DR.

BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY, LONERE
A
Project Report
On
Design and Analysis of Structure for Rotary
Electric Bike Parking System.
Under the Guidance
Of
Prof. A. S. PATEL

Submitted by
Bhushan Ashok Patil
(21516420191261210006)

M.Tech (Mechanical Engineering)

FOR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

P.S.G.V.P. MANDAL’S
D.N.PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
SHAHADA, DIST-NANDURBAR. (MS)
(ACADEMIC YEAR- 2020-21)
1
 P.S.G.V.P. MANDAL’S
D.N.PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
SHAHADA, DIST-NANDURBAR. (MS)

CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
Bhushan Ashok Patil (21516420191261210006)
HAS SATISFACTORILY COMPLETED PROJECT STAGE II ENTITLED
ON

Design and Analysis of Structure For Rotary

Electric Bike Parking System.
AS PRESCRIBED BY
DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, LONERE
AS A PART OF SYLLABUS FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT IN
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR- 2020-21)

Prof. A. S. PATEL Prof. H. G. Patil

Guide HOD

Prof. Dr. N. J. Patil

External Examiner Principal

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me a great pleasure in presenting the Project Report on “DESIGN AND

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE FOR ROTARY BIKE PARKING SYSTEM.”. The
project work has certainly rendered me a tremendous learning.
Apart from my efforts, the success of this Project depends largely on the
encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express my
gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this
Project.
I would like to thank my guide Prof. A. S. PATEL (Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering) for allowing me to work on this challenging
project. I would also like to thank them for their valuable guidance and advice.

I am deeply indebted to Prof. H.G.Patil, Head of Mechanical Engineering

Department, for providing support and project related facility.

I would like to thank to Principal Prof. Dr. N.J.Patil who has always been in
the forefront of the project time.

I would also thank our Institution, faculties and technical staff of mechanical
engineering department who helped me directly or indirectly during this project work. I
also extend my heartfelt thanks to my family, siblings, all my friends and well-wishers.

Bhushan Ashok Patil

21516420191261210006

M.Tech (Mechanical Engineering)

3
 Abstract
India is a country where population growth is enormous and along with increasing population
there is significant growth in travelling. Rise in travelling allocates automobile resources to
the citizens. Approximately there is ratio of 1:3 with respect to vehicles and citizens of india.
Considering huge number of vehicles in our society the facility for parking is not yet
developed. Due to the lack of space for parking along with inappropriate systems available
there is always conflicts at Parking spaces. Most People park their vehicles on road sides
which has led to accidents many times. In order to solve parking issue this project work is
focused. I have analyzed the rotary parking system which accommodates 6 to 8 bikes in a
space required for parking 2 bikes. This system is easy to maintain, can be operated
automatically without any need of human supervision. It stacks the bikes with motorized
systems without any chances of accidents during parking. This facility can be effectively used
at malls, offices, residential complexes and many more. The analysis of such system for its
structures and load calculations was yet to be done in research works submitted till now. So I
have made attempt of analyzing and understanding complete loads, structural aspects and
performance parameters using mechanical software’s like Solidwork's and Ansys along with
analytical calculations.

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no Name Page No

1.1 Parking Problems in India 8

1.2 Problems due to improper parking 9

1.3 Types of parking patterns 10

1.4 Operation Steps 12

1.5 Rotary bike Parking system 14

3.1 FBD of Pallet with UDL 33

3.2 Sheet plate 33

3.3 FBD of Pallet with Point load. 34

3.4 BMD For Plate 35

3.5 M S Sheet 36

3.6 L section 36

3.7 C Section 37

3.8 New Pallet 37

3.9 Side structure 38

3.10 Hanging structure 38

3.11 Supporting Shaft 39

3.12 Plummer block 40

3.13 Assembly of pallet 41

3.14 Outer structure 41

4.1 Frame Analysis of L-Section 42

4.2 Frame Analysis of C- section 43

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4.3 New Frame Analysis for Equivalent Stress (C section) 44

4.4 New Frame Analysis for total deformation (C section) 45

4.5 New Frame analysis for Maximum shear stress (C- 45

section)

4.6 Sides structure analysis (Von misses Stress) 46

4.7 Side structure analysis (Total deformation) 47

4.8 Side structure analysis ( Equivalent stress) 47

4.9 Supporting Shaft Analysis 48

4.10 Equivalent stress 49

4.11 Outer Frame analysis (Total deformation) 50

4.12 Outer Frame analysis ( Equivalent stress) 50

5.1 L section 51

5.2 C section 52

5.3 Side structure 53

5.4 Truss Theory 54

5.5 Simply supported Beam with UDL 57

5.6 Outer Side Structure 59

5.7 Deflection Diagram 60

5.8 Crane motor 62

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 CONTENTS

Sr.No Name of Content Page no

i Abstract 4

ii List of figures 5

1 Introduction: 8

1.1 Problem Statement

1.2 Classification of Parking system
1.3 What is multilevel parking?
1.4 What is rotary bike parking
system?
1.5 Methodology

2 Literature Review 16

3 3 D Modeling 31

4 Finite Element Analysis 41

5 Analytical Calculation 50

6 Results and Comparison 62

7 Conclusion 64

8 Future Scope 65

9 References 66

10 Appendix 69

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

1.1 Problem Statement:

Parking problems have always been an issue since the very first automobiles were invented.
But it got even worse with the progressing urbanization and population expansion. Thanks to
a rapid economic and population growth, Indian metropolises are staring at a mobility crisis.
Today, urban areas face tremendous pressure on parking spaces, resulting in issues such as
traffic congestion, disproportionate demand and supply, and environmental hazards, to name
a few. Because of poor parking management and policy, India struggles with chaotic
situations like overcrowded footpaths, illegal parking, and criminal activities due to improper
surveillance.
Commuter in Delhi spends over 80 hours every year looking for parking spaces. The problem
is simple – even as the number of vehicles has expanded, parking space in Indian cities has
remained constant or reduced due to a growing population. Especially when land is limited
and expensive, like in metropolises, rising parking demand spaces puts immense pressure on
it. Sample this, in New York midtown area, road area per person stands at 33.3 sq-m while in
Mumbai’s Null Bazaar, it is no more than 1.7 sq-m. This means that a vehicle in Mumbai
imposes a cost nearly 20 times as much as one in New York.
The demand for parking in Indian metros is seeing no signs of stopping. Because land
resources are limited, it isn’t possible to conveniently plan parking spaces according to
demand. Instead of increasing available parking spaces, an effective technology-based
solution must be employed to optimize the use of available spaces.

In peak hours drivers in large cities have to circle around for about 30 minutes to find a place
where they can leave their vehicles. Those who run out of time might park illegally.

Fig 1.1 Parking Problem in india

As we can see from the image above one of the serious ill effect of improper parkings is
traffic congestion on road and loss of street space. The capacity of street is reduced, journey

8
speed drops down and journey time and delay increases. The operational cost of vehical
increases thereby causing serious economic loss to the community.
The consequences associated with wrong parking and un parking are known to cause road
accidents. Careless opening of doors of Parked vehicles ,moving out of a parked vehicles and
bringing the car to the parking location from mainstream of traffic are some of common
causes of parking accidents.
The period over which a car is parked is very great compared with the time it is in motion.
The size of average parking space is 14m2. It is roughly estimated that out of 8760 hours in a
year, the car runs on an average for only 400hours, leaving 8360 hours when it is parked.

Fig 1.2 Obstruction due to improper parking

Parked vehicle degrade the environment of the town centre. Cars Parked into every little
available space debase the visual aesthatics and buildings seems to rise from plinth of the
cars. Inspite of the above ill effects parking has to be allowed on the streets or off the streets
close to the users destination. The wellbeing of community and town centre demands that
great thought needs to bestowed in managing parking needs.

1.2 Classification of Parking Systems: On street or Kerb Parking.

Off street Parking.

On street Parking: In these type of Parking vehicles are parked on the kerb or sections
which may be designed for parking. Kerb parking is quite suitable for those who need to park
their vehicles near place they wish to stop, but for others who could not find a parking space
it is a problem and often they may have to park their vehicles at a far off place you know and
walk down to destination.

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Various Patterns of Kerb Parking :

Fig 1.3 Parking patterns

Off street Parking:
On street parking can only solve part of parking problem. For satisfactory solution various
types of off street parkings are also to be considered.
The types of off street parkings considered are :

Surface car parks

Roof parks
Mechanical parks
Underground car parks.

As we know the number of vehicles are going on increasing at an alarming rate and
commercialization of the area is also happening at a fast rate, thus demanding more parking
spaces near the destination. All these factors correspond to generate various parking
problems. Consequently it have various Congestion. Accidentlal problems and it adversely
affect the fire fighting operation and nature.
The parking structure will need to reconsider technology especially if they are located in
heavy traffic areas. The available legal parking spaces will have to be utilized to highest
efficiency. Now there is need of modifying existing parking facilities and constructing of
new facilities.

One of the most underutilized options is that of multi-level car parking systems. A multi-level
parking system can create 6 times to 7 times of current parking space which the areas of
congestion have. For example, New Delhi station capacity of vehicle parking can go from
hundred(hypothetically) vehicles to seven hundred in one stroke.

Also, the multilevel parking fits rightly into the government mission of encouraging electric
vehicles in order to reduce the pollution levels in Indian cities and make them more

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 sustainable. A multi-level parking system can easily offer electric charging points and that
too at a cost which may further encourage people to use electric vehicles. Thus, the creation
of infrastructure for electric mobility should keep multilevel parking structures at the heart of
its broader plan. It makes our cities clean by physically de-congesting them as well as
promoting cleaner means of transportation.
Multilevel Parking system .

1.3 What is multi-level parking?

The first recorded multi-level parking facility was built in Chicago in the year 1918. But it is
only recently, with rapid urbanization, that its full advantages are being realized. In simple
terms, a multi-level car stack park is a manual or automated facility that houses a number of
vehicles on every floor. The idea behind constructing a multi-level building is to maximize
car parking capacity by utilizing vertical rather than horizontal space. The types of multi-
level parks are:

• Conventional Multi-Level Parking:

• Conventional multi-level parking can be constructed underground or above ground. This has
a manual system where drivers are allocated an empty space by the parking attendant
• Automated Multi-Level Parking:
• In this system, cars are parked in steel pallets. This pallet is then moved up or down different
levels for parking or retrieval. Automated multi-level car parking systems are a technically
sound option, offering advanced techniques to park and retrieve a car from the facility. Their
superior technology simplifies vehicle parking and retrieval with a strong system of pallets,
lifts and signaling devices. Technology is used to link drivers to their vehicles, record where
exactly a vehicle is parked, provide information about vacant parking spaces and prevent
unauthorized vehicles from parking.

Solutions to the above problems- Rotary Bike Parking System

1.4 What is rotary Bike parking system?

Rotary bike parking system falls under the category of multilevel parking system. But it is
different from multilevel parking system. In multilevel parking systems floors are built just
like residential houses for humans one above the other. But these floors require more time
and travelling for finding spot for parking and is troublesome for those in hurry. Also it
requires more space and costing for development and cannot be implemented for small and
medium parking lounges.
Here the rotary parking system comes into role. It consist of round rim which is powered by
motor for rotation. Over the circumference of these rim slots are constructed and attached.
These slots are used for parking the bikes on them.
Just like the giant wheel we have seen in fairs once the bike is parked in the slot, rim rotates
and next empty slots comes to the ground position. for each slot computer mechanism with
switch is integrated. Suppose if there are 6 slots then 6 switches will be present. Pressing
switch no 6 will rotate down slot no 6 on which bike is parked. The driver then will enter into
the incorporated safety zone to retrieve the parked bike. It is quite successful when installed
in busy areas which are well established and are suffering with shortage of area for parking.
The schematic presentation of the above system is as follows:

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 1) Driver at parking station.

2) Driver Parks bike into the slot.

3)Slot with parked bike is rotated and next empty slot is ready for parking.

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4) When driver arrives for retrieval of bike he just needs to stand into the safety zone
and press the switch.

5) After switch is pressed, Bike is retrieved and driver gets on his way for driving.

Side view of rim and slots of rotary parking system.

Fig 1.5 Operation Steps

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 Fig 1.6 Rotary Bike Parking System.

Following are the benefits of Using Rotary Bike Parking Systems:

• Less space is needed – you can fit 6 to 8 vehicles within the space required for
parking 2 vehicles.
• Time Utilization- Saves time for driver for parking vehicle and finding parking spot.
• It can be implemented according to small. medium large-scale structures.
• If evolved can providing charging spots for EV’S
• Less chances of accidents while Parking vehicles.
• Stable and reliable.
• Can be fully automated without and need for human resource.

1.5 Scope
After applying this concept in the crowded areas the vehicle parking problem will be solved
and maximum bike can be parked in the scarce area like mall, cinema hall, D-mart and also
in society.Hence this project is very usefull in future for parking maximum number of bikes
in less area. And once the project will be implemented it will run over a large period of time
with easy maintenance.

There are various mechanism to be used for building these system like chain, sprocket,
motor, shaft and so on. Although the construction of these mechanisms and linkages seems
simple it will be very difficult to implement practically without proper analysis.

14
So in these project I am performing the design of the structures and linkages along with
proper calculations. These calculations performed will provide us with the stress and strains
which will act on the system and help us in choosing right material and factor of safety.

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 1.5 Methodology

Identification Of Parking Problems.

Finding Solution and Alternatives to Parking Problem.

Developing The Rotary Bike Parking System

3D Modelling of System

FEA Analysis Of Designed Models

Analytical Calculations

Results And Comparisions.

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CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW
The factor of safety, materials properties, how to design element (machine) , analysis, design
solution, sustainability all are known from research papers. also how to park and retrieve the
bike are understood from literature review. Now a days, there is a no good bike parking
system available in India. Based on the parking systems that are used for four wheelers, a
parking system for two wheelers may be designed.

Sonali sonkar et al. In this paper, the researchers implemented the concept of lift
mechanism. The main components of lift is the pallet on which vehicle is placed according to
the weight of cars the pallet is being design. Then there was a chain mechanism the pulling
force on it. Then after the selection of motor and se lection of gear is being done by taking the
factor of safety according to power required and selected motor power. The proposed project
will provided a safe and comfortable place for parking of vehicle in the Aakash Ganga
Complex, Supela Bhilai (Chhattisgarh ) and resolve all the difficulty arising due to random
parking of the vehicle. Up to 12 vehicles can be accommodated within the space normally
taken up by two vehicles. It is not applicable by the regulations of building coverage. There is
no need for an attendant because of its simple one touch operation method. Senses where
vehicle is closer and rotates bidirectional for fast retrieval time. Extremely safe and reliable.
Impossible for Vehicles to fall with endless chain and pallet drop prevention system.
Conclusion: There are two options for lift one is hydraulic lift and other is traction lift. The
hydraulic lift is suitable up to moderate height when height increases it becomes very costly
in that case traction lift is better option.

Nikhil Shetty et al. In this research paper, they have utilized space for parking so that space for
parking of 3 cars can hold more than 9 cars by adopting rotating mechanism so as to minimize
vibration and noise. There are different types of automated parking structure available such as
Rotary parking, Multi Circulation parking, Tower parking, Puzzle parking, etc. From these types
present study is about Puzzle parking structure. In this structure there are number of floors and each
floor can be divided horizontally and also there are number of sections vertically in each floor. In this
Puzzle parking system controller software based computer can be used for controlling all the
movements of parking system. In addition to these two plates mechanism are used in which one
plate used for park the two-wheeler and other one is used for providing base for the electromagnet.
Each top plate is used to carry two-wheeler between floors. In which electromagnet is used for

17
holding the two-wheeler. By this parking system there will be good space utilization. By the help of
this parking system we can reduce the retrieving time of the vehicle to approximately 3 minutes as
compared to manual.
Conclusion: . This study presents a simulation based feasibility study for development of
fully automated parking structure with a group of plates using electromagnet. Fork lift can be
used for moving two wheeler horizontally and vertically in the parking system without need
of driver while the engine is off.

Chetan S. Jiotode et al. In this paper we study the multilevel car parking system using
Geneva mechanism which will operate the whole rotary parking system. A Geneva wheel
mechanism has been used to intermittent movement of a rotation by using DC motor which
helps to rotate the Geneva wheel in clockwise and anticlockwise direction. The multilevel car
parking system using Geneva Mechanism has been Study. The design system could be
applied everywhere due to its ease of usage and effectiveness. The car are much safer in such
parking system as other do not have an access to the car. The multilevel car parking system is
best substitute for car parking area.
Conclusion: A Geneva wheel mechanism can been used for intermittent movement of a
rotation by using DC motor. We can increase the time limit of each full rotation by
increasing the slots in Geneva wheel. The total system can handle manually by one person by
handling the power supply.

Sanders McDonald et al. In this research paper, problem of the land (space) minimization is
solved and which material should be taken and how much is the sustainability. How to
utilized space in better way and how to park maximum bike in less space. In which Policy,
automated vehicles, and physical planning were analyzed concurrently as a comprehensive
system. Many practical ideas and options emerged along with two very divergent futures
from the day’s discussions: one quite utopian in its vision, where automated vehicles could
create an entirely new lifestyle and sustainable physical environment while the other assessed
possibly-dystopian outcomes where sprawl increased. The parking scenario highlighted
genuine uncertainties, with visions of reduced parking on the one hand, but potentially also
mechanisms that could increase parking and roads on the other.

Conclusion: Results show successful implementation of the developed system; a working

prototype as well as a simulated system was developed for this work and data show that,

18
indeed, the developed Rotary parking system has the potential to reduce the number of
lost man-hours wasted on parking cars and help reduce its related stress, further improving
the quality of life there .

Prashanth Kumar et al. In this paper they are designing rotary bike parking system. they
use ring (5000mm) type mechanism for rotation of pallets and for pallet they use only plate of
mild steel which has dimensions of 4500mm of length and 2250mm width and thickness of
plate is 11mm for plate they calculate SFD and BMD calculations and by using l-section and
side by using two bars they hang out the pallet. In this paper Roto-Parker model has been
designed; all the parts in it are manufactured and are under assembly which will be completed
soon. Analysis of the model has to be done when developing a life size model. As the life
cycle model involves huge money, proper design and advanced methods are to be used to
meet the requirements of the customers. Although they developed working model of the
original one, we tried maximum to develop a replica of original and they were compromised
only in those stage where the work cannot be completed by assuming or neglecting few
factors. The advantages of this is as follows; Quick Automated Parking and retrieval of
vehicles. 20 bikes can be easily and safely parked. Surface space required equivalent to just
12 ground space parking. Most suitable for Staff or dedicated user parking. Engineered to
ensure driver safety. Low maintenance levels required by the system. Does not require a
parking attendant. Easily constructed in a small area, just requiring a simple concrete base
and 3 phase electricity.
Conclusion: In this paper there are some disadvantages and by using ring the weight of ring
is more and power required to drive the mechanism is high up to 20 hp which is not suitable
also they use only plate no frame hence bending is more in plate. For 20 bikes on one pallet
bending may happen in plate. There are some advantages like retrieval of vehicle and build
area is small.

Prasad Pashte et al. In this paper they are designing car parking system. By using this
system eight cars are parked. They use chain and sprocket mechanism for transmission
system and also analyze it on ansys . from that the speed is calculated and by using forces and
speed they calculate torque and power. This system has been implemented to reduce the
excess use of land space which is already very scarce in metro cities. The chain and sprocket
mechanism is used for driving the parking platform and a motor shall be implemented for
powering the system and indexing the platform. The major enablers or drivers for smart

19
parking essentially are the problems of urban liability, transportation mobility and
environment sustainability. Some of the underlying benefits could be lowering operating
costs, while building value for customer to drive occupancy, revenues and facility value. To
solve this all issues they designed and analyzed Rotary Automated Car Parking System. The
Rotary Automated Car Parking System has been designed considering the actual size,
dimensions and weight of car up till sedan class. The scaled model has been prepared and all
the composite parts in it have been manufactured and assembled. Analysis of important parts
like pallet, joint, hanging rod and frame has been done at actual dimensions.
Conclusion: They are using the motor of 14KW by assuming diameter of sprocket and
considering width and height of pallet also assume that one pallet is changing its position in
15 sec. They have selected conveyor chain by using diameter of sprocket 2400mm. They are
assuming number of teeth 40(20) .

Maharshi Gandhi et al. In this paper the puzzle parking system is designed. The problem of
two wheeler parking becomes major in mall, multiplex and picnic spaces. The utilization of
space is maximum .This study presents a simulation based feasibility study for development
of fully automated parking structure with a group of plates using electromagnet. There are
different types of automated parking structure available such as Rotary parking, Multi
Circulation parking, Tower parking, Puzzle parking, etc. From these types present study is
about Puzzle parking structure. In this structure there are number of floors and each floor can
be divided horizontally and also there are number of sections vertically in each floor. In this
Puzzle parking system controller software based computer can be used for controlling all the
movements of parking system. In addition to these two plates mechanism are used in which
one plate used for park the two-wheeler and other one is used for providing base for the
electromagnet. Each top plate is used to carry two-wheeler between floors. In which
electromagnet is used for holding the two-wheeler. By this parking system there will be good
space utilization. They have defined the system infrastructure and basic smart parking
procedure which studied the main requirement to implement such a system and provide the
essential solution.

Conclusion: From these paper we came across various parking systems available and which
can be used efficiently for our project considering requirements. We cannot use puxxle
parking as its design is tedious if used for bikes.

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A skrzyniowski This article present different kind of solution with special focus on the rotary
parking system. The analysis of reduction model, especially the reliability of car movement
within the car park area, necessitated seeking for technical solution to the blocking problem.
A construction solution of the drive in and out for the parking platform was also provided.
The idea of construing multi-storey parks has progressively developed all over the world and
its scale can be measured by, e.g. the obligation to provide parking places (1.5 parking lots
per one newly built household) in some of the West European countries Nowadays the
mechanized and automated multi-storey parks are adjusted to the applied system and are
equipped with such elements as slide plates or ramps, transport carriages, mobile floors, lifts,
elevators, turntables, etc., and also the complicated control and automation system. Actually
they do not differ too much from former mechanized systems, e.g. 'Kent', 'Dolly', 'Autosilos',
'Buranelli' or 'Pigeon', which used to be manufactured in the interwar period. The
mechanization and automation of moving vehicles within the car park area worked out in the
western countries in the interwar period only partly contributed to the lowering of cubature
index of the presently built objects without reducing the index of total space per one car,
because the driving lanes were not eliminated. On the other hand these changes were
associated with a high capital and exploitation cost, which in turn was not outbalanced by the
substitution of reinforced concrete walls and floors with light steel constructions, typical of
the presently used solutions.
Conclusion: In this paper they use underground parking system. There are some small areas
and increase in number of vehicles cause of traffic hence they used this system and from that
system we take the rotation concept for our project.

Subhajit das In this paper they design car parking system on space of 3 cars they can hold
more than 6 to 24 cars at a time. In this paper the construction of system seems to be easy, it
will be perform understanding without the knowledge of material, chain, sprocket, bearings
and machining operation. Except vertical car parking system all other systems use a large
ground area, vertical car parking system is developed to utilize maximum vertical are
suffering with shortage of area for parking. Although the construction of this system seems to
be easy, it will be par from understanding without the knowledge of materials, chains,
sprockets, bearings, and machining operations, kinematic and dynamic mechanisms.
Conclusion: From this paper, how many components are need to be designed is decided from
that. Designing of models of all components of parking system and analysis of that
component is known. And also how to design that components on software is also known.
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DR Choudhary S K et al (2018) applied Geneva mechanism concept to develop multilevel
parking system for cars. Geneva mechanism which performs the process of indexing i.e
rotating shaft for a particular degree is powered by DC motor . When the car arrives at
parking station the Geneva mechanism rotates the vacant pallet through chain and sprocket.
The car is then parked on the vacant pallet and transported up through rotating pallet. For
retrieving car from parking station pallet with parked car rotates down through set of chain
and sprocket indexed by Geneva mechanism. Autocad model and analytical calculations are
correctly performed for the proposed model which provides the dimensions and power
required for operation of model.
Conclusion- Geneva mechanism is used for performing rotational movement of pallets.
Using Geneva mechanism provides determined movement of pallets from and to particular
location when synchronized.

Kolekar J Rahul et al. (2014) designed the lift mechanism used in tower parking system.
They analysed the existing parking structures and found out that with increasing height
traction lift is more suitable and cheaper as compared to hydraulic type of lift. The
components of the traction lift were Pallet, Push-pull mechanism, Turn table mechanism ,
Lift cart, Elevator rails, Geared machine, Traveling cable, Control system, Sheaves and
Wire ropes , Motor, Counter weight, Car buffer and Counter weight buffer which are
analysed analytically and their stress analysis in ANSYS workbench was carried out. The
components under the working load were safe to operate under the given load.
Conclusion- As there is no space for reversing vehicle the tower parking is the most suitable
option for scarce parking space and traction lift fits efficiently for the application.

Prof. Shinde et al. proposed the development of automatic car parking system which can
perform parking of cars without driver assist through mechatronics system. The vehicles will
be properly guarded and secured under these system. The forklift lifts the car and transports it
to the vacant parking slot available at particular floor. The operation of fork lift is same as it
does in industries to lift goods. The lift controller coordinated the transport of vehicle from
one floor to another. The web camera is fitted over the fork lift which monitors the empty slot
and detects obstacles if present in pathway. The motors are utilised for performing lifting
function of cars from ground to the parking space while L2938D system is installed in the
system which provides means of communication between lift controller and the car.

22
Conclusion- The mechatronics system in collaboration with motors and actuators is time
efficient and needs minimum use of human workforce as only one operator can perform the
operation.

Prof Jog Yatin et al. (2015) presented paper on understanding different types of parking
system available in india which are smart and automatic. They found out various parking
issued present into the country due to increase in number of vehicles which causes narrowing
lanes and thus acts as obstruction for transportation. The Plots available to park vehicles have
become expensive and hence traditional parking system cant be the solution. Rather than
using car ramps or car lifts mechanised parking system are more efficient and more practical
to use in terms of time, capital and maintenance consideration. Multilevel Car Parking system
(MLCPS) offer number of advantages like efficient space utilization due to use of lifts which
eliminated the driveways and ramps, low construction expenditure due to on site
construction and delivery with automated operation, lower maintenance on account of
elimination of ventilation system which are used for underground parking. MLCPS provides
increased security to vehicles as they cannot be accessed by anyone and no need of drivers
interruption for carrying car to parking slot. MLCPS have some limitations like noise and oil
leakages. Various types of automated parking systems are discussed in the paper and a survey
is conducted to understand the parking issues. Under the survey people were asked 20
questions regarding there readiness to adapt new technology.
Conclusion- Through survey an attempt was also made to educate masses of smart parking
systems and its benefits. The Post Analysis of survey was done by SPSS which showed that
43% of people were unaware of smart parking systems but are interested in adopting the new
parking structures.

S Vigneshwaran et al. (2020) developed a sensor based multilevel parking system where
the controller named Arduino Mega 2560 will receive all the information of the vehicles
parked and vacant spaces available from IR sensor placed at every parking slot. The vacancy
data will be displayed on a LCD and system will provide the directions to the nearest vacant
space available based on the algorithm. The time of entry and exit will be recorded in the
system and the ticket will be generate on the basis of time spent in the parking station. All the
data is updated every 3secs in the backend as well as in the web interface. The prototype
model is created in to the solidworks after many iterations and finally a working model is
developed. The parking slot can be prebooked through online portal payment for which will
23
start 30 mins before vehicle arrives till the time of parking. Instant parking is also present
where driver needs to book slot at the parking station. All the data is displayed by Netbeans
Java and database is updated and stored in SQL.
Conclusion- The Sensor based parking system is highly efficient as it helps in reducing the
time required for finding the parking slot and also reserves the parking slot for vehicle
without any extra charge.

Albagul A et al. (2013) presented symbolic car parking system with 3 floors where the
transport of vehicle to the parking slot is done through elevator controlled by PLC. When the
car arrives at the parking station sensor situated at elevator sends signal to to the system of
existence of the car. The control system then instructs elevator of suitable floor on which
vacant space is present. The elevator then transports the car to the suitable floor and entry is
done into the system regarding parking time. For exit the sensor sends signal to control
system about the car existence of car waiting for exit. The elevator then transports back the
car to the gound level. There are two kinds of light present at entry gate red and green. Green
light indicates parking slot available and red light indicated no parking slot is available.
Conclusion- For stacking vehicles into vertical space the lift mechanism is also a good
option as it provides quick parking in and out of vehicle when used with sensors and PLC
system.

Daur Vatsala et al. (2016) presented the use of IOT (internet of things) in parking systems
thus making it smart. RFID which can track the items in near range is also utilised into these
project. The system allows only the owner with the positive card balance to enter at entry
point. At entry RFID Card reader scans the RFID card installed in the car and extracts car
registration number and other details. The system checks if the owner has any preferred park
slot and best parking available is allotted to the car and same information is displayed on the
LCD. Time of entry is recorded in the system and same sms is sent to the owners mobile
phone through GSM. During exit card is scanned again and the charges are calculated based
on the time spent in parking station. The charges are deducted from car owners balance and
updated in data base. Sms is sent to owner about charges deducted and balance remaining.
After the exit of car system then deallocates the slot used.
Conclusion- . The components forming system architecture were Arduino Uno Board, GSM
module, RFID Card reader, RFID cards, SIM cards and LCD. These product aims at

24
reducing long queues, solving chaos and confusion at parking spaces available at malls,
cinema halls etc.

Jayanthi R et al. (2016) developed a scaled model of multilevel car parking system where
RFID is incorporated at entry and exit zone. Parking system is operated by chain and sprocket
mechanism powered by DC motor. Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm is used to guide the
vehicle to nearest parking slot available. When the car arrives for parking at station RFID
card reader reads the tag present on the car and proceeds car for parking on the pallet. The
pallet containing car is then transported to the vacant space. When the driver arrives for
retrieving car the system then sends signal to transport the pallet to the ground level.
Sometimes cars are parked too deep so it can lead to time consumption so there is specially
tailored software present to shuffle the cars which will ease to release car. Also there is turn
table provided for those who find it difficult to turn their vehicle. The turn table rotates the
car so that car is facing out into the drive way which reduces chances of accidents which
occur while backing out of garages or parking spaces.
Conclusion- Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm and Turn Table are very useful tools to
retrieve the parked car with minimum hassle and less time consuming. Special tailored
software to shuffle cars according to need is proven to be very effective for parking structure
with more incoming of vehicles.

Waghmare Akash et al. (2016) proposed study on multistage car parking system wherein
they studied the historical traces of multistage car parking systems along with its benefits.
Multistage car parking provides several benefits of safety and security, saving of time and
money, systematic operation. Space required for 3 cars can hold more than 9 cars. Operation
is rotary in nature thus providing flexibility and less noise with minimum supervision.
Conclusion- This paper provides information to develop a scaled model of a car parking
system which can accommodate 6 to 24 cars in a parking space of 32.17m2. . The model is
operated through chain and sprocket drive mechanism which can be powered through one
fourth of HP brake motor for indexing the system.

Sabnam Masiha et al. (2016) discussed the use of RFID AND IR sensor in making parking
management systems efficient one. IR sensor are fitted at each parking slot and entry gate. If
there is vacant parking sot IR sensor provides high signal to the microcontroller. Also the IR
sensor provides the information of vehicle presence at entry gate. The power supply is
25
provided through several block with every block having its own individual function. To
reduce or increase the Voltage the Transformer . The rectifier unit performs the function of
power conversion from AC to DC. An additional smoothening block is provided which gives
pure DC current eliminating any AC components. The RFID reader and tag are used. The
registered users will be provided by RFID tags which are scanned by the reader. When user
arrive for exiting the parking the amount chargeable will be automatically deducted through
card . the new user will be provided with token which will be encrypted by slot code.
Conclusion- The use of RFID AND IR sensor will provide quick user identification and slot
detection and thus reducing the waiting time and increasing the efficacy of parking systems.

Padiachy V et al. developed a automated multilevel car parking system through designing in
AUTOCAD with hardware present at input and output stages. A plate is considered which
will lift the vehicle and place it into the parking slot receiving direction form microcontroller.
Pin and rack gear mechanism is used to move system back and forth driven by the belt drive
which will lift the car. Rack and pinion, base structure for back and forth movement, and two
shafts are designed into Autocad software .Multilevel housing is constructed out of the
plywood for ease of manufacturing. Each compartment is fitted with LDR light dependent
resistor. The lead screw is used for movement of the base along X direction. Vertical
movement along z direction is produced through belt mechanism and the pinion and rack gear
system will perform the operation of moving vehicle in and out. Motor was button operated
through timing sequences. PIC microcontrollers and timers were used to achieve real time
intervals to switching of 3 directional motors. Timer 0 and 16 bit prescaler is used which can
read values from 0 to 65535. When the button is pressed it is either sensed by LDR of vacant
spaces or to which button is pressed for retrieving a car. When it detects an empty space or
button operated for relieving car timer is enabled and calls the timer function. After the
conditions are satisfied the motor is either turned on or off to perform the function of parking
or retrieving. The timer is then disabled and waits for the pressing of button for next task.
Analytical calculations for gears used are performed and overall circuit diagram is drawn.
Conclusion- This system can be scaled up for real life performance by using powerful motor,
limit switches for precision. With the use of bearings the friction can be reduced.

Dahane A Radhika et al. (2016) poposed a designed methodology for multi storey car park
to overcome challenges arising due to increase in traffic in public places using different
available case studies. Computer software ETABS 2015 was used in designing and analysis
26
as software automatically generates the self weights. The software results were compared
with manual definition of loading to achieve precision. The car bay dimensions were
considered 5m × 2.8m while the minimum head room was taken up to 2.10m. floor to floor
height was accounted for 3.3 m to accommodate any deductions due to signage, lighting,
ventilations, barrier controls and any miscellaneous projections. 90° parking angle was
considered with width of aisle 6m. Structure dimensions are 84m×33m with 10 spans of 8.4
m in X direction and 6 spans of 5.5m in Y direction. Due to huge length of span expansion
joint is used after 5 spans in X direction. The structure is proposed in compliance with Indian
Standard 1893 (Part I): 2002 (Indian Code of Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures). Grades of material used were M25 for concrete and Fe415 for steel with
6KN/m2 as live load and weight of floor finish 2.4KN/m2. According to clause 7.8.1 (a)
dynamic analysis is not required so static analysis was preferred for the building as it requires
less computational efforts as is based on formulae given in code practice.
The maximum displacement was found out be in permissible limits in both X and Y
directions in columns with or without curtailments.
Conclusion- This design optimised the storey drift within permissible limit in both X and Y
direction in both cases with columns with and without curtailments.

Dr Mahendran S et al. (2018) presented the design of multilevel car parking building using
AUTOCAD Software. The analysis of frame were for vertical and horizontal loads was
performed on STAAD.Pro software. The design has been done according to Indian standard
code IS 456:2000. The building area considered is 6800m2. Every floor is made to park 50
vehicles. The beams are designed as 250 x 500 mm. The columns are designed as 300 x 300
mm.300 mm shear thickness is provided for shear wall. The shear force and bending moment
diagram is drawn from the analysis carried out. The multi-level car parking was designed as a
complex building with G+5 and G+4 floors and analysed which provides useful information
for designing elements. All the layouts were planned according to codes to provide maximum
usefulness. A dog legged staircase is provided at on back side for any emergency needs.
Conclusion- All the moments acting RC elements are considered and design is considered to
convey all the moments acting on the structure. Top view as well as Ground floor plan is also
given in these paper.

Patel Chandni et al. (2015) proposed a project work to form reduced operating model which
can accommodate 6 to 24 cars in parking space of 32.17m2. The platform is operated through
27
chain and sprocket mechanism which is powered by one fourth horse power brake motor.
RFID radio frequency Identification is used to access users information and verify payment
details whereas IR Infrared Sensors are installed at each parking slot to determine availability
of parking slots. microcontroller 89S51 is utilised for controlling and code for it is written in
EMBEDDED BASIC LANGUAGE. The microcontroller is programmed by Bascom
Compiler BC software. All the systems and LCD displays all the relevant information. A
proper circuit diagram for showing interconnection of linear control system is provided.
Conclusion- The platform is operated through chain and sprocket mechanism which is
powered by one fourth horse power brake motor. RFID radio frequency Identification is used
to access users information and verify payment details whereas IR Infrared Sensors are
installed at each parking slot to determine availability of parking slots.

Javed Mohammad et al. (2019) presented a detail study of multi level parking system along
with problems associated with current parking systems and how its optimisation can be
carried out. Expert system, Fuzzy Logic Based system, Wireless Sensor based system and
GPS based system are discussed. Expert system has ability to search for the nearest parking
slot, manage payments, provide directions to the slot and keep in track off vacant and filled
parking slots. Fuzzy logic system supports the operator to minimise errors by detection of
vacant space, supplying information and planning the route to the vacant place. Gen So
Yeager Fuzzy Neural Network is used which has ability to reason like human beings and has
expert know how. Car driving simulator is connected with neural fuzzy system. FLC fuzzy
logic control gives fuzzy approach in control of backward movement of truck and trailer thus
providing automatic car back parallel. Wireless based system is economic and consumes very
less power helping in finding out parking spot through various sensors and maintains the
parking lot with ease. GPS based uses Poisson process to monitor the availability of parking
lot and provides current situation of vacancy hence it can’t guaranty that space will be
available when driver reached parking space. It provides information of parking spaces
available in locality to the driver. Another technique is Vehicular communication which
provides real time on availability of parking spaces thus saves time and fuel. It also provides
antitheft system which keeps close surveillance on any car that is illegally carried out of
parking space and prevents it through RSU.
Conclusion- The paper discusses different methodologies employed in developing intelligent
parking system and economic analysis of each system. The economic analysis carried out

28
helps in finding out most feasible parking system which can be used without much stress on
economy of nation.

Kumar Pradeep et al. (2014) presented the use of intelligent multilevel car park system
which uses RFID Radio frequency identification to transfer and monitor data as it provides
speedy transfer and has compact size. When used with REED sensor the system becomes
highly efficient. Microcontroller 89s52 and PIC16F877 are used with combination in order to
reduce circuit length. An OCV (open computer vision) system is used which recognises the
licensed plate of cars and provides online availability of slots available using browser and
server architecture. The proposed model is developed to be more efficient and time saving
providing accurate and user friendly representation of multilevel car park system.
Conclusion- All these systems helps in reducing the hardware circuitry as compared to
present day parking structures. The proposed model is developed to be more efficient and
time saving providing accurate and user friendly representation of multilevel car park system.

Mazumder Shishir et al. (2018) developed a prototype of automated multilevel car system
using PLC system. The system uses a lift mechanism to park cars on floors mounted above
the ground level. Initially there are two indicator provided at entry system guiding driver of
vacant space availability. If indicator glows green light then space for parking is available
and if indicator glows red light no vacant space is available. After the green signal is given
driver parks the car on lift. The proper spot for parking is finalised and signal is given to the
motors. Three types of motor work in these model horizontal, vertical and plate motor to
assist parking. After parking the lift returns back to the ground. Allen Bradley Micrologix
1000 series is used as PLC trainer as it provides high speed communication module wit6h
dedicated inner boards and specialised inputs and outputs. PLC directs the timing of the
motors till it parks the car. For horizontal movement a rail system is provided and for vertical
movement pulley system is used. The retrieval process is similar and requires only up to 5
minutes.
Conclusion- This system can be used in residential platforms too as it is compact, highly
effective and easily operable. The components used are available with ease thus makes its
applicable to any purpose.

Kr Pramod et al. (2018) presented the analysis and design of multi storeyed parking
building in ETABS (2016) software proposed at Jalahalli cross, Bangaluru. The basement
29
provides for car parking, ground floor acts as commercial space as well as parking, first and
second floor are assigned for motor cycle parking. Whereas third, fourth, fifth floor are
provided for commercial complexes. The design of all the structural members is carried out
according to IS 456:2000 codes as it is basic code for general construction. The building is
planned according to National Building Code providing ample exits, ventilation systems and
electrification. Sufficient water supply, electric supply, proper sanitary system and rain water
harvesting facility is provided in the building. REVIT is used to model the exterior and beams
and columns are analysed in ETABS. Column dimensions ranges from 400mm×800mm with
2m ×1075 m footing. M30 concrete and Fe415 steel is used. Beam dimensions are 750mm×
600mm with the same material as columns. Slab dimensions provided are 6m ×9.41m. slab
material is same as beam and column. Staircase is also designed with concrete M30 and
Fe415 steel.
Conclusion- The efforts of these research was to help Bangalore to cope traffic problems
arising due to increasing number of vehicles and provide suitable lifestyle.

Conclusion of Literature Review-

It has been taken in to account from the literature review that some of the researchers used
chain and sprocket mechanism while some used tractions lifts, fork lifts, Geneva mechanism
etc to perform the function of lifting and retrieving vehicles to and from parking system.
However these methods have some disadvantages like lack of proper information on vacant
spaces, auto payment options and record keeping of vehicles that were parked or have booked
parking in advance. In order to overcome these drawbacks some researchers employed
advanced technologies such as RFID radio frequency identification and infrared sensors.
These technologies help in scanning the license plate of the car, monitor vacant spaces
available into the parking space. Some researchers also used Arduino uno board, GSM
module to facilitate users by providing payment information through SMS on their phones.

30
CHAPTER-3 : 3D MODELING

3D Modeling: -

Software: - SOLIDWORK

Version: - 2017

Following parts used for rotary parking system.

1) Bike holding pallet

2) Side structure
3) Supporting shaft
4) Plummer block
5) Outer side structure
6) Roller Chain and Sprocket (For Transmission )
7) Electric motor
8) Bush Bearing
9) Square bar

3.1 Pallet design

3.1.1 Information about pallet

The pallet is used for holding the bike. On pallet, bikes are park and this pallet is made with
frame by using various type of sections like C-sec, L-sec, only for plate. These sections are
made up of mild steel. The following specified dimensions are used for the platform for
parking four bikes.
Length (L) =3500mm, Width (B) =2000mm.
The load applied on steel sheet is maximum when the platform is completely filled with bikes
(5 bikes)
Total load imposed on full parking considering the weight of each bike to be approximately =
200Kg

3.1.2 Number of section used for pallet design

A. Plate

31
B. L-section frame

C. C-section frame

Plate

The plate is design with dimensions of 3500×2000 mm and total load on the one pallet is
5×200 Kg. The load may be considered as uniformly distributed load (UDL) under fu1l
parking.

Fig: - 3.1 FBD of Pallet with UDL

Model
Model for Design Sheet: Dimensions = 3500×2000mm, Thickness=10mm

Fig-3.2 Sheet Plate

Free body diagram

32
 Fig: - 3.3 FBD of plate with point load
Total weight of plate:-

Weight of plate = Mass ×Gravity

=200kg × 9.81

=1962 N

SUPPORT REACTIONS

Rh= 3924N.

Rb+Rh= 5×200×9.81 =7848N.

Rb= 3924N.

Bending moment
MA =0, MB=0, MC=1716.25N-m

MD=3433.5N-m, ME=3433.5N-m

MF =1716.25N-m

33
 Fig: - 3.4 BMD for plate
Assume FOS = 1.5 MS (Yield Strength = 250×106)

250×106
σall= = 166.66×106 N/m2
1.5

Maximum Bending moment= 3433.5 N-m

By Considering Thickness= 10mm

σper = 103×106 N/m2

Hence, σall > σper design will be safe…!

But, by considering only plate, the Bending is maximum. For following reason we
consider Frame for Pallet Designing.

34
New Sheet design
New model for Design Sheet: Dimensions = 3500×2000 mm, Thickness=1.6 mm

Fig-3.5 M.S. Sheet

L-section frame

Then next for supporting the above mild steel plate the supporting frame is designed having
L-section. The dimension of L-section is 75×75×5 mm and self-weight of L-section per unit
length is 608 kg (for mild steel)

Fig-3.6 L-Section (Old frame model)

35
C-section frame

The C-section frame is design having dimensions 100×100×10 mm. and self-weight per unit
length is 795kg (for mild steel).

Fig-3.7 C-section [old frame]

New pallet frame ( C-section )

According to new frame of pallet, the C-section is used having dimensions 100×50×10 mm.
The overall self-weight of that C-section is 1882N.

Fig-3.8 New pallet [new frame]

36
Side Structure

Side structure of pallet

For making side structure the square tube is used having dimensions 40×40×10 mm.

Fig-3.9 Side structure

New Side Structure
For making new side structure, used I-section and square tube and dimensions for I-section is
120×60×12 mm. and square tube having dimensions 40×40×10 mm. total load is 11692N

Fig-3.10 Hanging Structure

37
Supporting Shaft
Information about shaft
This shaft is used for supporting the whole pallet structure for constant movement of each
pallet. Solid shaft is used having a material mild steel.
Dimensions for shaft is
Length (L) =3576 mm Diameter (D) = 35mm

Fig-3.11 Supporting shaft

38
Design of Plummer Block

Information about Plummer block

Plummer block is generally used in this project for to hold the whole pallet with shaft and
rotate it in a given direction. And this model is also made by solid works.

A Plummer Block Design:

B Plummer Block Assembly:

Fig 3.12 Plummer block

39
C Main Assembly Design:

Now the complete assembly looks like the below structure:

Fig 3.13 Assembly of pallet.

Outer side structure:
This is the outer side structure which is use for holding the whole units along with the
transmission system. Material for this structure is mild steel. Model is create on Solid work
2017. The is Height is 8m and Breadth is 5m .Standard I- section (120×60×12 mm) and
square section (80×80×5 mm)frame is used.

Fig 3.14 Outer side structure

40
Chapter 4. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

Finite Element Analysis is a numerical technique. In this method fast improvements in

computer hardware and software technology is used such as ANSYS, ABAQUS, LS-DYNA
etc. Also in this method all complexities of the problems, like varying shape, boundary
conditions and loads are maintained. The finite elements procedure reduces such unknowns
to a finite number by dividing the solution region into small parts called elements. After
selecting elements and nodes in finite elements analysis is to assemble elements properties
for each element. On that basis force, displacement, stiffness characteristics of each elements
are found.
Analyzing following parts:
1) Bike holding pallet
2) Pallet Side structure
3) Supporting shaft
4) Outer side structure

4.1 Pallet:

4.1.1 L Section Frame: Analysis of L-section frame in which 8 loads on various nodes and
each has force 1500N load.

Fig 4.1 Frame Analysis L Section

Result-Max stresses = 1.69e8 pa, Min stress= 286.55 pa.

41
Number of Elements - 22563
Number of Nodes – 55429
Result:

L-Section Frame - σall = 1.66×108 pa & σmax = 1.69×108 pa

Hence σmax ≤ σall

Therefore, the analysis by L-section is not safe.

4.1.2C Section Frame

Analysis of C-section frame by using 4 loads on various nodes and each having a load
3000N.

Fig-4.2 Frame analysis (C-section)

Result- Max stress = 5.97e7 pa Min stress = 2294 pa. C section for (4 loads of 3000N)

Number Elements = 26235

Number of Nodes = 64359

Results:

C-Sec Frame- σall = 1.66×108 pa & σmax = 5.94×107 pa

Hence, σall > σmax.

42
4.1.3 New C section Frame (with reduced elements)

Fig-4.3 New frame analysis for Equivalent stress (C-section)

Number of Elements =19041
Number of Nodes = 43043
Pressure = 1450 N/m2

Results:

σmax = 2.527e7 pa σall = 1.66e8 pa

By using this new section frame we get the better results than previous frames. Also we are
minimizing the complexities and material requirement of frame as reduced Number of nodes
and Elements gives better results.

43
Total Deformation:

Fig-4.4 New frame analysis for total deformation (C-section)

Total Deformation = 0.001047 m
Number of Elements = 19041
Number of Nodes = 43043

Pressure = 1450 N/m2

Maximum Shear stress:

Fig-4.5 New frame analysis for Maximum shear stress (C-section)

Number of Elements =19041
Number of Nodes = 43043

44
Pressure = 1450 N/m2
Result:
τmax = 1.455×107 Pa and
τmin = 0.016×107 Pa
𝑆𝑦𝑠 0.5𝑆𝑦𝑡
τallw = 𝐹𝑂𝑆 = 1.5

= 8.33×107 Pa
Hence τall > τmax

Design is safe for maximum shear stress.

4.2 Side Structure of Pallet

For the analysis of side structure of pallet the Total load on structure by considering
weights of bikes and self-weight of pallet is 6000 N is applied on the structure.

Equivalent Von-Misses Stress

Fig-4.6 Side structure analysis (Von misses stress)

Number of Elements = 25423

Number of Nodes = 58352
Result :- σmax = 3.033e7pa σmin = 47558pa

Total Deformation

45
 Fig-4.7 Side structure analysis (total deformation)

Number of Elements = 25423

Number of Nodes = 58352
Result: - Max. Deformation = 0.0327mm

Fig-4.8 Side Structure Analysis (Equivalent Stress)

Number of Elements = 25423

Number of Nodes = 58352

Result: - σmax =2.3322e7 pa and σmin= 0.00891e7 pa

46
4.3 Analysis of supporting shaft:

For the analysis of the supporting shaft buckling analysis is used. The weight applied on shaft
is 12000 N-m

Total Deformation:

Fig-4.9 Supporting shaft analysis

Number of Elements = 5019

Number of Nodes = 12530
Critical load:- 9.8971N

47
Equivalent Stress:

Fig-4.10 Equivalent Stress

Number of Elements = 5019
Number of Nodes = 12530

Result: σmax= 2.108e7 pa σmin= 0.0016e7 pa

4.4 Analysis of Outer Side Structure:

Analysis of outer side structure with Total load on structure 102 KN.
Material selection of Structure is Mild Steel and the sections used for structure is C-Section
and Square Tube.
C-section = 120×60×12
Square Tube = 80×80×10

48
Total Deformation:

Fig-4.11 Outer frame analysis (Total Deformation)

Number of Elements = 27530
Number of Nodes = 68825

Result: - Total Deformation max =1269.4 mm, Total Deformation min =141.4 mm

Equivalent Stress:

Fig-4.12 Outer frame analysis (Equivalent stress)

Result: - σmax = 37589 Mpa and σmin = 0.70701 Mpa

49
CHAPTER 5 ANALYTICAL CALCULATION

Following parts are designed by analytical calculation

1. Bike holding pallet

2. Pallet side structure
3. Supporting shaft
4. Outer side structure
5. Electric motor

5.1. Bike holding pallet:

Self-weight of pallet is 1882N.

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
Stress = 𝑭𝑶𝑺

Assume:
FOS is 1.5 and materials used for Section is Mild-Steel
Yield Strength of Mild-Steel is 250 Mpa
When comparing other L-Section

Fig-5.1 L-section

From FEA Analysis the stresses of L-section are

50
σmax = 1.69e8 pa
σmin = 286.55 pa
By Analytical Result

σall = 1.66e8 pa.

σmax ≥ σall

From above stresses of L-section the result of maximum and allowable stresses are equal.

Hence C-Section is used for Bike holding pallet.

C-section

Fig-5.2 C-section

By using Total number of C-section = 9

From FEA Analysis the stresses of C-section are

σmax = 5.94e7 pa

Hence, σall > σmax

By using Total number of C-section = 6

σmax= 2.527e7 Pa

σall = 1.66e8 pa.

51
Hence, σall > σmax

σmax = 5.94e7 pa for old frame And σmax= 2.527e7 Pa for new frame.

Hence, We Conclude that this New Frame is also safe and we minimize over design of
pallet and also minimize self-weight of Frame.

5.2. Pallet Side Structure:

Fig:- 5.3 Side structure

Self-weight of C-Frame:

Total weight = 20×9.57 (self-weight)

= 191.94 Kg

Self-weight of I-Section= 4.31 KN/m

Total weight = C-frame + Support structure

= 12000 N

By Analytical Calculation:-

52
Total weight on side structure is 11692N by considering truss as side structure having 3
elements in which 2 elements are of square section having dimension 40×40×10 and element
of I-section is having dimension of 120×60×12.

Fig: - 5.4 Truss Theory

Area of Truss = 3.603×106 mm2

Modulus of elasticity E = 200 Gpa

Table 5.1 Nodal Co-ordinate data:

Node X Y

1 0 0

2 1000 0

3 2000 0

4 1000 1800

53
Table 5.2 Element connectivity data:

Element Initial Node Final Node Length of l=𝑋𝑓−𝑋𝑖 m=

𝑌𝑓−𝑌𝑖
𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒
Number Element

1 1 4 2060 0.4854 0.8737

2 2 4 1800 0 1

3 3 4 2060 -0.4854 0.8737

Stiffness Matrix of Truss Element:

 l2 ml − l2 − ml 
 ml m2 − ml − m2
Ke =
𝑨𝑬

𝑳𝒆  − l2 − ml l2 ml 
 
− ml − m2 ml m2 

Global Matrix

K= K1 + K2 + K3

By applying boundary conditions we get,

0.0824 −0.1483 𝑞7 = 0
109 [ ] (𝑞8) (5900)
−0.1483 0.2670

q7 = 0.1106 m

q8 = 0.06146 m…… (Deformation)

Stresses of each elements:

q1
𝐸 q2
σ = 𝐿𝑒 (−𝑙 − 𝑚 𝑙 𝑚 )
q7
q8

54
Stresses are:-

σ1 = 10.42 Mpa

σ2 = 6.82 Mpa

σ3 = -0.0388 Mpa

Shear stress by using VON-MISES Theory

Syt ≥ 5.454 Mpa

τ = 0.577 Syt

τ = 3.1453 Mpa

From (4.2.1) by using FEA analysis Equivalent Von-misses stress are,

Result: -

By Analytical FEA Calculation:-

σmax = 23.322 Mpa and σmin = 0.0891Mpa

From theoretical calculation using truss

Element 1 Square Tube: - σper =10.42 Mpa

Element 2 I-section: - σper = 6.82 Mpa

σmax > σall

Hence Stresses above structure by Analytical calculation are less than the FEA
calculation. Hence, design will be Safe.

55
5.3. Supporting Shaft

Dimensions for shaft are Length (L) =3576 mm Diameter (D) = 35mm and having material
mild steel and the shaft is considered as fixed at both end. Appling vertical load on both end
(w) = 6000N + 6000N

5.3.1 Deflection of Shaft:

Fig: - 5.5 Simply supported beam with UDL

𝟓 𝑾 𝒍𝟒
Deflection =
𝟑𝟖𝟒 𝑬𝑰
= 2.21×106 mm
By using deflection we didnt get accurate Results, because the shaft is fixed on both ends.
Hence we are use Buckling Load Theory.

𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
Critical Load (Fc) = 𝑳𝟐

For fixing both end of shaft equivalent length is equal to Original length L=l
(Fc) = 9.28 N
𝑭𝒄
σcre =
𝑨

56
σcre = 11.37 Mpa
Following calculations are done form the FEA analysis.

Critical load is 9.8971N

Also from FEA analysis we got equivalent von-misses stress is σmax= 21.08 Mpa &

σmin= 0.016 Mpa.

From theoretical calculation the critical load 9.28N is

Critical stress 11.37Mpa

Von-misses stress 12.47Mpa

Comparison of critical load:- here theoretical is 9.28N which is less than actual load which is
9.89N

Comparison of von misses stress; - theoretical is 12.47Mpa is less than actual 21.08Mpa

Hence here the theoretical calculation is lesser than actual one

Therefore design is safe.

5.4. Outer Side Structure

Material selection of Structure is Mild Steel and the sections used for structure is C-Section
and Square Tube.

C-section= 120×60×12

Square Tube = 80×80×10

On this Structure there are two pulley which are mounted on a I-Section And both pulley are
attached to each other by using Chain Drive. The mechanism is driven by motor with power
of 7.5HP. The total load on structure is 102 KN (By consider pallet, Bike, pallet support
structure)

Dimension are Height (H) = 8m and Breadth (B) = 5m

Materials of Side-structure is Mild-Steel and Young’s Modules is 250 Mpa

Standard I- section (120×60×12 mm) and square section (80×80×5 mm) frame is used.

57
 Fig: - 5.6 Outer Side-structure

For deflection we use deflection formula

d2 y
Mx = EIyy dx2

For Mild steel modulus of elasticity is 200 Gpa

I section = 120×60×12 mm

Movement of inertia about XX axis is

𝑏𝑑 3 −𝑏3 (𝑏−𝑡)
Ixx =
12

Ixx = 7.77e6 mm^4

Movement of inertia about YY axis is

2 × 𝑠× 𝑏3 +(ℎ𝑡 3 )
Iyy =
12

Iyy = 445.824e3 mm^4

58
For deflection use ‘Macaulay’s Method’

Fig: - 5.7 Deflection diagram

By integrating and calculating by using bellow equation,

d2 y
Mx = EIyy we get,
dx2

Deflection (Y) = 0.2544 mm

For calculating stress of outer side structure use ‘Flexural Formula’ is

σ M E
= =
Y I R

MY
σ=
Ixx

Bending moment, M = 986 KN-m

Y = Central distance of I section is 60 mm

Ixx= Moment of inertia about X- axis is 7.77e6

Stress (σ) = 7608.02 Mpa

Now, It can be concluded that, stress is beyond the material strength

Hence it is assumed that the FOS is 2

Yield strength of Mild Steel is 250 Mpa

Allowable stress is

59
 Material yeild strength
Stress σ =
FOS

= 166.66 Mpa

Now Side-structure is in Safe Condition when compared to analysis.

FEA calculation equivalent von-misses stress is σmax= 37589Mpa and σmin= 0.707 Mpa

Theoretical calculations in which allowable stress is 166.66 Mpa

In which it is seen that theoretical stress is greater than minimum actual stress therefore the
design of outer side structure is safe.

60
5.5. Electric Motor:

Selection of motor:-

Fig: - 5.8 Crane Motor (from Catalogue Table 3:2)

Total Weight of structure = C-Frame + Pallet support structure
= 11693N.
Total Weight = 6 Pallet ×11693N = 70158N
This is a Tangential Force.
Assume, Time taken for Shifting Pallet from current place to another place is 20 Sec.
Distance between two Pallets is 2000mm
2
Velocity = 20 = 0.1m/sec

Power = tangential Force × Velocity

= 7015Watt

From catalogue, we selected 5.5KW Motor on the basis of above power 7.5HP.

(From HINDUSTAN MOTOR Catalogue.)

Selected Motor is CRANE DUTY MOTOR.

61
CHAPTER 6

RESULTS AND COMPARISON’S

Table 6.1 Comparisons Chart:

Components Analytical FEA

Calculations
Calculations Results

Bike holding L-section: L-section:

Pallet
Stress Stress σmax ≥ σall

σall =166.66 MPa σmax =169 MPa

C-section: C-section : σallw > σmax

σall =166.66 MPa σmax =2.52e7 Pa

Shear stress Shear stress τall > τmax

τall = 83.33Mpa. τmax = 14.45 Mpa Hence C section is

selected.

Pallet Stress: Stress:

side-structure σ1 = 10.42 Mpa

σ2 = 6.82 Mpa σmax =30.33 Mpa σmax > σper

σ3 = -0.0388 Mpa

Shear stress: Shear stress:

τper = 3.41Mpa τmax = 23.32 Mpa τmax > τper

Deformation: Deformation:

q7 = 110mm qact = 0.0327mm qth > qact

q8 = 61mm Actual stress is less than

theoretical stress hence

design will be safe.

62
 Supporting shaft Stress : Stress:

σper = 12.47 Mpa σmax = 21.08 Mpa σmax > σper

Critical load Critical load:

Fcr = 9.28 N Fmax = 9.89 N Fmax > Fcr

Outer Side Stress : Stress :

Structure
σall = 166.66 Mpa σmax = 0.7071 Mpa σall > σmax

Deformation: Deformation:

y =0.2544 mm yact = 141.4 mm y < yact

With reference to above calculations and their comparison with allowable stresses the
above project is safe to be designed with no failure.

63
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION

The major enablers or drivers for smart parking essentially are the problems of urban
liability, transportations mobility and environmental sustainability. Some of the underlying
benefits could be lowering operation costs, while building values for customer to drive
occupancy, revenues and facility value. To solve all the bike parking issues rotary bike
parking system has been designed, by considering the actual size and dimensions and weight
of the bikes. It has been understood that L section frame will not be much suitable for pallet
design as it may lead to failure when subjected to critical loading. Hence C section Frame is
utilized and with dimensions considered the above design is safe. The above design is
analyzed in Ansys as well as mathematical calculations is done in order to eliminate any
failure possibility. The parking structure is thus designed and considering all the required
stresses the designed structure is safe for implementation in actual physical design. Analysis
of important parts like pallet, joints, supporting shaft and frame has been done at actual
dimensions.

64
CHAPTER 8 FUTURE SCOPE

Nowadays transition phase is seen from Internal Combustion Engine vehicles to electric
vehicles. When electric vehicles will be completely used for transportation, there will be
charging sites that need to be developed. These charging sites will require the parking
structure so that they can park the vehicle on site for charging. The structure designed in
these projects can be very useful for accommodating bikes in parking sites. As the charging
of one vehicle will require considerable amount of time proper space utilization is very
important. This structure can be equipped with electrical connections which will have
charging switches. Also, in order to have automated entry and exit these sites can be fitted
with RFID sensors for billing and user identification.

65
CHAPTER 9 :REFERENCES

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using Geneva mechanism” international journal for research in applied science and
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3] Maharshi Gandhi, Niyati Vala, Amir Vahora “design of automatic parking system for two
wheeler” international journal of advance engineering and research and development, volume
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4] Prashanth Kumar, Dr. H.R.Vitala, Praveen M.P “Concept design and proto build of roto
parker for two wheeler” International journal of innovation science, engineering and
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International Journal on Applied Research in Mechanical Engineering (IJTARME), Volume-
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Shopping Complex Bhilai (Chhattisgarh)” Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research
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CHAPTER 10 APPENDIX

69