Lesson 1 – OVERVIEW OF VALUATION CONCEPTS AND METHODS

Unit 1 – Foundation and Concepts of Valuation

Overview:
The fundamental point behind success investments is understanding what is the prevailing value
and the key drivers that influence this value. In this lesson, the valuation and the processes in
valuation will be discussed.

Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Describe the use and importance of valuation
2. Illustrate Porter’s Five Forces
3. Enumerate the principles and processes in creating value

Course Materials:

Valuation
It is the estimation of an asset’s value based on variables perceived to be related to future
investment returns, on comparison with similar assets, or when relevant, on estimates of
immediate liquidation proceeds, says CFA Institute.

OBJECTIVE OF THE VALUATION EXERCISE

1. Intrinsic Value – refers to the value of any asset based on the assumption assuming there
is a hypothetically complete understanding of its investment characteristics. It is the value
that an investor considers, on the basis of an evaluation or available facts, to be the “true”
or “real” value that will become the market value when other investors reach the same
conclusion.
2. Going Concern Value – the going concern assumption believes that the entity will
continue to do its business activities into the foreseeable future.
3. Liquidation Value – the net amount that would be realized if the business is terminated
and the assets are sold piecemeal. It is particularly relevant for companies who are
experiencing severe financial distress.
4. Fair Market Value – the price, expressed in terms of cash equivalents, at which property
would change hands between a hypothetical willing and able buyer and a hypothetical
willing and able seller, acting at arm’s length in an open and unrestricted market, when
neither is under compulsion to buy or sell and when both have reasonable knowledge of
the relevant facts.

ROLES OF VALUATION IN BUSINESS

Portfolio Management
• Fundamental Analyst – these are persons who are interested in understanding and
measuring the intrinsic value of a firm. Fundamentals refer to the characteristics of an
entity related to its financial strength, profitability or risk appetite.
 • Activist Investors – activist investors tend to look for companies with good growth
prospects that have poor management. Activist investors usually do “takeovers” – they
use their equity holdings to push old management out of the company and change the
way the company is being run.
• Chartists – they rely on the concept that stock prices are significantly influenced by how
investors think and act and on available trading KPIs such as price movements, trading
volume, short sales – when making their investment decisions.
• Information Traders – they react based on new information about firms that are revealed
to the stock market. The underlying belief is that information traders are more adept in
guessing or getting new information about firms and they can make predict how the market
will react based on this.

Valuation Techniques in Portfolio Management

• Stock selection
• Deducing market expectations
Business Deals for Analysis
• Acquisition – an acquisition usually has two parties: the buying firm that needs to
determine the fair value of the target company prior to offering a bid price and the selling
firm who gauge reasonableness of bid offers.
• Merger – transaction of two companies’ combined to form a wholly new entity.
• Divestiture – sale of a major component or segment of a business to another company.
• Spin-off – separating a segment or component business and transforming this into a
separate legal entity whose ownership will be transferred to shareholders.
• Leverage buyout – acquisition of another business by using significant debt which uses
the acquired business as a collateral.

VALUATION PROCESS
 1. Understanding the business – it includes performing industry and competitive analysis and
analysis of publicly available financial information and corporate disclosures. An investor
should be able to encapsulate the industry structure. One of the most common tools used in
encapsulating industry is Porter’s Five Forces:

Generic Corporate Strategies to achieve Competitive Advantage

• Cost leadership – incurring the lowest cost among market players with quality that is
comparable to competitors allow the firm to be price products around the industry average.
• Differentiation – offering differentiated or unique product or service characteristics
that customers are willing to pay for an additional premium.
• Focus – identifying specific demographic segment or category segment to focus on by
using cost leadership strategy or differentiation strategy.
2. Forecasting financial performance – can be looked at two perspectives: on a macro
perspective viewing the economic environment and industry where the firm operates in and
micro perspective focusing in the firm’s financial and operating characteristics.
Two Approaches of Forecast Financial Performance
• Top down forecasting approach – international or national macroeconomic
projections with utmost consideration to industry specific forecasts.
• Bottom-up forecasting approach – forecast starts from the lower levels of the firm
and builds the forecast as it captures what will happen to the company.
3. Selecting the right valuation model – it depends on the context of the valuation and the
inherent characteristics of the company being valued.
4. Preparing valuation model based on forecasts – there are two aspects to be
considered:
 • Sensitivity analysis – common methodology in valuation exercises wherein multiple
other analyses are done to understand how changes in an input or variable will affect
the outcome.
• Situational adjustments – firm specific issues that affects firm value that should be
adjusted by analysts since these are events that are not quantified if analysts only
look at core business operations.
5. Applying valuation conclusions and providing recommendation

KEY PRINCIPLES IN VALUATION

• The value of a business is defined only at a specific point in time.
• Value varies based on the ability of business to generate future cash
flows.
• Market dictates the appropriate rate of return for investors.
• Firm value can be impacted by underlying net tangible assets.
• Value is influenced by transferability of future cash flows.
• Value is impacted by liquidity.
Activities/Assessments:
True or False. State TR when the statement is correct and FA if the statement is
incorrect.
________1. Businesses treat capital as a scarce resource that they should compete to
obtain and efficiently manage.
________2. Methods to value for real estate can may be different on how to value an
entire business.
________3. Valuation includes the use of forecasts to come up with reasonable
estimate of value of an entity’s assets or its equity.
________4. Intrinsic value refers to the value of any asset based on the assumption
assuming there is a hypothetically complete understanding of its investment
characteristics.
________5. Spin-off is separating a segment or component business and transforming
this into a separate legal entity whose ownership will be transferred to shareholders.
________6. Fundamental analysts are persons who are interested in understanding
and measuring the intrinsic value of a firm.
________7. Chartist relies on the concept that stock prices are significantly influenced
by how investors think and act.
________8. Merger is the general term which describes the transaction two companies’
combined to form a wholly new entity.
________9. Valuation is the estimation of an asset’s value based on variables
perceived to be related to future investment returns, on comparisons with similar assets
or when relevant on estimates of immediate liquidation proceeds.

________10. Value is impact by liquidity.

References:

- Valuation Concepts and Methods by M. V. Lascano, H. C. Baron, A. T. L. Cachero