
 (2) Water distribution regulation system P 7
(3) Maintenance and improvements of distribution pipes P 8
(4) Leakage prevention P 8
(5) Communications with local residents P 9

4. Safe and Quality Water

—A supply of water that the public can trust—
(1) Improvement of drinking watershed protection forests P 10
 (2) Water quality management P 11
  (3) Advanced water purification P 12
 (4) Environmental Management System (ISO 14001) P 13
 (5) Environmental conservation efforts (adoption of renewable energy sources, etc.) P 14






 1. Overview of Fukuoka City —Not blessed with large rivers—

Fukuoka City is a major city in southwestern Japan, with a population of roughly 1.5 million on an area of 340 km2.
Almost equidistant from major domestic cities (such as Osaka and Tokyo) and major East Asian cities (such as Busan,
Seoul, Shanghai, Beijing and Taipei), this is in an ideal location for exchange with other Asian nations, with many regular
international flights. Fukuoka has long thrived as a gateway for cultural exchange due to its proximity to the Asian
Continent and Korean Peninsula.
Fukuoka City Statistics [Fukuoka City Government Outline 2012 (Population and households data: as of Feb. 2013)]
Location 130°24’06” E. longitude Area 341.7 km2
33°35’24” N. latitude Annual mean temperature 17ºC
Population 1,496,066 Annual rainfall 1612 mm
Households 732,910 Establishments (all industries) 73,601
Population growth rate Approx. 1%/year Gross municipal product 6.63 trillion yen

Genkai Sea

Fukuoka City

Tatara River
Uminonakamichi Sangun
Mountains
Itoshima Peninsula 
Mikasa River
Hakata Bay

Muromi River Naka River

Zuibaiji River

Sefuri
Mountains

㻌 㻌 㻌 Fukuoka
㻌㻌 㻌㻌
City and Major Cities in Neighboring Countries Topographical Map of Fukuoka City
To the north, Fukuoka City faces the Genkai Sea over Uminonakamichi and the Itoshima Peninsula, which form Hakata
Bay. The city is nestled on the crescent-shaped Fukuoka Plain, surrounded by the Sefuri mountain range to the south, and
the Sangun mountain range to the east. All rivers flowing into Hakata Bay are medium or small rivers, including the
Tatara, Mikasa, Naka, Muromi and Zuibaiji. 

Unlike other major cities in Japan, Fukuoka is not blessed with water
resources, with no large river, while local medium and small rivers are
short with high gradients, and run rapidly into Hakata Bay.

  
Longitudinal Gradient of Major Rivers in the Fukuoka City Area

Rhine
Source: National Land Conditions of Japan
(Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism)
㻝㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌 Joganji Loire
㻌 Shinano
Colorado
㻤㻜㻜㻌 Abe
㻌 Tone
㻢㻜㻜㻌
Yoshino
㻌
㻠㻜㻜㻌 Chikugo
Seine
㻌
㻞㻜㻌 Kitakami Mekong
㻌
㻜㻌
㻌
 EL (m)
 
Estuary㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻞㻜㻜㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻠㻜㻜㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻢㻜㻜㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻤㻜㻜㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻝㻘㻜㻜㻜㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 Distance from estuary (km)㻌
 Longitudinal Gradient Comparison between Major Rivers in Japan and the World
Წ
 Data: Based on “Water Resources of Japan (2012 Edition, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism)”

Annual Mean Precipitation 㻌 Per-capita Water Resources
World (mean)ୡ⏺

Canada 䜹䝘䝎

New䝙䝳䞊䝆䞊䝷䞁䝗
Zealand
䜸䞊䝇䝖䝷䝸䜰
Australia
Sweden䝇䜴䜵䞊䝕䞁

U.S. 䜰䝯䝸䜹

䜲䞁䝗䝛䝅䜰
Indonesia
Thailand 䝍䜲
䝣䜱䝸䝢䞁
Philippines
France 䝣䝷䞁䝇
Japan ᪥ᮏ

Northern໭㒊஑ᕞ
Kyushu
U.K. 䜲䜼䝸䝇

China ୰ᅜ

India 䜲䞁䝗

Egypt 䜶䝆䝥䝖

  㻟㻜㻜㻜㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌㻙㻞㻡㻜㻜

㻙㻟㻜㻜㻜 㻞㻡㻜㻜㻌 㻌 㻌㻙㻞㻜㻜㻜
㻞㻜㻜㻜㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌㻙㻝㻡㻜㻜
㻝㻡㻜㻜㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌㻙㻝㻜㻜㻜
㻝㻜㻜㻜㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻙㻡㻜㻜
㻌 㻡㻜㻜㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻜㻌㻜 㻌 㻜 㻝㻜㻜㻜㻜 㻞㻜㻜㻜㻜 㻟㻜㻜㻜㻜 㻠㻜㻜㻜㻜 㻡㻜㻜㻜㻜 㻢㻜㻜㻜㻜 㻣㻜㻜㻜㻜 㻤㻜㻜㻜㻜 㻥㻜㻜㻜 
[mm]
Annual Mean Precipitation and Per-Capita Water Resources in the World [m3/person/year]

The northern Kyushu region (including Fukuoka City) is one of the less water-rich regions in the world, with the relatively
few water resources available per capita [(Amount of precipitation less amount of evaporation/transpiration) multiplied by
the area of the region and divided by the population of the region].  



2. Water Resource Developments—Diverse developments implemented to overcome water
shortages—

(1) History of water resource developments
Since the foundation of its waterworks in 1923,
Fukuoka City has implemented 19 facility expansion
projects to cope with the increases in demand caused
by population growth and other factors.
In 1978 and 1994, the city suffered severe droughts
with extraordinarily low rainfall and had to enforce
water restrictions over long periods, disrupting the
lives of residents.
Learning from these experiences, the city tackled the
development of water resources with an approach
unprecedented in Japan, including new source
developments at local rivers, the construction of
pumped-storage dams, dredging of reservoir bottoms
in existing dams, and more effective utilization of
agricultural water (such as switching from irrigation





















channels to pipelines).

 *The City receives water from the Fukuoka District Waterworks Agency
 History of Fukuoka City Water Source Developments
(2) Water conveyance from outside the basin (Fukuoka District Waterworks Agency) 

Deficiencies in water resources were common for the Fukuoka metropolitan area, comprising Fukuoka City and
neighboring municipalities. To address this problem, entities in the area established the Fukuoka District Waterworks
Agency in 1973 (originally 4 cities and 18 towns in 1973, currently 9 cities and 8 towns). With the cooperation of relevant
organizations, the agency started to intake water in 1983 from the Chikugo River, a large river outside the Fukuoka
metropolitan area.


Ჭ
  
 Water Sources and Conveyance/Transmission Facilities


Currently Fukuoka City uses roughly 400,000 m3 of water each day (daily
average of water supply), drawn more or less evenly from each of three types of
From Agency Dams
sources: 8 dams, local rivers (the Tatara, Naka and Muromi Rivers), and water 36.5% 36.9%
received from the Fukuoka District Waterworks Agency (sources include the
Chikugo River and the seawater desalination plant). The water intake is sent to
Local rivers
five purification plants (Tatara, Otogane, Takamiya, Meotoishi and Zuibaiji) and
26.6%
the Ushikubi Purification Plant of the Fukuoka District Waterworks Agency, from
which it is distributed throughout the city. 
 Intake Ratio by Water Source
 (5-year average during FY2007 -2011)
(3) Piping for agricultural water conveyance 

In areas where agricultural water is drawn from  Open channel system Piping system

the Naka River, Fukuoka City has been  Evaporation * Water discharge points are
provided in various places.
switching the water conveyance system from
Pipe
the conventional open channels to pipelines Channel Infiltration
(piping system) since 1968. As a result, water
Paddy Paddy
losses due to evaporation or infiltration have 
been reduced, and the saved water has been  Infiltration Valve

effectively utilized for drinking water.   Large water loss Small water loss

 
Effect of piping:  Effect of Piping for Agricultural Water
Daily max. 70,000 m3(developed amount) 
 

Ხ
 (4) Seawater desalination plant (Fukuoka District Waterworks Agency) 


The Fukuoka District Waterworks Agency launched a seawater
desalination plant construction project in 2000 to provide a new water
resource for the Fukuoka metropolitan area, with a total project cost of
40.8 billion yen. The plant started operation in 2005 with the largest
maximum daily production capacity in Japan—50,000 m3 (including
16,400 m3 apportioned to Fukuoka City (project approval)). While dams
usually take several decades to complete, the desalination plant started
operation in just 5 years. 

Seawater Desalination Center (Fukuoka District Waterworks)


Seawater Desalination Plant System Flow


<Features of seawater desalination plant>
 Ɣ Osmosis intake facility: The intake pipe is buried in the seabed sand, where the sand layers serve as a filter to remove
impurities.
 Ɣ High recovery rate: With the use of an improved high-pressure RO membrane, the recovery rate (freshwater/raw water)
 has improved from the conventional rate of around 40% to about 60%.
Ɣ Environmental load reduction: Concentrated seawater waste is discharged after being mixed with treated wastewater
 from the water treatment center to a salinity almost identical to that of seawater.

(5) Pumped-storage dam 


Nagatani and Kubara Dams are pumped-storage dams, an 
uncommon type of dam in Japan, designed specifically for  Ordinary dam Pumped-storage dam
water utilization. When the river has a heavy flow, water is
pumped up from a downstream site and stored in the dam.
In addition to what can be stored in ordinary dams,
Even for dams with only a small catchment area due to site Rainfall is stored.
rainfall outside the basin can be pumped up.
restrictions, this type of dam enables more efficient Intake
pump
utilization of water by expanding the pseudo-catchment Suitablesite Suitablesite
area during dry spells, etc.  for dam
construction
for dam
construction River

<Nagatani Dam> Catchment Large Catchment Small

 Active storage capacity: 4,850,000 m3
 Maximum pumping capacity: 100,000 m3/day 
Pseudo catchment Large
 Advantage of Pumped-Storage Dam

 Fukuoka City Waterworks Business Data [FY 2011]
Population of the city 1,483,052 Water supply pervasion rate 99.5% Annual effective supply 142,215,970 m3
Population of service area 1,479,900 Sewerage pervasion rate 99.5% Effective supply rate 97.2%
Population served 1,472,300 Annual water supply 146,321,200 m3 Annual revenue water 140,325,939 m3
Households in the city 724,286 Max. water supply/day 434,000 m3 Revenue water rate 95.9%
3
Households served 802,992 Average water supply/day 399,785 m Capacity of facilities 764,500 m3

Ჯ
3. A Water-Conscious City —Effective use of limited water resources— 


Fukuoka City established the Outline of Measures for Economical Water Use in 1979. In 2003, addressing unstable
precipitation and growing water demand, the city was the first in Japan to enact the Ordinance on the Promotion of Water
Conservation. Under this ordinance, large buildings with a total floor area of not less than 5,000 m2 (not less than 3,000 m2
within reclaimed water service areas) are required to install a non-potable water system. The city also designated
water-saving toilets to encourage their wide use. Aiming at the establishment of a water-conscious city, the residents,
business operators and the government are working in a united effort. The daily amount of water use per person (per-capita
daily mean water use) in Fukuoka City is 272 liters (as of 2011), which is a lowest among major cities in Japan, and reflects
the strong awareness of the residents. 

Data: Based on documents released by respective entities in FY2011
Osaka
Kyoto
Kobe
Nagoya
Tokyo
Yokohama
Sapporo
Fukuoka
㻜 㻡㻜 㻝㻜㻜 㻝㻡㻜 㻞㻜㻜 㻞㻡㻜 㻟㻜㻜 㻟㻡㻜 㻠㻜㻜 㻠㻡㻜 㻡㻜㻜
 [ltr./person/day] 
 Per-Capita Daily Mean Water Use in Major Cities in Japan

(1) Use of non-potable water (reclaimed water, etc.) 


As part of the efforts to become a water-conscious city, Fukuoka City has been promoting the use of non-potable water
supply systems in which wastewater is treated and reused for flushing toilets and watering landscapes. There are three
kinds of non-potable water recycling methods. The individual facility circulation type treats greywater for reuse within a
building, the wide-area circulation type uses reclaimed water supplied from a reclamation plant, and the non-circulation
type uses rainwater and other natural sources.



Island City area
324 ha

(TreatmentprocessatChubuReclamationPlant)

Kashii area
77 ha
Seaside Momochi area
138 ha㻌 Downtown waterfront area
180 ha

Chubu WastewaterTreatment Tobu WastewaterTreatment Center

Center Reclamation plant
Reclamation plant Supply capacity
Supply capacity 1,600 m3/day
7,200 m3/day㻌
Tenjin/Watanabe-dori area Hakata Station area
350 ha 345 ha
 
Fukuoka City Reclaimed Water Service Areas Reclaimed Water Supply System
(Serviced facilities: Large buildings with a 3,000 m2 or larger total floor area) (Wide-Area Circulation Type)




Ჰ
 (2) Water distribution regulation system 

In 1981, Fukuoka City led the rest of Japan by launching operation of the Water Distribution Control Center, used to
regulate water flow and pressure in pipes from purification plants to faucets with the following objectives:
• To allow water to be supplied to faucets smoothly and equally across the city, regardless of topographical differences,
and
• To cope with varying water source conditions between purification plants caused by diversified water source systems.
At this center, the entire water distribution pipe network within the city, which is divided into 21 blocks, is monitored
around-the–clock, with flow meters in 83 locations and pressure gauges in 122 locations. Based on data received via
telemeter, the center controls the constantly changing flow and pressure in the pipes by remotely operating motor valves in
real-time at 177 sites (as of April 2013).


  
Water Distribution Regulation System Schematic Diagram Water Pressure Control Time-Series Chart

 Ɣ Flow control (between purification plants) Effects of pressure control
 For interchange between purification plants, flows are As shown in the chart above, by properly maintaining
 controlled by operating motor valves while monitoring water pressure in each block at all times according to
 flow meters installed on distribution pipe mains. demand, water pressure in pipes has been reduced by
 Ɣ Pressure control approx. 0.1 to 0.2 MPa from the level prior to the
  Several pressure gauges and motor valves are installed in establishment of the Water Distribution Control Center.
(Leakage has been suppressed by properly maintaining
 each block. Pressure is maintained at an optimal level by
water pressure, which is affected by changes of
 operating the motor valves while monitoring the gauges.
 consumption over time.)  
           










 Central Control Room, Water Distribution Control Center Telemeter Installed on Sidewalk


Ჱ
(3) Maintenance and improvements of distribution pipes

For a stable supply of safe drinking water produced at the purification plants, maintenance and improvements are
systematically conducted for distribution pipes. For improvements, ductile iron pipes of superior strength and durability
have been adopted as a standard, and the pipes are covered with a polyethylene sleeve to prevent corrosion and ensure
durability.
[Total length of Fukuoka City distribution pipes: 3,935 km (as of the end of FY 2011)]

Distribution pipe maintenance and improvements in Fukuoka City are conducted using the following criteria:

1) To supply safe and palatable water

As old pipes tend to gradually corrode, resulting in water leaks and
turbidity, pipes are replaced with priority given to the degree of pipe
deterioration and the importance of the line.

2) To promote earthquake resistance
In addition to the use of highly earthquake-resistant pipes for all
distribution pipe replacement work, an earthquake-proof network is
being constructed to ensure earthquake resistant water supply routes to Distribution Pipe Installation Work
emergency hospitals and to elementary and junior high schools that will
serve as evacuation centers during an earthquake.  

Distributionpipemain Distribution
tank

Distributionpipebranch

EarthquakeͲresistantpipe

Emergencyhospital Evacuationcenter(school,etc.)

Preferentiallyconstructedusing
Earthquake-resistant pipe that withstands
earthquakeͲresistantpipes
external force (compression and expansion) and
Earthquake-Proof Network Construction Schematic Diagram adapts to ground deformation

3) Well-balanced water distribution and efficient water management 

Distribution tanks that temporarily store drinking water and distribution pipes are maintained and improved so that
water from five purification plants can be distributed in a well-balanced manner according to the current status of use. 



(4) Leakage prevention


Inspections are conducted by listening for subterranean sounds that might 

indicate underground leakage, to locate leaks that cannot be noticed 

above ground. Early detection of leaks and quick repairs facilitate the 

effective use of water and the prevention of secondary problems. 









Leakage Inspection
Ჲ
 
The entire city is divided into 250 grids. Data, including 

history of transmission/distribution pipes failures,
leakage data, lengths of aged pipes, the number of
remaining lead service pipes, pressure inside pipes and
soil corrosivity, are analyzed every 4 years to assess
leakage risk on a 3-level scale. Then, leakage
inspections are conducted either annually (60%), every
2 years (32%) or every 4 years (8%) in descending
order of assessed risk. Based on leakage risk
assessment results, the leakage inspections cover 2,907
km of distribution pipes, along with 2,370 km of
door-to-door and valve and cock acoustic inspections,
as well as 537 km inspected by acoustic correlation
method.
As 90% of leakage occurs with service pipes, 
replacement of aged service pipes is also conducted to
prevent further leakage. Water Leakage Investigation Grid Blocks

  
䛊䠂䛋
㻝㻜㻜
As a result of implementing the distribution 㻥㻜 Accounted-for rate
95.9%
regulation system, systematic 㻤㻜
Ɔ2011Ƈ
maintenance/improvements of distribution 㻣㻜
㻢㻜
pipes, leakage prevention and other
㻡㻜
measures, Fukuoka City is now maintaining
㻠㻜
a high accounted-for water rate with a 㻟㻜
2.6%
reduced leakage rate. 㻞㻜 Ɔ2011Ƈ
㻝㻜 Leakage
Leakage raterate

㻜
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㻝㻥㻡㻣
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Changes in Accounted-for Water Rate and Leakage Rate


(5) Communications with local residents

1) Publicity activities  
The great drought in 1978 was a disaster, but it helped renew public recognition of the importance of water. In order
to prevent this experience in the future, in 1979, Fukuoka City designated June 1 as Water-Saving Day, and
established a water-saving logo that is descriptive of water circulation. Starting on Water-Saving Day each year, the
city runs a water-saving campaign from June to August, when water consumption tends to be greater. In addition,
diverse publicity efforts are continued throughout the year, including delivery of the Waterworks Bureau’s newsletter
to each household in the city, publication of a supplementary reader for use in elementary school social studies classes
and implementation of waterworks facility tours to raise residents’ awareness of the importance of limiting water
consumption in the establishment of a water-conscious city.  

2) A crowd-sourced dam built by water-saving efforts 
If every resident in Fukuoka City saves a bucket of water (10 liters) each day, roughly 54 million m3 of water can be
saved. For a city with few water resources of its own, which greatly depends on outside sources, water conserved by
each resident’s efforts has been another valuable water resource, a “crowd-sourced dam.” It is, in effect, a large-scale
water resource developed throughout the city, and has been a significant pillar in building a water-conscious city.



Ჳ
4. Safe and Quality Water—A supply of water that the public can trust—

(1) Improvement of drinking watershed protection forests

1) Watershed protection forests at 3 dams exclusively for the
city’s drinking water 
In 1980, Fukuoka City started acquiring forests and other areas to
enhance the watershed protection function of the catchment area
for the Magarifuchi, Sefuri and Nagatani dams, which exclusively
supply the city’s drinking water, as well as to prevent water
pollution at these water sources that might be caused by
unrestrained development and such. In 2004, the Fukuoka City
Drinking Watershed Protection Forests Improvement Project was
formulated, and organized maintenance of forests has been carried
out in line with this project Nogochi Gorge (Magarifuchi) with clean water

2) Cooperative work with residents and others (maintenance of watershed protection forests)
Maintenance activities for watershed protection forests are
promoted to help ensure safe and palatable water. These tasks are
carried out in cooperation with Watershed Protection Forest
Volunteers*1, a group of citizens who have come to protect and
maintain the watershed protection forests, and with companies
and NPOs participating in the Cooperative Program for
Watershed Protection Forests*2.

  *1 Watershed Protection Forest Volunteers 
Citizen volunteers first acquire the knowledge and skills
needed for forest improvement and maintenance tasks through Tree planting by watershed protection forest volunteers
a program offered by the Fukuoka City Waterworks Bureau. (Magarifuchi)
They then serve as “evangelists” to spread awareness of
maintenance activities and their importance for watershed
protection forests, as well as to encourage an understanding of
water resource areas.

  *2 Cooperative Program for Watershed Protection Forests
When non-government organizations such as companies and
NPOs take part in forest conservation as a social contribution
activity, the Waterworks Bureau allows them to use their
watershed protection forests.
Maintenance of watershed protection forest by company
 employees and families (Magarifuchi) 


 Watershed protection function
The water retaining capacity of forests captures
 rainwater in the soil and alleviates flooding and drought.
 In addition, the purifying ability of forests brings us
 clean and palatable water.






 Function of Watershed Protection



ᲫᲪ
 (2) Water quality management

In Fukuoka City, water taken from dams and rivers is purified at 5 purification plants. As the Tatara River, Naka River and
Muromi River are shorter and have lower discharge, these rivers are easily affected by the inflow of substances from the
watershed areas. At dams, there are problems such as the generation of odorants caused by algae thriving on the
overabundance of nutrients. To address these issues, we have taken measures such as the complete monitoring of quality
variations in raw water, utilization of an aero-hydraulic gun to suppress algae proliferation at dams, and adoption of an
advanced water treatment facility using ozone and granular activated carbon at the Tatara Purification Plant.
In addition to the efforts taken thus far, the Fukuoka City Water Safety Plan was formulated in March 2011 and has been
put into practice since April 2011. The plan was created to predict and analyze risks that may arise between a water source
and a water supply outlet, to liaise with other departments and divisions, and to prepare detailed countermeasures. 

1) Characteristics of Fukuoka City An example
Water Safety Plan 
Points where there may be a risk
are checked in advance, and the
manual was written to include a
communications system and
countermeasures so that quick and
appropriate action can be taken at
the time of an emergency.
Ɣ Risk assumption and analysis
Learning from past experience,
the probable frequency of a risk
actually occurring and its impact
on the water supply are
analyzed in advance.
Ɣ Detailed countermeasures 
Variations in water quality levels
when a risk has occurred are
predicted and quantified, and
the countermeasures are listed
by level.
Ɣ Improved cooperation
between relevant departments
and divisions 
A communications system and
countermeasures at the
occurrence of a risk have been
written into the manual and
shared with relevant
departments and divisions. 

 Risk Assumption and Analysis

2) Water quality tests
To supply safe and trusted drinking water, highly accurate water quality tests with ensured reliability are conducted. We
use a test system improved by installing and maintaining advanced test devices and enhancing test personnel skills. To
aim for more appropriate and transparent water quality tests, a water quality test plan is formulated every year to specify
test items, sampling points and frequency, and the test results are publicized 
Water quality tests are strictly carried out for <Water quality test checkpoints>
each checkpoint between the water source (1) Water source: Water source is not contaminated.
(dam, river, etc.) and the water supply outlet. (2) Raw water receiving well: Raw water is of good quality.
(3) Sedimentation tank: Coagulation-sedimentation treatment to remove
In this way, water quality is thoroughly sand and dust has no problems.
managed.  (4) Filter tank: Filtered water is clear.
 (5) Water supply: Water is safe and satisfies water quality standards.

ᲫᲫ
3) Automatic and continuous water quality monitoring (improvement of water quality monitoring functions at
water distribution areas)  
 Purification Plant DrinkingWater Water Distribution
Purification Plant
Quality Center Control Center
Fukuoka City has installed automatic and continuous water
quality monitors for the distribution pipes. These
automatically measure residual chlorine, chromaticity and
turbidity, and send the data to each purification plant, water
Internet
distribution control center and drinking water quality
center.
As well as enabling early detection of water quality

Moniteor
Moniteor
Moniteor

Moniteor
Moniteor
problems, they also allow finer adjustment of chlorine
concentrations to reduce levels of residual chlorine.  

 Continuous Automatic Water Quality
 Monitoring System Configuration

(3) Advanced water purification


At each purification plant in Fukuoka City, a rapid filtration system has been adopted for water treatment. However, the
raw water in the Tatara River, which is the main water source for the Tatara Purification Plant, contains a larger amount of
organic matter than do other rivers in the city, and this causes the generation of trihalomethanes and musty odors. To
remove these, an advanced water purification facility was installed in the Tatara Purification Plant in 2005. The facility can
complete advanced water purification on as much as 61,000 m3 of water per day.










 Tatara Purification Plant—Advanced Water Treatment Facility System Flow Diagram

Advanced
 water purification facility
The advanced water purification facility consists of ozone treatment equipment and granular activated carbon absorption

equipment. The facility has been designed to remove substances (musty smelling materials, organic matter responsible
 for trihalomethanes, anionic surfactants, etc.) that cannot be removed by ordinary settling or filtering purification
 methods.
<Ozone treatment>

The significant oxidation powers of ozone (O3) allow the degradative treatment of organic matter, odorous materials and
 other substances.
<Granular
 activated carbon absorption treatment>
The absorption capacity of granular activated carbon enables the absorptive treatment of odorous materials, organic

matter, anionic surfactants, etc.
* Facility features
 The ozonization chamber uses a lower injection method to save space. By placing the granular activated carbon
absorption treatment facility ahead of the chlorine treatment, microorganisms can grow in the granular activated carbon

 bed and spark an expected biological treatment effect.



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 (4) Environmental Management System (ISO 14001)

To continuously improve our environmental conservation measures, the environmental management system was
introduced in 2002, and ISO 14001 certification was granted in 2002. 

 Fukuoka City Waterworks Bureau Environmental Policies
 <Basic principles>
 Recent years have witnessed many global environmental problems, such as global warming and the destruction
 of the ozone layer. As a result of these problems, extraordinary water shortages and water contamination are
significantly affecting our vital water resources. The Fukuoka City Waterworks Bureau is determined to protect

our indispensable water from these problems, conserve a water-rich natural environment, and pass down an

appreciation of the importance of water to future generations.

Environmental objectives and goals (2012)

1) Environmental load reductions in business activities

Ɣ Measures to reduce energy consumption and promote its effective utilization will be implemented.
• Suppression of power consumption at purification plants will be carried out according to the plan.
Ɣ Measures for environmental considerations in public works will be implemented.
2) Water conservation
Ɣ Water conservation (leak prevention) measures will be implemented, and a 95% or higher accounted-for water
percentage will be maintained.
• Appropriate water pressure will be managed and adjusted by using the water distribution regulation system.
3) Forest protection in water resource areas
Ɣ Measures to improve watershed protection functions will be implemented.
• Conversion of bamboo groves into broad-leaved forest, tree thinning and other work needed for a well-maintained
forest, preparation of strip roads, watershed protection forest activities of those who complete the volunteer
program, and acquisition of land for watershed protection forests around dams exclusively for drinking water
4) Energy and resource conservation in office activities
Ɣ Reductions in power consumption Ɣ Reductions in fuel consumption for air conditioning Ɣ Reductions in copy
paper use
5) Introduction of new energy sources
Ɣ Small hydropower generation facility (Zuibaiji Purification Plant) Ɣ Photovoltaic power generation facility
(Meotoishi Purification Plant, etc.)



Environmental Conservation Effect (Amount of CO2 reduction) [FY 2011]



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 (5) Environmental conservation efforts

1) Environmental load reduction (introduction of new energy sources)
In order to reduce the environmental load to counteract global warming, the Fukuoka City Waterworks Bureau is
engaged in efforts to save energy, and is introducing new energy generation methods, such as small hydropower
generation and photovoltaic power generation.

Ɣ Small hydropower generation
We are targeting a reduction in CO2 emissions by establishing a small hydropower generation facility at the Zuibaiji
and Otogane purification plants, where the difference in elevation between the water source and purification plant is
exploited to cover some of the power consumption at these purification plants.
 Zuibaiji Purification Plant Small Hydropower Generation Data

Dam

㻌 Purification plant

Generator
  Raw water
receiving well 

Small Hydropower Generation Schematic Diagram

Ɣ Photovoltaic generation 
A photovoltaic generation facility, one of our cleanest energy sources, 
has been set up at the Meotoishi Purification Plant and the Waterworks

Bureau’s building shared with the Hakata-eki North Pumping Station
(for sewerage), to reduce CO2 emissions. 


 Photovoltaic Generation

2) International technological cooperation


To contribute to the global goal of environmental conservation, and for the technological transfer of waterworks
management needed by other Asian countries, including effective water utilization achieved by water-conscious city
creation, the dispatch of personnel and the initiation of technological exchanges with sister cities have been carried out
upon request of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and other organizations.

JICA Projects for which Fukuoka City Sent Specialists Overseas (long term)
Host nations Dispatch period Program
Malaysia May 8, 1987 – May 7, 1989 Leakage control
Malaysia May 1, 1989 – Apr. 30, 1991 Leakage control
Thailand June 7, 1991 – June 6, 1993 Distribution planning
Thailand June 1, 1993 – May 31, 1995 Distribution planning
Indonesia Mar. 15, 1995 – Mar. 14, 1997 Waterworks planning
Indonesia Apr. 10, 1997 – Apr. 9, 1999 Waterworks planning
Indonesia Apr. 1, 1999 – Mar. 31, 2001 Waterworks planning
Slovenia Aug. 22, 2001 – Aug. 21, 2003 Leakage control
Philippines Sept. 2, 2002 – Sept. 1, 2005 Waterworks planning
Bhutan Apr. 3, 2007 – Mar. 31, 2009 Water resource management
Myanmar Apr. 4, 2012 – Waterworks planning, and leakage control



ᲫᲮ




Waterworks Technologies of Fukuoka City

 


 Ū Host countries of the JICA projects for which Fukuoka City sent specialists (long term)





Waterworks Technologies of Fukuoka City (April 2013)


Technical Resource Section, Planning Department, Fukuoka City Waterworks Bureau
1-28-15 Hakataeki-mae, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka-shi, 812-0011 Japan
Tel: +81-92-483-3199 Fax: +81-92-483-3252
Email: [email protected]
Fukuoka City Website: http://www.city.fukuoka.lg.jp/mizu/somu/index.html
Waterworks Bureau