Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION XI
Schools Division of Davao Oriental
Lupon East District
CALAPAGAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Calapagan, Lupon, Davao Oriental

DAILY LESSON PLAN IN

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person
November 23, 2021

I. OBJECTIVES:
A. Content Standard
The learners demonstrate various ways of doing philosophy.
B. Performance Standard
The learners evaluate opinions.
C. Learning Competencies/Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:
1. Distinguish opinion from truth
2. Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth
3. Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the methods of philosophizing
II. CONTENT/SUBJECT MATTER
Distinguish Opinion from Truth
III. LEARNING RESOURCES
A. References
1. Teacher’s Guide pages:
2. Learner’s Material pages: Textbook pages:
3. Additional Materials from Learning Resources (LR) ports
B. Other Learning Resources: Self-Learning Module
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person- Quarter 1: Module 2 “Method of Philosophizing”, page 7-
10.
*Internet

IV. Procedure
A. Preparation
 Prayer
 Greet the students and ask them to be ready for the new lesson.
 Check the students’ attendance.
B. Review of the past lesson.
The teacher will give a short review about the previous lesson.
TOPIC: Methods of Philosophizing
C. Motivation
The learners will answer the given statements flash in the TV screen if it’s a fact or an opinion.
PRETEST
1. To solve traffic, it is better to invest in subways and trains than in road widening programs.
Answer: Opinion
2. Your heart pumps blood through your body.
Answer: Fact
3. There are 50 states in the United States.
Answer: Fact
4. The internet is being used by teenagers to waste their time in social media.
Answer: Opinion
 5. The TV shows in ABS-CBN are more entertaining than the shows of other channels.
Answer: Opinion

D. Establishing the purpose of the lesson

State the learning objectives of the day.

E. Activity
The learners will determine the statement which one states fact or opinion.

1. It takes me 30 minutes to walk from my home to school.

2. Living near the school is better because we do not have to spend much for transportation.
3. My sister ate the last piece of pizza pie.
4. My sister is a selfish person because she ate the last piece of pizza pie and did not share it with me.
5. The policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knees and placed him in handcuffs.
6. The aggressive manner by which the policeman arrested the suspect is an example of the brutality that characterizes
our police force.

• Statements 1, 3, and 5 are more factual than statements 2, 4, and 6. Using the philosophical tools we learned, they fit
into the category of facts since they contain ideas or information that are easily verifiable.
• While statements 2, 4, and 6 could be considered as opinions. These statements go beyond providing facts. It also
provides conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations. Opinions are also the bases for making arguments and
convincing people that a certain claim is a fact.

F. Analysis
What is Fact?
What is Opinion?
G. Abstraction

WHAT IS FACT?
• Fact is something concrete that can be proven. You can find facts in legal records, scientific findings, encyclopedias,
atlases, etc. In other words, facts are the truth and are accepted as such.
Examples of Fact:
• People use their legs to walk.
• Bali tigers are extinct.
• The United States was established in 1776.

WHAT IS OPINION?
• Opinion is less concrete. It's a view formed in the mind of a person about a particular issue. In other words, it is what
someone believes or thinks, and is not necessarily the truth. Also, note in the examples below how facts are the same for
everybody, but opinions can differ quite widely.
Examples of Opinion:
• Ann can have the opinion that Italian food tastes best, while Joe has the opinion that French food is ideal.
• Sue can have the opinion that reading is boring, while Mike can have the opinion that reading is fun.
• Penny can have the opinion that cold weather is better, while Tim can prefer hot weather.

• Opinions are statement that goes beyond providing facts.

• A conclusion is a judgment based on certain facts.
• Beliefs are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts.
• Explanations are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the statement is true.
• Arguments are series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is
truthful.
• Fallacies are arguments based on faulty reasoning.
• Bias is disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually in a way that is closed-minded,
prejudicial, or unfair.
• The facts that form the bases of a conclusion may not be disputed but the conclusion itself could still be contested or
questioned. To judge the truthfulness of belief, we must also consider things such a person’s experiences and views.
• Facts are statements that are observed to be real or truthful. Claims are statements that require further examination to
determine their truthfulness. Some arguments may contain fallacies. We must be aware of the various kinds of fallacies
as these affect the validity of arguments. Opinions are often influenced by bias. We must be aware of bias so that we can
objectively and critically examine points of view.
• Opinion is something intermediary between knowledge and ignorance. While Public opinion is the intermediate faculty
which seizes the things that float between the two extremes (Plato)
• Opinion applies to what, being true or false, may be other than it is: in fact, opinion is the apprehension of an immediate
and unnecessary premise (Aristotle)
• Opinion, founded in the probable, perhaps also the name of knowledge (Leibniz)
• Opinion is a belief that is conscious of being insufficient both subjectively and objectively (Kant)
• An opinion gives for truth something that has been said, although sometimes they are absurd words, which mean
nothing, impossible to understand (Hobbes)
• Public opinion is the convergence of the opinions of the greatest number of people in a community, so that they form a
common and dominant feeling, exerting diffuse pressure (Freund)
The following are the examples of fallacies.
FALLACY CHARACTERISTICS

Ad hominem attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the

argument itself.
Appeal to force using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an
argument.
Appeal to emotion using emotions such as pity or sympathy.
Appeal to the popular the idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people
accept it.
Appeal to tradition the idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time.

Begging the question assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as
circular argument.
Cause-and-effect assuming “cause-and-effect” relationship between unrelated
events.
Fallacy of composition assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole.

Fallacy of division assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts.

The following are the examples of biases.

BIAS CHARACTERISTICS

Correspondence bias or tendency to judge a person’s personality by his or her actions,

attribution effect without regard for the external factors or influence.

Confirmation bias tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits
one’s own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go against
it.
Framing focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other
aspects.
Hindsight the tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a
pattern to historical events.
Conflict of interest a person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the
 issue being discussed.
Cultural bias analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards.

H. Application
After the teacher’s discussion about the topic “Fact and Opinion” the class will experience a social travel.

First destination:

The popular game “Snakes and Ladders”

was originated in India.
Answer: Fact

Most of the Greece people don’t like their

hot weather.
Answer: Opinion

More than 300 languages are spoken in

London.

Answer: Fact

There is 1 vending machine for every 24

people in Japan.

Answer: Fact

I. Assessment/Evaluation
The students will be evaluated through a short quiz.
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. Take a picture and
sent It to our google classroom.
1. These are statements which are observed to be real or truthful.
A. Fallacies B. Facts C. Opinion D. Bias
2. These are comprised of statements that provide views on a certain matter.
A. Fallacies B. Facts C. Opinion D. Bias
3. These are arguments based on faulty reasoning.
A. Fallacies B. Facts C. Opinion D. Bias
4. This is disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually in a way that is closed-minded, prejudicial, or
unfair.
A. Fallacies B. Facts C. Opinion D. Bias
5. It is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard.
A. Ad Hominen B. Framing C. Knowledge D. Truth

ANSWER KEY:
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. D

J. Assignment/Agreement

Activity: Let Us Construct!

Directions: Select five types of fallacy among the various fallacies presented and construct one example for each type.

# Fallacy Example
1
2
3
4
5

SCORING RUBRIC
2 Points Fallacy is clear
Example is related to the fallacy
1 Point Fallacy is clear
Example is not related to the fallacy

Prepared by:

JOYLENE M. SUAN
Teacher-I

Checked by:

BIENVENIDO B. SAROMINES
School Head