OROMIA EDUCATION BUREAU

CIVIC AND ETHICAL EDUCATION

HANDOUT PREPARED FOR
GRADE 11

APRIL, 2020

By: Taye Lemma Negewo

e-mail: [email protected]

Mob: 0912314743

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CIVICS AND ETHICAL EDUCATION HANDOUT FOR GRADE 11, 2012 E.C
Second Semester Content.
Unit 6 (six): Responsibility
Introduction: In this unit, you will learn more about your responsibilities. As a member of
society, you have certain moral and legal obligations to observe. Your existence is intimately
linked with your environment and you have a responsibility to protect it. Both as citizen, and as a
human being, you have the responsibility to help combat the spread of HIV/AIDS. When you fill
your responsibilities you are contributing to the development of the country.

Lessons:

1. Citizens‟ Obligations in Society.

2. Responsibility for the consequences of one‟s own Actions.
3. Responsibility in respecting moral and legal Obligations on society.
4. Responsibility for protecting the environment.
5. Responsibility to overcome Wastage of public property.
6. Responsible behavior against HIV/AIDS.

At the end of the unit; you will be able to:

 Understand the responsibilities of citizens in society.

 Appreciate the responsibilities of citizens to protect the environment.
 Recognize the responsible behavior expected of citizens to stop HIV/AIDS.
Key words and concepts
 Citizens‟ obligations legal obligations
 Environmental responsibility moral obligations
 Environmentalist Upholding the constitution
 Responsibility is the state of being answerable and accountable for our personal,
collective and other actions and behaviors. It‟s a duty of a person or groups to do or not
to do something.
 Obligation has a greater weight than responsibility based on the punishment it follows.
 Features of responsible citizens are:
 He/she is reliable, trustworthy and dependable.

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  Gained knowledge, skills and experience.
 Benefits others and the society at large.
 Develops independence and self-esteem.
Brainstorming question: what are some of the features of irresponsible citizens?
Lesson one: Citizens’ Obligations in Society.
Brainstorming question: What are some of the obligations you have in society?
Every person in society has some obligations to undertake. Fulfilling obligations is the basis of
social life and allows you to use your rights. Some of the obligations citizens have in society
include the following:
Participation in the political process
In a democracy, citizens have the right to participate to make their own life better. Thus, as a
citizen, you have the right to debate on public issues so as to influence government policy
makers. Also, you have the right to take part in elections, and contribute to the development of
your community and the country. If you fail to exercise this right, you may make your life worse
as your view might not be put forward.
Negotiate and compromise to resolve conflicts
Individuals and groups may have conflicts or misunderstandings on issues but, what is important
is to be able to solve them. Conflicts occur for many reasons but all should be settled peacefully.
Compromise: Occurs when parties in conflict agree to give up some of their demands and accept
the rights of others. It uses win-win strategy.
Negotiation: Is one way of alternative conflict resolution mechanism in which the conflicting
parties discuss on issues without the involvement of third party and finally reach on agreement
and common solution. Negotiation and compromise are key to resolving conflicts. You have to
be able to develop an ability to negotiate and compromise in order to live in peace.
Appreciating individual and group differences
Individuals are different both physically and in their ideas. For example, you might be tall or
short, fat or thin. When it comes to viewpoints you can be different
from your friends. Differences in opinions and viewpoints among individuals or groups create
the opportunity to develop and gain better ideas to share.
You have to develop a culture of appreciating individual and group differences. This helps create
a good environment in which you can work together with others.

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Paying fair taxes
What factors affects the provisions of social services?
Social development can be achieved when a government has money to invest in its development.
Most of the money is obtained from taxes that citizens pay from their earnings and when they
buy goods. You are required to pay proportional to the income you earn and generate. This is
very important to build schools, hospitals and health care centers etc.
Lesson two: Responsibility for the consequences of one’s own Actions.
Brainstorming question: Explain what is meant by „promise‟ in a social context?
Describe how executing responsibilities have either rewarding or punishing consequences?
One of our responsibilities is keeping promise. However, people may frequently keep and broke
promise due to many factors like lack of time, knowledge and commitment. Breaking promises
can lead to serious problem both at time and in the future. Example:
 It create social acceptance
 It create disrespect unlikely re –elected in the future especially politicians
 Lack of trust.
 People may refuse to take extra- responsibility because of fear of failure, sacrifice of
other interest, extra burdens etc.
 Failing to be responsible will often lead to a person missing out on future opportunities.
 Failing to contribute to enhance democracy could give way to dictatorship.
 Democratic process in the country can be strengthened when every citizens has a role to
play.
Generally, if an individual fulfills his/ her responsibility in the society; he/she might be rewarded
and given further responsibility near the future.
Lesson three: Responsibility in respecting moral and legal Obligations on society.
In order to shoulder and discharge responsibilities; socialization (learning process) is essential
requisite.
Socialization is a continuous which exceeds from childhood until old age. Parents and school are
the major agents of socialization. Parents are the prime agents.
Moral obligations: are expected actions as members of human society. They are not only
confined to citizens but also government should undertake. Example:
 Helping the needy, aiding the poor

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  Telling the truth
It is obligation arising from ethical motives. Springs from a sense of justice and equity that an
honorable person would have and not from a moral sense of doing benevolence or charity.
Social morality is built on the norms, values and ethical standards of people who live in it.
Legal obligations: are expected and compulsory actions performed where there is interaction.
Law imposes a Legal obligation that specifies the type of actions permitted, forbidden or
required. Example:
 To obey and observe laws and constitution.
 To respect the rights of others
 To discharge the responsibility on the basis of accountability and transparency.
Thus, legal obligation means respecting the constitution and other laws of the country.
Lesson four: Responsibility for protecting the environment.
Brainstorming question: give one example of how you can help to protect the environment?
 One of our responsibilities of citizens is the protection and preservation of the
environment and cultural heritages.
Environment is the sum of the surrounding external conditions with in which all living and non-
living things exist, including the interactions between them as well as the product of their
interactions. The environment is the area that you live in and the natural world around you. Our
environment is the source of life and its very foundation.

It is shared by all that exists in it. It is the responsibility ofevery human being to protect the
environment for a better life. You have a role to protect and preserve the environment to make it a place
comfortable to live in. The preservation and protection of trees, vegetation‟s and wildlife is
needed. We have to keep the land, air and water clean and free from destruction
and pollution. There are different types of vegetation andwildlife in the different parts of the
world. There are plants and animals found only in Ethiopia. For example, the Walia Ibex in the
Semien Mountains National Park and the Red Fox in the Bale Mountains National Park are
found only in this country. It is in the best interest of Ethiopians to protect this wildlife. It is also
important to protect the forests of the country where the wildlife lives.

Citizens have a responsibility to replant trees where they are sparse or destroyed. Protecting the
natural vegetation enriches the topsoil and maintains its fertility.

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This in turn helps develop agriculture in order to feed people. Mismanagement of the
environment poses health risks and brings about ecological crisis.

Your responsibility extends far beyond preserving the natural environment. It includes caring for the
cultural and historical heritage. Preserving the cultural and historical heritages means protecting
the achievements of generations of the past. Cultural artifacts and historical heritages, such as
obelisks and monuments have to be preserved as these are links between the generations of the
past, present and future. They are living testimonies to the history and culture of the people who
had once lived on the land. Preserving them has rewards for people who are living now and those
in the future. One of the rewards is the income generated through tourism. Eco-tourism in the
country will be able to generate income to promote development. This will contribute to improving the
living standards of the people.

Lesson five: Responsibility to overcome Wastage of public property.

Brainstorming question:
 Explain what public properties are.
 Explain how to avoid wastage of public property.

Public property is land or buildings that are for the use of everyone. This may include all those
properties in your school, public toilets in your surroundings and others. Public properties also
include those owned by government like power generating plants, electric power transmission
towers across the country, roads, telecommunication networks and hospitals. These are public property
and are important for citizens who require their services. As a citizen, you have the responsibility
to protect such properties for future use. You might have heard that some individuals dismantle high-
tension transmission towers for their selfish interests. This act causes power disruption. Factories
on the same network are forced to stop production. This in turn damages the national economy.
You have a responsibility to protect public property from destruction and expose those who are
involved in such a harmful activity. You have a part to play in caring for public property, starting with
your own family and school property. Public schools are run with the taxpayers‟ money. Every
citizen who earns an income must pay some tax to support him or her.

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The tax collected in the country is allotted to construct schools, hospitals, roads, airports,
telecommunication networks, hydroelectric power plants, universities, research centers and other
institutions. At present you are using the facilities of your school. If you join a university you
will use the facilities there. At home you may have electricity, running water and telephone services.
These services continue to reach every household when you play a role to protect them from those who
cause destruction.

REMEMBER:
 You have a responsibility to protect public property from destruction.
 As a student, your part in caring for public property starts with taking care of school property.
 Legal punishment is enforced on those who destroy and misuse public property.
 Public property is land or buildings used by citizens.
 You should have pride in protecting your surroundings.
Lesson six: Responsible behavior against HIV/AIDS.
Brainstorming question:
 Explain the history of HIV/AIDS.
 Describe how HIV/AIDS is transmitted.
 Explain how you protect yourself from HIV/AIDS.
 List three ways a person can contract HIV.
There are different viewpoints surrounding the rise and development of HIV/AIDS. So far, the origins of
HIV and first cases of AIDS are not clear. The illness first came to be known in the early
1980‟sin the USA. Some would like to push the origin of HIV as far back as the 1940‟s but there is no
solid evidence for this.
There are a number of theories on the origin of AIDS.HIV is a virus that is contracted through
the exchange of body fluids. It weakens an infected person‟s immune system so that, when they contract
an illness, their body is not able to fight to get better. This means that the person is likely to die
of the illness, such as TB or bronchitis.
The person would then be said to have had AIDS. An exchange of body fluid can occur in many
different ways; here are some of the most common in Ethiopia:
• Unprotected sex.
• From mother to baby during birth.
• From mother to baby while breast feeding.

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 • Through unsterilized equipment when tattooing, scarring, circumcising or during female
genital mutilation. The risk of contracting HIV in Ethiopia is high and, due to its rapid spread across
the country, we have to take great care to avoid infections. One way to help protect ourselves is by using
a condom when having sex as this creates a barrier between body fluids. Another way is to make
sure that equipment used to cut the body is properly sterilized. It is advisable to have an HIV test.
If you are an expectant mother who has HIV then your baby does not necessarily have to
contract the virus. Most babies become infected during birth; however this risk can be reduced if
a woman takes action soon enough. She needs treatment during her pregnancy and her baby
should be treated at birth and over the first 7 days. Another reason you should be tested for HIV
is because you need to start treatment as soon as possible. If you wait to see symptoms, then it may be
too late for you to receive treatment. We need to make sure we take every precaution to protect
ourselves, and those around us, from contracting the virus. It is important that we are tested for
the virus so that we can get treatment if we have it and protect others from getting it.

Unit six review exercises/questions

I. Write True if the statement is correct and False if it’s incorrect.
1. Ethiopia has currently agricultural strategy that is depend on the industry.
2. There is no group responsibility without performing individual responsibility.
3. Irresponsible citizens are aware of their responsibility and know their rights and obligations.
4. Discharging responsibility is comes with no any cost.
5. HIV/AIDS pandemic is different from other types of pandemics because it mostly affects
peoples of sub-Saharan Africa.

II. Match items listed under column “B” with column “A” with their appropriate answers.

”A” “B”
6. Character of responsible person A. Gain social acceptance and recognition
7. Character of irresponsible person B. Voluntary counseling and testing
8. Technique of combating HIV/AIDS C. Reduction of labor supply
9. Effects of HIV/AIDS at national level D. Reliable and trustful
10. Benefits of discharging responsibility E. Have low self –esteem and harm others
F. Protection of national property

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III. Choose the best answer for the following questions from a given alternatives.
11. Responsible citizens of a country are expected to stand against all of the following except:
A. Genocide B. Virtuousness C. Drug trafficking D. Terrorism
12. One of the following is the requirement for responsible person. It is to be:
A. Irrational and absurd B. Irresolute and precarious C. Ethical and moral D. Excessive
rigidity
13. One of the following is not among the national responsibilities of a democratic government :
A. Maintenance of law and order C. Protecting citizens well-being and property
B. Adopting a parliamentary system D. Provision of services to the society
14. Which of the following is true about the victims of HIV/AIDS?
A. HIV/AIDS victims do not like social life
B. The number of HIV/AIDS victims is very small in Ethiopia
C. HIV/AIDS is a threat against only the youth
D. HIV/AIDS victims have been discriminated due to the poor level of awareness
among the society
15. Which of the following is correct about responsibility for protecting the environment?
A. Much is expected from developing countries.
B. Each and every individual has a role to play
C. Clearing wild forest is a major component
D. It must be left to the ministry of environment
16. Which of the following is NOT considered as fulfilling responsibilities at the international
level?
A. Working with others to maintain global peace and prosperity
B. Supporting development projects aimed at solving local community problems
C. Supporting peace- keeping forces and activities to stop civil war
D. Fighting terrorism at the local, regional and global levels
17. Which of the following is true about globalization?
A. It has very limited influence on the current development of Ethiopia
B. It has little impact on cultural identities in developing countries
C. It has the same impact on developing and developed countries
D. It opens up the world for more interaction and interdependence

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18. What is the mechanism through which responsible citizens can influence the political
decisions of government officials?
A. Removal from the positions C. Giving money as bribe
B. Peaceful demonstration D. Intimidation using force
19. As a responsible citizens what would be your reaction if someone claimed to have the key to
the national exam and would sell it to you?
A. Inform my friends and relatives to benefit from the opportunity
B. Buy the key to use it during the time of the National exam
C. Refuse to buy the key but keep the information secret
D. Fight corruption by quickly alerting the concerned bodies
20. What is correct regarding deliberate transmission of HIV/AIDS?
A. It is considered as a suicide
B. It can be taken as a serious crime of homicide
C. It can be seen as part of the HIV/AIDS victims‟ attempt to share his/her pain
D. It can be taken as part of the HIV/AIDS patient‟s effort to exploit his/her rights and duties
21. All citizens have to execute their duties and responsibilities because it is important for:
A. The well-being of society C. Avoiding social security
B. Accumulation of wealth D. Abolishing economic difference
22. ____Refers to conflict resolution mechanism that refers to a procedure without involving the
suggestion of 3rd party is:
A. Mediation B. Arbitration C. Litigation D. Negotiation

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UNIT SEVEN: INDUSTRIOUSNESS
Introduction:
In this unit, you will be exploring the respect that different types of work deserve. You will
examine work ethics more deeply. You will also see the relationship between work and
economic development.
LESSON ONE: RESPECT FOR WORK.
Industriousness: means the habit of working hard with great care and devotion /commitment.
Work is usually refers to activities performed in the course of both job and careers. Job always
resulted in payment but work is no always. Work is the blood and flesh of human beings. People
who are industrious are achievement –oriented, self-disciplined, efficient, purposeful and
competent. In short industriousness is the virtue of working well. Some elements that make up
industriousness are:
 Punctuality (starting and leaving the work place on time).
 Perseverance (continuing a course of action without regard to discouragement,
opposition and previous failure). It‟s an aspect of fortitude.
 Neatness and order (keeping things in their order, cleaning up and doing distinct tasks in
their proper order).
 Finishing tasks (getting all the last details done and getting the finished).
 Teamwork (being able to coordinate your work with others).
 Attendance ( going to work every day)
 Courtesy (treating fellow workers with respect)
 Deportment (it is to be sober and to dress appropriately)
 Following order (it is to be ready to take orders)
 Responsibility (it is to observe all safety rules)
 Conduct ( it is to avoid stealing and taking anything without permission and cheating)
 Productivity ( it is to be engaged in work and be profitable).
Ethical work conduct is very important for any profession and it‟s the labor discipline that
usually designed to facilitate efficient working. They are applied to bring smooth working
environment. Not to take the rights and benefits of workers but to make the profession more
effective. So, they are rules and guide lines that a worker should respect and apply in his her
career.

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Example: proper dressing, punctuality, honesty, initiative, willingness to share ideas and
experience, no smoking, proper utilization of instruments of labor, improving professional skills,
working in harmony and cooperation. Therefore, failure to respect and apply those standards will
bring negative impact on the productivity of our work.
We need to respect all types of work because people may engage in different types of work in
order to get what they need and wants. Working hard is the only respectable and legal way to
earn money.
Factors that affect the world of work.
The following factors affect the world of work. These are:
 Sexism: refers to discrimination based on sex. Its related with wrong and traditional
thinking in which some professions are left for female and others enjoyed by male
counter parts. It‟s against gender equality.
 The way how we spend our leisure time is also another factor. It‟s advisable and
extremely important to spend your leisure time in refreshing our mind and involve in
harmless activities.
 Absenteeism: its being absent from work place either voluntary and involuntarily.
 Voluntary absenteeism-is unethical and undisciplined and unreported absence
from the work place.
 Involuntary absenteeism-refers to health related absence. It‟s excusable and
authorized.
 Political, economic and social conditions are also identified as other factors.
Job satisfaction: the real job satisfaction does not come from material gains but from
the process of performing the job effectively and seeing the real behavioral changes of
student (teachers), recover from pain and disease (medical work) etc. In order to have job
satisfaction there are few things to take into consideration. These are: interest in work,
financial reward, career growth and level of social interaction.
There are two forms of economic work:
 Entrepreneurial work is the work that owned and undertaken by entrepreneur
him/herself.
 Employment work is that of carrying out assigned tasks within an enterprise with
the person has a contract to work.

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 Hard work and development
We need to work because we need to satisfy our needs and wants. You have basic needs like food,
clothing and shelter. You also have wants, for example playing and entertainment. Human wants are
unlimited and, when a person gets something, he or she tends to want more. In poor countries most
people don‟t even have their basic needs satisfied. They need to change the situation to get themselves
out of poverty, but we need to support people to acquire their basic needs. One way to get
these basic needs is through working hard. By working hard it is possible to produce the goods and
services that are needed to get out of poverty. We need to develop the skills and provide opportunities so
that everyone can work their way out of poverty. Ethiopia is a very poor country. Almost half of
the people in the country are below the absolute poverty line. This means they don‟t eat three
meals a day, the minimum requirement for a person.
Part of the reason we are poor is because many do not work hard enough and, therefore, do not have
the opportunities to lead a better life. People who live in poverty could be taken out of their
misery if they were able to work hard to satisfy their basic needs. Therefore, with a combined effort,
we should struggle to fight poverty by working hard and developing the skills and opportunities in the country.
On the other hand, there are also people who work very hard in Ethiopia but, because of economic
circumstances and poor skill levels; they are not rewarded well for their efforts.
We need to change this situation by making the most of every opportunity that is given to
us. Some countries have been successful in providing all their citizens with their needs.
These countries are called developed countries. In developed countries the people have access to
education and health care. They get to choose from different types of goods and services they want
to consume. Other countries are not able to provide their people with their basic needs. These are
the less developed countries. Many people in developed countries work very hard. Because of this they
are able to produce more goods and services to consume. When you are able to produce more, then
you have more choice. After producing more you are more likely to satisfy your needs and want.
Similarly, if a country produces more than it needs, it could sell the surplus to other countries and earn
more money. For example, Ethiopia is well known for the coffee it produces and sells to other countries.
Coffee producers are now starting to get a good price for their coffee having made deals with
companies in the West.

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 Policies and strategies for development
Policies: are the general directions and plan that to be taken. It‟s what is supposed to be
implementing in the future through a lot of mechanisms. Such as educational, agricultural,
foreign relation, economic, industrial policies etc.
Strategies: are specific plans to implement policies. It‟s what actually implemented.
Effective policies and strategies are necessary for the acceleration of economic growth and
achieve sustainable development.
Effective policies and strategies are also necessary for the acceleration of economic growth
and development. An economic policy is a statement indicating the economic direction that the
country is going in. The economic policy of the country usually targets economic growth and
development. The specific ways through which the policy is implemented are called strategies.
Devising policies and strategies has to be done carefully after a lot of research and study on the
existing situation of the country. This is because good policies and strategies are ones that are
based on the individual circumstances of a country. The Ethiopian government has devised differ-
ent policies and strategies that it believes will help towards the development of the country. These
different policies and strategies relate to the different economic sectors.

The main strategy that the country uses for development today is called the Agri-
cultural Development Led Industrialization (ADLI).This development strategy is based on the
idea that, first the agricultural sector must develop, and then, from the development of the
agricultural sector, the industrial sector could develop. Under ADLI each economic sector has its own
detailed development strategy.

The government has a rural development strategy that is focused on the enhancement of
production and marketing of agricultural produce. This strategy is based on the idea that, if the
poor farmers in the country side could produce more and sell more, then they could increase their
income and live a better life. Ethiopia also has an industrialization strategy that is dependent on
what happens in the agricultural sector. This is because industrialization requires a lot of capital.
In order to get this capital the strategy says that, first the agricultural sector must develop, and
then the additional output in agriculture will be sold to generate the capital for the industrial
sector. It will then be possible to develop the industrial sector.

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 The other important economic sector which the government is concentrating on is
capacity building. Capacity building is increasing the ability of implementing a desired activity.
This means that, if you plan to perform something, you need to have the capacity to actually implement
it. In Ethiopia the capacity to implement is relatively weak and it is important to strengthen it. In order to
build capacity the country needs an educated work force. Therefore, education is an important.

Good policies and strategies have the following quality and characteristics.
 Endorsed: the policy has support of management. I.e. action speaks louder than words.
 Relevancy: the policy applicable to the organization.
 Realistic: the policy makes a sense.
 Attainable: the policy can be successfully implemented.
 Adaptable: the policy can accommodate the change.
 Enforcement: the policy has the feature of statutory.
 Inclusive: the policy scope includes all relevant parties.
Brainstorming question: Analyze educational policies and strategies of Ethiopia with
educational policies and strategies of neigh- boring countries based on the above quality?

UNIT SEVEN REVIEW EXERCISES/QUESTIONS

I. Write True if the statement is correct and False if it’s incorrect.
1. Developing professional and creative skills is an excessive right that disturbs the industrial
peace.
2. A feedback on job performance deteriorates the work habit of the worker.
3. All policies and strategies have similar quality and effectiveness across the world.
4. ADLI is the strategy that aims to achieve initial industrialization through robust agricultural
growth and close linkage between agriculture and industrial sector.
5. A financial reward from job is one of the most important factors that create satisfaction from
job.

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II. Match items listed under column “B” with column “A” with their appropriate answers.

”A” “B”
6. Relevancy of policy A. Able to accommodate changing situation.
7. Realistic policy B. Has a support of management
8. Attainability of policy C. Makes a sense
9. Enforceability of policy D. Applicable to the organization
10. Adaptability of policy E. Can be successfully implemented
F. Has statutory quality
III. Choose the best answer for the following questions from a given alternatives
11. professional teacher experiences real job satisfaction when he /she:
A. Gets huge sum money from his private school.
B. Succeeds to buy the latest expensive car.
C. Is addressed by the colleagues and students him/ her as effective teacher.
D. Sees the students bring behavioral change and academic success.
12. The most important requirement to get good income is to:
A. Wait until good income jobs appear C. Have university degree
B. Work hard and get money legally D. Find an embezzlement with corrupters
13. Hard work is very essential for any countries including Ethiopia because it:
A. Enables countries mainly to produce more goods and services for export.
B. Helps countries to benefit economically by diminishing the number of workers.
C. Is the only means through which workers could get salary increment.
D. Increases the number of skilled man power in a given work place.
14. Which of the following indicates the relationship between work and time for improving
productivity?
A. Efficient use of time in work places diminishes productivity
B. The productivity of work is the result of an efficient use of time in work place
C. Time use has nothing to do with the productivity of work
D. Time budgeting hinders the productivity of work
15. The concept related with developing the habit of hard work and performing work with great
care and devotion under certain ethical norms is called?
A. Job B. Pursuit of wisdom C. Career growth D. Industriousness

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16. Identify the correct statement about professional ethics?
A. If there is a good pay there will be a good working environment
B. All profession have their own peculiar professional ethics
C. Partiality general work ethics for all professions
D. Ethical standards are not needed for all profession
17. Which of the following statement is correct about job satisfaction?
A. We cannot achieve job satisfaction if the financial award is law.
B. Jobs that require higher level of education are more satisfying than jobs that require lower
level of education.
C. To achieve satisfaction from a job, the best mechanism is to change job frequently.
D. Financial reward from job is one of the most important factors that create satisfaction
from a job.
18. One true measure of a person‟s greatness could be his/her:
A. Readiness to criticize the works of others always
B. Ability to identify errors made by productive people
C. Tangible accomplishment to solve societal problems
D. Societal position and ability to socialize with others
19. Which strategy is devised to achieve the development of Ethiopia?
A. The tourism sector must develop first and then the industrial sector.
B. Both the agricultural and the industrial sectors must develop together.
C. The agricultural sector must develop first followed by the industrial sector.
D. The industrial sector must develop first followed by the agricultural sector.
20. Which of the following statement is correct about the Millennium goals of Ethiopia?
A. Federating Ethiopia with Djibouti.
B. Finding solution for Sudan- South Sudan civil war.
C. Decreasing the death of mother‟s and child on birth.
D. Making the horn of Africa free from any war and conflict.
21. Development could best understood as:
A. Fast growth in a particular type of product.
B. Relative improvement of citizens living conditions.
C. Declining of per capital income of countries.
D. Making all citizens highly skilled labor

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 UNIT EIGHT: SELF-RELIANCE
Introduction: In Grade 10, you discussed the significance of self-reliance, examples
of dependency and decision-making. In this unit, you will discuss the same issues in more
detail. Self-reliance is being dependent on one‟s own power, resources and judgments. It
is an attribute shared by both individuals and communities that lack self-reliance are
dependent on others to satisfy their needs
SELF-RELIANCE is a condition of depending on your ability, knowledge, skill,
decision and dreams. It refers to the situation where by individuals, groups and nations
depend on their resources and skills to satisfy their basic needs. No one can exclusively
rely on his/her own resources, knowledge and skills to produce goods and satisfy his/ her
needs. Some conditions that created discrepancies in self- reliance among nations and
individuals are:
 Lack of or shortage of material resources
 Lack of adequate knowledge and skills
 Leadership problem ,lack of commitment, corruption
 The prevalence culture of dependency

Attributes of self –reliance

There are a lot of elements associated with self- reliance to mention few:
1. Self- awareness: refers to proper recognition of our abilities, strengths and weaknesses. It
help us to recognize when we are stressed or under pressure. I t also a pre- condition for
effective communication and inter personal relations as well as for developing empathy for
others. It helps yourself and others. It makes an individual and groups free from undesirable
control and influence.
2. Assertiveness: Is state of an opinion and claim a right thing. It‟s standing up for yourself and
making you voice heard. It also shows expressing your opinion, needs and feelings without
ignoring the needs of others. It‟s necessary for making your self-noticed and getting people
to listen to you.
Assertive behavior includes:
• Taking a positive role in conversations;
• Sharing feelings, opinions and experiences with others;

18
 • Making requests and asking for favors;
• Refusing others‟ requests if they are too demanding;
• Questioning rules or traditions that do not make sense or do not seem fair;
• Addressing issues that bother you.
Many people are concerned that if they assert themselves others will think of their behavior
as aggressive. But there is a difference between being assertive and aggressive. Assertive
people state their opinions, while still being respectful to others. Aggressive people attack or
ignore others‟ opinions in favors of their own while passive people do not state their opinions at all.
How Assertiveness Can Change Your Life
Being assertive can lead to a more rewarding life. For example, it can improve your relationships
with friends and family, and introduce you to new personal or career opportunities. While the
decision to develop your assertiveness is a personal one, the rewards can be much greater
than personal satisfaction. Being assertive not only improves your self-respect, but also earns
you respect from others. The change in your behavior can positively influence those around
you, both in their behavior toward you and towards others. How people deal with personal
boundaries, their own and those of other people, is important for getting on in life.
• Passive communicators do not defend their own personal boundaries. They allow other people to
harm or unduly influence them. They are unlikely to risk trying to influence anyone else.
• Aggressive people do not respect the personal boundaries of others and thus are liable tohar
m others while isolating themselves as a consequence.
• When assertive people communicate, they speak their minds to influence others, but they
do it in a way that respects the personal boundaries of others. They also defend themselves
against aggressive incursions and may try to include the views of passive group members.
The table below shows the differences between passive, assertive and aggressive behavior.
From these descriptions, identify what your characteristics are. How do you think you can
improve your behavior? Share your ideas with your neighbor.

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passive person assertive person aggressive person
Is afraid to speak up Speaks openly Interrupts-„talks over‟ others
Speaks softly Uses a conversational tone
with confidence Speaks loudly
Looks down or away Maintain good eye contact
Glares and stares at others
Show little or no expression Shows expression that match
the message Shows aggressive
/threatening expressions
Slouches and withdraws Relaxes and adopts an open Stands rigidly, crosses arms,
posture and expressions invades others‟ personal
space
Isolate self from groups Mixes well with groups
Controls groups
Agrees with others, despite Speaks to the point , agrees Disagree and does not listen
feelings when ideas of others are to the points of others
convincing
Sees self as inferior Value self-equal to others
Looks down on others
Hurts self to avoid hurting Values feelings of others
others Ignores the feelings of others

Does not reach goals and Balances achievements of Reaches goals but hurts
may not have a set goal goals with relationships with others in the process
others

The exact cause of passive-aggressive behaviors is not clearly known. However, both
biological (internal) and environmental (external) factors may contribute to the development
of Passive-aggressive behavior. It may begin at child hood (parenting style, family dynamics,

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 child abuse, neglect, material abuse, and harsh punishment) can cause a person to develop
this behavior. Other related with health condition (stress, anxiety, disorder, depression etc.).
 Some easy way you can eliminate your passive-aggressive behavior includes:
 Being aware of your behavior
 Identify possible reason for your aggressiveness
 Think clearly before you act
 Calming yourself down before reacting to situations that makes you upset
 Staying optimistic
 Being honest with others and expressing your feelings in a healthy manner
instead of acting passive-aggressive
 Some tips help you learn to be more assertive:
 Make decision positively that assert yourself -Listen actively
 Aim for honest and open conclusion -Agree to disagree
 Avoid guilty trips - stay calm

DEPENDENCY AND ITS CONSEQUENSES

Dependency is the notion that a country fully relies on the support of other countries and
international organizations in many different ways. They may rely on them for food donations,
financial donations and skill support. This increases the risk that the dependent country will not
develop the ability to support itself and may even become lazy and not want to support itself.
This can also create a power imbalance between the dependent country and donor states.
Dependency results in risks to public welfare for the following major reasons:
• Poor nations provide free market access to wealthy nations. This means people in poor countries buy
manufactured goods, obsolete or used goods from wealthy nations. From these trade relations,
rich nations make profit and enjoy a high standard of living.
• Wealthy nations actively perpetuate a state of dependence by various means. This influence may be
multifaceted involving economics, the media, politics, banking and finance, education, culture, sport and all
aspects of human resource development (including recruitment and training of workers).
Dependency also results in being susceptible to interference from outside in the following ways:
• Financial and technological penetration by the developed capitalist countries.

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 • producing an unbalanced economic relationship within the poor countries
and between them and the wealthy nations.
• Limitations on self-sustained growth of poor countries.
Due to the way the world economy works these days; poor countries become subject to the will of rich
countries and are frequently exploited. This increases the stagnation of their economy and, as a
consequence, the social welfare of the people suffers.
This in turn increases the dependency of the country as they then need more support in order to
look after their people. There are many different and conflicting ideas on how developing
countries can alleviate the effects of this system. Several protectionist or nationalist practices were
adopted at one time or another by such countries. Some of them are listed below:
• Promoting domestic industry and manufactured goods. By providing subsidies to protect
domestic industries, poor countries can sell their own products rather than simply exporting raw
materials.
• Limiting the importation of luxury items and manufactured goods that can be produced within
the country, the country can reduce its spending.
• Taking steps to keep foreign companies and individuals from operating businesses that draw on the resources of
the country with the money being channeled out of the country.
• Forcibly taking over foreign-owned companies on behalf of the state, in order to keep profits
within the country.
SELF-RELIANCE AND DECISION MAKING
Decision making: is an act and art of making a decision after looking several possible
alternatives. Decision-making needs different pre-conditions. One of them is self-reliance that
can be manifested in the form of self-confidence and positive perceptions about oneself.
Decision-making helps us to deal constructively with decisions about our lives, assessing the
different options and reflecting on the consequences of our decisions. Decision-making can be
regarded as a thought process leading to the selection of a course of action. Decisions may be
made based on facts, opinions and feelings.
Making a decision implies that there are alternative choices to be considered, and in such cases
we want not only to identify as many of these alternatives as possible but to choose the one that
best fits with our goals, desires, lifestyle, values and so on. Decision-making is the process of
sufficiently reducing uncertainty and doubt about alternatives to allow a reasonable choice to be made

22
from among them. This definition stresses the information gathering function of decision-making.
It should be noted here that uncertainty is reduced rather than eliminated. Very few decisions are
made with absolute certainty because complete knowledge about all the alternatives is seldom possible. Thus,
every decision involves a certain amount of risk. Risk and uncertainty can create anxiety, yet
they are necessary components for an active life. Sometimes you come across situations that
need immediate decisions with limited options. In these kinds of situations, you have to try and
make the best decision.

When making a decision, you have to be sure that this is going to be the best decision in the
given situation. In order to make the most of your situation, you should find out as much information as
possible. It is important to be informed of what choices you have and consider the consequences
of each choice.

From this information you should then be able to decide the best course of action, taking into
consideration the risks. When making decisions there are times when you will need to take risks
and often you will reap the rewards. However, there may be consequences when the risk is high; it is up
to you to decide. Often taking a risk is better than not making any decision at
all. Flexibility is often key to making effective decisions. When we are faced with a choice we
are often restrained by the amount of time that we have to gather knowledge and become informed. We
may also be faced with other limitations on resources in which case what we want may not be available
or practical. As we are rarely the only people to be affected by a decision, it is important to
consider the impact that it will have on those around. Flexibility is an important attribute of a
good decision maker.

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UNIT EITGHT REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Match items listed under column “B” with column “A” with their appropriate answers.
„A‟ „B‟
1. Decision based on reason than emotion A. The advancement made in profession
2. A general or wide spread agreement B. Sexism
3. Standing up for yourself right C. Consensus
D. Assertiveness
4. Discrimination based on gender E. Rational decision
5. Plans showing the general direction to be taken F. Policies
6. Specific plans to implement policies G. Strategies
7. Lack of interest for public issues H. Apathy
8. Ensuring environmental sustainability I. Sympathy
J. Millennium dev‟t goal
K. Contribution of environmentalists.
III. Choose the best answer for the following questions from a given alternatives

9. Which of the following is not true about self-reliant people?

A. They are unkind towards others
B. They are open-minded to accommodate diverse views
C. They are aware of their strengths and weaknesses
D. They trust their own knowledge and skills to achieve their goal
10. Which one of the following is the characteristic of successful people?
A. Lack of courage to admit mistakes C. Reluctance to cooperate with others
B. Lack of definite goal D. Being focused on one‟s own main goals
11. All of the following strategies are important for proper time management except
A. Setting one‟s own goals
B. Arranging one‟s own tasks in the order of their priority
C. Developing the habit of procrastination
D. Making proper communication with others
12. Which one of the following is not among the qualities of self-reliant person?
A. giving constructive criticism for others C. knowing one‟s weakness and strength
B. making decision influenced by others D. directing by personal planning

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13. Mr. X is 30 years old. And he always needs the support of his parents in order to survive.
Therefore, Mr. X is categorized under;
A .self-respect B. self-reliant C. dependent D. honest
14. Which of the following statement is not true about self-reliant person?
A. They do not ask for apology when they do something wrong
B. They agree with others to accept their opinion If its convincing
C. They accept the consequence of their decision
D. They are ready to give and take criticism
15. Thinking about different alternatives and choosing the best option is _________
A. Decision B. Decision making C. Self-knowledge D. Setting goal
16. Which of the following statement is not true?
A. The right decision is always time bounded
B. The decision we made has consequence on our life
C. It is important to make decision delay
D. It is better if you make decision by yourself
17. -- refers to giving value for yourself and considering that you have something to offer others.
A. Self-respect B. Self-reliance C. Self-knowledge D. Self-esteem
18. Globalization refers to the:
A. movement of goods but not services across national boundaries
B. movement people but not goods and services across political boundaries
C. movement of people, goods and services across political boundaries
D. restricting the free movement of people, goods and services
19. If you serious believe that no one will stand against you in this country in solving
mathematical problems, you could be said to have exaggerated view of:
A. Self- neglecters B. Self-esteem C. Self-importance D. Self-consciousness
20. Dependency resulted in:
A. Financial and technological penetration
B. Crater unbalance relationship between poor & rich
C. Challenges the effort & process of self-sustained growth of poor
D. All of the above

25
21. Which one of the following is the behavior of passive person?
A. Shows threatening expression on others C. Mixes well itself with others
B. Is afraid to speak up confidently D. Ignores the feelings of others
22. Which of the following is wrong about saving in relation to locally produced goods?
A. Buying locally produced items helps to save money when they are cheaper.
B. Avoiding wastage during production is one means of saving money.
C. Wastage of a lot of inputs harms a development of country.
D. Wastage of inputs is the main cause for reducing cost of production
23. What is the benefit of citizen‟s participation in making and evaluating public policies?
A. It enables government to understand the feeling and reactions of citizens towards various
issues.
B. It develops a sense of betrayal among citizens.
C. It promotes suspicion between government and citizens.
D. It enables citizens to formulate and implement sustainable and effective policies.
24. What advantage can be gained from utilizing locally produced goods than the imported ones
in a country?
A. Alienation of a given country from a global trade C. Promoting imbalance import-export
trade.
B. Keeping country‟s domestic out of business. D. Proper and efficient use of resources
25. What can be an outcome of economic dependency of developing countries?
A. The emerging of balanced economic relation sheep between the developed and
developing nations
B. Increment of stagnation of the economies of developed nations
C. The development of self-sustained economy of develop nations
D. The occurrence of technological and financial penetration by the developed nations at
the expense of the developing ones.

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UNIT NINE: SAVING

INTRODUCTION: In Unit 9 of your Grade 10 study, you discussed the traditional

practices that affect saving and saw the importance of planning and setting goals. In addition to
this, you have seen how you could choose careers. Here you will discuss how to improve your
saving habits and compare the traditional and conventional institutions of saving. Finally, you
will look at how saving is important for investment and development.

THE NEED FOR NEW THINKING IN SAVING

Saving is defined as the wise use of resources such as money, time, environment and labor. We
have to save our resources because our needs and available resources do not match each other.
Therefore, the aim of saving is to satisfy the future interests of individuals. In this case saving is
equals to income minus consumption/expense. Factors that affect saving in E Ethiopian context
includes:
 Extravagant practices and un planned life
 Expensive traditional practices and Religious dogmatism
 Absence of family planning
Saving is income not spent, or deferred consumption. Methods of saving include putting money
aside in, for example, a deposit account, a pension account, an investment fund, or as cash.
Within personal finance, the act of saving corresponds to nominal preservation of money for
future use.

Besides saving our natural resources, we have to know how we should use other resources
properly. In order to utilize resources, we need to plan.

 Same basic reason for extravagance practices are:

 Ignorance and lack of insight.
 Psychical reason: These are the rewards people may think to get in return from doing so.
 Pride: It is the intension not to be considered as poor
 Lack of planning
 Religious convictions like spending much money for Tezkar ceremony
 Lack of responsibility for themselves
 The tendency of dependence

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Traditional and Modern Institutions of Saving in Ethiopia

You have seen in the previous two lessons the ways of improving your saving habits and
changing your thinking. You will now see the different institutions through which you can save.
These institutions are divided into two: traditional and modern. The traditional institutions for
saving are those established by the community in order to save. Modern institutions are similar to
everywhere else in the world.

The main modern institution for saving is a bank, while traditional institutions vary in different
places. In Ethiopia there are both traditional and modern institutions for saving and people use
both. Examples of traditional saving institutions in Ethiopia are Equb and Iddir. Also the modern
institutions of saving like the banks and insurance companies are widely used, especially in the
urban areas. Equb and Iddir are traditional saving institutions in Ethiopia. Both are examples of
what is called forced saving whereby, if you choose to engage in it, you have to contribute a
fixed amount.

„Equb’ works where a group of people come together and decide to contribute an equal
amount of money every month. The total amount collected in one month is given to one person,
and then the following amount collected will be given to the next person. This continues until all
members of the group receive the amount. The person who receives first is considered to
be borrowing because he or she gets a total amount first and continues to pay the amount over a
certain period of time in equal installments. On the other hand, the person who receives the
money last is considered to be saving because he or she pays a small amount every month and
receives the total amount at the end of the cycle. This is considered a forced saving since, once
you are involved in it, it is difficult to get out as other people‟s interests are involved.

„Iddir’ is another traditional saving where people living in a community contribute a fixed
amount every month so that when a family member dies the Iddir gives services and items, like
tents, for the ceremony. This is a kind of saving because it contributes money for future use.
These two saving methods contribute to alleviating social problems. Other
than the traditional ways of saving there are modern institutions like banks and insurance
companies. Banks are financial institutions that are used for saving and borrowing money.

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People put part of their income in the bank and in return for keeping it for a certain period
of time they get paid interest in addition to the money they have. The money that is kept
with the banks is called a deposit and the person depositing is called a depositor. The banks
then lend this money to people who need money and charge the borrower a higher interest rate.
So the working of the banks is similar to that of Equb.

Planning requires an understanding of what we want or need and what resources we have. For
example, to have a big house and cars you need to save a considerable amount. There are number
of things that are important to consider before planning your consumption and saving. First and
fore most is your level of income.

When you start work in the future you should use other resources properly. In order to utilize
resources, we need to plan. Planning requires an understanding of what we want or need and
what resources we have. For example, to have a big house and cars you need to save a
considerable amount.

There are number of things that are important to consider before planning your consumption and
saving. First and foremost is your level of income. Then you start work in the future you should
estimate how much income you will have. This is the most important component of your
planning since this amount decides how much you can actually save or consume.

The next important thing to consider before planning saving is that consumption has to be made
on the basis of need. We shouldn‟t consume just because we have the money or spend
impulsively as we need to identify those things that are necessities. For countries, saving is
determined by their Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This measure of income is very important
for a country.

Countries with a greater GDP can consume and save more since GDP represents the total value
of production of goods and services. This means, the more goods and services we produce, the
more we are likely to consume and save. Therefore, as far as saving is concerned, the most
important thing for a country to consider is its national income.

Here both gross domestic product and gross national product try to measure the market value of
all goods and services an economy produces. The difference between the terms is how they

29
define the economy. GDP refers to the domestic levels of production, while GNP measures the
production of any person or corporation of a country.

Gross national product (GNP) is the market value of all the products and services produced in
one year by labor and property supplied by the citizens of a country. Unlike gross domestic
product (GDP), which defines production based on the geographical location of production, GNP
indicates allocated production based on location of ownership. For example, the American GNP
includes the production level of any American or American-owned entity, regardless of where
their production takes place. Here both gross domestic product and gross national product try to
measure the market value of all goods and services an economy produces. The difference
between the terms is how they define the economy.

Gross domestic product (GDP) refers to the domestic levels of production, while GNP
measures the production of any person or corporation of a country.

Gross national product (GNP) is the market value of all the products and services produced
in one year by labor and property supplied by the citizens of a country. Unlike gross domestic
product (GDP), which defines production based on the geographical location of production, GNP
indicates allocated production based on location of ownership. For example, the American GNP
includes the production level of any American or American-owned entity, regardless of where
their production takes place.

Regulating the National Economy on Realistic International Principles.

Globalization is a phenomenon that no country can escape from. It therefore requires an
understanding of global economic principles and trends in order to align oneself in a beneficial
way. In the international economic order over the past two decades there have been dominating
principles that govern the economy. Before that there were opposite principles that were
supported by two blocs: the capitalist west and the socialist east. GDP is referred to more, but
GNP is the better measure of national output. Using both terms is important when describing a
country‟s economic worth. One of the ways that a country can properly utilize resources is
through using those that are locally available. When people use locally produced goods and
services they will save resources such as transport costs. By doing that we are helping the
domestic economy to flourish. In most developing countries people use imported goods more

30
than they use their own products. But when the goods are imported, the price is likely to be
higher and also, domestic industries go out of business because very few people buy their
products. Letting market forces determine the extent of transactions and prices. Supporting these
basic concepts of a market economy, there are other international principles. These include:
Global welfare Comparative advantage; and

Distributive justice Sustainable development.

 Global welfare is a broad concept that considers the well-being of individuals all over the
world. Eliminating hunger and disease and increasing literacy rates are among the global
goals to increase welfare and enhance the quality of life of people around the world.
 Distributive justice deals with fairness in the distribution of socio-economic benefits. It
means maintaining equality in the economic status of the people.
 The other important principle is comparative advantage. This principle is taken from the
market economy principle that countries should produce those products which bear a
minimum cost and should not produce those products that cost more.
 Finally, the most important principle is sustainable development. This is very much related
to global welfare. In order to ensure the well-being of individuals, it is important for them to
develop both economically and socially. This includes increasing people‟s income through
production and developing other socio-economic factors like education, health, governance,
and institutions etc. which ensure sustainable development.
Knowing the dominating global economic principles is important for any country to make
its own economic decisions. As no economy exists in isolation, it has to align its economic
decisions to fit in with the global economic order and principles.
Ethiopia‟s economic strategy at present is aligned to the free market principles. All these
principles are supported by the international multilateral organizations like International
Monetary Fund, World Bank and World Trade Organization.

The policies of the International Monetary Fund.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international multilateral organization established
after the Second World War (came into formal existence in March 1946) at its establishment its
purpose was to help in the reconstruction of war struck Europe. Eventually, however, it
expanded its activities to a number of other responsibilities. It aims to:

31
 -Promote international monetary cooperation; • promote exchange rate stability; facilitate
balanced growth of international trade; • help members when they face balance of
payments difficulties; • assist in poverty reduction.

As can be seen from these aims, the IMF upholds the international principles which promote the
freeing of markets and the reduction of government involvement. IMF head quarter was in
Washington DC , united states and the managing director since 28 June 2011, was Christian
Lagarde. Representatives of the IMF come to Ethiopia yearly for consultation with the
government on thestateoftheeconomy.Theyadvisethegovernmentontheimportantmeasurestotake.
The World Bank Group.
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the
world for capital projects. It comprises two institutions: the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development, and the International Development Association. The
current President of the World Bank Jim Yong Kim
World Trade Organization (WTO)
One of the biggest international organizations established with the agreement of many countries
is the World Trade Organization. It was established in 1994 by 128 member countries to
administer trade agreements between countries. It has the general principles of promoting free
trade between countries. It encourages the removal of all kinds of trade barriers. Countries
impose trade barriers because they want to protect their industries from competition from
outside.
Types of economy
An economic system is a system of production, resource allocation, and distribution of goods
and services within a society or a given geographic area. It includes the combination of the
various institutions, agencies, entities, decision-making processes, and patterns
of consumption that comprise the economic structure of a given community. As such, an
economic system is a type of social system. An economy is studied from different perspectives
which help to analyze the different faces of the economy and the different agents in the
economy.
The two major perspectives through which we study the economy are the micro and macro
economy. ►micro means small and macro means large and inclusive.

32
Microeconomics studies about individual (both consumers and producers) behavior of economic
agents. Microeconomics also includes the analysis of the welfare of a particular group of people.
Whenever the analysis comes down to individual agents, single companies or groups, then it is
the concern of microeconomic research. On the other hand studying the overall economy is the
concern of macroeconomics. It is the analysis of the national economy looking at the overall
prices, growth, production and consumption, level of saving and investment, unemployment,
exports and imports and the like.
Different models of Economic systems. The basic difference between the three economic
system revolves around the choice and decision each system makes on the basic economic
questions i.e.: what to produce , For whom to produce and like what to produce.
A. Command economy also referred to as planned Economy and public Enterprise Economy.
The following features characterize the command economic system.
Beliefs: economic system should serve the goal of society.
What to produce: what society believes to be essential must be produced first. What individuals
and groups want may not be produced rather essential services for the mass must get priority.
How to produce: economic planning and decision making is centralized. An economic planning
office or a body of government has the authority to make decision on the whole economy, these
includes decision on distribution and price of goods and services.
Ownership of property: important resources and properties are owned by the government.
Private economic sector may exist but areas of investment, amount of capital and price are
limited.
For whom to produce: society in general
Motto: Available essential services to all member of the society.
C. Mixed economy: is also known as Democratic socialism or Government Regulated
economy. Beliefs: fair distribution of resources among various groups of society.
What to produce: priority is given to what people want. This balances the need to produce both
essential public services.
How to produce: indicative economic plan are made by government.
Ownership of property: public
For whom to produce: for the wellbeing and satisfaction of society and for its individual
members. Motto: essential services to all.

33
Market economy: is also known as capitalism or private Enterprise system/price system.
Belief: economic force in the market should determine what to produce, how to produce and for
whom to produce.
What to produce: what to produce must be determined by consumers demand.
How to produce: is influenced by demand and supply. The balance between needs (demands)
and supply influence what to produce and price. The
For whom to produce: for those who can afford to buy.
Ownership of property: individuals are allowed to own property and resources so that they can
use them.
UNIT NINE REVIEW EXERCISES
III. Choose the best answer for the following questions from a given alternatives

1. In theory , a global citizens is a person who is ready to

A. Pay allegiance to the united nation organization
B. Take action to make the world a more just & equitable place
C. Claim citizen ship &pay taxes to all countries of the world
D. Refuse to give recognition to national boundaries
2. Of the following one is not the principle that support free market economy which one?
A. Lower gov‟t involvement in the market C. giving freedom of decision to economic agents
B. Controlling & monoplane the market force D. letting market force to deterring transactions
& prices
3. The percentage of the gross domestic product is called:
A. Development B. Growth C. Inflation D. Economy
4. Formal saving institution has advantage over informal one in the following except:
A. It gives interest C. It lends our money to the investor
B. It secure our money D. It has probability of with drawl
5. Some people see the growth of influence of western culture in developing countries as
harmful because they believe that:
A. western culture has no good quality to be learned from by other people
B. western culture is mostly offending to the sensibilities of other people
C. People of the developing nations are opposed to the cultural invasion
D. It could cause the target people to repudiate their local identities

34
6. Which of the following is wrong about saving in relation to locally produced goods?
A. Buying locally produced items helps to save money when they are cheaper.
B. Avoiding wastage during production is one means of saving money.
C. Wastage of a lot of inputs harms a development of country.
D. Wastage of inputs is the main cause for reducing cost of production
7. Which one of the following does not contributes to saving?
A. Extravagant use of resources. C. Reducing costs of production.
B. Using locally produced goods. D. Increasing the efficiency of production
8. Traditional methods of saving have been widespread in Ethiopia because:
A. Traditional financial institutions proved better services compared to modern
Saving institutions
B. Ethiopia people would like to save their money in traditional institutions
C. Formal financial institutions are not available enough to the majority of Ethiopian people
D. Government economic policy encourages saving in traditional institutions
9. Which one of the following is the characteristic of successful people?
A. Lack of courage to admit mistakes C. Reluctance to cooperate with others
B. Lack of definite goal D. Being focused on one‟s own main goals
10. All of the following strategies are important for proper time management except:
A. Setting one‟s own goals
B. Arranging one‟s own tasks in the order of their priority
C. Developing the habit of procrastination
D. Making proper communication with others
11. The most populated Asian country which experiences the most surprising growth in the world,
with in only three decades it has transformed from one of the poorest countries in the world to
one of the richest and most powerful nation is:
A. India B. China C. Korea D. Vietnam
12. The institutions that cover risks against accidents are called
A. Banks B. Credit and Saving institutions C. Insurance companies D. Iddir
13. The state of the quality of people‟s lives across the world is referred to as :
A. Economic recession C. Global well fare
B. Comparative advantage D. Sustainable development

35
14. “Countries should produce those products which beat a minimum cost and should not produce
those products that cost them more; instead they should import those products from other
countries”. This view is reflected in the international principle of:
a. Global well-fare C. Comparative advantage
b. Distributive justice D. Sustainable development
15. The head quarter of IMF was in:
a. Washington D.C B. New York C. Switzerland D. Vienna
16. The saving of a nation can be enhanced by:
A. Increasing the country‟s Gross Domestic product
B. Encouraging the consumption of imported goods
C. Increasing the level of domestic consumption
D. Discouraging the use of locally available products
17. Micro- economics deals with:
A. Average pre-capital income C. Gross domestic product of a nation
B. The behavior of consumers D. Rate of inflation in a given country
18. The World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund are together known as:
A. The Paris club of creditors C. The Britton woods Institutions
B. The World Finance Organization D. The World Monetary Fund
19. Which one of the following is true about command economic system?
A. What to produce must be determined by consumers demand
B. Private ownership is encouraged
C. Economic planning and decision making is centralized
D. It is influenced by demand and supply

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 UNIT TEN: ACTIVE COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
Introduction: In Grade 10, you studied different ways in which you can actively participate in
your community. You have also discussed political and social participation. In this unit, you will
discuss how civic participation can voluntarily enhance societal development and support the
democratic process. Furthermore, you will see how the active participation of citizens can
monitor and influence the actions of government.

Civic engagement or civic participation is any individual or group activity addressing issues of
public concern. Citizens acting alone or together to protect public values or make a change or
difference in the community are common types of civic engagement. Civic participation
encompasses a wide range of formal and informal activities. Examples include voting,
volunteering, participating in group activities, and community gardening. Some are individual
activities that benefit society (e.g. voting) or group activities that benefit either the group
members (e.g. recreational soccer teams) or society (e.g. volunteer organizations). In addition to
the direct benefit that civic participation provides to the community, it also produces secondary
health benefits for participants. This summary focuses on the relationship between civic
participation, health, and well-being.

One way civic participation improves health is by building social capital, which is defined as
“features of social organization such as networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate
coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit.” For example, a study found that members of
civic groups were more likely to be physically active. Belonging to civic groups expanded
participants‟ social networks, which made them more aware of opportunities to be physically
active in their community. Engaging in meaningful civic activities can also help individuals
develop a sense of purpose, which may promote continued civic participation. Social capital is
discussed in more detail in the Social Cohesion summary.
Participating in the electoral process by voting or registering others to vote is an example of civic
participation that impacts health. A study of 44 countries (including the United States) found that
voter participation was associated with better self-reported health, even after controlling for
individual and country characteristics. In another study, individuals who did not vote reported
poorer health in subsequent years.

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Volunteering is a common form of civic participation that can yield health benefits. Studies show
that volunteers enjoy better psychological well-being and more positive emotional health.
Volunteering can increase social resources like having friends to call, which may help explain
the association between volunteering and reduced levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms.
Civic engagement involves “working to make a difference in the civic life of one‟s community
and developing the combination of knowledge, skills, values and motivation to make that
difference. It means promoting the quality of life in a community, through both political and
non-political processes.” Civic engagement includes both paid and unpaid forms of political
activism, environmentalism, and community and national service. Volunteering, national service,
and service-learning are all forms of civic engagement. Associations or civic societies are
organizations formed by the collection of voluntary individual members. Civic societies are not
static; they are dynamic and ever changing to meet the needs of society, their members,
corporate objectives and environmental changes. Some organizations are established with the
objective of advocating certain societal issues. Others are formulated to help the individuals in
the group. Therefore, organizations need to formulate their objectives and structures.

Citizens engage in the process of policy making by directly participating in civic life and by
discussing pressing issues with their neighbors or with citizens who belong to civic forums in
their communities, like parent-teacher associations, service organizations, neighborhood
associations or Iddir. Citizens also engage in policy making by taking part in various facets of
the formal process of governance.

For instance, citizens can attend public meetings and hearings sponsored by government
agencies; they can meet with, or write to, public officials to express their concerns; they can join
organizations such as trade groups etc.; and, of course, they should vote in elections.

These forms of participation enable citizens to have a say on policy issues Associations and
organizations help extensively in the participation of citizens in policy making. First of all, these
groups organize the venue for airing views and important issues in the community.

Also, they serve as a forum to analyze the problems of the community. Sometimes they are
organized directly to influence public policy and to advise the government by identifying local
issues and problems and raising awareness of the community.

38
Finally, they can propose suitable solutions to a problem. These associations and organizations
could be in the form of professional associations, non-governmental organizations (NGO),
community clubs etc. All these have access to information about society‟s problems and the
possible solutions.

The media are vital in democratic systems. The power of the media is widely recognized in the
world today. It can be used to check the accountability of government officials and is also one of
the major means used in shaping the perceptions and impressions of people. Media plays a
crucial role in shaping a healthy democracy. It is the backbone of a democracy. Media makes us
aware of various social, political and economic activities happening around the world. It is like a
mirror, which shows us or strives to show us the bare truth and harsh realities of life.

For instance, it is often observed that in times of conflict, media play a major role in either
escalating or de-escalating the war. In a democratic system, where public responsibility and
public participation is high, media are expected to be instruments by which citizens make their
participation active. In the process of policy making, media can be used as a means of
communication between the government and the people i.e., media take messages from the
government to the people and vise versa. Hence, citizens should be enabled to use the media
freely. By freedom of the press it does not mean that anybody can write what he/she pleases.
Writings or speeches should be based on the truth and unbiased.

Press freedom is a means of protecting values, such as individual rights and a viable
representative government. It implies, on the other hand, substantial obligation to search for the
truth, and to be fair and unbiased. However, the basic idea of this principle is that the press
should be free to communicate to the people. Moreover, freedom of the press implies that the
press should get access to government information in order to communicate its activities to the
people.

Finally, it is important to understand that public or civic participation has to be in the

framework of the Constitution and law of the land. Without respecting the Constitution and law
of the land, public participation would not be helpful. This is because the Constitution and
other laws of the land set boundaries in order to make public participation peaceful.

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Monitoring and influencing the actions of government bodies
Community participation is one of the keys to the empowerment of a community. It creates the
conditions for success. Studies have documented those communities that engage their citizens and
partners in community development, raise more resources, achieve more results and develop in a
more holistic and, ultimately, more beneficial way. Community participation is crucial for
communitysuccess. Community participation requires the active involvement of citizens in the
social, economic and political realms at all levels and in all forms.
One example of community participations is political participation, by which citizens make their
voices heard and get involved in political issues. Involvement in political parties is designed to influence
elections and policy making. This has a positive effect both for the people and the government.
Active community political participation serves as a bridge between the people and the
government. Interest groups are usually formed to promote specific public concern.

Such participation involves:

 Voting in elections;
 Encouraging citizens to become involved in running for office;
 Financing campaigns;
 Drafting and implementing election laws;
 Taking part in political campaigning;
 Demonstrations and petitions.
During election campaigns, you will be able to establish the positions of political parties
on different issues. Clarity of the party policy, their financial status and other areas can make a
significant contribution to their success or failure. Political parties will have to spend large sums
of money on organizing and publicizing their programs and policies. They require good financial
backup in order to be competent and successful. Demonstrations are public displays by groups
showing approval, sympathy or disapproval towards a cause. When a demonstration is performed
legally it follows the governing laws and is done without violence. For demonstrations to be
legal they must be peaceful. When groups of people who have similar interest believe that they
have to reflect their concern or opinion on certain issues, a peaceful demonstration is one activity
people can participate in. Responsible citizens with active community participation become

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involved in demonstrations to influence the political decisions of officials and, as a result, to
protect their interests and those of others.

Democracy itself encourages people to discuss the problems around them. This can lead to the
formation of discussion groups or interest groups which examine different issues. In the case of
political issues, parties usually raise concerns and frame the agenda. These groups of common
interest, or political parties, decide the most important issues to be addressed. For instance, if the
well-being of citizens is a prevailing problem, it should be framed and discussed in a way that
promotes the interests of the people. In framing a public agenda, these groups discuss the facts at
hand and decide how to deal with the issue. These framed agendas are then communicated to the
public. Once a public issue is identified, certain groups of people will begin to form views on the
subject. If the attitudes expressed on the area under discussion are strong, then public opinion on
the topic emerges. Not all people develop strong views on public issues; some may be interested and
others not. The attitudes and opinions that are formed are held for different reasons. Background
factors such as family, friends, neighbors, work, religion, school and education, play a significant role in
forming individual opinions. In order to let the public know of the issues and form opinions, the
framed agendas are communicated to them through mass media and word of mouth.

 An advantage of active community participation includes:

 Enables the voices of citizens to be heard.
 Provides citizens the chance to influence decisions of public officials.
 Serves as mechanisms to the government to develop its awareness of its programmes and
policies.
 Enables political parties and organization to play a role in forming public agenda and
frame public opinion.
 Paves the way for the mass media, interest groups and leaders to play important roles in
influencing individuals‟ opinion.

UNIT TEN REVIEW EXERCISES

I. Write True if the statement is correct and False if it’s incorrect.
1. A peaceful demonstration is the process of lawfully expressing the supporting views and
encouragement to the government.
2. Civil societies help citizens to actively follow the political activities of the government.

41
3. Public agendas enable citizens to know the burning issues around them.
4. The accessibility to the media should not be balanced both to the public and to the public
officials.
5. Information from the media must be sufficient scope, depth and accuracy.
6. A free press serves as a watch dog against abuse.
7. Citizens participation in the evaluation of public policies serves as a feed back to
government officials
II. Choose the best answer for the following questions from a given alternatives.
8. During election campaigning political parties should devote much of their time and energy for
A. Collecting money contributions from their supporters
B. Defaming opposition political parties and their leaders
C. Winning as much support as possible for their policies
D. Promising reward for their members and supporters
9. Among the following options, which one is a civic association?
A. Awash Insurance Company C. Innat International Bank
B. Muger Cement Factory D. Ethiopian Teachers Association
10. Which one of the following is not the main reason for the need of active community
participation?
A. Improving the living condition of society.
B. Attempting to reduce social evil and crimes.
C. Creating good living situation and political accountability.
D. To ignore activities that harms few.
11. All ethically good individuals evaluate good and bad actions of their own, society and
government by?
A. Being too subjective and showing concern for oneself, family and relative
B. Judging by hastily generalizing few individuals behavior for their ethnic group in
general
C. Objectively and rationally emphasizing on the idea of right and wrong behaviors
D. Selfishly and partially favoring oneself, for all are self-oriented no one is caring for us

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12. Which of the following is not the role of the media in a modern democracy?
A. Informing the public.
B. Reporting the government ideology by ignoring public issues.
C. Maintaining a healthy democracy.
D. Be the watch dog of citizen‟s rights.
13. Active community participation expresses the involvement in:
A. The overall socio-economic affairs of a society C. Only in political processes
B. Religious affairs D. Private business activities
14. All of the following are the major characteristics of member of civic societies except:
A. They share common goals C. They define themselves as members
B. They engage in different activities D. They have common political objective
15. Among active community participation; voting is good example of:
A. political participation C. Cultural participation
B. Economic participation D. Intellectual participation

Part III– Short answers

1. Enumerate at least four methods of political participation.
2. Explain the advantages of public participation in terms of an individual and of a
community.
3. Enumerate at least three factions of civic society.
4. Analyze the role of social and mainstream media of Ethiopia in empowering toward
democratic outlook.

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UNIT ELEVEN: THE PURSUIT OF WISDOM
Introduction: This unit helps you to understand the relevance of knowledge in life. It will
expose you to the role of data in knowledge and the need to read for more knowledge. You will
also be able to understand what myth means and its relationships with traditions.
Knowledge is a mental grasp of the facts of reality. It‟s the awareness of the identity of particular
aspects of reality. It‟s not just an awareness of reality, but understanding of it. It mainly gained
through a successful evaluation of one‟s perceptions. It‟s the use of reason that man draws a
conclusion about the world. Through objectivity that man identifies the validity of those
conclusion. It‟s the clear, lucid information gained through the process of reason applied to
reality.
Knowledge is the most powerful tool in the hands of man. It influences the way man lives and
interacts with nature. Knowledge is a familiarity, awareness or understanding of someone or
something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through
experience or education by perceiving, discovering, or learning. The developments in science
and the transformations in technology have impacted greatly on social life. This transformation
has brought a change in our conception of distance and time. Within seconds you can reach
people in any corner of the world. Mobile telephone technology, for example, has reduced
barriers of communication. This has facilitated effectiveness and productivity on a global scale.
Places separated by great distances can be easily reached in hours as air travel has become more
common. Due to the technological developments, which are manifestations of knowledge, the
world no longer seems such a huge place as had been thought in the past.

Humans have a natural tendency to want to know more about the world. They have an instinctive
thirst for knowledge. Humans require knowledge to harness and reshape the environment they
live in. It has given them power on earth. Humans improve actions of past generations to make
life better. The skills we have developed over the years have helped us to become masters of
nature. Today, humans are conquering outer space and have explored the
moon. Knowledge has helped man develop the power of reasoning. Reasoning is a process of
thought that helps to make objective judgment. Knowledge, reason and objectivity are related.
When knowledge and reason are put together, they can give rise to objective judgment. So the
basis of objective judgment is knowledge. With knowledge you make your life good. With
knowledge you are powerful, but with ignorance you are weak.
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A democratic system benefits from citizens‟ knowledge, whereas ignorance weakens it.
Democracy is based on citizens being knowledgeable and informed. In order for people to make
good decisions, they need to gather as much objective information on the issue as possible. Once
you have the knowledge, then you can use reasoning to make a sound judgment. Knowledge
gives you power in any given situation. When you are ignorant you become weak. The
development of Ethiopia is supported by the knowledge of its citizens.

Through knowledge, society continues to change. You even see a transformation in yourself as it
has the power to effectively alter your social status. Many great names in the world are linked to
remarkable achievements. In Ethiopia there were great personalities whose achievements will
long be remembered. We need to respect people with knowledge and follow in their footsteps to
help change and transform our country. In the study about knowledge, there are two conflicting
views on sources of knowledge. i.e.

Rationalism:
In epistemology, rationalism is the view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of
knowledge “or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification"
Rationalists‟ beliefs reason rather than experience is the foundation of certainty in knowledge.
The rationalists argued that certain truths exist and that the intellect can directly grasp these
truths.
The philosophers who are the supporters of rationalism are Plato, Socrates, Descartes and Noam
Chomsky.

Empiricism:
Empiricism is a theory that states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory
experience. Empiricism contends that knowledge of external world can only be attained through
sense experience. Therefore according to empiricism a pursuit of knowledge purely is through
experience, especially by means of observation and sometimes by experiment.
The philosophers who are the supporters of Empiricism are Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas and john
Locke.

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Why do we seek knowledge?
Abraham Maslow, a modern psychologist, argues that human have needs other than maintenance
needs.
Maintenance needs: includes food, shelter, cloth, security and social interaction.
Actualization needs: according to Maslow, represents growth of an individual toward
fulfillment of the highest needs; those for meaning in life. Such needs includes self-fulfillment,
creativity, self-expression, realization of one‟s potential and be everything one can be.
 Knowledge may be divided into three parts:
A. Theoretical Knowledge: such as Darwin‟s theory of evolution.
B. The social utility of Knowledge: such as sharing knowledge to survive.
C. Productive Knowledge: like skill of architecture.
Information as a source of Knowledge
Knowledge involves the gathering of information and data. It is the sum total of what has been
perceived, discovered, or inferred. It is about facts, ideas and skills that are shared through generations.
Specific knowledge can be obtained through analyzing and interpreting data.

Data is figures obtained from observations or surveys. They serve as a basis for making
calculations and drawing conclusions. The conclusions drawn from data about a specific area
may become useful information. After sorting the raw data and analyzing it you can draw
conclusions. The information obtained can help you make an informed
decision. As a citizen you need to make choices from different viewpoints on public issues based
on knowledge. This knowledge accelerates the development of the country.

Information: refers to an organized, meaningful and relevant data that has undergone analysis
and interpretation. Information source can be: observation, print media and electronic media.
Information helps us to develop our knowledge. Knowledge is understanding or learning about
that which is known information is also defined as knowledge in the form of facts. It is said that
you acquire knowledge but you obtain information. This expression indicates that knowledge
refers to something very wide in scope, but information refers to more specific facts obtained for
a particular purpose. Wisdom is gained through the accumulation and practical use of
knowledge.

46
One of the methods through which we can gather information is through research. In carrying out
research you identify different sources of information and data in various formats. Data: is a set
of figures /facts obtained from observation, interview, analyzing text/document, recording etc.
or it‟s a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables. The two basic types of data are:

1. Quantitative data is any kind of data that can be measured numerically. For example,
quantitative data is used to measure things precisely, such as the temperature, the amount of
people in a crowd or the height of a structure. Although quantitative data usually involves
numbers and equations. Quantitative research gathers data in numerical form which can be put
into categories, or in rank order, or measured in units of measurement. This type of data can be
used to construct graphs and tables of raw data.

2. Qualitative data is all sorts of facts that cannot be expressed numerically. Its information that
is not in numerical form. For example, diary accounts, open-ended questionnaires, unstructured
interviews and unstructured observations. The order of sequence regarding scientific methods of
research is:
Hypothesis →Data collection → Analysis →Evaluation of result → conclusion.
One way of obtaining knowledge is through reading. You can read for many different reasons; it
could be for enjoyment, learning or understanding. You may read a Civics and Ethical Education
textbook to learn about your rights, obligations and how democracy works in Ethiopia.
One of the objectives of reading is to get more knowledge. For instance, reading books about
Mars will enable you to know more about Earth‟s neighbor. In your Grade 7 chemistry textbook
you would have learnt about atoms. You have defined an atom as the smallest piece of a simple
substance or element that, when combined with other substances, forms molecules.
You have also learned that it is made up of electrons, protons and neutrons. You can study
it because scientists discovered the knowledge about atom. The many changes you see in the
world and the development of technology are the results of efforts made by scientists. Scientists
discover new knowledge because they are studying, observing and reading. Apart from
what you read for knowledge, you should also read for pleasure.

When you read fiction you get pleasure and become more interested to read further. When we
find a subject matter that interests us we want to find out more about it, often through reading on
the topic. When we find fiction authors whose books we enjoy, we try to read all of their books.

47
Reading for pleasure develops our reading skills in other areas.
Developing a reading habit means to march on the great highway of knowledge. The habit of
reading starts when you are committed to read and make it a culture. If you give more time to
reading, then it indicates that you are on the right course to developing the habit. The more you
read, the easier it gets. Reading is one of the cornerstones of formal and informal learning. When
you are able to cultivate the habit of reading you will become an informed person. A great reader
is a person who does not waste his/her time for no use, but one who reads continuously to get
new knowledge. Aim to be a great reader and aim to contribute to the development of Ethiopia.

Truth versus Myth

Human knowledge is built based on scientific facts. Facts reveal the true nature of reality. Thus,
knowledge is truth about things in nature. Truth is the proven facts about something rather than
what people generally accept. It‟s the quality of being true or correct according to some ground
or test for establishing the reality of a statement (proposition, ideas, thought, and belief opinion).
There are a number of such grounds or tests for justifying truth.

 The approximation, conformity or correspondence to facts

 The coherence among ideas
 The pragmatic usefulness of ideas
 Experience and faith
 Authority and intuition
 Self-evidence revelation, and tradition
 Various theories had been suggested in connection to the essence of truth. These are:
1. Correspondence theory of truth: a statement (proposition, ideas, thought, belief, opinion) is
true if what it refers to (corresponds to) exists. That to which it truly corresponds is called
facts.
2. Relative theory of truth: What seems to be true is declared to be true by someone will
remain as true for him. Accordingly there is no absolute truth or fixed truth.
What is believed to be true for a given society may not be true for another. Equally,
what is true for a given society today is not remain true tomorrow.

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 3. Pragmatic theory of truth: a statement, (proposition, ideas, thought, belief, opinion) is true
if it works or has practical results or if it resolves problems in science and everyday life and
makes us happy. Accordingly, truth is measured by its usefulness or utility to the society.
Supporters of this theory believed that their theory of truth was dynamic, practical and
measurable. Truth is measured in terms of outcomes. If the outcomes are desirable, then the
means employed to achieve it are justified.
4. Scientific theory of truth: According to this theory, truth is different from the above
theories because scientific facts are not relative or measured by utility to individuals or
groups. This theory purely depends on objective facts, which remain the same for
everyone, all the time.

Beliefs that are not true may be called myths.

They are not proven to be true through scientific methods of investigation. The basis of a myth is
often tradition. You should be able to differentiate myth from the truth. Cultures hold myths as
important though they may recognize that they are not true. They may be used for social unity
and to help give an understanding of how society works. This is part of culture but it cannot be
proved. Until the making of the globe and maps etc. there was a myth that the earth was flat. But,
after the Great Discovery of the 16th Century, it was proved wrong. Until then this myth
had obstructed the expansion of navigation and trade. Although myths are important, they should
not be a barrier to develop our culture. With knowledge, the world has transformed a great deal.
Knowledge is key to improving the life of people. Knowledge, wisdom and truth are tools to a
good life. Today, governments are making use of knowledge to improve the living conditions of
people. Myths are unscientific stories that people would like to tell and believe. Knowledge is
truth.

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UNIT ELEVEN REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Match items listed under column “B” with column “A” with their appropriate
answers.
“A” “B”
1. Epistemology A. Truth is subjective to time, place and culture
3. Truth pragmatic theory B. Truth has objective and absolute nature
4. Empiricism C. Philosophical study of knowledge
5. Rationalism D. measurable and quantifiable information
6. Quantitative data E. Experience is a source of knowledge
7. Qualitative data F. Reason is a source of knowledge
8. Scientific theory of truth G. The information which is based the interpretation
9. Relative theory of truth H. Truth is measured in terms of its outcomes
II. Choose the best answer for the following questions from a given alternatives.
10. A theory of truth that assume our ideas must be tested through practice is

A. Coherence theory of truth C. Correspondence theory of truth

B. Pragmatic theory of truth D. Deflationary theory of truth
11. Which of the following is not true about objective judgment?
A. Objective judgment is the base for reasoning
B. Objective judgment is the outcome of knowledge and reason
C. Objective judgment does not require reasoning ability
D. Objective judgment is about fair decision making
12. What is Mythology? It is philosophical study of:
A. Myth B. The super natural C. Knowledge D. Truth
13. A process by which a sender transmits messages to a receiver which entails mutual
understanding is:
A. Communication B. Production C. Information D. Decoding
14. The basis of qualitative research lies on:
A. Study things in number C. Interpreting social reality
B. Measuring of phenomenon D. Deals with quantifiable things
15. Which of the following action is true mark of a rational person?
A. Speaking English as fluently as native speakers
B. Giving quick and equal response to any type of provocation
C. Trying to see things from all possible angles before taking action
D. Arriving at conclusions about anything instantly and hastily

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16. Which of the following is the essential characteristic of qualitative data? It
A. Involves the measurement of an amount/quantity
B. Often analyzed using statistics or computer programs
C. Describes facts that cannot be expressed numerically
D. Can be assessed and determined exactly
17. Which of the following is true about myths?
A. Myths are unscientific stories that people would like to tell and believed
B. Myths are scientific stories based on empirical evidence
C. Myths are found in the tradition and cultures of African people only
D. Myths can help us to transform our knowledge
18. An assumption that serves as the basis of research is known as a:
A. Philosophy B. Analysis C. Hypothesis D. Paradigm
19. Which of the following is correct about the relativity of truth?
A. Truth depends on objective facts C. Truth depends in time and space
B. Truth is a universally accepted truth D. Truth is measured based on its utility
20. Which of the following matches the pragmatic theory of truth?
A. Truth is measurable based on its use fullness for a person or a group of people
B. What is true at one time may not remain the same at other times
C. What is true is a given society may not be true in other societies
D. Truth depends up on objective facts that remain the same in space and time
21. Which one of the following is put in a correct order of sequence regarding scientific methods
of research?
A. Data collection-----Hypothesis----Analysis-----Evaluation of Results------Conclusion
B. Analysis------Evaluation of Results----Data collection ------Hypothesis---- Conclusion
C. Hypothesis------Data collection-----Analysis-----Evaluation of Results----- Conclusion
D. Analysis-----Hypothesis----Data collection-----Conclusion-----Evaluation of Results
22. What do you mean understand by the pursuit of wisdom?
A. It means to be serious in life
B. It means not to be rational on all the bases of knowledge
C. It means to be able to guide life on the basis of knowledge
D. It means to do good to others

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UNIT TWELVE: MORAL EDUCTIONAD AND RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE

Morality, Ethics and Religion

Morality (from Latin: moralitas, it 's Manner, character, proper behavior') is the differentiation
of intentions, decisions and actions between those that are distinguished as proper and those that
are improper. Morality can be a body of standards or principles derived from a code of
conduct from a particular philosophy, religion or culture, or it can derive from a standard that a
person believes should be universal.

Morality may also be specifically synonymous with "goodness" or "rightness". Moral philosophy
includes meta-ethics, which studies abstract issues such as moral ontology and
moral epistemology, and normative ethics, which studies more concrete systems of moral
decision-making such as deontological ethics and consequentialism. An example of normative
ethical philosophy is the Golden Rule, which states that: "One should treat others as one would
like others to treat oneself."

Immorality is the active opposition to morality (i.e. opposition to that which is good or right),
while amorality is variously defined as an unawareness of, indifference toward, or disbelief in
any particular set of moral standards or principles. In its descriptive sense, "morality" refers
to personal or cultural values, codes of conduct or social mores from a society that provides these
codes of conduct in which it applies and is accepted by an individual. It does not connote
objective claims of right or wrong, but only refers to that which is considered right or wrong.

Descriptive ethics is the branch of philosophy which studies morality in this sense. In
its normative sense, "morality" refers to whatever (if anything) is actually right or wrong, which
may be independent of the values or mores held by any particular peoples or cultures. Normative
ethics is the branch of philosophy which studies morality in this sense. If morality is the answer
to the question 'how ought we to live' at the individual level, politics can be seen as addressing
the same question at the social level, though the political sphere raises additional problems and
challenges. Group morality develops from shared concepts and beliefs and is often codified to
regulate behavior within a culture or community. Various defined actions come to be called
moral or immoral. Individuals who choose moral action are popularly held to possess "moral
fiber", whereas those who indulge in immoral behavior may be labeled as socially degenerate.

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Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending
and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct.
The field of ethics, along with aesthetics, concerns matters of value, and thus comprises the
branch of philosophy called axiology. Ethics seeks to resolve questions of human morality by
defining concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice and crime. As a
field of intellectual inquiry, moral philosophy also is related to the fields of moral
psychology, descriptive ethics, and value theory.
Three major areas of study within ethics recognized today are:
Meta-ethics, concerning the theoretical meaning and reference of moral propositions, and how
their truth values (if any) can be determined
Normative ethics, concerning the practical means of determining a moral course of action
Applied ethics, concerning what a person is obligated (or permitted) to do in a specific situation
or a particular domain of action.
Normative ethics is the study of ethical action. It is the branch of ethics that investigates the set
of questions that arise when considering how one ought to act, morally speaking. Normative
ethics is distinct from meta-ethics because normative ethics examines standards for the rightness
and wrongness of actions, while meta-ethics studies the meaning of moral language and the
metaphysics of moral facts. Normative ethics is also distinct from descriptive ethics, as the latter
is an empirical investigation of people's moral beliefs. To put it another way, descriptive ethics
would be concerned with determining what proportion of people believe that killing is always
wrong, while normative ethics is concerned with whether it is correct to hold such a belief.
Hence, normative ethics is sometimes called prescriptive, rather than descriptive. However, on
certain versions of the meta-ethical view called moral realism, moral facts are both descriptive
and prescriptive at the same time.

Traditionally, normative ethics (also known as moral theory) was the study of what makes
actions right and wrong. These theories offered an overarching moral principle one could appeal
to in resolving difficult moral decisions.

Descriptive ethics, also known as comparative ethics, is the study of people's beliefs
about morality. It contrasts with prescriptive or normative ethics, which is the study of ethical
theories that prescribe how people ought to act, and with meta-ethics, which is the study of what
ethical terms and theories actually refer to. The following examples of questions that might be
considered in each field illustrate the differences between the fields:

Descriptive ethics: What do people think is right?

Meta-ethics: What does "right" even mean?
Normative (prescriptive) ethics: How should people act?
Applied ethics: How do we take moral knowledge and put it into practice?

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Descriptive ethics is a form of empirical research into the attitudes of individuals or groups of
people. In other words, this is the division of philosophical or general ethics that involves the
observation of the moral decision-making process with the goal of describing the phenomenon.
Those working on descriptive ethics aim to uncover people's beliefs about such things as values,
which actions are right and wrong, and which characteristics of moral agents are virtuous.
Research into descriptive ethics may also investigate people's ethical ideals or what actions
societies reward or punish in law or politics. What ought to be noted is that culture is
generational and not static. Therefore, a new generation will come with its own set of morals and
that qualifies to be their ethics.

Descriptive ethics will hence try to oversee whether ethics still holds its place. Because
descriptive ethics involves empirical investigation, it is a field that is usually investigated by
those working in the fields of evolutionary biology, psychology, sociology or anthropology.
Information that comes from descriptive ethics is, however, also used in philosophical
arguments. Value theory can be either normative or descriptive but is usually descriptive.

Religious pluralism is an attitude or policy regarding the diversity of religious belief

systems co-existing in society. It can indicate one or more of the following:
As the name of the worldview according to which one's own religion is not held to be the sole
and exclusive source of truth, and thus the acknowledgement that at least some truths and true
values exist in other religions. As acceptance of the concept that two or more religions with
mutually exclusive truth claims are equally valid, this may be considered a form of
either toleration (a concept that arose as a result of the European wars of religion) or moral
relativism.
The understanding that the exclusive claims of different religions turn out, upon closer
examination, to be variations of universal truths that have been taught since time immemorial.
This is called Perennialism (based on the concept of philosophia perennis) or Traditionalism.
Sometimes as a synonym for ecumenism, i.e. the promotion of some level of unity, co-operation,
and improved understanding between different religions or different denominations within a
single religion. As a term for the condition of harmonious co-existence between adherents of
different religions or religious denominations. As a social norm and not merely a synonym for
religious diversity.

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Pluralism: a state of society in which members of diverse ethnic, racial, religious, or social
groups maintain and develop their traditional culture or special interest within the confines of a
common civilization. Pluralism refers to a society, system of government, or organization that
has different groups that keep their identities while existing with other groups or a more
dominant group. Rather than just one group, subgroup, or culture dictating how things go,
pluralism recognizes a larger number of competing interest groups that share the power.
Pluralism serves as a model of democracy, where different groups can voice their opinions and
ideas.

Religious discrimination is treating a person or group differently because of the particular

beliefs which they hold about a religion. This includes instances when adherents of
different religions, denominations or non-religions are treated unequally due to their particular
beliefs, either before the law or in institutional settings, such as employment or housing.

Religious discrimination is related to religious persecution, the most extreme forms of which
would include instances in which people have been executed for beliefs perceived to be heretical.
Laws which only carry light punishments are described as mild forms of religious persecution or
as religious discrimination. Even in societies where freedom of religion is a constitutional right,
adherents of religious minorities sometimes voice concerns about religious discrimination
against them.

Insofar as legal policies are concerned, cases that are perceived as religious discrimination
might be the result of an interference of the religious sphere with other spheres of the public that
are regulated by law (and not aimed specifically against a religious minority).

Religious tolerance, Peace and Development

Religious tolerance: Implies working towards a culture that allows everyone to pursue their
chosen spiritual and religious path, without hindrance, harassment or oppression by any other
body. Its accepting other religions on the basis of equality principle and also as per the
constitutional principles of the FDRE. It‟s important because it help us to honor and appreciate
the differences between our religious practices. It is also the road to world peace.

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In order to maintain religious tolerance, all actors should be committed to:
 Providing opportunities of religious freedom to all citizens
 Enhancing the culture of cooperation rather than competition among the followers of
different religions
 Creating the opportunities of interfaith dialogues
 Inclusion of moral education in school curriculum
 Building a system of democratic governance
Peace is a concept of societal friendship and harmony in the absence of hostility and violence.
In a social sense, peace is commonly used to mean a lack of conflict (such as war) and freedom
from fear of violence between individuals or groups. Throughout history leaders have
used peacemaking and diplomacy to establish a certain type of behavioral restraint that has
resulted in the establishment of regional peace or economic growth through various forms of
agreements or peace treaties. Such behavioral restraint has often resulted in the reduction of
conflicts, greater economic interactivity, and consequently substantial prosperity.
"Psychological peace" (such as a peaceful thinking and emotions) is perhaps less well defined
yet often a necessary precursor to establishing "behavioral peace." Peaceful behavior sometimes
results from a "peaceful inner disposition." Some have expressed the belief that peace can be
initiated with a certain quality of inner tranquility that does not depend upon the uncertainties of
daily life for its existence. The acquisition of such a "peaceful internal disposition" for oneself
and others can contribute to resolving of otherwise seemingly irreconcilable competing interests.

Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of
physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components. The purpose of
development is a rise in the level and quality of life of the population, and the creation or
expansion of local regional income and employment opportunities, without damaging the
resources of the environment. Development is visible and useful, not necessarily immediately,
and includes an aspect of quality change and the creation of conditions for a continuation of that
change. The international agenda began to focus on development beginning in the second half of
the twentieth century. An understanding developed that economic growth did not necessarily
lead to a rise in the level and quality of life for populations all over the world; there was a need
to place an emphasis on specific policies that would channel resources and enable social and
economic mobility for various layers of the population.

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Through the years, professionals and various researchers developed a number of definitions and
emphases for the term “development.” Amartya Sen, for example, developed the “capability
approach,” which defined development as a tool enabling people to reach the highest level of
their ability, through granting freedom of action, i.e., freedom of economic, social and family
actions, etc. This approach became a basis for the measurement of development by the HDI
(Human Development Index), which was developed by the UN Development Program (UNDP)
in 1990. Martha Nussbaum developed the abilities approach in the field of gender and
emphasized the empowerment of women as a development tool.

In contrast, professionals like Jeffrey Sachs and Paul Collier focused on mechanisms that prevent
or oppress development in various countries, and cause them to linger in abject poverty for
dozens of years. These are the various poverty traps, including civil wars, natural resources and
poverty itself. The identification of these traps enables relating to political – economic – social
conditions in a country in an attempt to advance development. One of the emphases in the work
of Jeffrey Sacks is the promotion of sustainable development, which believes in growth and
development in order to raise the standard of living for citizens of the world today, through
relating to the needs of environmental resources and the coming generations of the citizens of the
world.

1: CSD Indicators of Sustainable Development Theme Sub-theme Core indicator Other indicator
Poverty Income poverty Proportion of population living below national poverty line Proportion
of population below $1 a day. Income inequality Ratio of share in national income of highest to
lowest. Quintile Sanitation Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility.
Drinking water Proportion of population using an improved water source. Overview of the
revised CSD Indicators of Sustainable Development 11 Theme Sub-theme Core indicator Other
indicator Poverty (continued) Access to energy Share of households without electricity or other
modern energy services. Percentage of population using solid fuels for cooking. Living
conditions Proportion of urban population living in slums. Governance Corruption Percentage of
population having paid bribes. Crime Number of intentional homicides per 100,000 population
Health Mortality Under-five mortality rate. Life expectancy at birth. Healthy life expectancy at
birth Health care delivery Percent of population with access to primary health care facilities.
Contraceptive prevalence rate Immunization against infectious childhood diseases.

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Nutritional status, Nutritional status of children. Health status and risks Morbidity of major
diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis. Prevalence of tobacco use Suicide rate.
Education level Gross intake ratio to last grade of primary education. Lifelong learning Net
enrolment rate in primary education Adult secondary (tertiary) schooling attainment level.
Literacy Adult literacy rate. Demographics Population growth rate, Total fertility rate.
Dependency ratio, Tourism Ratio of local residents to tourists in major tourist regions and
destinations.

Opportunities and challenges related to religious pluralism in Ethiopia and the world
Opportunities
Ethiopia has a solid tradition of peaceful coexistence between Christians and Muslims, who for
centuries have lived next to each other, working together to fight poverty and fundamentalism
which leads to tension and conflict. Even if fundamentalists are trying to provoke division and
conflict, the people of Ethiopia have neither accepted nor followed them.

Since ancient times, Ethiopia is the holy land that Christians and Muslims are living in harmony
and peace. Muslims and Christians who are drinking and eating together and sharing their misery
and sorrows for a long period of time, also participate in social institutes such as Ikub and Eddir.
Historically, the social significance of religion is played out through religious communities and
institutions and to a great extent determines their nature and functioning. Religious leaders play a
vital role in promoting peace, tolerance and understanding. They are often seen as the keepers of
collective identity, history and memories. As such, religions can help to shape community
responses to different threats, expose social injustice and create conditions for healing the
wounds. The legitimacy and credibility of religious leaders with their charismatic power are
greatly enhanced when they act jointly across denominational and faith divides.

When faith communities build their capacities, they can turn threats into opportunities to
strengthen relationships, preserve valuable resources, and make their lives a testimony to the
love and power of God. Qualities such as charisma, compassion, understanding, steward ship,
and forgiveness can be cited as key attributes that help to explain why religious leaders are able
to succeed. This has a positive impact on mitigating, managing or handling various problems.

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They harbor several key attributes essential to positive community relationship, allowing them to
concentrate their efforts in areas where they will be more effective. They can achieve greater
success if combined with similar secular and government efforts.
In addition, throughout Ramadan, Christian employers give Muslim women unconditional love
in an arrangement that has widespread support in the community.

The Muslim-Christian relationship in Ethiopia has a mixed historical background. Although

Ethiopia is located on a religious fault line, the relationship between the two religions has been
reasonably cordial in recent decades. Christianity has prevailed in the Ethiopian highlands since
the early 4th century while Islam was introduced to Ethiopia early in the 7th century when the
followers of Prophet Mohammed, including his wife sought refuge in Aksum. The king of
Aksum welcomed them, respected their religion and offered them protection.

They later settled in Negashi, east of Tigray, which became the foundation and one of the most
important places for the Islamic faith in Ethiopia. Throughout the holy month of Ramadan, when
the Quran first revealed, all physically fit Muslim adults are to abstain from food, drink and other
prohibited activities. This month is Muslims Ramadan fast season, the Muslim community are
fasting the Ramadan. During this special month, Muslims reflect on their behavior, their spiritual
growth and community relationship. Muslims eat with Christian neighbors at the evening fast-
breaking meal (Iftar). It is a month when the Holy Quran, the holy scripture of Muslims was
revealed to Prophet Muhammad. So this time is the time of the Muslim communities to support
their poor brothers and sisters through various materials like clothes and other important things
especially basic needs. The Ramadan has a vital role to strengthening unity, peace, love and
respect with other Christian or nonbelievers of the community, because charity, kindness and
prayer are prioritized.
Challenges
Ignorance is a lack of knowledge and information. The word "ignorant" is an adjective that
describes a person in the state of being unaware, or even cognitive dissonance and other cognitive
relation, and can describe individuals who deliberately ignore or disregard important information
or facts, or individuals who are unaware of important information or facts. Ignorance can appear in
three different types: factual ignorance (absence of knowledge of some fact), object ignorance
(unacquaintance with some object), and technical ignorance (absence of knowledge of how to do
something).

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Ignorance can have negative effects on individuals and societies, but can also benefit them by
creating within them the desire to know more. For example, ignorance within science opens the
opportunity to seek knowledge and make discoveries by asking new questions.
Though this can only take place if the individual possesses a curious mind.

Studies suggest that adults with an adequate education who perform enriching and challenging
jobs are happier, and more in control of their environment.[3] The confidence that adults obtain
through the sense of control that education provides allows those adults to go for more leadership
positions and seek for power throughout their lives.

In 1984, author Thomas Pynchon observed: "We are often unaware of the scope and structure of
our ignorance. Ignorance is not just a blank space on a person's mental map. It has contours and
coherence, and for all I know rules of operation as well. So as a corollary to writing about what
we know, maybe we should add getting familiar with our ignorance and the possibilities therein
for ruining a good story."

The role of external pressure and internal agents

One of the major problems challenging the ongoing process of building the culture of religious
pluralism in Ethiopia and elsewhere in the world is the external pressure coming from religious
fundamentalist groups. The pressure had been manifesting itself in the form of terrorist actions
that are violating human, social, economic and political rights of peoples.

Terrorists are cause indiscriminate massacre of innocent civilians and religious leaders. They are
causing human atrocity in hotels, tourist centers, embassies, gas stations and transports vehicles.
Their criminal act is in turn a violation of our present constitution of our present constitution
which enacted fundamental rights and freedom, such as the right to life, liberty, and security of a
person. Consequently, all citizens of Ethiopia should unite together to fight their mortal enemy
known as terrorism as they are doing against poverty. To this end, all citizens ought to:

 Discourage people from resorting to or supporting terrorism

 Deny terrorists financial and material support
 Expose terrorist acts and movements

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UNIT TWELVE REVIEW EXERCISES

I. Match items listed under column “B” with column “A” with their appropriate
answers.
“A” “B”
1. Universal ethics A. How do we take moral knowledge and put it into practice
2. Inter-faith dialogue B. How should people act
3. Religious discrimination C. What do people think is right
4. Descriptive ethics D. What does "right" even mean
5. Normative ethics E. Organizing inter- religious discussion
6. Meta-ethics F. Do not kill and lie
7. Applied ethics G. Denying citizens equal opportunities on the basis of religious
difference

II. Choose the best answer for the following questions from a given alternatives

8. “When you are in Rome, live like the Romans”. What does this quotation tell you?
A. People who live in a given society should live respecting the moral and legal systems of others.
B. People should completely ignore their norms while living with others.
C. People have to despise the norms of others to live in peace and harmony.
D. People should discard their own value and take the values of others.
9. Which of the following is true about professional Ethics?
A. Guiding values of personal conduct in everyday life situation
B. Behaving based on religious principles and doctrines
C. Principles that guide persons in performing their job
D. Guiding standard motivated by political ideology
10. All of the following best explain fundamentalists except one
A. They are a particular group of people gathered together in the name of volunteering
others
B. They share the same economic and political interests which they seek to pursue and
defend together
C. They seek domination over other group
D. They look on other groups as harmful to their interest

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11. Which one of the following is false regarding religion and ethics?
A. Religion and ethics serve a common need in a society
B. Religion and ethics both presuppose human freedom, choice and responsibility for
action
C. Religion and ethics are based on humanistic assumptions justified mainly by appeals to
reason
D. Religion and ethics are part of every human life and society
12. ____is an ideology of political commitment to a religious community, by using one religious
community against other communities and perceive other communities as its enemies.
A. Tolerance B. Religious fundamentalism C. Secularism D. multi-party system
13. ____is the holding of political and religious view or taking of extreme action on the basis of
those action is:
A. Extremism B. Fundamentalism C. Terrorism D. Genocide
14. Which one of the following is TRUE about ethics?
A. Ethics aware society to follow moral sound judgment
B. Ethical value are universal and applicable to all
C. Morality is philosophical that deals with rightness and wrongness of action
D. Denying moral values will result social acceptance
15. Religion and morality teaches about:
A. How people develop the behavior of hostile to each other
B. Teaches about humanity, generosity and honesty.
C. Immoral behavior that go against norms of the society
D. How citizens engaged in stealing and lying
16. All are the contribution of religious tolerance for peace and development except:
A. Every religion teaches about fraternity, forgiveness and mutual respect
B. Encourage religious conflict and hostility to wads other religion
C. Regularly emphasizing peace and avoidance of use of force in resolving conflict
D. Handle conflict by mediating between conflicting parties to pursue reconciliation

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 Answer key for review questions
Responsibility Industriousness
1.False 11. B 1. False 11. D
2.True 12. C 2. False 12. B
3.False 13. B 3. False 13. D
4.False 14. D 4. True 14. B
5.False 15. B 5. True 15. D
6. D 16. B 6. D 16. B
7. E 17. D 7. C 17. D
8. B 18. B 8. E 18. C
9. C 19. D 9. F 19. C
10.A 20. B 10.A 20. C
21. A 21. B
22.D

Self- Reliance Saving

1.E 11. C 1. B 11. B

2.C 12. B 2. B 12. C
3.D 13. C 3. B 13. C
4.B 14. A 4. C 14. C
5.F 15. B 5. D 15. A
6. G 16. C 6. D 16. A
7. H 17. D 7. A 17. B
8. J 18. C 8. C 18. C
9. A 19. B 9. D 19. C
10.D 20. D 10.C
21. B
22.D
23.A
24.D
25.D

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Active community participation The pursuit of wisdom

1. True 11. C 1. C 11. C

2. True 12. B 3. H 12. A
3. True 13. A 3. H 13. A
4. False 14. D 4. E 14. C
5. True 15. A 5. F 15. C
6. True 6. D 16. C
7. True 7. G 17. A
8. C 8. B 18. C
9. D 9. A 19. C
10.D 10.B 20. A
21.C
22. C

Moral education and religious tolerance

1. F 11. A
2. E 12. B
3. G 13. A
4. C 14. A
5. B 15. B
6. D 16. B
7. A
8. A
9. C
10. A

Set by: Taye Lemma (MA)

April, 13, 2020

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