Pilot's Guide KNS 81: Bendmng VOR/LOC/GS/RNAV Integrated System With Lbwaypoint Capability
Pilot's Guide KNS 81: Bendmng VOR/LOC/GS/RNAV Integrated System With Lbwaypoint Capability
Pilot's Guide KNS 81: Bendmng VOR/LOC/GS/RNAV Integrated System With Lbwaypoint Capability
KNS 81
Bendmng VOR/LOC/GS/RNAV
Integrated NAV System
with lbwaypoint Capability
I
-Me ofContents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Systems plannin for efficiency ........................
Recommended compatible Systems .................................... 6
Controls, Functions, and Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RNAV Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What is a waypoint? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Reaching out with waypoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
RNAVgeometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Linear or angular crosstrack deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Variations in along track distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Along Track/Crosstrack Error (chart) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KNS 81 System Applications. ...........................
Learning to Use the KNS 81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Programmin the waypoints .......................
Turn on the fNS 81 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Select.the navigation mode . . . . .
Select the first data storage bin .
Select the frequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Select the radial ..............
Selectthedistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Program the second data storage bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The system in operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Preflight system check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Navigating to waypoint 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................
Getting a waypoint radial reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Waypoint passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Changeover to waypoint 2 ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Making a fast position report ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Reaching waypoint 3 . . . . . . ........................................ 23
Navigating a DME-Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Completing the approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
A waypoint at the holding pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
A waypoint at the outer marker ......................................... 25
Tuning the ILS frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................... 25
A word on DME Hdd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
KNS 81 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Back cover
3
Introduction
The KNS 81 lnte rated NAV The KNS 81 requires only 15 watts
System combines a ?SO’d 200-channel input power and will operate on any DC
VOR/LOC receiver, a TSO’d 40-channel voltage from 11 to 33 volts, with no modi-
Glideslope receiver, and a digital RNAV fications or accessories.
computer with capability for preselection, And since the KNS 81 RNAV
storage and display of 10 NAV frequen- computer incorporates a non-volatile
cies and/or complete RNAV waypoint memory, you can store NAV frequencies
parameters. and waypoint parameters indefinitely
When teamed with a compatible without batteries of any kind.
Digital DME and indicator, the KNS 81 The purpose of this Pilot’s Guide is
lets you put all your DME or waypoint to acquaint you with the operation and
information right in front of you for easy controls of the KNS 81. You will be as im-
scanning. Add a course deviation indi- pressed by the simplicity of its operation
cator (CDI or HSI) and a Marker Beacon and the ease with which you can use it
receiver display unit and you have a as you will be pleased with its reliable
complete NAV/RNAV/ILS/DME system. performance and flexible capabilities.
The KNS 81 is compact and light-
weight, measuring only 2 inches high
(5.08 cm) and weighing just 5 pounds NOTE: The FAA and most foreign air-
craft regulatoryagencies requirethe operator
(2.3 kg). It is the end result of full utili- to be familiar with the approved Flight Manual
zation of state-of-the-artelectronics, SupplementlPilot’sguide prior to flight. It is
including extensive use of microproces- recommendedthat this Pilot’sGuide be read
sors throughout the unit. completely prior to system operation.
4
Systems planning for efficiency.
5
Recommended Compatible Systems:
II
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Th. KDI 572 is a digital I
DME panel indicator I
that features simultane- I
ous display of distance, I
groundspeed. and I
time-to-station. It fea- I
tures large, easy-to-
read gas discharge
numerics that automati-
TL., . 206 is a
VOR/LOC/GSCourse
I
I
I
The KI 525A IS the
slaved Pictorial Navi-
cally,dimaccording to Deviation Indicator that I ation Indicator for
ambient light provides a rectilinear I &e Silver Crown KCS
conditions. display of NAV/RNAV/ I 55A Compass System.
GS/LOCdeviation I It provides a complete
I pictureof the navi ation
I situation during V8R.
I RNAV or ILS opera-
I tions. It replaces the
I Directional Gyro and
I CDI in your panel
I
I-
I
I
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6
Controls, Functions, and Displays
r- d
3) Waypoint select Knob-
. ~mericaldisplays on the Selects any one of ten “data storage
KNS 81 are 7-segment gaseous dis- bins” in which VORlLOC frequencies,
charge lights. Operating modes and with or without waypoint coordinates,
status informationare annunciated by have been inserted. Each “storage bin”
individually lighted abbreviations and can be called up as required from 0 to 9,
legends. or 9 to 0.
The KNS 81 illustration above 4) Data Input Knobs-Two con-
shows all displays and legends lighted. centric knobs used for selection of VORl
In actual operation, only the appropriate LOC frequency, waypoint radial and
operating displays and legends are I waypoint distance. DME is channeled
annunciated. Using the illustration as with selection of the paired VOR
a reference, here is a brief description frequency. The intemal Glideslope is
of each control and display. channeled with selection of the paired
B: LOC frequency. Turn these knobs to
11r
- ONlOFF and Volume enter desired data into the RNAV
Control-Turn clockwise for “Dower computer as follows:
on” and volume increase. PUII out for Fmquency SektiOn; The large
VORlLOC IDENT tone. knob controls the 10 and 1MHz
2) Mode Select Knob-This knob digit in the display. The small knob
changes the operating mode from VOR controls the 0.1 and 0.05 MHz digit
(direct to or from a VOR or VORTAC and chinnels FRQ in 0.05 MHz
station with angular course width devia- steps in either the “in” or, “out”
t i ) to VORlPAR (direct to or from a posith.
VORTAC, with linear crosstrack devia- RadialSdectfon:bThe large knob
tion f 5 nm) to RNV (direct to waypoint changes the 10” and 100” &&it of
with linear crosstrack deviation f 5 nm) the display. The small knob
to RNVlAPR (direct to a waypoint with changes the 1O digit in the “in”
linear crosstrack deviation f 1.25 nm) positionand the 0.1O digit in the
and then back to the VOR mode. When ”0Ut”posith.
an ILS frequency is entered with the Distance Sdectlon: The large
Data Input Knob the system will knob changes the 100 and 10nm
automaticallygo to the 11s mode d@itof the display. The small knob
regardless of the mode annunciated. changes the 1nm digit in the “in”
When the ILS frequency is removed position and the 0.1 nm digit in
from the input, the system will revert the “out” position.
back to the mode it was in previously.
7
I -
8
to the VORTAC station-or dashes ., -. Remote CDI-HSI C
when the DME oes into search. In the Displays
RNV and RNV/%PR modes, the DME
indicator displays distance to the way- OBS (Omnl Bearing Selector)
point; dashes are displayed if the DME Knob-This control selects the desired
is in search, or if the VOR indicator fla s. course to or from the VORTAC station or
KT (Knots) Display-In the VO 'R waypoint.
and VORlPAR modes, the DME displays Course Devlatlon-Full-scale
groundspeed to or from the VORTAC sensitivity factors are as follows: VOR
station or dashes when the DME goes mode--+-lo"; VORlPAR mode-25
into search. If the RAD button on the nm; RNV mode-'5 nm; RNV/APR
KNS 81 is pressed, the display indicates mode-'1.25 nm; ILS mode-3 to 6"
the radial from the VORTAC station (dependin on ground facility).
instead of groundspeed. In the RNV and Fla &ration-In the VOR mode
RNV/APR modes, groundspeed to or the CDI%Sl will be flagged when a
from the active waypoint is dis la ed usable signal is not within ran e. In the
#E
and dashes appear when the M goes
into search or when the signal is unusa-
VORIPAR, RNV, and RNV/AP# modes,
the instrument will be flagged if the VOR
ble. If the RAD button is pressed whik in or DME data is invalid. In the ILS mode,
these modes, the display indicates it will be flagged if the Localizer or Glide-
the radial from the waypoint instead slope data IS invalid. When flagged,
of groundspeed. the needle on the CDI-HSI will center
MIN (Mlnutes) Display-In the until a suitable signal is received to
VOR and VOR/PAR modes, the DME activate it and unflag the instrument.
dis lays time to or from the VOR-
TA8 station or dashes when the DME
goes into search. If the RAD button is
pressed, the display shows the letter 'F"
to indicate 'radial from the VORTAC
station." In the RNV and RNVlAPR
modes, time to or from the active way-
point is displa ed and dashes appear
when the DMZgoes into search. If the
RAD button is pressed, the display
shows the letter 'F' to indicate 'radial
from the waypoint."
9
RNAV Review
WAWOlNT
114
255 Waypoint Radial
A
10
from the selected course is conven- 5- track distance while operating in the
tional angular crosstrack deviation RNAV modes.
expressed in degrees off course (one VOR scalloping is defined as'an
dot equals 2"). imperfection or deviation in the received
In a VORlPAR mode, you have VOR signal that causes radials to devi-
in effect put the waypoint over the ate from their standard track. VOR
VORTAC station and will, therefore, be scalloping is generally the result of
provided linear crosstrack deviation as reflection from buildings or terrain. This
in an RNAV enroute mode. Remember, deviation or scalloping effect causes
VOR and DME information must be the CDI needle to slowly or rapidly shift
provided to the KNS 81 to operate in from side to side.
this mode. Factors contributin to VOR scal-
Variations in along track loping include: (1) VOdAC location
distance. in mountainous terrain when not a
Under certain conditions, VOR Doppler VOR; (2) snow cover on the
scalloping can contribute significant ground around a VORTAC station.
variation in smoothness of the along
The effects of VOR scalloping are minimized under the
followlng conditions:
1.
NT
2.
1 NT
3. VORTAC ~
4.
m
5. WAYPOINT
WAYPOlNT
6.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
10
20
Legend:
Flightpath
Crosstrack (coursewidth)error '4.9nm
Along track (distance) error
WAYPOINT
The KNS 81 Integrated NAV System City Downtown Airport direct to Richard
is remarkably versatile and easy to use. Lloyd Jones, Jr. Airport in Tulsa. In
After you have experienced a few flights anticipation of possible below mini-
with it, you will begin to develop flight mums conditions on arrival, you have
management techniques that will greatly prepared for a missed approach to
relieve our workload during both IFR Jones and a subsequent ILS approach
and VFk operations to Runway 3% at Tulsa International.
To illustrate some of the ways you Even before starting the engines in
can use the KNS 81, imagine that you Kansas City, the necessary data can be
have charted a flight plan from Kansas programmed into the KNS 81 computer.
\
[ WAYPOINT I STATION I FREQUENCY I RADIAL 1 DISTANCE IAPPLICATION
i
Pattern
5 TUL 11440 2120" 77nm LocatorOuter Marker
6 I-TUL 110 30 (N/A) (N/A) ILS Frequency
7 - - - - Available for Use
I 8 I - I - I - I - I Available for Use I
9 - __ - - 1 Available for Use
14
Programming the waypoints
8
Tbrn on the KNS 81
Tum the system on by rotating the whenever an ILS frequency is dialed in,
PowerNolume Control clockwise. thereby eliminating the need for radial
When the system is first turned on, and distance data. When the ILS fre-
the information being displayed prior quency is removed from the input, the
to the last shutdown will be displayed system reverts back to the mode
again. In this example, the information is annunciated and displays the
the ILS frequency (109.9) at Kansas City appropriate information.
Downtown Airport. The KNS 81 has a nonvolatile
Notice that no other information is memory and will retain programmed
displayed. This is because the system data indefinitely through power shut-
automatically goes into the ILS mode downs. No batteries are necessary.
S G .'
w
Since data stora e bin 1 is to
be used for enroute NAV operation,
rogram the computer appropriately
In addition to the RNV and RNV/
APR modes, you may also select from
a VOR mode (direct to a VOR station)
% turning the Mode Select Knob until
NV" appears on the System Status
Display.
or a VOR/PAR mode (parallel to the
selected course or Victor airway with
linear crosstrack deviation).
15
Select the first data storage bin
Turn the Waypoint Select Knob display has been replaced with other
either clockwise or counterclockwise information. This is because the ILS
until the number "1" is displayed above frequency is contained in storage bin 5
the legend "WPT". This provides access and the system has been switched to
to the first of ten data storage bins. storage bin 1-which in this example
The legend "WPT" will immediately still contains data for a previous RNAV
start blinking to indicate that the data approach to the DowntownAirport
displayed is not the active data. It will Initial Approach Fix.
continue to blink until the USE Button In order to program the system's
is pressed to call the data storage bin memory with the new data for storage
being displayed into active use. bin 1, the old data will be changed-
Notice that the ILS frequency or updated-one piece at a time.
PULL
inrmr
16
Select the radial
Using the Data In ut Knobs, dial digit when it is in the "out" position.
in the waypoint's radiap(264.0") from B pressing the DATA Button, the
the VORTAC station. The large knob
changes the lo" and loo" digits, while
i5
Caret isplay will automatically move
from RAD to DST so that you can now
the small knob changes the 1" di it update the DST (distance) information.
when it is in the "in" position, and Re 0.1"
17
1
Program the second data
storage bin as long as the WPT number is selected
The second group of waypoint first.
parameters may be entered into the In the photo above, waypoint 2 of
system's memory in the same fashion. our example-25 nm on the 225.0'
The usual procedure is to change to the radial of OSWEGO VORTAC (117.6/
next WPT number and then by depres- 0SW)- has already been program-
sing the DATA Button (l),move the caret med and the KNS 81 system is ready
from FRO (2) to RAD (3) to DST (4)- to accept other waypoints and their
although any sequence may be used parameters.
18
?
The system in operation
IBr
Pre-fli ht s stem check
Be ore ta eoff, check to be sure display to return to the active waypoint.)
that RNV is still the active mode and Notice that the remote, panel-
that waypoint 1 is the in "USE" or active mounted DME is displaying dashes in
all windows. This indicates that it is in
w a F k e you have already pressed search. When you reach lineof-sight
the SE Button on waypoint 1, it should altitude, the DME will lock on and pro-
be the active waypoint. . . unless you vide distance, groundspeed, and time
have pressed the USE Button while to the waypoint or VOFITAC station
another waypoint number was dis- dependin on o rational @e
played. If waypoint 1 is still the active, selected. The Cgfor HSI will also
any other waypoint number being dis- be fla ged until both VOR and DME
played will be blinking By pressing are vcfid.
the FITN Button, you can cause the
19
b
I
Nav ating to waypoint 1
?!
A er takeoff, you receive departure
vectors to the southwest of Kansas City
are accurate onlywhen flying directly
to or from the staton or waypoint.
and then a clearance to proceed under But in order to fly direct to the way-
our own navigation direct to the first point and eliminate an inconvenient
R NAV waypoint.
At this point, your DME is provid-
dogleg, it would be helpfulto know
precisely what heading you should
ing information regarding distance, pick u . The KNS 81 can provide
n
aroundsDeed. and time to wavmint 1. this ingrmation.
Since the airckft is notyet flyiib directiy
to the waypoint, only distance nforma-
tion is valid. Remember that grwnd-
speed and time-ttxtation information
\> .
Getting a waypoint radial
mdln
Wnf! the KNS 81 in RNV mode, the OBS knob until the needle centers
press the two-position RAD Button to and the TO-FROM indicator is signalling
its “in” position and the remote DME “To”. This will be your course direct to
display changes from distance, ground- WFT #l.
speed, and timeto waypoint -to (At this time, you may also want to
distance and radial from the waypoint- check the ident of the VOR station by
in this case,005”. Simply use the OBS pulling the PowerlVolume Control to
knob on your CDI to place the reciprocal its “out” position. When the station has
of that radial (185”) under the lubber line been identified, you can return the
and fly to center the needle. If you do control to its “in” position to mute the
not wish to use this feature, you can turn ident tones.)
20
Way oint passage
X u are now passing over waypoint From this point, your flight plan calls
1. The TO/FROM flag on your CDI shifts for a course of 192" direct from waypoint
to the FROM position and the needle 1to Jones Airport in Tulsa. Use your OBS
holds stead If the Autopilot is cou- knob to place 192" under the lubber line,
pled to NAqwaypoint passage will be fly to center the needle, and continue on
smooth, with the wings remaining level. the outbound course from waypoint 1.
li
I
Changeover to waypoint 2
At about 35 nm outbound from When you are ready for change-
waypoint 1, you prepare for changeover over, press the USE Button and way-
to waypoint 2. Just turn the Waypoint point 2 will become active. The DME
Select Knob until the number '2" is display will displa dashes for a few
displayed, along with the waypoint seconds, then vdbegin to display dis-
parameters pr rammed earlier. Since
sg
waypoint 1 is the active waypoint,
the 'WPT" display is blinking
a
tance, roundspeed, and time informa-
tion tot e new waypoint.
'7 Rllv
-'KT ...,
II
II
RN
WPT
22
L
Reaching waypoint 3
You have switched over to waypoint which was placed at the location of the
3 and kept the needle centered. Now Initial Approach Fix for a 24-nm DME-
you are coming up on the waypoint, Arc approach to Jones Airport in Tulsa.
c3
OFF IDEM I
Navigating a DME-Arc
In order to fly the DME-Arc ap needle on the CDI and fl to keep the
proach, press the DATA button until needle centered on the hI:bntinue
the carets rest under the RAD legend. using this technique of moving the way-
As you pass the original 3rd waypoint, point along the Arc until reachingthe
change the radial to 1 8 9 O , recenter the 217' radial for your turn inbound.
23
-
I ' I 1-1 .
r r r ,
WPT, FRQ< RAD
'"E
I
m""
EO
YI
KNS 81
KING OFF
0 PULL
IDEN1
ORN
Completing tho appmach
As you turn inboundon the 21P the KNS 81 during the approach, you
radial and start our descent, switch the get not only distanceto the VORTAC but
KNS 81 to the &R mode and set the digital radial in addition to course devia-
OBS to the proper inbound course for tion on the CDI.
the approach (037)and make the ap- Continue your approach toward the
proach as you normally would. missed approach point at 14.5 DME.
By depressing the RAD button on
.7
I 111..
i
1
I 1
.
1-8
I 1-1
. I ,
I ,I
L I-. U.IJ
1 1 1 1
I:' '<.ii
WPT FRQ< RAD dST
24 ,
A wa point at the outer marker
Jhile being vectored from the With the OBS set to the inbound LOC
holding pattern to the Outer Compass course the displaced needle of the
Locator or LOM for the Tulsa Interna- CDI will display the distance from the
tional approach, you can use the KNS 81 extended LOC since in the RNAV mode,
to tell you where you are at all times. one dot deviation equals one nm off
Remaining in the RNV mode, call up course.
waypoint 5-the one you programmed And pressing the CHK Button peri-
earlier to mark the position of the odically providesyou with an instant
Tulsa InternationalLOM-and press the display of the radial and distance from
USE button. In this configurationthe the VORTAC station.
remote DME indicator will display
n
distance to the LOM. By pressing the
RAD button, the radial from the way-
point (the LOM) will also be displayed.
Awe
. ,-- - - , - . f switching of caution is advised regarding the use
the DME over to your number 2 NAV of DME Hold with the KNS 81's other
receiver during the ILS approach, you operating modes.
can keep it locked onto the VOR frequen- Since the DME Hold switch in effect
cy indicatedon your KNS 81 by using isolates certain DME functions from the
the DME Hold function on the KDI 572 logic of the KNS 81's RNAV computer,
remote indicator. It's simply a matter the informationbeing processed is
of remembering to put the KNS 81 in the rendered incomplete.Thus, it is recom-
VOR mode first and flipping the DME mend that DME Hold be used only
selector switch into the HLD position in connection with straight VORllLS
before changing over from the VOR to navigation, and not with RNAV or its
the ILS frequency. You'll still get distance related modes.
informationto the VORTAC throughout For example, here's what you
the approach. can expect to see when DME Hold
But while it's a useful convenience is activated on each of the KNS 81's
to have in a situation like this, a word operating modes.
YlN
r
I
KING
In VOR Mode, of course, the and the KDI 572 remote DME indica-
system will continue to operate normally, tor will continue to display distance,
as described above. The CDI-HSI will groundspeed and time to V m A C .
provide regular VORl ILS navigation,
26
I
,
However, when the CHK Button is to indicate that DME information is not
pressed with the system in DME Hold, available to the KNS 81. Nevertheless,
only the radial portion of the position the remote KDI 572 indicator will con-
check will be displayed on the KNS 81. tinue to display the complete distance,
The distance portion will display dashes groundspeed and TTS sequence.
The function of the RAD Button is Thus, the CDI-HSI will be flagged and
rendered inoperative in the DME Hold its indicator needle will center and be-
mode. Informationdisplayed on the come inactive. In addition, all indications
KDI 572 will not be affected bv the msi-
. I
except for a flashing RNV mode annun-
tion of the RAD button. ciation will be blanked from the KDI 572
In VORlPAR Mode. which reauires DME indicator. As a result, when the
RNAV inputs, use of DME'Hold will make CHK button is pressed, only the. fre-
the navigation signal dusable. The quency and radial are displayed on
CDI-HSI will be flagged and its indicator the KNS 81.
needle will center and become inactive. As you can see, the DME Hold
Otherwise, the display functions of the function expands the KNW1%capabili-
KNS 81 and KDI 572 will react in much ties in certain VORllLS operations,'but
the same way as they did in the VOR severely limits them in regardto Area
Mode. Again, depressing the RAD button Navigation. Consequently, you'll want to
will have no effect on the information use the DME Hold switch with discretion
displayed. in all but a few recommended situations
In RNAV and RNAVIAPR Modes, in order to gain maximum utility from
the use of DME Hold will render the Area your KNS 81 system.
Navigation computer's output invalid.
KNS 8l Integrated NAV System Specifications
k
A