Financial Statements of A Company As An Information Base For Decision-Making in A Transforming Economy
Financial Statements of A Company As An Information Base For Decision-Making in A Transforming Economy
Financial Statements of A Company As An Information Base For Decision-Making in A Transforming Economy
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Abstract:
In connection with the development of transforming the economy, the need for forecasting
and analyzing the consequences of managerial decisions becomes more pressing. To
substantiate and evaluate such decisions, a tool for prospective analysis of financial
statements of companies is used. In recent years, the content and structure of a company's
financial statements have undergone significant changes. With the development of economic
relations, the principles of organization and methodology of accounting and reporting are
also dynamically changing. The issues of reforming financial statements of a company are
constantly discussed at international congresses of accountants and other professional
forums.
The purpose of the study is to improve the concept of preparing financial statements of a
company as an information base for taking decisions in a transforming economy.
1. Introduction
In modern conditions, financial statements are the most complete, objective and
reliable information base, based on which one can form an opinion on the property
and financial position of a company (Thalassinos and Liapis, 2014). In accordance
with the legislation, the accounting financial statements are an open source of
information, and its composition, content and presentation forms are unified by basic
parameters, it becomes possible to develop standard methods to read and analyze it
(Suryanto and Thalassinos, 2017).
The essence of financial statements' analysis from the position of a user is to review
and evaluate the information in the reporting to obtain reliable conclusions about the
past state of an organization aiming at foreseeing its functioning in the future.
Evaluation of financial statements is a process by which the past and current
financial position and performance of the company are assessed. Because of
financial statements' analysis, the company's most important characteristics are also
determined, which testify, in particular, about its success or the risk of bankruptcy
(Izuymov et al. 2017). For different users, in terms of the scale of its
implementation, the analysis of financial statements depends on a specific goal. At
the same time, the analysis and direction of work while analyzing financial
statements can be different. Therefore, company's financial statements can be useful
for different interested parties (Bondarenko, 2010).
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This topic should also be considered due to the fact that a careful study of balance
sheets allows us to disclose both the secrets of successful and effective company
performance, the reasons for failures and insolvency and identify factors that
negatively affect the company's performance. Based on this information, plans can
be adjusted and ways to improve the company's activities can be outlined.
2. Literature review
Financial reporting is a unified system of data on the property and financial position
of the company and the results of its activities. Financial statements are prepared
based on financial accounting data in accordance with established forms for a certain
reporting date. It follows from this definition that the data reflected in the financial
statements essentially represent a special type of accounts that are extracted from the
current accounting of the summary data on the status and performance of a company
for a certain period (Korableva et al., 2017b).
The system of accounting data (indicators) that make up the financial statements
should be output directly from the ledger accounts – the most important register of
the accounting system. The total of accounting indicators, which the financial
accounting consists of, is formed directly or indirectly from the ledger accounts.
Therefore, the reporting data grouped in the accounting registers cannot reflect such
economic turnover, which were not presented in the current accounts. Hence there is
the relationship between financial accounting and financial statements, which means
that the resulting totals are transferred to the appropriate reporting forms in the form
of synthesized, final indicators of the balance sheet and reflect the value of
organization's assets by its composition and placement directions.
At the same time, Dlasková and Havlícek (2013) investigate the financing of
managerial decisions, which becomes one of the fundamental parts of cash
management process. Financing solutions in a firm are divided into two categories
based on the source of finance (external and internal). The funds provided by
external sources are collected by the company through the management of the
capital structure, as well as the management of loans and borrowed capital. Internal
sources are the company's profits. Therefore, based on sources of funding, the
objectives of information users may be different. Thus, a review of modern literature
allows us to conclude that research on the effective use of information management
system of the company is widely discussed in online sources and various scientific
journals.
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4. Methodplogy
5. Results
– to add to the profit and loss statement additional indicators that reflect income and
expenditure indicators, i.e. indicate revenues in the indicator "Proceeds from the sale
of products", and in the indicator "Revenue from work and services", respectively, to
distribute the cost of goods and services sold in the following indicators: "Cost of
sales", "Cost of work performed"; "Cost of services rendered".
– in addition to the explanatory notes to the balance sheet and the financial results
report, it is recommended to compile the balance sheet and the financial results
report in the form of separate subdivisions. The detailed form of the financial results
report is a standard financial results report, supplemented with additional lines that
classify each indicator for each separate subdivision.
– transformation of the balance sheet of Russian companies in accordance with
international financial reporting standards. Transformation does not require the
E.A. Osadchy, E.M. Akhmetshin, E.F. Amirova, T.N. Bochkareva, Y.Y. Gazizyanova, A.V. Yumashev
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First, there are discrepancies in financial indicators. For this the following is
performed:
– inventory of stocks at the reporting date, during which their market value is
determined;
– inventory of accounts receivable to accrue a reserve of doubtful and bad debts;
– inventory of capital stock for establishing their net market value and impairment
caused by the moral and physical deterioration of current operating assets.
– the ability to automate the accounting process through the introduction of a CRM-
system. This will automate the strategy of interaction with customers (clients) to
increase sales, optimize marketing and improve customer service by storing
customer information and the history of relationships with them, establishing and
improving business procedures and subsequent analysis of results;
– saving time and effort (Vasilev and Tuktarova, 2014; Bondarenko, 2009a; Kilinc
et al., 2018; Sadykova et al., 2017; Tabachuk et al., 2018);
– transparent adjustment system – adjustment postings are immediately reflected in
the reporting.
The implementation of the proposed activities will maximize the profit and
profitability of the company by improving the quality of accounting information.
Financial Statements of a Company as an Information Base for Decision-Making in a
Transforming Economy
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6. Discussion
The research by Sakai et al. (2015) considers one of the main determinants of
creating information for external recipients (such as investors, banks, insurance
companies, treasury administration bodies etc.). The source of such information is
the accounting system, consisting of two subsystems: financial accounting (focused
on the external recipient of information) and management accounting (providing
information to internal recipients).
The comparative analysis of Fraser’s et al. (2009) research with the Sakai et al.
(2015) method is of interest. The Sakai et al. method was originally proposed to
extract causal information on financial indicators that characterize the performance
of companies. The results of the comparison showed that the method proposed by
Fraser et al. wins the Sakai et al. method and indicates a problem of inaccuracy of
the information received by the analyzed companies.
The research of Dwi Karya Susilawati (2015) reflects the impact of business ethics,
corporate governance, the views of an auditor and owners on the quality of financial
statements after they have taken their decisions. This study examines the various
ways that lead to the growth of the company. The growth of the company partly
depends on the creativity of the employees working in it. It was noted that it is easier
to fix the problem of completeness and transparency of information at the very
beginning of preparing the statements.
E.A. Osadchy, E.M. Akhmetshin, E.F. Amirova, T.N. Bochkareva, Y.Y. Gazizyanova, A.V. Yumashev
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7. Implementations
Summarizing the above-said information, it can be stated that the essence of the
company's financial statements is to achieve a balanced state that allows it to carry
out expanded reproduction and provide economic relations with other economic
entities regarding the formation, distribution and use of resources. The performance
of the company should be evaluated in such a way that all those who are connected
with it by economic relations should be able to get an answer to the question: how
reliable the company as an economic and strategic partner in these relations is, and,
consequently, make a management decision on the economic profitability of the
continuation or starting joint activities with it.
Evaluation of the company's development should be carried out from the position of
the system approach. It can be implemented by identifying key indicators that
directly or indirectly reflect the perspectives of all stakeholders in the effective
operation of the company: owners, management personnel, employees, investors,
creditors, society, etc. (Hanias et al., 2012). When evaluating the company's
activities, it is more expedient to be guided more by production, innovation and
financial indicators. It is they who characterize the company's real ability to
constantly develop (Korableva et al., 2017a; Tarman, 2016). It should not be
forgotten that in the company's scorecard, not only the calculation of indicators is
important, but also the identification of the interest of users of analytical
information.
The author's vision of the application of the system approach is as follows. Financial
reporting is the information base of financial analysis, the results of which can be
used to manage the financial and economic activities of the company, to assess the
effectiveness of its management, to choose the directions for investing capital. Based
on the system indicators of financial reporting (financial, investment, innovative),
interested users analyze the property and financial position of the organization, its
solvency and financial results. Thus, financial reporting allows us to satisfy
information requests of all groups of users, which make special demands on its
content and order of formation.
8. Conclusions
The increased requirements for the reliability of financial statements have changed
the approach to assessing the company's performance as one of the ways to identify
and prevent material misstatements in the reporting. The study showed that to ensure
the reliability of financial reporting, it is required to use a variety of means, among
which a special place is taken by a systematic approach to analytical procedures.
The authors believe that analytical work, which plays an important role in
identifying and preventing misstatements in the reporting, should take a leading
place not only in the accounting work of the company, but also in the work of
Financial Statements of a Company as an Information Base for Decision-Making in a
Transforming Economy
348
information users. Therefore, the financial statements of the company can basically
satisfy the information requests of all groups of users who raise special demands on
its content and the order of its formation.
Financial reporting and its analysis serve as a tool for identifying problems of
managing the financial and economic activities of the company, to choose the
directions for investing in capital and forecasting certain indicators and financial
performance in general. Careful study of financial statements permits to disclose
both the secrets of successful and effective company's performance, and the reasons
for failures and insolvency. Moreover, it helps to identify factors that adversely
affect the company's performance.
Based on this information, plans can be adjusted and ways to improve its operations
can be outlined. For internal users, the financial statements of the company, as well
as the accounting data that formed the basis for its formation, are important
indicators both for operational management and for monitoring the safety of their
property. The financial statements act as a means for users of reporting information
to monitor the company's operations, promptly warn and identify signs of the
bankruptcy of the company, form a unified state statistical survey base and
macroeconomic indicators that can be used for tax purposes and for other purposes.
In conclusion, it should be emphasized that in the context of economic
transformation, the expediency of an integrated and systematic approach to the study
of the company's financial statements is possible only based on international
experience.
Acknowledgements:
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