TALABA COLORED CHALK WITH PHYTOCOLORANT

A Thesis Proposal presented to

The Faculty of Capiz State University-Main Campus, Fuentes Drive, Roxas City.

In Partial fulfillment Of the Requirements In:

BIT-ADT-3A : RESEARCH 1

Presented to

RESEARCH ADVISER

RESEARCHER:

Amar, Mhel

Francisco, May Ann

Galez, Famela Darl

Mayo, Eliza

December 10,2021

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

For hundreds of years, the oyster has been a common food in the coastal areas

around the globe. Due to the increase in demand, the aquaculture technologies were

developed to meet the requirements. Aquaculture is economically improving, but on

the environmental side, it is still uncertain. Over cultivation without taking account of

the social costs would constrain the stability of the coastal environment. The fisheries

sector in the Philippines is important for the economy to provide sustainable

employment and income.In particular, the Philippines is an archipelago that has

numerous suitable sites for oyster farming. The 17 provinces of oyster farms are

located in the regions I, IV, and VI. Specifically, Western Visayas in Region 6 is the

largest producers of oyster products in the country(Philippine Statistics Authority,

2016-2018).One of the upcoming problems is the waste shell from the oyster. In

Southeast Asia, particularly Thailand and the Philippines, two countries with the

highest oyster aquaculture production, the waste shell recycling methods are not

developed properly and the shells are mostly dumped as a part of food waste. Empty

seashells found no value to people and commonly disregard as waste. Empty Shells

are thrown anywhere contributing to the bulks of solid waste in the environment.

Improper management of the shells tends to contaminate the farming area, which

would consequently affect the products from the farms and continually influence the

livelihood of the community.

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 This study focuses in the the Effectiveness of Talaba Shell “Crassostrea

Iredalei” as a main ingredient in making colored chalk and natural pigment extract

from (Annatto seed, Turmeric, Blue Ternate and Beet Root). Chalk used in school

classrooms comes in slender sticks approximately .35 of an inch (nine millimeters) in

diameter and 3.15 inches (80 millimeters) long. Chalk did not become standard in

schoolrooms until the nineteenth century, when class sizes began to increase and

teachers needed a convenient way of conveying information to many students at one

time.The main component of chalk is calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ), a form of

limestone which is quarried, generally by an open pit quarry method. Oyster shells are

usually oval or pear-shaped, but will vary widely in form depending on what they

attach to. They are generally whitish-gray in outer shell color, and their inside shell is

usually a porcelain white. There is a high content of calcium carbonate in mussel and

oyster shells, which can be used in the formulation of medicine, in construction or as

filler in polymer materials. The high content of Calcium Carbonate in oyster shells is

technically possible to replace limestone in making commercial chalk.

In addition, Natural pigments are colored substances that are derived from

natural sources, such as mineral from plants. The colorants may be ground, washed or

sifted, and can be extracted, but otherwise are not chemically modified. In this study,

the researchers used natural pigments extracted from flower (blue ternate) for the

coloring of the chalk made from oyster shells.

This study aims to use the abundance of this materials in the locality and

promote an eco-friendly product. This project isn’t only helpful for students and

professors who undergo art classes, but is also to help our environment in solving

waste problem and at the same time to mitigate the long-term impact on the

deterioration of physical surroundings due to quarrying.

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 Objectives of the Study

Generally, this study aims to determine the Effectiveness of Talaba Shell

“Crassostrea Iredalei” as a main ingredient in making colored chalk.

1. Determine the suitability of Talaba Shell as an alternative ingredient in making

colored chalk in terms of color consistency, durability, and erasability;

2. Determine the applicability of the three (3) product/treatment as applied in

blackboard;

3. Find out if there is a significant difference in the applicability of treatment A,

treatment B and Treatment C in the blackboard surface.

Null Hypotheses

There is no significant difference in the applicability of the treament A, treatment B.

and treatment C in terms of the following factors: color consistency, durability, and

erasability.

Significance of the Study

The significance of this study is to know the Effectiveness of Talaba Shell

“Crassostrea Iredalei” as a main ingredient in making colored chalk with

phytocolorant.

The importance of this study is to know the possible result when it comes in applying

the Talaba Colored Chalk and Commercial Colored Chalk to Blackboard. Also to

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know the if there is a significant difference in the applicability of treatment A,

treatment B and Treatment C. The study also consist of some ideas in order to satisfy

the aim of this research and also to be able to prove the effectiveness of Talaba

Colored Chalk in terms of its color consistency, durability, and erasability; and

applying in blackboard.

The people who will benefit from this Talaba Colored Chalk are the following:

Drafting Students and Teachers: need colored chalk in making art piece in school

to develop their sense of creativity in making.

The Community: will be safe against diseases cause by waste of Talaba Shell.

Artist: it could be a help to them to use a cheaper and available material in making an

artwork using chalk.

The Future research: will help and give benefits from this study in the sense that

finding of the study well support their own findings.

The Environment: we can help to save our mother earth and mitigate the effects of

quarrying and pollution to have a safe community.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This experimental study will be conducted to evaluate the Effectiveness of

Talaba Shell “Crassostrea Iredalei” as a main ingredient in making colored chalk

and natural pigment extract from Blue Ternate will be used as an alternative pigment

for the colored chalk. The aspects will be covered by the study that the students won’t

buy commercial commercial chalks which are expensive. They can just make their

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own colored chalk using Talaba Shell and other ingredients which are available in the

locality. It may take a couple of hours to make.

The delimitation’s of the study is to know how to make colored chalk using Talaba

Shell and Natural pigments extract from Blue ternate to lessen our expenses, and at

the same time to lessen the waste shell problem in the community.Just make your own

colored chalk, which is easier and affordable.

Definition of terms

For clarifications and better understanding used in the study, conceptual and

operational definitions are included:

Aquaculture. is the farming of aquatic organisms, including fish, molluscs,

crustaceans and aquatic plants. (https://www.fao.org/3/x6941e/x6941e04.htm)

Calcium Carbonate. a compound CaCO3 found in nature as calcite and

aragonite and in plant ashes, bones, and shells and used especially in making lime

and Portland cement and as a gastric antacid.

(https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/calcium%20carbonate)

Chalk. is a variety of limestone composed mainly of calcium carbonate

derived from the shells of tiny marine animals known as foraminifera and from the

calcareous remains of marine algae known as coccoliths. Chalk is usually white or

light gray in color. It is extremely porous, permeable, soft and friable.

(https://geology.com/rocks/chalk.shtml)

Limestone. is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcite, a calcium

carbonate mineral with a chemical composition of CaCO3. It usually forms in clear,

calm, warm, shallow marine waters. (https://geology.com/rocks/limestone.shtml)

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 Oyster Shell. are the hard exoskeleton of a variety of mollusks that are in the

family Ostreoidea. Most oysters live in saltwater or brackish environments.

Additionally, their shells tend to contain high levels of calcium carbonate (about

96%). (https://growingorganic.com/soil-guide/oyster-shell/)

Pigments. a substance that gives something a particular color when it

is present in it or is added to it.

(https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/pigment)

Phyto-colorant. phyto comes from the Greek  phytón, meaning “plant.”

colorant any substance that imparts colour, such as a pigment, dye, or ink; colouring

matter. (https://www.dictionary.com/browse/phyto-)

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 Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the review of related literature from different sources online

such as online books, journals, websites, dictionaries, and worldwide web.

History of Chalk

Chalk is derived from the Latin word 'calx,' which means limestone. Limestone is

also used to make chalk. The majority of today's chalk/limestone was formed around

100 million years ago. Limestone is a soft white porous sedimentary rock that forms

naturally deep beneath the sea when dead biological skeletons and shells accumulate.

For millennia, humans have used it for a variety of purposes. This material is

exceedingly common and frequently mined around the world. (Wes Alwan, 2012)

Chalk has been around for millions of years. Its use dates back to prehistoric

times. It is thought to have aided in the creation of some of the first cave artwork,

according to researchers. Afterwards on, artists primarily utilized chalk for sketches,

which were later sealed with shellac or a similar substance. Artists who produce their

own chalk would use color pigments to create more vibrant colors. The variety of

impurities in the chalk causes the color differences. For example, carbon was

employed to enhance black, while ferric oxide was utilized to generate a more vibrant

red.(2014)

Chalk was not widely used in classrooms until the nineteenth century, when class

sizes began to grow. Students had individual chalkboards with chalk sticks and a

sponge or cloth to use as an eraser, in addition to big blackboards used by instructors.

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Pens and ink were favored for final copy writing, although they were only available to

senior students. Paper was scarce and expensive at the time. (2014)

In today's classrooms, chalk and blackboards are still the norm. Alternative

methods exist, but they are all based on the chalk and blackboard premise. Dry erase

boards, for example. They can be used in place of chalk and a whiteboard. Outside of

the classroom, chalk can be used for a variety of purposes. It is still utilized as a

medium for art, though with more variety and detail.

(https://www.thisischalk.weebly.com)(unknown, 2014)

Colored Chalk

Chalk colors are colors inspired by the same-named writing instrument. This is

created from the mineral chalk or other calcium carbonate sources. Chalk is made of

white calcium carbonate or gypsum. Chalk is a simple stick of minerals combined

with colours. The shells of tiny sea organisms like foraminifera, coccoliths, and

rhabdoliths make up chalk. Up to 99 percent calcium carbonate in the form of the

mineral calcite can be found in the purest types. (https://simplicable.com/en/chalk-colors

(Spacey,2020)

People's daily lives are deeply influenced by colors; colors are a medium

through which people express emotions and a crucial component in the creation of

visual shapes. Colors have profound and complex symbolic meanings; each color

elicits distinct emotional responses and has its own cultural significance. Colors have

a critical and enormous influence on people's emotional and psychological pictures

and principles. As a result, colors have played an important part in the evolution of

human culture. Colors play an important role in cognitive development as well as

individual emotions. Colours are one of the essential aspects of human cognitive and

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memory processes and play a crucial role in transferring information. The use of

different colours as visual hints to connect textual with pictorial information enhances

the learning outcomes of learners. The most prevalently used chalk colours are white,

red, orange, yellow, blue and green. Generally, teachers use white chalk as the main

chalk and colours are used as supplementary tools. The clarity of blackboard writing

with different colours profoundly affects the learning outcomes of learners. In

chromatology, the colours opposite each other on the hue colour wheel are

complementary colours. For example, red and green are complementary to each other.

Complementary colours generate visual accents. Accordingly, red chalk writing on

green blackboards is theoretically substantially legible. However, the blackboard

reading experience of students has indicated otherwise. This study applied the

perspectives of both chromatology and scientific investigation to establish the

sequential order of the clarity of blackboard writing colours. Thus, teachers can

understand the colour-matching techniques for blackboards, and students can easily

read the blackboard writing by teachers, thereby improving their learning outcomes.

(http://www.wiete.com.au/journals/WTE&TE/Pages/Vol.14,%20No.3%20(2016)/01-

Hung-S-J(3). (Hung, 2016)

History of Oysters Shell

Bivalves include oysters and their relatives such as scallops, mussels, and

clams, which have two valves in their shells. Bivalves are one of the oldest living

things on the planet, having existed for nearly 500 million years during the Cambrian

Period. While bivalves have not altered significantly, since the fossils resemble

modern-day oysters, clams, mussels, and other shellfishes, they were substantially

larger back then. These fossilized oysters show that ancient oysters might be 3 feet

long and weigh more than 20 pounds. That would have been a delicious appetizer.
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 The Golden Age of Oysters occurred between the 18th and 19th centuries,

when increased oyster production made them extremely accessible to the working

class in the United States and Europe. Oysters immediately became quite popular on

the dining tables of all classes since they were gathered at an unscaled level and

became exceedingly inexpensive as a result.Oysters are still popular today because

they are somewhat affordable, but not as cheap as they once were. Oysters are prized

for their saline or sweet flavor (depending on locale) and can be eaten raw, steamed,

fried, grilled, roasted, or cooked with additional ingredients.

(https://foodworthwritingfor.com/2018/07/31/the-history-of-oysters-its-rise-as-a-

delicacy-and-a-staple-food-beloved-by-many/amp/) (MacKenzie, Jr. , Clyde L. 1996)

Talaba Shell “Crassostrea Iredalei” components and uses

The oyster is a type of bivalve mollusk that grows in brisk water. It can be

naturally found in the coastal area where the fresh water meets brine water. Similar to

many other living organisms, oysters require some specific environmental conditions

to survive, but in general, oysters can be found in most of the world. The oyster shell’s

main component is CaCO3 which transforms into lime, CaO, under the proper heat

treatment. The produced CaO can be used as a mixture for Portland cement

production and its application in construction, agriculture and painting. After the

oyster shells were cleaned and powdered by grinding, they were mixed with

unsaturated polyester resin for the processing of the body part of the countertop,

named as artificial stone. It is possible to visualize that the mixture of resin oyster

powder is well homogenized and dispersed, taking into account the different sizes and

aspect ratio of the powder. Occasionally, some pores are visible. The mechanical

characterization was performed and indicates the potential of using the oyster shell

residues in the conception of a new value-added by-product, mainly when a strength-

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related property is needed, as in the case of artificial stone. In this sense, the flexural

strength and hardness results can be compared with other natural and artificial

commercial stones. There are a vast number of industries that use calcium oxide as a

raw material in their processes. Knowing that oyster shells have CaCO 3 as a main

component of their chemical composition (approximately 95–99%) and other

minerals in insignificant quantities, it is possible to obtain pure calcium oxide by

using a calcination process. Since the beginning of 2000, the interest in the recycling

of oyster shells to obtain calcium carbonate and calcium oxide has increased.

Nowadays, several programs and companies collect the oyster shell waste together

with the producers and restaurants. In Spain, a factory recycles up to 80,000 tons of

oyster shells. The industrial process consists of grinding the residue, followed by

heating at 500 °C for eliminating the organic matter, and obtaining calcium carbonate

with 90% purity. The use of calcium carbonate as a raw material is present in several

industries: (i) in the cement industry, for example, in the fill-in for the infrastructural

basis of highway construction; (ii) in the agricultural industry, as soil broker and a

component for poultry rations; (iii) for industries where it is mandatory for the

calcium carbonate to be more purified, such as paint, paper, and plastic production

industries; or (iv) the pharmacological industry, as a component of toothpaste and

makeup. (https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/809247 (Silva, 2018)

Calcium Carbonate

A chemical compound with the formula CaCO3. It is a common substance

found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite (most notably as limestone, which

is a type of sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcite) and is the main component

of eggshells, snail shells, seashells and pearls. Mussel and oyster shells are shells are

composed of 95% calcium carbonate, and the remainder is organic matter and other

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compounds. Concern about the destination of oyster and mussel waste is not only

observed in Brazil. In Korea, for example about 300,000 t of oyster shells are

generated annually. The Korean government, concerned with public health, financed a

project to increase recycling of this waste, because if this waste has been left

untreated for a long time, it can be a source of nasty smell as a consequence of the

decay of flesh remnants attached to the oyster or the microbial decomposition of salts

into gases such as NH3, H2S and amines. Many studies have investigated the use of

oyster-shell waste as construction materials. Another possibility for reuse of these

shells is to use them as supplementary feeding. Lee and co-workers demonstrated that

crushed oyster shells could be used as an alternative liming material to restore soil

chemical and microbial properties in upland soil and to increase crop productivity.

Calcium carbonate is the most widely used filler in terms of the number of

applications in polymer. The cheapest grades are low in price and are used primarily

to reduce costs. By contrast, the finest grades are an order of magnitude higher in

price and are used to modify various properties, both during processing and in the

final compounds. Some studies have investigated the use of oyster-shell waste as filler

in polymer. Chong et al. prepared mixtures of recycled polyethylene (PE) and oyster-

shell powder, that was coated with ionic surfactant, to test their fire-retardant

properties. The mixtures present better mechanical properties and fire-retardant

behavior compared with neat recycled PE. Funabashi et al. evaluated method of

biomass carbon ration of polymer filled with calcium carbonate using poly(butylene

succinate) (PBS) with oyster shell powder and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) with no-bio

based inorganic calcium carbonate. They observed that the estimation method is

effective for polymer composites with CaCO3. The aim of this work is to obtain

calcium carbonate from seafood (mussels and oyster) shells and demonstrate that this

13
material can be reused as filler in polymer, based on thermal, chemical and physical

properties of calcium carbonate and mechanical and thermal properties of

polypropylene/calcium carbonate composite.

(https://www.scielo.br/j/mr/a/VSTFRC4pg6h3ZJWqsQQWKhj/?lang=en (Hamester,

2012)

Blue Ternate

Originating from Southeast Asia and Africa, butterfly pea is commonly used in

Thailand, Malaysia, and Vietnam. The colorful flowers, deep lavender blue to

violet, are often dried and used as a food dye. Most commonly, butterfly pea dye

is used to tint rice both in savory and dessert dishes. The flowers are steeped to

color an after-dinner caffeine-free tea blue, made with honey and lemon. The

acidity of the lemon enhances the color even further, by creating a deep purple

hue. Combined with the edible flower, roselle hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa),  the

tea turns bright red. The flower dye seems to take on different hues depending on

the pH of the additive. ( Smith, M. 2022)

A relatively easily maintained, herbaceous twining vine, the butterfly pea

produces deep blue to purple flowers capable of blooming nearly year-round (Park

and Knox, 2016). Being drought tolerant and possessing a high growth rate, this

popular ornamental is often found wild in its native Asian habitat or cultivated in

gardens and landscapes. It also has a deep history as a medicinal herb (Makasana et

al., 2017; Rojas-Sandoval, 2018). The flowers, leaves, young shoots and tender pods

are all edible and commonly consumed, and the leaves can also be used as a green

colorant (Mukherjee et al., 2008).

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Color-Changing Anthocyanin

The largest group of phenolic pigments, anthocyanins, are primarily associated

with the antioxidant and colorant properties of the flower or fruit they are in. These

same compounds are directly responsible for the blue, purple, pink, red and orange

colors found in plants. In butterfly pea flowers, the main anthocyanin responsible for

the deep blue to purple color is delphinidin. Siti Azima et al. found that with a

significantly higher color density (CD) and chroma (C) value, BPFE has a more

intense, vivid and saturated color than other natural colorants they tested.

Also unique to BPFE is the ability of the extract to change color; four different

colored forms of the anthocyanin exist, and they can be changed back and forth purely

based on the pH. In the flowers, the deep blue to purple color is caused by a near-

equal mixture of the flavylium (red) and quinoidal (blue) forms. When the pH is

lowered, usually through the addition of a mild acid like lemon or lime juice, there is

more of the flavylium (red) form and the BPFE will appear pink or light purple

instead. When the pH is raised, the quinoidal (blue) and chalcone (yellow) forms are

both present, leading to a green color. This is commonly achieved through the

addition of the spice saffron due to its alkalinity (Chu et al., 2016).

Related Studies

Based on the Researcher, Asia was the largest oyster shellfish exporter until

2004, but currently, Europe is the leading exporter in the world. In Asian countries,

the major exporters are South Korea, China, and Japan, even though Southeast Asian

countries are also constant exporters of oysters. According to the Southeast Asian

Fisheries Development Center, Southeast Asia’s total production of oysters from

15
aquaculture in 2016 was 40.5 thousand tonnes, which was mainly produced in

Thailand and the Philippines.

The fisheries sector in the Philippines is important for the economy to provide

sustainable employment and income, and there has been a positive growth rate in

fisheries production since the year 2000. In particular, the Philippines is an

archipelago that has numerous suitable sites for oyster farming. The 17 provinces of

oyster farms are located in the regions I, IV, and VI. In particular, Cavite and

Pangasinan account for the majority of the oyster production. The Bulacan and Cavite

regions in the Philippines, which are close to Metro Manila City, capital of the

country, accounted for approximately 28% of the total national oyster production (5.9

million tons per year) during the period of 2015–2017 . Raw oysters and byproducts

comprise a major part of the local fishery industry. As oyster and mussel farming are

growing industries with little capital investment and moderate labor skills in the

Philippines, the livelihood of the local communities heavily relies on these industries;

currently, the Philippines has larger potential industries, suggested by FAO for the

Philippines Government. In the Bulacan region, oyster farming is highly vulnerable

due to urbanization and global warming. A lack of adequate waste treatment has

caused serious problems by the outlet of oyster waste. Marilao River in Bulacan

particularly carries untreated waste to Manila Bay and the residents nearby Marilao

are still dumping their garbage into the river. Moreover, a rise in mean air temperature

can stimulate the occurrence of red tide. Although Bulacan has been free from red

tide, there is still a possibility of the occurrence of red tide due to discharge from

waste and climate change in the future. Cavite is another place where oyster farming

is a major industry that has a similar problem to Bulacan. The Cavite local

government warned local government units (LGUs) that sanctions and punishment

16
will be implemented in the case of not shutting down open dump sites, since open

dump sites are illegal under the law. More concern comes from the fact that Cavite,

where more than 3.6 million residents are living, does not have a landfill area.

Thailand, known as a country rich in oysters and bivalve products for 50 years, is

facing a decrement in these natural bivalve products due to the overconsumption and

unlimited harvest from the gradual expansion of the coastal community. The decline

in natural harvesting with increasing demand from the domestic consumption market

encourages the government to boost coastal aquaculture development. Three main

species involved in aquaculture are shrimp, fish, and bivalves. Most of the area is

devoted to shrimp cultivation due to it having the highest economic value compared

to the total export value of coastal farming. Oysters are sensitive to environmental

conditions, and other than the brackish water requirement, its survival rate and the

density of oysters per cultivating area are largely influenced by alkalinity, salinity,

pH,NO3, and NH4-N of water, and two ost well-known oyster-culture areas are Ban

Don, Suratthani Province, and Ang Sila, Chonburi Province.

The Bulacan and Cavite regions are facing serious environmental pollution with

oyster farming of the local communities and the side effects of climate change.

Discharging eutrophic waste water from the urban areas and an increase in air

temperature generate a possibility of red tides alongside the coastal areas. This

harmful algal bloom is catastrophic to oyster farms, contaminating and killing oysters.

Furthermore, ocean acidification, caused by the increase in the atmospheric CO2

concentration, also suppresses oyster production by accelerating the decomposition of

the oyster shell. These environmental disasters can deteriorate the environmental

quality and livelihood of the local community.

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The oyster shell waste reutilization methods are not comprehensive knowledge in

Thailand; most of the shell use in Thailand is still in the small-scale raw application of

the waste shell. The villagers in the oyster farming area use the ground up, dried shell

to feed the geese since the shell is a source rich in calcium. The small marine

organisms and larvae use the artificial reef of oyster shells for their shelter; this

oyster-shell reef not only attracts marine life but also helps mitigate some of the

coastal erosion. Kuykendall et al. suggest the use of cracked oyster shell as clutch

materials for oyster recruitment. The cracked oysters shells have a better ability in

oyster recruitment than the whole shells. Nevertheless, the application of the waste

shell is not only limited to the raw usages. The study by Klathae described the

utilization of oyster waste as the component for interlocking block production. The

different ratio of crushed oyster shell powder from 0 to 50 percent was used as cement

substitution. The study showed that blocks with 10 and 20 percent of crushed oyster

shell have the comparable pressure resistance of the commercial interlocking blocks.

The similar methods were acknowledged in various areas, especially in the

aquaculture zone. In many oyster farming villages, the waste oyster shell is burnt and

applied in cement-substitute manufacture. The oyster shell’s main component is

CaCO3 which transforms into lime, CaO, under the proper heat treatment. The

produced CaO can be used as a mixture for Portland cement production and its

application in construction, agriculture, and painting.

Oyster shell also has some application in the water reservoir system. Sawawin et al.

[16] described the study of using the lime produced from the waste shell for water

treatment by the Alum Coagulation Process. Lime utilized from waste shell have the

comparable capability in pH adjustment and coagulation media to commercial lime.

The researcher noticed that the aggregation and sedimentation of the colloid particles

18
were faster and the turbidity of the wastewater reduced significantly with the

application of shell lime. A similar adaptation of waste oyster shells in Thailand is as

filter media for the fish pond system. Oyster shells have an exceptionally stabilizing

effect on the pH value, an indicator for water carbonate hardness, and consequently,

indirectly on the pH value. However, this utilization of waste shell is still on a small

scale, none of the processes advanced enoumall scale, none of the processes advanced

enough to be commercialized or applied in the country’s waste processor units.

(https://www.mdpi.com/2313-4321/4/3/35/pdf .) (Chilakala, R.; Thannaree, C.; Shin,

E.J.; Thenepalli, T.; Ahn, J.W.  2019)

Synthesis

The presence of homemade colored chalk in the community especially at

home, school, and even in offices is really important that serves as a utensils for

emergency cases. Oyster shells are mainly composed of layers of foliated micro

structure and lenses of chalk, a highly porous, apparently poorly organized and

mechanically weak material. We performed a structural and crystallographic study of

both materials, paying attention to the transitions between them. The morphology and

crystallography of the laths comprising both micro structures are similar. The main

differences were, in general, crystallographic orientation and texture. Whereas the

foliated micro structure has a moderate sheet texture, with a defined 001 maximum,

the chalk has a much weaker sheet texture, with a defined 011 maximum. This is

striking because of the much more disorganized aspect of the chalk. We hypothesize

that part of the unanticipated order is inherited from the foliated micro structure by

means of, possibly, twinning. Growth line distribution suggests that during chalk

formation, the mantle separates from the previous shell several times faster than for

the foliated material. A shortage of structural material causes the chalk to become

19
highly porous and allows crystals to reorient at a high angle to the mantle surface,

with which they continue to keep contact. In conclusion, both materials are

structurally similar and the differences in orientation and aspect simply result from

differences in growth conditions.

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 CHAPTER III

Methodology

This chapter shows and describe the materials, methods, experimental designs

and treatments, cultural management and procedures, the statistical tools,and analysis

of data.

Design Criteria

The method used in this study was the experimental method of

research.Experimental research, as opposed to simple instructional development, has

been defined as the systematic study of designing, developing, and evaluating

instructional programs, processes, and products, that must meet the criteria or factors

of internal consistency and effectiveness. Experimental research is particularly

important in the field of instructional technology. The most common types of

experimental research involve situations in which the product-development process is

analyzed and described and the final product is evaluated. A second type of

experimental research focuses more on the impact of the product on the learner or the

organization. A third type of study is oriented toward a general analysis of design

experiment or evaluation processes as a whole or as components, A fundamental

distinction should be made between reports of actual experimental procedural models

or samples. Although it has frequently been misunderstood,experimental research has

contributed much to the growth of the field as a whole, often serving as a basis for

model construction and theorizing.

21
 Experimental Design

The experimental design used in this study was the Completely Randomized

Design (CDR) in which a group of Colored Chalk was studied only once but there is

phytocolorant were conducted to determine its of durability, color consistency,

erasability and applicability. There was control in the phytocolorants and the subjects

underwent randomization procedure (Calmorin, 1985).

Table 1 presents the tools, materials, and equipment needed for the

development and utilization of flower extract pigments to colored chalk. Some

materials were bought and some were readily available on the residence of the

researcher.

Table 1 presents the materials and the treatments used in this study.

Materials Tools

Talaba (oyster) Shell Mortar & pestle

Blue Ternate Extract Gloves

Water Strainer

Plaster of paris Container

Mixing bowl

Mixing spoon

Hammer

Weighing Scale

Syringe

Plastic Straw

Silk Screen Cloth

22
Materials, Treatments, and Processes Used in the study of Talaba Colored Chalk

with Phytocolorant.

Table 2 presents the materials, treatments, and processes used in the study.

Treatment A. Used 50 mg of plaster of paris, 50 mg of pulverized talaba shell

and 20 ml of phytocolorant extract.

Treatmen B. Used 30 mg of plaster of paris, 70 mg of pulverized talaba shell,

and 20 ml of phytocolorant extract.

Treatment C. Used 70 mg of plaster of paris, 30 pulverized talaba shell, and

20 ml of phytocolorant.

Table 2. Materials, treatments, and processes used in the study of Talaba coored

chalk with phytocolorant.

Materials Treatments

A B C

Pulverized Talaba 50 mg 70 mg 30 mg

(oyster) shell

Blue Ternate Extract 20 ml 20 ml 20 ml

Plaster of Paris 50 mg 30 mg 70 mg

Procedure

The cultural management, general and specific procedures are presented in

this study.

23
Cultural Management:

Figure 1 shows the general procedure composed of Seven (7) major steps

intended for this study. The processes involve in conducting this experimental

research were as follows: preparation, pulverizing, filterizing, squeezing of extract,

mixing, molding, and drying.

General Procedures

(Experimental Layout)

Preparation

Pulverizing

Filtering

Squizing of Extract

Mixing

Molding

Drying

Figure 1. Experimental Layout

Procedures Applied in Making Pulverized Talaba (oyster) shell as Talaba

Colored Chalk.

24
Specific Procedures:

1. Gather all the materials and tools needed.

2. Wash the talaba shell and let it dry

3. Get the hammer smashed it into smaller pieces.

4. Get a stainer to separate the pulverized to non pulverized.

5. Get a thin cloth to filter the pulverized talaba shell until there is no lumps can

be seen.

6. Wash your materials for using as extract

7. Grate your materials such as; Bet Root and Turmeric

8. Then squeez all the material blue ternate until you get its extract.

9. Weigh and measure the Talaba shell, blue ternate, and plaster of paris.

10. Mold it in plastic straw

11. Let it dry.

Data Gathering

The research instrument used in this study was the evaluation sheet. It deals

with the factors used to evaluate the product samples in terms of durability, color

consistency, erasability, and applicability. These include 15 evaluators that responds

to the categories used and each category was given a corresponding weight or rank

value the same with the mean interval.

25
 Scoring Variables

1. Color Consistency

Score Mean interval Quality Description

5 4.21-5.00 Superior

4 3.41-4.20 Very Good

3 2.61-3.40 Good

2 1.81- 2.60 Satisfactory

1 1.00- 1.80 Very poor

2. Durability

Score Mean interval Quality Description

5 4.21-5.00 Very Durable

4 3.41-4.20 Durable

3 2.61-3.40 Moderately Durable

2 1.81-2.60 Less Durable

1 1.00-1.80 Least Durable

3.Erasability

Score Mean interval Quality Description

5 4.21-5.00 Very Erasable

4 3.41-4.20 Erasable

3 2.61-3.40 Moderately Erasable

2 1.81-2.60 Less Erasable

26
 1 1.00-1.80 Least Erasable

4. For Applicability of the product

Score Mean interval Quality Description

5 4.21-5.00 Very Applicable

4 3.41-4.20 Applicable

3 2.61-3.40 Moderately Applicable

2 1.81- 2.60 Less Applicable

1 1.00- 1.80 Least Applicable

Statistical Data Analysis

The gathered data were analyzed with the use of statistical tools such as mean, t-

test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) or F–test. All inferential tests were set at 0.05

alpha levels. The gathered data were computer-processed by the use of Statistical

Package for Social Science (SPSS).

Mean was used to determine the suitability of Talaba (Oyster) Shell as an alternative

main ingredient in making colored chalk in terms of durability, color consistency,

erasability and applicability.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical tool utilized in the analysis of data was mean. Mean was computed

to determine the color consistency, durability, erasability and its applicability.

27
Where:

The gathered data were analyzed with the use of the following statistical tools:

frequency count, percentage, mean, F- test, and t-test.

The mean formula is: (Downie and Heath, 1986)

∑X

X = ———

Where:

X = is the Mean

∑ X = is the summation of raw scores

N = is the number of respondent

To find out whether there was significant difference on the utilization of Talaba

(Oyster) Shell as an alternative main ingredient in making colored chalk in terms of

color consistency, durability, erasability, and applicability. t-test was used.

The formula is ( Downie and heath, 1986).

_ _

X1- x2

t = ———————

S.E.D. X

Where:

t - is the t- value

28
X1 - is the mean of the first variable

X2 - is the mean of the second variable

S.E.D X - is the standard error of the difference

between means.

Cost Analysis

The cost analysis of tools, materials used including the projected cost labor

were presented below:

29
Table 3. Cost of Tools and Materials

Quantity Unit Description Value Remarks

Tools

Mortar andPestle 1 pc Marmol Owned

bottle Container 4 pcs Plastic Collected

Mixing bowl 4 pc Plastic Owned

Mixing spoon 3 pc Plastic Collected

Gloves 1 pc Plastic Owmed

Hammer 4 pcs Metal Owned

Plastic Straw 100 pc Plastic Collected

Weighing Scale 1 pc Plastic Borrowed

Syringe 1 pc Plastic Php 8.00 Purchased

Engredients

Plaster of Paris 1/4kl powder Php 15.00 Purchased

Materials

Blue Ternate 225 gm flower Collected

Flower

Water 250 ml Owned

Silk Screen ¼m Mist Owned

Total Php 23.00

30
Labor was equal to 40% of the cost of materials

Labor = Php 29.2 (cost of materials)

Overall amount /expenses = Php 52.2

Summary of Expenses of nine (9) Products/Samples

If 40 % the labor was added to the cost of materials, the total cost of the

products therefore was:

Labor - Php 29.2

Cost of Materials - Php 23.00

Project Cost - Php 52.2 / 12 mixture( including the all treatment

made)

Cost - Php 4.35

Almost fifty (50) percent will be save by the consumers compare to the commercial

product in the market. Since the commercial product costing Php 52 per box.

Experimental Design

Utilization of Talaba shell as Colored Chalk

Treatment Treatment
31
B C
 Treatment

Color Consistency, Durability,

Quality result of fruit and flower extract as natural

Figure 2. Experimental Design.

RESEARCH METHOD

This study used developmental and experimental method of research:

Developmental method is the problem-solving approach that attempts to follow most

closely some of the common research in physical and biological science (Thompson,

1999). In this study the researcher develops the abundance of the flowers and waste shell

32
in the surrounding and in the locality to produce and create a new product which very

useful to the students’ and even to the local artist who wishes to used such product as

environmentally friendly utilizing the talaba (oyster) shell and flower extract.

Experimental method of research is defined by Good (1972) as a method of

procedure including control and manipulation of condition for studying the relative effect

of various treatment applied to members of different samples.

In this study the researcher studies the effect of application of the suitability of Talaba

(Oyster) Shell as an alternative main ingredient in making colored chalk in terms of

durability, color consistency, erasability and applicability. The effectiveness and its

applicability on the develop materials in producing the pigment will be the basis for the

acceptability of the product made and develop and a possible production of the product

using the existing materials such as talaba (oyster) shell, and blue ternate flowers in the

locality of the researcher.

The researcher will observed and apply different and series of test to arrive the

effectiveness of the product in the different treatment applied and produce from the

Talaba (Oyster) Shell as an alternative main ingredient in making colored chalk in terms

of durability, color consistency, erasability and applicability.

CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The data gathered are presented, analyzed, and interpreted in this chapter. The

data are presented through textual discussion followed by tables.

Suitability of Talaba Shell in Making Colored

Results shows that the suitability of Talaba Shell in making colored chalk in

terms of color consistency durability, and erasability.

For Color consistency, treatment A has the mean of 4.40 was interpreted as

“Superior” as evaluated by the evaluators. Treatment B got the mean of 3.85 as

interpreted as “Very Good ” and treatment C has the mean of 4.60 as interpreted as

“Superior ” shown in table 2.

The result shows that the treatment A and treatment C has the best result in

color consistency when the colored chalk from Talaba Shell were used for writing in

the blackboard. While the treatment B shas also quality result for color consistency.

Table 2. Suitability of Talaba Shell in Making Colored Chalk in Terms of Color

For Durability on suitability of Talaba Shell in making colored chalk.

Treatment A has the mean of 4.55 and interpreted as “Very Durable” as evaluated by

the respondents, while treatment B has the mean of 4.00 and interpreted as “Durable”.

Treatment C got the mean of 4.65 as interpreted as Very Durable”. It shows among

three (3) treatments, treatment A and C were the most durable colored chalk from

talaba when used for writing in the board or even other surface applicable for used.

For erasability on suitability of Talaba Shell in making colored chalk.

Treatment A has the mean of 4.50 and interpreted as “Very Erasable” as evaluated by

the respondents, while treatment B has the mean of 4.05 and interpreted as

“Erasable”. Treatment C got the mean of 4.50 as interpreted as Very Erasable”. The

34
results revealed that both treatment A and treatment C were easily to removed from

the surface apply and less powder produce.

Table 2. Suitability of Talaba Shell in Making Colored Chalk in Terms of Color

Treatment Color consistency Durability Erasability Average Verbal

A 4.40 4.55 4.50 4.48 Very Acceptable

B 3.85 4.00 4.55 4.13 Acceptable

C 4.60 4.65 4.50 4.58 Very

TOTAL 12.85 13.2 13.55 13.19

Average 4.28 4.4 4.516 4.40 Very

Legend: Scale
4.21 – 5.00
3.41 – 4.20
2.61 – 3.40
1.81 – 2.60
1.00 – 1.80

Applicability of the Product as

Table 3 revealed that the Applicability of the Product as Applied in

Blackboard the mean of treatment A was 4.50 with the verbal interpretation of “Very

Acceptable” as evaluated by the respondents, treatment B has the mean of 3.95 and

verbal interpretation of “Acceptable”. While treatment C has the mean of 4.60 with

the verbal interpretation of “Very Acceptable”. This simply show that the treatment A

and C were very acceptable when apply to the blackboard as writing materials.

35
Table 3. Determine the applicability of the product as applied in blackboard

Treatment Average Verbal

A 4.50 Very Acceptable

B 3.95 Acceptable

C 4.60 Very Acceptable

TOTAL 14.05

Average 4.68 Very Acceptable

Legend: Scale
4.21 – 5.00
3.41 – 4.20
2.61 – 3.40
1.81 – 2.60
1.00 – 1.80

Significant difference in the applicability

Table 4 reflects that there was a significant difference in the applicability of

treatment A, treatment B and Treatment C. because the significance of the computed

F- value of 6.730 was less than 0.05 alpha. This implies that the applicability of the

three treatment differs in the application of the surface used.

Table 4. Significant difference in the applicability of treatment A, treatment B

Source of Sum- of- df Mean Computed F- value Sig.

36
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
¯¯¯
Between
Groups 4.90 2 1.450
6.730 0.002 s
Within
Groups 25.650 57 0.364

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the study, conclusions drawn from the

findings, and suggested recommendations.

37
 Summary

This study was conducted to develop Talaba Shell “Crassostrea Iredalei” as a

colored chalk specifically, this study aimed to:1. Determine the suitability of Talaba

Shell as an alternative ingredient in making colored chalk in terms of color

consistency, durability, and erasability 2. Determine the applicability of the three

(3)product/treatment as applied in blackboard 3. Find out if there is a significant

difference in the applicability of treatment A, treatment B and Treatment C in the

blackboard surface

The experimental design used in this study was the Completely Randomized

Design (CDR) in which a group of Colored Chalk was studied only once but there is

phytocolorant were conducted to determine its of durability, color consistency,

erasability and applicability. There was control in the phytocolorants and the subjects

underwent randomization procedure (Calmorin, 1985).

The research instrument used in this study was the evaluation sheet. It deals

with the factors used to evaluate the product samples in terms of durability, color

consistency, erasability, and applicability. These include 15 evaluators that responds

to the categories used and each category was given a corresponding weight or rank

value the same with the mean interval.

There were response categories used and each category was given

corresponding weight or rank value. This was the basis of the respondents in

determine the acceptability of the product presented by the researcher.

Conclusions

38
 On the basis of the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn:

The overall level of Acceptability of the product was described as follows:

1. The Talaba Shell with phytocolorant can be made into a colored chalk based

on the following three (3) factors: color consistency, durability, and erasability.

For Color Consistency, both treatment A and C were interpreted as “superior”

while the treatment B is “very good” as the result when the colored chalk from Talaba

Shell with phytocolorants were used for writing in the blackboard.

For Durability, both treatment A and C were interpreted as “very durable”

while the treatment B is “durable” as the result when the colored chalk from Talaba

Shell when used for writing in the board or even other surface applicable for used.

For Erasability, both treatment A and C were interpreted as “very erasable”

while the treatment B is “erasable” as the result when the colored chalk from Talaba

Shell were easily to removed from the surface apply and less powder produce.

2. Treatment A , B, and C of Talaba shell colored chalk can be applied and

used for writing in the board or even other surfaces applicable for used considering

the factors and processes involved to its application.

3. There was a significant difference of applicability between the treatment A,

treatment B, and Treatment C in terms of its color consistency, durability and

erasability.

Recommendations

39
 Based on the findings and conclusions, the researcher’s offer some

recommendations. Although the respondents accepted the researcher’s product, it is

recommended for further study.

1. The researcher recommend for further studies on the other aspects of creating

chalk from the Shell of Talaba and also making chalk from other waste shell

2. The researcher recommend for further studies regarding other plants, fruits,

and flowers that can also be used as natural pigment in making colored chalk

3. The researcher recommend for further studies to find natural or create

homemade plaster aside from plaster of paris which can be used in making

chalk.

4. The Researcher would like to recommend further studies on the applicability

of talaba colored chalk in other surface not only limited to blackboard.

5. The Researcher would like to recommend enhancing the quality of the product

considering the factors:color consistency, durability and erasability.

40