Lab Manual

VIDYALANKAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Information Technology

Lab Manual

Subject: Computer Networks and Network Design

SEM-IV

Prof. Vinita Bhandiwad and Prof Yash Shah

2020-21
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Vision
To be recognized as a center of excellence in the field of Information
Technology where learners are nurtured in a scholarly environment to
evolve into competent professionals to benefit society.

Mission
• Evolve a curriculum which emphasizes on strong engineering
fundamentals with the flexibility to choose advanced courses of
interest and gain exposure to tools and techniques in Information
Technology.
• Encourage a teaching-learning process in which highly competent
faculty share a symbiotic association with the institutes of repute.
• Facilitate creation and dissemination of knowledge through a
digitally enabled learning environment.
• Develop academic and infrastructural facilities with modern
equipment and other learning resources and encourage reciprocal
sharing with other institutes through networking.
• Establish a center of excellence to enhance academia – industry
partnership and work on collaborative projects.
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Program Educational Objectives:

PEO1 To prepare students for successful careers in industry that meet the needs of IT
companies.

PEO2 To develop the ability among students to analyze technical concepts to software or
product design

PEO3 To provide an environment for students to work on multidisciplinary projects as part of

different teams to enhance their team building capabilities like leadership, motivation,
teamwork etc

PEO4 To provide students with a sound foundation in the mathematical, scientific and
engineering fundamentals necessary to formulate, solve and analyze engineering
problems and to prepare them for graduate studies.

PEO5 To inculcate professional ethics and codes of professional practice.

PEO6 To provide students experience with the multifaceted aspects of using computers to solve
problems and develop professional application software for some industry/society need
by applying s/w engineering steps during this development.

Program Outcomes:

Graduates will demonstrate knowledge of applied mathematics, applied physics,

PO1 applied chemistry, engineering drawing and mechanics, basic workshop practices,
basic electronics and fundamentals of Computer and IT engineering.

Graduates will demonstrate an ability to identify, formulate and solve IT

PO2 engineering problems.

Graduate will demonstrate an ability to design electronic circuits and conduct

PO3 experiments, analyze and interpret data.

Graduates will demonstrate an ability to design software, system, component as

PO4 per specification.

Graduates will demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and

PO5 multi-disciplinary tasks.

Graduate will demonstrate skills to use modern engineering tools, softwares and
PO6 equipment to analyze, simulate, model and solve problems in OO Programming
Languages using Object Oriented Concepts.
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Graduate will demonstrate their skills in developing and managing internet based,
PO7 client – server, different database(s), networking applications/projects and latest
computing & communication technologies.

Graduate will be able to communicate effectively in both verbal and written form
PO8 and demonstrate knowledge of professional and ethical responsibilities

Graduate will be broadly educated and have an understanding of the impact of

PO9 engineering solutions on society and demonstrate awareness of contemporary
issues.

PO10 Graduate will develop entrepreneurial approach and ability for life-long learning.
 Lab Manual

Subject Computer Networks and Network Design Lab

Semester IV

Academic Year 2020-21

Software Java/ Python/Wireshark/Cisco Packet Ttracer

Requirements

Hardware PC with Internet Connection

Requirements

Theory Faculty In- Prof. Vinita Bhandiwad/ Prof Yash Shah

charge

Practical Faculty In- Prof. Vinita Bhandiwad/ Prof Yash Shah

charge

Laboratory Lab 07C/D

MSTEAMS

Lab Assistant -----

Revised On 15th March 2021

Prepared By Prof. Vinita Bhandiwad/ Prof Yash Shah

Sign

Endorsed By HOD
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Lab Outcome

Subject: Network Lab

LO1 To get familiar with the basic network administration commands

LO 2 To get familiar with the basic network administration command

LO 3 To understand the network simulator environment and visualize a network

topology and observe its performance

LO 4 To implement client-server socket programs

LO5 To observe and study the traffic flow and the contents of protocol frames.

LO6 To design and configure a network for an organization

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LIST OF EXPERIMENT

Sr. No. Title of Experiments

1 Study and Perform various networking commands
Design a LAN Network and show the data communication between 4
2
nodes use Class C Addressing
Design an internetworking LAN Network and show the data
communication between 6 nodes use Class B Addressing for
3
configuring the end devices. Clearly show the router configuration
steps
Design a college/Hospital Management network using cisco packet
4
tracer
Demonstrate the TCP/IP protocol suite for the current packet running
5 in the network using wireshark. Also demonstrate how to retrieve
password using Wireshark
6 Implement Checksum error detection algorithm using Java/Python
7 Implement cyclic redundancy check algorithm using Java/Python
8 Implement Odd Parity check algorithm using Java/Python
9 Implement Even Parity check algorithm using Java/Python
10 Implement Routing algorithm using Dijkstra’s method
11 Execute socket programming using Java/Python
Consider an IP address 192.168.20.1, identify its Network address,
12 default subnet address, default broadcast address, number of host
supported in the network (IP address can change)
Consider an IP address 192.168.20.1, divide the network into two
subnets, identify its Network address, default subnet address, default
13
broadcast address, number of host supported in the network (IP
address can change)
14 Design various topologies of network using cisco packet tracer
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Semester IV
Subject Computer Networks and Networking Design

Experiment 1
Number
Experiment Understanding Basic networking Commands.
Title
Resources / Hardware:
Apparatus Compatible Computer System
Windows
Required

Objectives To understand basic networking commands.

Theory 1. Ipconfig/ifconfig:
• Stands for Internet protocol configuration.
• It is a fast way of determining your computer's IP address and other
information, such as the address of its default gateway.
• To use the command, just type ipconfig at the Command Prompt.
2. Ping:
• The ping command is one of the most often used networking utilities
for detecting devices on a network and for troubleshooting network
problems.
• When you ping a device, you send that device a short message, which it
then sends back (the echo).
• The general format is ping hostname or ping IP address.
• ping www.google.com or ping 216.58.208.68
• If you receive a reply then the device is working OK, if you don’t then:
❖ The device is faulty, disconnected, switched off, incorrectly
configured.
❖ Your network or the device you are working on is not working
properly.
3. Hostname:
• The hostname is what a device is called on a network.
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• In computer networking, a hostname (archaically node name) is a label
that is assigned to a device connected to a computer network and that
is used to identify the device in various forms of electronic
communication.
• To use the command, just type hostname at the Command Prompt.
4. Trace route command:
• The traceroute command is used to determine the path between two
connections. Often a connection to another device will have to go
through multiple routers. The traceroute command will return the
names or IP addresses of all the routers between two devices.
• Determines the path taken to a destination by sending Internet Control
Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request messages to the destination
with incrementally increasing Time to Live (TTL) field values.
• To use the command, just type tracert example.com at the Command
Prompt.
5. ARP Command:
• The ARP commands to view, display, or modify the details/information
in an ARP table/cache.
• Typically, a host uses ARP to determine the hardware address of
another host.
• ARP stands for “Address Resolution Protocol” is a protocol for
mapping an IP address to a physical MAC address on a local area
network.
• When a computer wants to communicate with another computer on a
different network, the IP address would be used. The IP address is like
your mailing address while MAC address is like your name.
• To use this command, type
• arp first then arp -a (for displaying complete ARP cache) also we can
also find the ARP cache entry for a specific IP address by specifying the
IP address with arp command: arp -a 224.0.0.251
6. Netstat command:
• It comes from the word network statistics
• The Netstat command displays a variety of statistics about a computer's
active TCP/IP connections.
• When dealing with excessive traffic and malicious software it’s
advantageous to be informed about the inbound and outbound
connections to your computer
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• Netstat is a cross-platform command, which means it's also available in
other operating systems like macOS and Linux.
• To use the command type netstat on command prompt to see all active
connection.
• Find out how to read only established/ LISTEN, CLOSE_WAIT,
TIME_WAIT connection ports
7. Nslookup Command:
• The name nslookup stands for “name server look up.”
• It is used for querying the Domain Name System (DNS) to obtain
domain name or IP address mapping information.
• The main use of nslookup is for troubleshooting DNS related problems.
• For example, if you can get to www.ebay.com by typing 66.135.192.87
in your browser's address bar but not by typing www.ebay.com, you
have a DNS problem. The simplest use of nslookup is to look up the IP
address for a given DNS name. For example, how did I know that
66.135.192.87 was the IP address for ebay.com? I used nslookup to find
out .
• To use the command type nslookup google.com on command prompt
to see all active connection.
8. Route command:
• In IP networks, routing tables are used to direct packets from one
subnet to another.
• The Route command provides the device’s routing tables.
• To get this result, just type route print.
Output 1.
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2.

3.
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4.

5.

6.
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7.

8.
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Conclusion Successfully learnt and implemented basic networking command

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Semester IV

Subject Computer Networks and Networking Design

Experiment 2
Number

Experiment Understanding basic topologies like:-

Title
1. Bus

2. Ring
3. Star

4. Mesh

5. Hybrid

Objective To learn and perform the basic topologies used for building
an efficient computer network.

Resources / Hardware: Laptop Software: Cisco Packet Tracer

Apparatus
Required

Theory 1.Bus Topology:-

In bus topology there is a main cable and all the

devices are connected to this main cable through drop lines.
There is a device called tap that connects the drop line to
the main cable. Since all the data is transmitted over the
main cable, there is a limit of drop lines and the distance a
main cable can have.
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Advantages of bus topology

1. Easy installation, each cable needs to be connected with

backbone cable.
2. Less cables required than Mesh and star topology

Disadvantages of bus topology

1. Difficultly in fault detection.

2. Not scalable as there is a limit of how many nodes you
can connect with backbone cable

2.Ring Topology:-
In ring topology each device is connected with the
two devices on either side of it. There are two dedicated
point to point links a device has with the devices on the
either side of it. This structure forms a ring thus it is known
as ring topology. If a device wants to send data to another
device then it sends the data in one direction, each device in
ring topology has a repeater, if the received data is intended
for other device then repeater forwards this data until the
intended device receives it.
Advantages of Ring Topology

1. Easy to install.
2. Managing is easier as to add or remove a device from the
topology only two links are required to be changed.

Disadvantages of Ring Topology

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1. A link failure can fail the entire network as the signal will
not travel forward due to failure.
2. Data traffic issues, since all the data is circulating in a ring.

3. Star Topology:-

In star topology each device in the network is

connected to a central device called hub. Unlike Mesh
topology, star topology doesn’t allow direct communication
between devices, a device must have to communicate
through hub. If one device wants to send data to other
device, it has to first send the data to hub and then the hub
transmit that data to the designated device.

Advantages of Star topology

1. Less expensive because each device only need one I/O
port and needs to be connected with hub with one link.
2. Easier to install
3. Less amount of cables required because each device
needs to be connected with the hub only.
4. Robust, if one link fails, other links will work just fine.
5. Easy fault detection because the link can be easily
identified.
Disadvantages of Star topology

1. If hub goes down everything goes down, none of the

devices can work without hub.
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2. Hub requires more resources and regular maintenance
because it is the central system of star topology.

4.Mesh Topology:-
In mesh topology each device is connected to every
other device on the network through a dedicated point-to-
point link. When we say dedicated it means that the link
only carries data for the two connected devices only. Lets
say we have n devices in the network then each device must
be connected with (n-1) devices of the network. Number of
links in a mesh topology of n devices would be n(n-1)/2.

Advantages of Mesh topology

1. No data traffic issues as there is a dedicated link between

two devices which means the link is only available for those
two devices.
2. Mesh topology is reliable and robust as failure of one link
doesn’t affect other links and the communication between
other devices on the network.
3. Mesh topology is secure because there is a point to point
link thus unauthorized access is not possible.
4. Fault detection is easy.
Disadvantages of Mesh topology

1. Amount of wires required to connected each system is

tedious and headache.
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2. Since each device needs to be connected with other
devices, number of I/O ports required must be huge.
3. Scalability issues because a device cannot be connected
with large number of devices with a dedicated point to
point link.

5.Hybrid Topology:-

A combination of two or more topology is known as

hybrid topology. For example a combination of star and
mesh topology is known as hybrid topology.

Advantages of Hybrid topology

1. We can choose the topology based on the requirement
for example, scalability is our concern then we can use star
topology instead of bus technology.
2. Scalable as we can further connect other computer
networks with the existing networks with different
topologies.

Disadvantages of Hybrid topology

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1. Fault detection is difficult.
2. Installation is difficult.
3. Design is complex so maintenance is high thus expensive.

Output:-
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Semester IV

Subject Computer Networks and Networking Design

Experiment 3
Number
Experiment Design Interconnecting Network using Router in CPT.
Title
Objective To learn and perform the interconnection between routers,
switches and nodes among two buildings
Resources / Hardware: Desktop Software: Cisco packet Tracer
Apparatus
Required
Theory 1.Router

→ A router is a device like a switch that routes data

packets based on their IP addresses.
→ Router is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers
normally connect LANs and WANs together and have a
dynamically updating routing table based on which
they make decisions on routing the data packets.

→ Router divide broadcast domains of hosts connected

through it.
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2.Switch

→ A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a

design that can boost its efficiency(a large number of
ports imply less traffic) and performance.

→ A switch is a data link layer device. The switch can

perform error checking before forwarding data, that
makes it very efficient as it does not forward packets
that have errors and forward good packets selectively
to correct port only.

→ In other words, switch divides collision domain of

hosts, but broadcast domain remains same.

Output
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Semester IV

Subject Computer Networks and Networking Design

Experiment 4

Problem Implement checksum algorithm using Java/Python

Statement programming language

Resources / Hardware:Computer System Software: Eclipse,CMD

Apparatus
Required

Code // Java code for Checksum_Sender

package checksum_sender;

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

import java.util.*;

public class Checksum_Sender

{
// Setting maximum data length

private int MAX = 100;

// initialize socket and I/O streams

private Socket socket = null;

private ServerSocket servsock = null;
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private DataInputStream dis = null;

private DataOutputStream dos = null;

public Checksum_Sender(int port) throws IOException

{
servsock = new ServerSocket(port);

// Used to block until a client connects to the server

socket = servsock.accept();

dis = new
DataInputStream(socket.getInputStream());
dos = new
DataOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream());

while (true)

int i, l, sum = 0, nob;

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter data length");

l = sc.nextInt();

// Array to hold the data being entered

int data[] = new int[MAX];

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// Array to hold the complement of each data

int c_data[] = new int[MAX];

System.out.println("Enter data to send");

for (i = 0; i < l; i++)

data[i] = sc.nextInt();

// Complementing the entered data

// Here we find the number of bits

required to represent
// the data, like say 8 requires 1000, i.e 4
bits
nob = (int)(Math.floor(Math.log(data[i]) /
Math.log(2))) + 1;

// Here we do a XOR of the data with

the number 2^n -1,

// where n is the nob calculated in

previous step

c_data[i] = ((1 << nob) - 1) ^ data[i];

// Adding the complemented data and

storing in sum

sum += c_data[i];
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}

// The sum(i.e checksum) is also sent along

with the data

data[i] = sum;

l += 1;

System.out.println("Checksum Calculated is : "

+ sum);

System.out.println("Data being sent along with

Checkum.....");

// Sends the data length to receiver

dos.writeInt(l);

// Sends the data one by one to receiver

for (int j = 0; j < l; j++)

dos.writeInt(data[j]);

// Displaying appropriate message depending

on feedback received

if (dis.readUTF().equals("success"))
{

System.out.println("Thanks for the

feedback!! Message received
Successfully!");
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break;

else if (dis.readUTF().equals("failure"))

{
System.out.println("Message was not
received successfully!");

break;
}
}

// Closing all connections

dis.close();
dos.close();

socket.close();

// Driver Method

public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException

{
Checksum_Sender cs = new
Checksum_Sender(45678);
}

}
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// Java code for Checksum_Receiver

package checksum_sender;

import java.net.*;

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public class Checksum_Receiver {

// Initialize socket and I/O streams

private Socket s = null;

private DataInputStream dis = null;

private DataOutputStream dos = null;

// Constructor to put ip address and port

public Checksum_Receiver(InetAddress ip,int port)throws
IOException

// Opens a socket for connection

s = new Socket(ip,port);

dis = new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());

dos = new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());

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while (true)

{ Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

int i, l, nob, sum = 0, chk_sum;

// Reads the data length sent by sender

l = dis.readInt();

// Initializes the arrays based on data length

received
int c_data[] = new int[l];

int data[] = new int[l];

System.out.println("Data received (alond with

checksum) is");

for(i = 0; i< data.length; i++)

// Reading the data being sent one by

one
data[i] = dis.readInt();
System.out.println(data[i]);

// Complementing the data being

received

nob = (int)(Math.floor(Math.log(data[i]) /
Math.log(2))) + 1;
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c_data[i] = ((1 << nob) - 1) ^ data[i];

// Adding the complemented data

sum += c_data[i];

}
System.out.println("Sum(in ones complement)
is : "+sum);

// Complementing the sum

nob = (int)(Math.floor(Math.log(sum) /
Math.log(2))) + 1;

sum = ((1 << nob) - 1) ^ sum;

System.out.println("Calculated Checksum is :
"+sum);

// Checking whether final result is 0 or

something else
// and sending feedback accordingly

if(sum == 0)

{
dos.writeUTF("success");

break;
}

else

{
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dos.writeUTF("failure");

break;

}
}

// Closing all connections

dis.close();

dos.close();

s.close();

// Driver Method
public static void main(String args[])throws IOException

{
// Getting ip address on which the receiver is
running

// Here, it is "localhost"

InetAddress ip = InetAddress.getLocalHost();

Checksum_Receiver cr = new
Checksum_Receiver(ip,5000);

}
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Output

Conclusion
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Semester IV

Subject Computer Networks and Networking Design

Experiment 5
Number
Experiment Title Implement CRC Error detection algorithm using Java/Python programming
language
Objective To learn and implement CRC error detection in python.

Resources / Hardware: Software:

Apparatus
Laptop with 8GB Ram Python 3.9/Pycharm
Required

Theory CRC :
→ CRC or Cyclic Redundancy Check is a method of detecting accidental
changes/errors in the communication channel.
→ CRC stands for Cyclic Redundancy Check.
→ CRC uses Generator Polynomial which is available on both sender and
receiver side.
→ Sender side :
The binary data is first augmented by adding k-1 zeros in the end of the data.
Use modulo-2 binary division to divide binary data by the key and store
remainder of division.
Append the remainder at the end of the data to form the encoded data and send
the same
→ Receiver side :
Perform modulo-2 division again and if the remainder is 0, then there are no
errors.
In this we will focus only on finding the remainder i.e. check word and the code
word.
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Code print("\n",37*"-","SENDER SIDE","-"*37)

def xor(a, b):
result = []

for i in range(1, len(b)):

if a[i] == b[i]:
result.append('0')
else:
result.append('1')
return ''.join(result)

def mod2div(divident, divisor):

pick = len(divisor)
tmp = divident[0: pick]

while pick < len(divident):

if tmp[0] == '1':
tmp = xor(divisor, tmp) + divident[pick]
else:
tmp = xor('0' * pick, tmp) + divident[pick]

pick += 1

if tmp[0] == '1':
tmp = xor(divisor, tmp)
else:
tmp = xor('0' * pick, tmp)

checkword = tmp
return checkword
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def encodeData(data, key):

l_key = len(key)
appended_data = data + '0' * (l_key - 1)
remainder = mod2div(appended_data, key)
codeword = data + remainder
print("CRC/Remainder obtained after encoding: ", remainder)
print("Data to be transmitted at the sender side: ", codeword)

data= input("Enter the Data Bits: ")

key = input("Enter the Divisor Bits: ")
encodeData(data, key)

print("\n",36*"-","RECEIVER SIDE","-"*36)
def decodeData(data, key):
l_key = len(key)
appended_data = data + '0' * (l_key - 1)
remainder = mod2div(appended_data, key)
codeword = data + remainder
print("CRC/Remainder obtained after decoding: ", remainder)
temp = "0" * (len(key)-1)
if remainder == temp:
print("If CRC/Remainder are '0'...given data received is Correct.")
else:
print("If CRC/Remainder are not '0'...given data received is
Wrong...Please try retransmission.")

data= input("Enter the Data Bits:")

key = input("Enter the Divisor Bits:")
decodeData(data, key)
print("\n",40*"-","DONE","-"*40,"\n")

Output
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Semester IV

Subject Computer Networks and Networking Design

Experiment 6
Number
Experiment Demonstrate the TCP/IP protocol suite for the current packet running.
Title
Objective To study TCP/IP protocol suite.
Resources Hardware: Software:
/ PC with the Configuration of Intel wireshark
Apparatus Dual core Processor or higher,
Required Minimum 2 GB RAM, Minimum 40
GB Hard disk, Network interface card.

Theory TCP/IP Protocol Suite :

→ The Internet protocol suite is the conceptual model and set of

communications protocols used in the Internet and similar
computer networks.

→ It is commonly known as TCP/IP because the foundational

protocols in the suite are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
and the Internet Protocol (IP).

→ During its development, versions of it were known as the

Department of Defense (DOD) model because the development of
the networking method was funded by the United States
Department of Defense through DARPA. Its implementation is a
protocol stack.

→ The Internet protocol suite provides end-to-end data

communication specifying how data should be packetized,
addressed, transmitted, routed, and received.

→ The TCP/IP protocol suite functions as an abstraction layer

between internet applications and the routing/switching fabric.
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Output
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Semester IV

Subject Computer Networks and Networking Design

Experiment Number 07

Experiment Title Design College LAN network using CPT.

Resources / Hardware: Computer Software: - Cisco
Apparatus Required Packet tracer

Objectives To Design College LAN network using CPT.

(Skill Set /
Knowledge Tested /
Imparted)

Theory Topology:
Geometric representation of how the computers are connected to each
other is known as topology. There are five types of topology – Mesh, Star,
Bus, Ring and Hybrid.
Output First college building:

Second college building:

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Semester IV

Subject Computer Networks and Networking Design

Experiment 8
Number
Experiment Implement Dijkstra’s algorithm
Title
Objective To study Dijkstra’s algorithm in python.

Resources / Hardware: Software:

Apparatus PC with the Configuration of Python 3.9/Pycharm
Required Intel Dual core Processor or
higher, Minimum 2 GB RAM,
Minimum 40 GB Hard disk,
Network interface card.
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Theory
Dijkstra's Algorithm :
→ Dijkstra's algorithm allows us to find the shortest path between
any two vertices of a graph.
→ It differs from the minimum spanning tree because the shortest
distance between two vertices might not include all the vertices
of the graph.
→ Eg :

Code

graph = {'a': {'b': 10, 'c': 3}, 'b': {'c': 1, 'd': 2}, 'c': {'b': 4, 'd': 8, 'e': 2}, 'd':
{'e': 7}, 'e': {'d': 9}}

def dijkstra(graph, start, goal):

shortest_distance = {}
predecessor = {}
unseenNodes = graph
infinity = 9999999
path = []
for node in unseenNodes:
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shortest_distance[node] = infinity
shortest_distance[start] = 0

while unseenNodes:
minNode = None
for node in unseenNodes:
if minNode is None:
minNode = node
elif shortest_distance[node] < shortest_distance[minNode]:
minNode = node

for childNode, weight in graph[minNode].items():

if weight + shortest_distance[minNode] <
shortest_distance[childNode]:
shortest_distance[childNode] = weight +
shortest_distance[minNode]
predecessor[childNode] = minNode
unseenNodes.pop(minNode)

currentNode = goal
while currentNode != start:
try:
path.insert(0, currentNode)
currentNode = predecessor[currentNode]
except KeyError:
print('The given path is not reachable.')
break
path.insert(0, start)
if shortest_distance[goal] != infinity:
print('Shortest distance is ' + str(shortest_distance[goal]))
print('> path is ' + str(path))

dijkstra(graph, 'a', 'e')

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Output
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Semester IV

Subject Computer Networks and Networking Design

Experiment 9
Number
Experiment  Write a UDP-based socket program.
Title
Resource Hardware: Computer Software: Python IDLE
s/
Apparatu
s
Required
Objectives
(Skill
Set /
Knowled
ge
Tested /
Imparted
)
Theory Socket programming is a way of connecting two nodes on a network to
communicate with each other. One socket(node) listens on a particular port at
an IP, while other socket reaches out to the other to form a connection. Server
forms the listener socket while client reaches out to the server.[Text Wrapping
Break]They are the real backbones behind web browsing. In simpler terms
there is a server and a client.
Code
Following is the program to demonstrate UDP socket programing:-

Server.py

import socket 

localIP     = "192.168.1.106" 

localPort   = 20001 

bufferSize  = 1024 

msgFromServer       = "Hello UDP Client" 

bytesToSend         = str.encode(msgFromServer) 
 Lab Manual
# Create a datagram socket 

UDPServerSocket = socket.socket(family=socket.AF_INET, type=socket.SO
CK_DGRAM) 

# Bind to address and ip 

UDPServerSocket.bind((localIP, localPort)) 

print("UDP server up and listening") 

# Listen for incoming datagrams 

while(True): 

    bytesAddressPair = UDPServerSocket.recvfrom(bufferSize) 

    message = bytesAddressPair[0] 

    address = bytesAddressPair[1] 

    no1 = UDPServerSocket.recvfrom(bufferSize) 

    no2 = UDPServerSocket.recvfrom(bufferSize)  

    clientMsg = "Message from Client:{}".format(message) 

    clientIP  = "Client IP Address:{}".format(address)            

    sum1 = str.encode(str(int(no1[0])+int(no2[0]))) 

    print(sum1) 

    # Sending a reply to client 

    UDPServerSocket.sendto(sum1,address) 

Client.py

import socket 

msgFromClient       = "Hello UDP Server" 

bytesToSend         = str.encode(msgFromClient) 

serverAddressPort   = ("192.168.1.106", 20001) 

bufferSize          = 1024 
 Lab Manual
no1 = str.encode(input("enter no1")) 

no2 = str.encode(input("enter no2")) 

# Create a UDP socket at client side 

UDPClientSocket = socket.socket(family=socket.AF_INET, type=socket.SO
CK_DGRAM) 

# Send to server using created UDP socket 

UDPClientSocket.sendto(bytesToSend, serverAddressPort) 

UDPClientSocket.sendto(no1, serverAddressPort) 

UDPClientSocket.sendto(no2, serverAddressPort) 

msgFromServer = UDPClientSocket.recvfrom(bufferSize) 

msg = "Message from Server {}".format(msgFromServer[0]) 

print(msg) 

Output
Server.py

Client.py

Conclusion Here we learnt to do Socket Programming.

 Lab Manual

Experiment 9
Number
Experiment  Write a TCP-based socket program.
Title
Resources / Hardware: Computer Software: Python IDLE
Apparatus
Required
Objectives
(Skill Set /
Knowledg
e Tested /
Imparted)
Theory Socket programming is a way of connecting two nodes on a network to
communicate with each other. One socket(node) listens on a particular port
at an IP, while other socket reaches out to the other to form a connection.
Server forms the listener socket while client reaches out to the server.[Text
Wrapping Break]They are the real backbones behind web browsing. In simpler
terms there is a server and a client.
Code
Following is the program to demonstrate TCP socket programing:-

Server.py
#importing socket 
import socket as s 
#server socket 
socket1 = s.socket() 
print("Socket Created") 
#address where the server should run 
socket1.bind(('192.168.56.1',9999)) 
print("Bind Completed") 
#specifing how many client's connection can be accepted/start lestning for ser
ver 
socket1.listen(3) 
print("Server Listening") 
while True: 
    #accept connection 
    c,addr = socket1.accept() 
    print("Connection established!client connected",addr) 
    #receiving data from client 
    n = c.recv(1024).decode() 
    m = c.recv(1024).decode() 
    inc = 0 
    for i in n: 
        if m == i: 
            inc+=1 
    print(inc)
    #transmitting data from server to client 
 Lab Manual
    c.send(bytes(str(inc),"utf-8")) 
    c.close() 

Client.py

import socket as s 

#create client socket 

c = s.socket() 

#connecting client socket with server 

c.connect(('192.168.56.1',9999)) 

n = input("Enter string: ") 

m = input("Enter char: ") 

#sending data from client to server 

c.send(bytes(n,"utf-8")) 

#sending data from client to server 

c.send(bytes(m,"utf-8")) 

#receiving data from server 

str = c.recv(1024) 

#decoding the data 

print(str.decode()) 

Output
Server.py
 Lab Manual

Client.py

Conclusion Here we learned to do Socket Programming.

 Lab Manual

Semester IV

Subject Computer Networks and Networking Design

Experiment 10
Number 
Experiment Title  Calculate IP addressing values.
Objective  Considering IP address, calculate Network address, Broadcast
address, Default Broadcast address,Number of Host.
Resources / Hardware: Computer Software: -Any Python IDLEs
Apparatus   like Spyder or Pycharm
Required 
Code: def A(ip,l,bit,n):
start,end,first,last=[],[],["0","0","0","0"],["0","0","0","0"]
print("Default Mask=255.0.0.0")
l[0],l[1]="255",bit*'1'+(8-bit)*'0'
l[1]=str(int("0b"+l[1],2))
print("Subnet Mask =",".".join(l))
b=int("0b"+(8-bit)*"1",2)
c=0
for i in range(n):
ip[1]=str((b+1)*i)
end.append(ip[1])
ip[1]=str((b*(i+1)+c))
start.append(ip[1])
c+=1
print("subnet startAdd endAdd")
for i in range(n):
print(i+1,end=" ")
last[1]=end[i]
last[0],last[2],last[3]=ip[0],"0","0"
print(".".join(last),end=" ")
first[1]=start[i]
first[0],first[2],first[3]=ip[0],"255","255"
print(".".join(first))
def B(ip,l,bit,n):
start,end,first,last=[],[],["0","0","0","0"],["0","0","0","0"]
print("Default Mask=255.255.0.0")
l[0],l[1],l[2]="255","255",bit*'1'+(8-bit)*'0'
l[2]=str(int("0b"+l[2],2))
print("Subnet Mask =",".".join(l))
 Lab Manual
b=int("0b"+(8-bit)*"1",2)
c=0
for i in range(n):
ip[2]=(b+1)*i
end.append(ip[2])
ip[2]=(b*(i+1)+c)
start.append(ip[2])
c+=1
print("subnet startAdd endAdd")
for i in range(n):
print(i+1,end=" ")
last[2]=str(end[i])
last[0],last[1],last[3]=ip[0],ip[1],"0"
print(".".join(last),end=" ")
first[2]=str(start[i])
first[0],first[1],first[3]=ip[0],ip[1],"255"
print(".".join(first))
def C(ip,l,bit,n):
start,end,first,last=[],[],["0","0","0","0"],["0","0","0","0"]
print("Default Mask=255.255.255.0")
l[0],l[1],l[2],l[3]="255","255","255",bit*'1'+(8-bit)*'0'
l[3]=str(int("0b"+l[3],2))
print("Subnet Mask =",".".join(l))
b=int("0b"+(8-bit)*"1",2)
c=0
for i in range(n):
ip[3]=(b+1)*i
end.append(ip[3])
ip[3]=(b*(i+1)+c)
start.append(ip[3])
c+=1
print("subnet startAdd endAdd")
for i in range(n):
print(i+1,end=" ")
last[3]=str(end[i])
last[0],last[1],last[2]=ip[0],ip[1],ip[2]
print(".".join(last),end=" ")
first[3]=str(start[i])
first[0],first[1],first[2]=ip[0],ip[1],ip[2]
print(".".join(first))
s,l=input("Enter IP address :- "),["0","0","0","0"]
n=int(input("Enter no.subnets :- "))
ip=s.split('.')
for i in range(1,9):
if(2**i>=n):
bit=i
break
 Lab Manual
print("Given IP =",s)
if(int(ip[0]) in range(0,128)):
print("Class = A")
A(ip,l,bit,n)
elif(int(ip[0]) in range(128,192)):
print("Class = B")
B(ip,l,bit,n)
elif(int(ip[0]) in range(192,224)):
print("Class = C")
C(ip,l,bit,n)
else:
print("IP is not valid")
Output:

Conclusion: Thus the IP addressing code is calculated.

 Lab Manual

Semester IV

Subject Computer Networks and Networking Design

Experimen Lab 11
t Number
Experimen Consider IP address and no of subnets required by the industry,
t Title display details of entire network and each network separately.
Objective Creation of subnets.
Resources Hardware: Desktop Software: python, pycharm
Required
Theory What is Subnetting?
Subnetting is the practice of dividing a network into two or smaller networks.
It increases routing efficiency, which helps to enhance the security of the netw
ork and reduces the size of the broadcast domain.
IP Subnetting designates high-order bits from the host
as part of the network prefix. This method divides a
network into smaller subnets.

It also helps you to reduce the size of the routing tables, which is stored in rout
ers. This method also helps you to extend the existing IP address base
& restructures the IP address.
Why Use Subnetting?
• It helps you to maximise IP addressing efficiency.
• Extend the life of IPV4.
• Public IPV4 Addresses are scarce.
• IPV4 Subnetting reduces network traffic by eliminating collision
and broadcast traffic and thus improves overall performance.
• This method allows you to apply network security policies at the
interconnection between subnets.
• Optimized IP network performance.
• Facilitates spanning of large geographical distances.
• Subnetting process helps to allocate IP addresses that prevent l
arge numbers of IP network addresses from remaining unused.
• Subnets are usually set up geographically for specific offices or p
articular teams within a
business that allows their network traffic to stay within the location
.
• What is Subnet Mask?
A subnet mask is a 32 bits address used to distinguish between a
network address and a host address in IP address.
A subnet mask identifies which part of an IP address is the network address an
 Lab Manual
d the host address. They
are not shown inside the data packets traversing the Internet.
They carry the destination IP address, which a router will match with a subnet.

Two types of subnet masks are:

• The
default Subnet Mask is the number of bits which is reserved by the
address class. Using this default mask will accommodate a single
network subnet in the relative class.
• A Custom Subnet Mask can be defined by an administrator to ac
commodate many Network

code ipAdd = input('input the ip address:')

tempArray = ipAdd.split('.')
addrArray = []
str1 = "."

if len(tempArray) != 4:
raise NameError('not a valid ip address')

for i in tempArray:
num = int(i)
if num < 0 or num > 255:
raise NameError('not a valid ip address')
addrArray.append(num)

noOfNetwork = int(input('enter the no of segments you want (must

be in the form of 2^n)'))

networkRange = int(256 / noOfNetwork)

startadd = 0
for i in range(noOfNetwork):
print('sub net segment no :', i + 1)
print(f'starting address:{addrArray[0]}.{addrArray[1]}.{addr
Array[2]}.{startadd}')
print(f'broadcast address:{addrArray[0]}.{addrArray[1]}.{add
rArray[2]}.{startadd + networkRange - 1}')
print(f'default mask :{addrArray[0]}.{addrArray[1]}.{addrArr
ay[2]}.{networkRange}')
print('no of host', networkRange - 2)
print()
startadd = startadd + networkRange

Output
Lab Manual