AR8701

LANDSCAPE DESIGN

LANDSCAPE DESIGN
 OBJECTIVES

To introduce the various aspects of outdoor design and site planning in
enhancing and improving the quality of built environment, functionally
and aesthetically.
 To stress on the role of landscape design in sustainability, to provide
an overview of ecological balance and impacts of human activities and
the need for environmental protection and landscape conservation.
 To provide familiarity with the various elements of landscape
architecture and the principle of landscape design.
 To give an outline of the evolution of landscape and garden design
across history.
 To help develop and strengthen competence in dealing with the
analytic, artistic and technical aspects of designing open spaces at
different scales.
OUTCOME

Awareness of the role of landscape design with respect to macro scale

of sustainability and ecology as well as in the micro scale of shaping of
outdoor environments.
 Knowledge about the elements of landscape design and their scope.
 Sensitivity towards evolution of different garden and landscape design
across time and context.
 An understanding of landscape design with respect to site planning and
different functional typologies of spaces.
TEXTBOOKS

1.Motloch, J.L., 'An Introduction to Landscape Design', US: John Wiley and
Sons, 2001.
2. Michael Laurie, 'Introduction to Landscape Architecture', Elsevier, 1986.
3. Sauter D; 'Landscape Construction', Delmar Publishers; 2000.
4.Geoffrey And Susan Jellico, 'The Landscape of Man', Thames And Hudson,
1987.

REFERENCES

1.'Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture', McGraw Hill, Inc,

1995.
2.Grant W Reid, 'From Concept to Form in Landscape Design', Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company,
1993.
3.Albert J. Rutledge, 'Anatomy of a Park', McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1971.

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 4. Richard P. Dober, 'Campus Landscape', John Wiley and Sons; 2000.
5.Strom Steven, 'Site Engineering for Landscape Architects', John Wiley and
Sons Inc., 2004.
6. Brian Hacket, 'Planting Design', Mc Graw Hill Inc, 1976.
7.T.K. Bose and Chowdhury, 'Tropical Garden Plants in Colour', Horticulture
And Allied Publishers, Calcutta, 1991.
8.Rahoul B Singh, 'Gardens of Delight- Indian Gardens through the Ages',
Lustre Press, Roli Books, 2008.

UNIT I - INTRODUCTION [7]

Introduction to landscape architecture. Basic concepts of ecology and the

impact of human activities on them. Bio, Geo, chemical cycles including
water cycle, carrying capacity of an ecosystem. Environmental impact
assessment. Reclamation and restoration of derelict lands.

UNIT II - ELEMENTS IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN [10]

Introduction to hard and soft landscape elements. Different types of hard

landscape elements. Plant materials, water and landform - classification,
characteristics, use and application in landscape design.

UNIT III - GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY [10]

Japanese, Italian Renaissance, Mughal and English gardens. Outline of

landscape and garden designing Indian history. Gardens depicted in Sanskrit
literature, Nandavanams and residential gardens of South India. Moghul
gardens. Public parks and residential gardens of the colonial period.
Contemporary public landscape projects. Study of notable examples. Spatial
development in landscape design.

UNIT IV - SITE PLANNING [10]

Organisation of spaces in the outdoor environment. Role of circulation and

built form in shaping the environment. Role of landscape design in design of
neighbourhood parks, children’s play area and campus development.

UNIT V - LANDSCAPING OF FUNCTIONAL AREAS [8]

Urban open spaces and principle of urban landscape. Street landscaping,

landscape design for waterfront areas and functional areas in urban centres.
Green infrastructure including green roofs and walls.

TOTAL: 60 PERIODS

LANDSCAPE DESIGN
 UNIT – I

INTRODUCTION
Introduction to landscape architecture. Basic concepts of ecology and the
impact of human activities on them. Bio, Geo, chemical cycles including
water cycle, carrying capacity of an ecosystem. Environmental impact
assessment. Reclamation and restoration of derelict lands.

LANDSCAPE DESIGN
 “
DESIGN

Process of creation of OBJECT

SPACE

SYSTEM

POLICY

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 “
LANDSCAPE

Predominantly Nature
and
Natural elements

LANDSCAPE DESIGN
 LANDSCPE DESIGN
It is an appropriate act or act of arrangement/
modification/ creation of
object/space

located
predominantly Outdoor/semi outdoor

for a predetermined purpose/

objective

With Predominantly Natural matreials

To enhance the Quality of environment of

delineated space

Which the User perceives.

LANDSCAPE DESIGN
 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
Landscape Architecture is a profession concerned with both the built
and natural environments. Landscape architects have a firm
commitment to improve the quality of both environments through
careful planning and design.

In the past, landscape architects were known as designers of

gardens and parks. Today landscape architects are continuing this
tradition, but have also expanded the field to include planning,
design and management of several aspects of the physical
environment. They are also specialists in site planning, which
require the expertise of an architect and also detailed technical
knowledge of soils, structures and services.

So it can be called as multi-disciplinary field, incorporating aspects

of botany, horticulture, fine arts, architecture, industrial design, soil
sciences, environmental psychology, geography, and ecology.

The activities of a landscape architect can range from the creation of public
parks and parkways to site planning for campuses and corporate
office parks, design of residential estates, design of civil
infrastructure and the management of wilderness areas or reclamation of
degraded landscapes such as mines or landfills.

Landscape architects work on structures and external spaces with limitations

towards the landscape or park aspect of the design - large or small, urban,
suburban and rural, and with “hard" and “soft" materials, while integrating
ecological sustainability.

LANDSCAPE PROJECT
Phase One: Design Consultation
The process begins with an on-site design consultation with a representative
of Landscaping. This consultation provides an opportunity to first listen to
the various landscape elements the customer desires in their ideal design,
but to also exchange ideas that may reveal other design considerations. The
inquiries during this consultation will allow to create a unique design, crafted
specifically to fit the individual needs, lifestyle, and property of each client
based on the budget given by the client.

Phase Two: Conceptual Design

The conceptual design phase begins with a survey of the property and the
gathering of site specific information. A Plat of Survey of the property and/or
architectural plans are very helpful in allowing us to prepare accurate base

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 drawings of the existing conditions. If this information is not available, we
will take the necessary measurements to ensure an accurate design can be
prepared, while accounting for all of the existing conditions. This may
include locating other accessory structures, existing trees, other existing
plant materials, site drainage patterns, solar orientation, finish floor
elevations, and walk-out basement elevations when applicable to
accommodate drainage and grade changes during the design phase.

Phase Three: Construction Drawings and Contract Proposal

Construction drawings vary greatly between projects and may include, but
are not limited to: hard surface layout, grading, drainage, framing, planting,
irrigation, and lighting layout plans, as well as critical details, cross-section,
elevations, and planting schedules. During this time, we are also reviewing
various hard surface material and color samples with the customer for final
approval. The next step will involve the customer’s final review of
construction drawings and presentation of our proposal for intended work.
Once we have a signed contract, we will place the project on our
construction schedule.

Phase Four: Installation

The installation of the design will be supervised by the Project Manager

and/or Landscape Architect. They will be in contact with the foreman and
installation crew throughout the construction period. In many cases, the
Project Manager and/or Landscape Architect will be on site at key times
during the construction, working with the crews to ensure every detail is
addressed per plan.

Phase Five: Maintenance

The first couple of years are the most difficult for transplanted trees and
shrubs. Our maintenance experts can help ensure the livelihood of the new
plantings and lawn, so the client can begin enjoying the space immediately.
Maintenance plans are customizable, and we take in to consideration plant
and lawn fertilization, plant protection, disease management, pruning, and
spring/fall cleanups. Our goal is to keep your landscape in optimal health
and maintain its beautiful appearance.

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 The variety of the Professional Tasks that Landscape
Architects collaborate on includes:
• The Planning, Form, Scale and Sitting of New Developments

• Parks of General design and public infrastructure

• Sustainable development

• Storm Water Management including Rain Gardens, Green

Roofs, Groundwater Recharge, Green Infrastructure, And Treatment

Wetlands

• Landscape design for Educational function and Site Design for Public
Institutions and Government Facilities

• Parks, Botanical Gardens, Arboretums, Greenways, And Nature

Preserves

• Recreation facilities; i.e.: Playgrounds, Golf Courses, Theme Parks and

Sports Facilities

• Housing areas, Industrial Parks and Commercial Developments

• Estate and Residence Landscape, Master Planning and Design

• Highways, Transportation Structures, Bridges, and Transit Corridors

• Urban design, Town and City Squares, Waterfronts, Pedestrian
Schemes, and Parking Lots

• Natural park, Tourist Destination, and Recreating Historical

Landscapes, and Historic Garden Appraisal and Conservation Studies

• Reservoirs, Dams, Power Stations, Reclamation of extractive industry

applications or major industrial projects and mitigation

• Environmental Assessment and Landscape Assessment, Planning

advice and Land Management proposals.

• Coastal and Offshore developments and mitigation

• Ecological Design any aspect of design that minimizes
environmentally destructive impacts by integrating itself with natural
processes and sustainability

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 ECOLOGY
ECOLOGY IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE INTERACTIONS
BETWEEN ORGANISMS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT.

Ecology (from greek:oikos, "house"; -logie, "study of") is the

scientific study of the relation of living organisms to each other
and their surroundings.

Ecology is the study of the relationship between organisms and

environment.

Ecology is the study of the distribution and abundance of

organisms (Andrewartha and Birch 1954).

Ecology is the study of ecosystems (Odum , 1971)

COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEMS

Biotic + Abiotic
Biotic components are the living things that shape an ecosystem.

Biotic factor is any living component that affects another organism.

ABIOTIC COMPONENTS or Abiotic factors are non-living chemical and

physical parts of the environment that affect living Organisms and the
functioning of ecosystems.

Abiotic factors and phenomena associated with them underpin all biology.

BIOTIC COMPONENTS
1. Producers, (Autotrophs):
e.g. Plants, they convert the energy [from photosynthesis (the
transfer of sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into energy), or
other sources such as hydrothermal vents] into food.

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 Organisms which can synthesise their own complex, energy rich,
organic molecules from simple inorganic molecules (e.g. green
plants synthesis sugars from CO2 & H2O)

2. Consumers, (Heterotrophs):
e.g. Animals, they depend upon producers (occasionally other
consumers) for food.

Organisms who must obtain complex, energy rich, organic

compounds form the bodies of other organisms (dead or alive)

3. Decomposers,(Detritivores):
e.g. Fungi and Bacteria, they break down chemicals from producers
and consumers (usually dead) into simpler form which can be
reused.

Heterotrophic organisms who ingest dead organic matter. (e.g.

earthworms, woodlice, millipedes).

Detritivores are an important aspect of many ecosystems.

(decomposing plant and animal parts as well as feces).

4. Saprotrophs
Heterotrophic organisms who secrete digestive enzymes onto dead
organism matter and absorb the digested material. (e.g. fungi,
bacteria)

An organism that feeds on or derives nourishment from decaying

organic matter.

A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and
generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in
an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-
resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two
categories called trophic levels:

FOOD WEB: a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.

FOOD CHAIN: A series of organisms each dependent on the next as a
source of food.

The series of processes by which food is grown or produced, sold, and

eventually consumed. "they have taken all reasonable steps to ensure that
no contaminated products enter the food chain"

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 ECOLOGICAL BALANCE
Species in an ecosystem each have a role in keeping the ecosystem running
smoothly. For example, predators keep the population of mice under control,
insects pollinate flowers, and worms decompose leaf litter. All species are
important and help keep the Ecosystem Balanced.

"a state of dynamic equilibrium within a community of organisms in

which genetic, species and ecosystem diversity remain relatively
stable, subject to gradual changes through natural succession." and
"A stable balance in the numbers of each species in an ecosystem."

Ecological balance is a term describing how Ecosystems are organized in a

state of Stability where species Coexist with other species and with their
environment.

The most important point being that the natural balance in an ecosystem is
maintained. This balance may be disturbed due to the introduction of new
species, the sudden death of some species, natural hazards or man-made
causes. In this field trip we will explore how human population and
development affects the ecological balance.

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 SYMBIOSIS: Interaction between two different organisms living in close
physical association, typically to the advantage of both OR A mutually
beneficial relationship between different people or groups.

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
The simplest way to define ecological footprint would be to call it the impact of human
activities measured in terms of the area of biologically productive land and water
required to produce the goods consumed and to assimilate the wastes generated. More
simply, it is the amount of the environment necessary to produce the goods and services
necessary to support a particular lifestyle.

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 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE:

This cyclic exchange of nutrient material between the living organisms and their non-living
environment is called biogeochemical cycle.
As indicated by the name the nutrients circulate through life {bio) and through earth (geo) repeatedly
(cycle). The biogeochemical (material or nutrient) cycles conserve the limited source of raw
materials in the environment.

Some of the major biogeochemical cycles are as follows:

(1) Water Cycle or Hydrologic Cycle
(2) Carbon-Cycle
(3) Nitrogen Cycle
(4) Oxygen Cycle.

The producers of an ecosystem take up several basic inorganic nutrients from their non-living
environment. These materials get transformed into the bio mass of the producers. Then they are
utilised by the consumer population and are ultimately returned to the environment with the help of
the reducers or decomposers.

1) Water Cycle or Hydrologic Cycle:

In this cycle;
(a) Water from the transpiring plants, oceans, rivers and lakes evaporates into the atmosphere .

(b) These water vapours subsequently cool and condense to form clouds and water.
(c) Water returns to the earth as rain and snow.
 WATER CYCLE
The water (hydrologic) cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of
the Earth

This movement of water involves several different processes, including:

•Evaporation – Water is converted to vapour by the sun and transferred from the Earth’s surface to the
atmosphere
•Transpiration – Water vapour is released by plants and soil into the atmosphere
•Condensation – Water vapour is transformed into liquid water droplets in the air (creating clouds and fog)
•Precipitation – Water vapour in the atmosphere condenses into liquid (rain) or solid (snow) and returns to
the Earth
•Infiltration – The flow of water from the ground surface into the soil
•Runoff – The variety of ways water moves along the ground
•Subsurface Flow – The flow of water underground (will eventually drain into oceans or return to the surface
via springs)
(2) Carbon-Cycle:

Most of the carbon dioxide enters the living world through photosynthesis. The organic
compounds synthesized are passed from the producers (green plants) to the consumers
(herbivores and carnivores). During respiration, plants and animals release carbon back
to the surrounding medium as carbon-dioxide. The dead bodies of plants and animals as
well as the body wastes, which accumulate carbon compounds, are decomposed by
micro-organisms to release carbon dioxide.

Carbon is also recycled during burning of fossil fuels.

(3) Nitrogen Cycle:
Nitrogen of the atmosphere is in the elemental form and cannot be used as such by
living organisms. It has to be “fixed” i.e. combined with other elements such as
hydrogen, carbon or oxygen to become usable for the green plants.
Nitrogen is continuously entering into the air by the action of denitrifying bacteria and
returning to the cycle through the action of lightening and electrification.
4) Oxygen Cycle:

Oxygen required for respiration in plants and animals enters the body directly from
the surrounding medium (air or water).
Oxygen returns to the surroundings in the form of Carbon-dioxide or water. It also
enters the plant body as carbon dioxide and water during photosynthesis and is
released in the form of molecular oxygen as a by-product in the same process for use
in respiration. Thus, the cycle is completed.
 LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION
Conservation is the act of preserving, guarding or protecting; wise use.
Conservation is an ethic of resource use, allocation, and protection. Its primary focus
is upon maintaining the health of the natural world, its fisheries, habitats, and
biological diversity.

 Conservation in its generally accepted meaning is the wise use of resources

 Conservation need not be static. It is not inimical(unfavorable) to either
development or progress.
 True progress can be obtained only when development and conservation are
carried forward hand in hand when they are planned together and are
complementary.

EXAMPLE: National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP)

Mangrove forest at Muthupet [Wetlands]
Gulf of Manar conservation [ Coral reefs ]

The conservation movement has 4 chief goals

1. PRESERVATION
 The first is the protection of the world ecosystem in such a
manner and to such a degree that life and health on our planet may be
sustained .
 This entails the preservation of those critical lands and water which are
vital to the life giving food chain , to the relative stability of our water
edges and landforms.

1. CONSERVATION
 Second goal is the conservation of open lands.
 These may be used for many purposes such as farming
,forestry or recreation, provided the use be such that the essential
quality of the landscape remains unimpaired.

3. DEVELOPMENT
 The third concern is the allocation of ample and suitable land for all
types of
development and the regulation of construction and operations to
preclude(prevent) all forms of pollution.

4. USE OF RESOURCES
 The fourth and equally important aspect of conservation is to ensure the
use of lands and waters (landscape resources ) to its optimal
potential.(not exploiting them but using them in a sustainable manner)

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 CONSERVATION OF PROTECTED AREAS IN INDIA
Protected areas

 According to the CBD, a protected area is `a geographically defined

area which is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific
conservation objectives.’
 Formal protected areas cover around 4.9 percent of the country’s
geographical area.
 They are an important component of India’s biodiversity conservation
strategy.
 The first protected areas to be established were Vedanthangal in
1858 and Kaziranga in 1916,
 Although several more protected areas were gazetted in the ensuing
decades, the real thrust came in the 1970s with the enactment of the
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and the launch of Project Tiger in 1973.
In the 1980s, a need was felt for a more planned network of protected
areas to encompass the full diversity of the country’s natural
ecosystems.
 In response to this, the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) developed a
biogeographic classification system. Subsequently, many more
protected areas, including coastal and marine protected areas, were
established.
 Since the 1990s, there have been attempts to introduce a participatory
approach in the management of protected areas, most notably through
the concept of ‘eco-development’. New categories such as ‘Community
Reserves’ and ‘Conservation Reserves’, which have been introduced
recently, also attempt to broaden the concept of protected areas and
encourage greater involvement of local people.

Territorial forests:

 Nearly a fifth of India’s geographical area is classified as forest lands.

There are two main categories – reserved and protected forests –
that mainly differ in the extent of rights and privileges accorded to the
local people.
 Although the initial focus was on extraction of timber and other
commercially valuable
forest products,the management of territorial forests has evolved over
time.
 Territorial forests are now managed according to the principles of
sustainable forest
management (SFM) through working plans.
 There is increasing emphasis on conservation and meeting subsistence
(survival)needs

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 of local communities

Co-management of forests:
 In recent decades,India has experimented with the concept of co-
anagement of State owned natural resources such as forests.
 Although community involvement in the management of State
forests has a long
history, it was a few successful experiments in community
involvement on State forest lands in the 1980s that sowed the
seeds of Joint Forest Management (JFM).
 Under JFM, the state Forest Department enters into an agreement
with the local community, which is allowed greater access to the
forest resources as well as a share in revenue, in return for
protection of the forests against unauthorized extraction,
encroachment and damage.

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

Ecosystem services are the direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to

human well-being. They support directly or indirectly our survival and quality
of life.

Ecosystem services can be categorized in four main types:

Provisioning services are the products obtained from ecosystems

such as food, fresh water, wood, fiber, genetic resources and
medicines.

Regulating services are defined as the benefits obtained from the

regulation of ecosystem processes such as climate regulation, natural
hazard regulation, water purification and waste management,
pollination or pest control.

Habitat services highlight the importance of ecosystems to provide

habitat for migratory species and to maintain the viability of gene-
pools.

Cultural services include non-material benefits that people obtain

from ecosystems such as spiritual enrichment, intellectual
development, recreation and aesthetic values.

Some examples of key services provided by ecosystems are

described below:

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 1. Climate regulation
2. Water purification
3. Pests and diseases

LANDSCAPE RECLAMATION
Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as
land fill (not to be confused with a landfill), is the process of
creating new land from ocean, riverbeds, or lake beds. The land
reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill.

Reclamation is re claiming of Damaged / Derelict land.

“Land so damaged by industrial or other development that it is
incapable of beneficial use without treatment” – definition of derelict
landscape as given by Brian Hackett.

 The restoration of the health and fertility of the landscape, sometimes

leading to an improvement on the original state of health and fertility.

 A result that either allows flexibility in future land uses or provides

specifically for a planned landuse

 A landscape which is visually acceptable , fits into the surrounding

landscape without discard.

 The removal and prevention of pollution, fire risk and danger

 An additional objective could also be that of providing agreeable
habitat for wildlife in a balanced ecosystem.

TYPES OF DERELICTION

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 RECLAMATION METHODS
 DRY METHOD
 HYDRAULIC RECLAMATION METHOD
 REHANDLING FROM A REHANDLING PIT
 HYDRAULIC FILLING
 SAND SPREADING
 PUMPING INSIDE THE BUNDS
There are several methods of land reclamation, depending upon the type of
fill material, foundation soil, topography of the seabed, the availability of
equipment, and allowable fine material for reclamation.

DRY METHOD
The dry method is suitable for filling material from land sources, especially
rock, hillcut and clay fill. Filling or transporting clay fill material into the sea
would create viscous slurry which would take much longer to become usable
land. The dry method usually results in a loose profile of fill especially when
granular soil is used as fill material. Therefore, landfill generally requires
densification of granular soil.

HYDRAULIC RECLAMATION METHOD

A wet method of reclamation is implemented when fill material is obtained
from an offshore borrow source. However, this method is only suitable for
granular fill, which has good drainage characteristics. As explained earlier,
the method of filling is selected based on the availability of equipment, type
of seabed soil, topography of seabed, and the production rate required.

DIRECT DUMPING
A direct dumping method is used when the seabed is deep or the underlying
seabed soil is soft. A bottom-opening barge usually carries fill material from
the borrow source and either sails with a self-propeller or pushed by the
powerful tugboat to the designated location. At the location, fill material is
dumped by opening the bottom of the barge. Sufficient draft and clearance
is required for this method.

REHANDLING FROM A REHANDLING PIT

The rehandling method involves transporting sand by barges and dumping
the fill material temporarily in the pit for storage. The pit should have a
storage capacity of a few million cubic meters. Rehandling pit locations are
generally selected at natural depressions on a firm seabed or created by
dredging.

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 HYDRAULIC FILLING
The hydraulic filling method is suitable for granular fill. Generally, this
method is used when filling is carried out from an offshore source, either
from a rehandling pit, as explained earlier, or from a trailer suction hopper
dredger

SAND SPREADING
Sand spreading is implemented when a shallow seabed is encountered or
when the seabed soil is too soft. When sand spreading is carried out, a
rehandling pit is generally necessary.

PUMPING INSIDE THE BUNDS

Reclamation can start from the coastal line and advance towards the sea.
However, this type of reclamation may lead to great loss of fill material
because of wave and current action. Therefore, sometimes reclamation is
carried out within a protected area after a bund has been formed around the
proposed reclamation area. In this way, losses caused by wave and current
action can be minimized.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

1. The purpose of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is to identify
and evaluate the potential impacts(beneficial and adverse)of
development and projects on the environmental system. It is an useful
aid for decision making based on understanding of the environment
implications including social, cultural and aesthetic concerns which
could be integrated with the analysis of the project costs and benifits.
This exercise should be undertaken early enough in the planning stage
of projects for selection of environmentally compatible sites, process
technologies and such other environmental safeguards.

2. While all industrial projects may have some environmental impacts all
of them may not be significant enough to warrant elaborate
assessment procedures. The need for such exercises will have to be
decided after initial evaluation of the possible implications of a
particular project and its location. The projects which could be the
candidates for detailed Environment Impact Assessment include the
following:-

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  Those which can significantly alter the landscape, land use
pattern and lead to concentration of working and service
population;

 Those which need upstream development activity like assured

mineral and forest products suply or downstream industrial
process development;

 Those involving manufacture, handling and use of hazardous

materials;

 Those which are sited near ecologically sensitive areas, urban

centers, hill resorts, places of scientific and religious importance.

 Industrial Estates with constituent units of various types which

could cumulatively cause significant environmental damage.

3. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) should be prepared on

the basis of the existing background pollution levels vis-a-vis
contributions of pollutants from the proposed plant. The EIA should
address some of the basic factors listed below:

 Meteorology and air quality

Ambient levels of pollutants such as Sulphur Dioxide,oxides of
nitrogen, carbonmonoxide,suspended particulate matters,should
be determined at the center and at 3 other locations on a radius
of 10 km with 120 degrees angle between stations.Additional
contribution of pollutants at the locations are required to be
predicted after taking into account the emission rates of the
pollutants from the stacks of the proposed plant, under different
meteorological conditions prevailing in the area.

 Hydrology and water quality

 Site and its surroundings

 Occupational safety and health

 Details of the treatment and disposal of effluents(liquid, air and

solid) and the methods of alternative uses

 Transportation of raw material and details of material handling

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  Control equipment and measures proposed to be adopted

4. Preparation of Environmental Management Plan is required for

formulation, implementation and monitoring of environmental
protection measures during and after commissioning of projects.

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