C#.NET 8.

0
Harsha Vardhan
.NET Expert
 C#.NET 8.0

.NET Fundamentals........................................................................................................................ 26
Introduction to .NET ............................................................................................................. 26
What is .NET? ....................................................................................................................... 26
Parts of .NET ......................................................................................................................... 26
History of .NET...................................................................................................................... 27
History of .NET...................................................................................................................... 27
Versions of .NET ................................................................................................................... 29
CIL and CLR ........................................................................................................................... 30
Execution Model of .NET Programs ..................................................................................... 30
CIL (Common Intermediate Language) or MSIL ................................................................... 31
CLR (Common Language Runtime)....................................................................................... 31
Sub Components of CLR ....................................................................................................... 32
.NET Framework Architecture .............................................................................................. 34
What is .NET Framework ...................................................................................................... 34
System Requirements of .NET Framework: ......................................................................... 34
.NET Framework Architecture .............................................................................................. 35
CLS and CTS .......................................................................................................................... 36
CLS (Common Language Specification) ................................................................................ 36
CTS (Common Type System) ................................................................................................ 36
FCL and BCL .......................................................................................................................... 37
FCL (Framework Class Library) ............................................................................................. 37
Introduction to Visual Studio ............................................................................................... 38
What is Visual Studio ............................................................................................................ 38
Versions of Visual Studio ...................................................................................................... 38
System Requirements of Visual Studio 2019: ...................................................................... 39
Project .................................................................................................................................. 40
Solution ................................................................................................................................ 40
File Types of .NET ................................................................................................................. 40
Folder Structure of .NET Project in Visual Studio ................................................................ 41

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Visual Studio - Installation .................................................................................................... 42

Steps to install “Visual Studio 2019”: ................................................................................... 42

C#.NET – Language Fundamentals .......................................................................................... 55

Introduction to C#.NET ......................................................................................................... 55
What is C#.NET: .................................................................................................................... 55
Versions of C#.NET ............................................................................................................... 56
Tokens of C#.NET.................................................................................................................. 56
Naming Conventions for Identifiers ..................................................................................... 57
Identifier Naming Rules ........................................................................................................ 57
Console Applications - Introduction ..................................................................................... 58
What is Console Application? .............................................................................................. 58
Rules of Console Application ................................................................................................ 58
Console Application - Example ............................................................................................. 59
The “System.Console” class ................................................................................................. 60
1. System.Console.Write().................................................................................................... 60
2. System.Console.WriteLine() ............................................................................................. 61
3. System.Console.ReadKey() ............................................................................................... 61
4. System.Console.ReadLine() .............................................................................................. 61
5. System.Console.Clear() .................................................................................................... 61
System.Console.WriteLine – Example.................................................................................. 62
System.Console.ReadKey – Example ................................................................................... 63
System.Console.Clear - Example .......................................................................................... 65
Variables ............................................................................................................................... 68
Variables - Example .............................................................................................................. 69
Data Types ............................................................................................................................ 71
Types of Data types .............................................................................................................. 71
Numerical Data Types .......................................................................................................... 71
Default Numerical data types .............................................................................................. 72
Non-Numerical Data Types .................................................................................................. 73
Numerical Data Types - Example ......................................................................................... 73
MinValue and MaxValue ...................................................................................................... 76

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MinValue and MaxValue - Example ..................................................................................... 76

char - Example ...................................................................................................................... 78
String .................................................................................................................................... 79
String - Example.................................................................................................................... 80
Bool - Example ...................................................................................................................... 81
Operators ............................................................................................................................. 83
Arithmetical Operators ........................................................................................................ 83
Arithmetical Operators - Example........................................................................................ 84
Assignment Operators.......................................................................................................... 86
Assignment Operators - Example ......................................................................................... 86
Increment / Decrement Operators ...................................................................................... 88
Increment / Decrement Operators - Example ..................................................................... 88
Relational Operators ............................................................................................................ 90
Relational Operators - Example ........................................................................................... 90
Logical Operators ................................................................................................................. 92
Logical Operators - Example................................................................................................. 93
Concatenation Operator ...................................................................................................... 94
Concatenation Operator - Example ..................................................................................... 95
Conditional Operator ........................................................................................................... 96
Conditional Operator - Example........................................................................................... 96
Control Statements .............................................................................................................. 98
Types of control statements: ............................................................................................... 98
If............................................................................................................................................ 99
If - Example ......................................................................................................................... 101
If – Else - Example............................................................................................................... 102
Else – If - Example............................................................................................................... 104
Nested If - Example ............................................................................................................ 105
Switch – Case ...................................................................................................................... 107
Switch – Case - Example ..................................................................................................... 107
While .................................................................................................................................. 109
While - Example.................................................................................................................. 109

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Do – While .......................................................................................................................... 111

Do – While - Example ......................................................................................................... 111
for ....................................................................................................................................... 113
for - Example ...................................................................................................................... 113
Break................................................................................................................................... 115
Break - Example .................................................................................................................. 115
Continue ............................................................................................................................. 116
Continue - Example ............................................................................................................ 117
Goto .................................................................................................................................... 118
Goto - Example ................................................................................................................... 118
Nested For Loops................................................................................................................ 120
Nested For Loops - Example ............................................................................................... 120

C#.NET – Object Oriented Programming (OOP)...................................................................123

Introduction to Object Oriented Programming ................................................................. 123
Types of Programming Languages ..................................................................................... 123
Introduction of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) ....................................................... 124
Object ................................................................................................................................. 124
Fields................................................................................................................................... 125
Methods ............................................................................................................................. 125
Class .................................................................................................................................... 126
Reference variables ............................................................................................................ 128
Syntax of creating class ...................................................................................................... 128
Syntax of creating a Field in a class: ................................................................................... 128
Syntax of creating a method in a class: .............................................................................. 128
Syntax of creating reference variable ................................................................................ 129
Syntax of creating object (in heap): ................................................................................... 129
Memory allocation of Objects ............................................................................................ 129
Principles of Object Oriented Programming ...................................................................... 130
Principles of OOP ................................................................................................................ 130
Encapsulation: .................................................................................................................... 130
Abstraction: ........................................................................................................................ 130

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Inheritance: ........................................................................................................................ 130

Polymorphism: ................................................................................................................... 131
Types of polymorphism: ..................................................................................................... 131
Access Modifiers ................................................................................................................ 132
Access Modifiers ................................................................................................................ 132
Access Modifiers - Example................................................................................................ 135
Access Modifiers for classes ............................................................................................... 138
Access Modifiers for Classes .............................................................................................. 138
Object Oriented Programming – Example ......................................................................... 138
Object Oriented Programming – Student Example ........................................................... 140
Object Oriented Programming – Employee Example ........................................................ 142
Program.cs.......................................................................................................................... 143
Static Fields......................................................................................................................... 145
Static Fields - Example ........................................................................................................ 146
Constant Fields ................................................................................................................... 149
Constant Fields - Example .................................................................................................. 149
ReadOnly Fields .................................................................................................................. 151
ReadOnly Fields - Example ................................................................................................. 151
Methods ............................................................................................................................. 153
Methods – Simple Example ................................................................................................ 154
Methods – Arguments and Return Example ...................................................................... 155
Scope of Variables .............................................................................................................. 157
Methods – Example - Age .................................................................................................. 158
Methods – Example 2 - Numbers ....................................................................................... 160
Methods – Example 3 - Login ............................................................................................. 163
Methods – Example 4 - Student ......................................................................................... 165
"this" keyword .................................................................................................................... 170
"this" keyword - Example ................................................................................................... 170
Static Methods ................................................................................................................... 172
Static Methods - Example .................................................................................................. 173
Reference Variables as Arguments .................................................................................... 175

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Reference Variables as Arguments - Example ................................................................... 175

Reference Variables as Fields ............................................................................................. 177
Reference Variables as Fields - Example ............................................................................ 177
Default Arguments ............................................................................................................. 179
Default Arguments - Example ............................................................................................ 179
Named Parameters ............................................................................................................ 181
Named Parameters - Example............................................................................................ 181
Methods Overloading......................................................................................................... 183
Methods Overloading - Example ........................................................................................ 183
Types of Parameters........................................................................................................... 185
Call by value - Example....................................................................................................... 186
Call by reference - Example................................................................................................ 187
Call by output - Example .................................................................................................... 189
Type Conversion ................................................................................................................. 191
Implicit Casting - Example .................................................................................................. 191
Explicit Casting (or) Type Casting ....................................................................................... 193
Explicit Casting (or) Type Casting - Example ...................................................................... 193
Parsing ................................................................................................................................ 195
Parsing - Example ............................................................................................................... 195
TryParse .............................................................................................................................. 197
TryParse - Example ............................................................................................................. 197
TryParse – Example 2 ......................................................................................................... 199
Output ................................................................................................................................ 200
Conversion Methods .......................................................................................................... 201
Conversion Methods - Example ......................................................................................... 202
Constructors ....................................................................................................................... 204
Types of Constructor .......................................................................................................... 204
Default Constructor ............................................................................................................ 205
Parameterless Constructor - Example................................................................................ 205
Parameterized Constructor - Example ............................................................................... 207
Constructors - Student - Example ...................................................................................... 209

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Object Initializer ................................................................................................................. 212

Object Initializer - Example ................................................................................................ 212
"Set" and "Get" Methods ................................................................................................... 216
Set Method ......................................................................................................................... 216
Get Method ........................................................................................................................ 216
"Set" and "Get" Methods - Example .................................................................................. 217
Properties ........................................................................................................................... 219
Properties - Example .......................................................................................................... 221
Readonly and WriteOnly Properties .................................................................................. 223
Readonly Properties - Example .......................................................................................... 224
Automatic Properties ......................................................................................................... 226
Automatic Properties - Example ........................................................................................ 226
Inheritance ......................................................................................................................... 228
Inheritance - Example ........................................................................................................ 228
Inheritance – Example 2 ..................................................................................................... 231
“base” keyword .................................................................................................................. 234
“base” keyword - Example ................................................................................................. 234
Parent class’s constructor .................................................................................................. 237
Parent class’s constructor - Example ................................................................................. 237
Method Hiding ................................................................................................................... 241
Method Hiding - Example................................................................................................... 242
Method Hiding – Example 2 ............................................................................................... 244
Method Overriding ............................................................................................................. 247
Normal Methods (vs) Virtual Methods .............................................................................. 247
Method Hiding (vs) Method Overrinding ........................................................................... 248
Method Overriding - Example ............................................................................................ 249
Method Overriding – Example 2 ........................................................................................ 251
Abstract Classes.................................................................................................................. 254
Abstract Classes - Example ................................................................................................. 255
Abstract Classes – Example 2 ............................................................................................. 257
Abstract Methods............................................................................................................... 260

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Abstract Methods - Example .............................................................................................. 262

Abstract Methods – Example 2 .......................................................................................... 264
Interfaces............................................................................................................................ 268
Abstract Class (vs) Interface ............................................................................................... 268
Interfaces - Example ........................................................................................................... 271
Interfaces – Example 2 ....................................................................................................... 273
Dynamic Polymorphism ..................................................................................................... 276
Dynamic Polymorphism - Example..................................................................................... 277
Dynamic Polymorphism – Example 2 ................................................................................. 279
Multiple Inheritance using Interfaces ................................................................................ 282
Multiple Inheritance using Interfaces - Example ............................................................... 282
Interface Inheritance .......................................................................................................... 286
Interface Inheritance - Example ......................................................................................... 286
Sealed Classes..................................................................................................................... 290
Sealed Classes - Example .................................................................................................... 290
Namespaces ....................................................................................................................... 293
Namespaces - Example ...................................................................................................... 293
Child Namespaces .............................................................................................................. 296
Child Namespaces - Example ............................................................................................. 296
Child Namespaces – Example 2 .......................................................................................... 298
“using” statement .............................................................................................................. 301
“using” statement - Example ............................................................................................. 301
“using - alias” statement .................................................................................................... 303
“using - alias” statement - Example ................................................................................... 303
Creating Separate Files for Classes .................................................................................... 306
Creating Separate Files for Classes - Example.................................................................... 306
Partial Classes ..................................................................................................................... 309
Partial Classes - Example .................................................................................................... 309
Enumerations ..................................................................................................................... 313
Enumerations - Example .................................................................................................... 313
Structures ........................................................................................................................... 316

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Structures - Example .......................................................................................................... 318

Structures with Constructors - Example ............................................................................ 320
Standard Data Types .......................................................................................................... 323
The "System.Object" class .................................................................................................. 324
“System.Object” Class - Example ....................................................................................... 324
Methods of "System.Object" class ..................................................................................... 326
Methods of “System.Object” class - Example .................................................................... 327
Boxing ................................................................................................................................. 330
Boxing - Example ................................................................................................................ 330
Unboxing ............................................................................................................................ 332
Unboxing - Example ........................................................................................................... 332
Static Constructors ............................................................................................................. 334
Static Constructors - Example ............................................................................................ 335
Static Classes ...................................................................................................................... 338
Static Classes - Example ..................................................................................................... 338
Generic Classes................................................................................................................... 341
Generic Classes - Example .................................................................................................. 341
Multiple Generics - Example .............................................................................................. 343
Arrays ................................................................................................................................. 346
Arrays - Example................................................................................................................. 346
Arrays with For Loop .......................................................................................................... 348
Arrays with For Loop - Example ......................................................................................... 348
Arrays with Foreach Loop in C#.NET .................................................................................. 350
Arrays with Foreach Loop – Example ................................................................................. 350
“System.Array” class .......................................................................................................... 353
“System.Array.IndexOf” method ....................................................................................... 354
“System.Array.IndexOf” method - Example....................................................................... 354
“System.Array.IndexOf” method – with NotFound - Example .......................................... 356
“System.Array.BinarySearch” method ............................................................................... 358
“System.Array.BinarySearch” method - Example .............................................................. 358
“System.Array.Clear” method ............................................................................................ 360

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“System.Array.Clear” method - Example ........................................................................... 360

“System.Array.Resize” method .......................................................................................... 363
“System.Array.Resize” method - Example ......................................................................... 363
“System.Array.Sort” method ............................................................................................. 366
“System.Array.Sort” method - Example............................................................................. 366
“System.Array.Reverse” method ....................................................................................... 368
“System.Array.Reverse” method - Example ...................................................................... 368
“System.Array.CopyTo” method ........................................................................................ 370
“System.Array.CopyTo” method - Example ....................................................................... 370
Multi-Dimensional Array .................................................................................................... 373
Multi-Dimensional Array - Example ................................................................................... 373
Collections .......................................................................................................................... 376
List of collections classes in .NET: ...................................................................................... 376
Arrays (vs) Collections ........................................................................................................ 376
The "List" class.................................................................................................................... 377
The "List" class - Example ................................................................................................... 377
The "List" class – with “for” loop ....................................................................................... 380
The "List" class – with “for” loop - Example....................................................................... 380
The "List" class – with “foreach” loop ................................................................................ 382
The "List" class – with “foreach” loop - Example ............................................................... 382
"System.Collections.Generic. List.Add" method ................................................................ 384
"System.Collections.Generic. List.Add" method - Example ............................................... 384
"System.Collections.Generic. List.Insert" method ............................................................. 386
"System.Collections.Generic.List.Insert" method - Example ............................................. 386
"System.Collections.Generic. List.AddRange" method ...................................................... 388
"System.Collections.Generic. List.AddRange" method - Example ..................................... 388
"System.Collections.Generic. List.InsertRange" method ................................................... 391
"System.Collections.Generic. List.InsertRange" method - Example .................................. 391
"System.Collections.Generic. List.Remove" method in C#.NET ......................................... 394
"System.Collections.Generic. List.Remove" method - Example ........................................ 394
"System.Collections.Generic. List.RemoveAt" method ..................................................... 396

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"System.Collections.Generic. List.RemoveAt" method - Example..................................... 396

"System.Collections.Generic. List.Clear" method .............................................................. 399
"System.Collections.Generic. List.Clear" method - Example ............................................. 399
"System.Collections.Generic. List.IndexOf" method ......................................................... 401
"System.Collections.Generic. List.IndexOf" method - Example......................................... 401
"System.Collections.Generic. List.IndexOf" method – Not Found- Example..................... 403
"System.Collections.Generic. List.BinarySearch" method ................................................. 405
"System.Collections.Generic. List.BinarySearch" method - Example ................................ 406
"System.Collections.Generic. List.Contains" method ........................................................ 407
"System.Collections.Generic. List.Contains" method - Example ....................................... 407
"System.Collections.Generic. List.Reverse" method ......................................................... 409
"System.Collections.Generic. List.Reverse" method - Example......................................... 409
"System.Collections.Generic. List.Sort" method ................................................................ 411
"System.Collections.Generic. List.Sort" method - Example ............................................... 411
System.Collections.Generic. List - Sort Descending - Example .......................................... 413
Collection Filter .................................................................................................................. 415
Collection Filter - Example ................................................................................................. 415
LINQ .................................................................................................................................... 417
LINQ - Example ................................................................................................................... 417
Collection of Objects .......................................................................................................... 420
Collection of Objects - Example ......................................................................................... 420
Collection of Objects – Filter - Example ............................................................................. 422
Collection of Objects – LINQ - Example.............................................................................. 424
The "Dictionary" class ........................................................................................................ 427
The "Dictionary" class - Example........................................................................................ 427
The "SortedList" class ......................................................................................................... 429
The "SortedList" class - Example ........................................................................................ 429
The "Hashtable" class in .NET ............................................................................................ 431
The "Hashtable" class - Example ........................................................................................ 431
The "ArrayList" class in .NET .............................................................................................. 433
The "ArrayList" class - Example .......................................................................................... 433

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The "typeof" operator in .NET............................................................................................ 435

The "typeof" operator - Example ....................................................................................... 435
The "System.String" class (or) String Handling .................................................................. 439
“System.String.Length” - Example ..................................................................................... 442
“System.String.ToUpper” - Example .................................................................................. 444
“System.String.ToLower” - Example .................................................................................. 445
“System.String.GetChar” - Example ................................................................................... 447
“System.String.Substring” – Example 1 ............................................................................. 449
“System.String.Substring” – Example 2 ............................................................................. 450
“System.String.Remove” – Example .................................................................................. 451
“System.String.Remove” – Example 2 ............................................................................... 453
“System.String.Insert” – Example ...................................................................................... 455
“System.String.Equals” – Example ..................................................................................... 456
“System.StringComparison. OrdinalIgnoreCase” – Example ............................................. 458
“System.String.StartsWith” – Example .............................................................................. 459
“System.String.EndsWith” – Example ................................................................................ 461
“System.String.Contains” – Example ................................................................................. 462
“System.String.IndexOf” – Example 1 ................................................................................ 464
“System.String.IndexOf” – Example 2 ................................................................................ 465
“System.String.IndexOf” – Example 3 ................................................................................ 467
“System.String.LastIndexOf” – Example ............................................................................ 468
“System.String.Replace” – Example ................................................................................... 470
“System.String.ToCharArray” – Example ........................................................................... 471
Converting CharArray to String - Example ......................................................................... 474
“System.String.Split” – Example......................................................................................... 475
“System.String.Trim” – Example ........................................................................................ 477
“System.String.Format” – Example .................................................................................... 479
“System.String.Reverse” – Example ................................................................................... 480
String – WordsCount - Example ......................................................................................... 482
String – Character Occurrence Count - Example................................................................ 484
String – Alphabetic Count - Example.................................................................................. 486

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String – Word Occurrence Count - Example ...................................................................... 488

String – Title Case - Example .............................................................................................. 490
String – Currency into words - Example ............................................................................. 492
String – Multiple Concatenations - Example ...................................................................... 496
The "System.Text.StringBuilder" class ............................................................................... 498
The "System.Text.StringBuilder" class - Example .............................................................. 499
The "System.DateTime" structure (or) Date & Time Handling .......................................... 501
The "System.DateTime" – First Example ........................................................................... 503
The "System.DateTime.Now" –Example ............................................................................ 505
The "System.DateTime" – Inner Values – Example........................................................... 506
The "System.DateTime.DayOfWeek" – Example ............................................................... 508
The "System.DateTime.DayOfYear" – Example ................................................................. 510
The "System.DateTime. ToShortDateString" – Example.................................................... 511
The "System.DateTime. ToLongDateString" – Example..................................................... 513
The "System.DateTime. ToShortTimeString" – Example ................................................... 514
The "System.DateTime. ToLongTimeString" – Example .................................................... 516
The "System.DateTime" – Custom Formats – Example ..................................................... 517
The "System.DateTime.Subtract" – Example ..................................................................... 519
The "System.DateTime.AddDays" – Example .................................................................... 521
The "System.Math" class.................................................................................................... 523
The "System.Math.Abs" –Example .................................................................................... 524
The "System.Math.Floor" –Example .................................................................................. 526
The "System.Math.Ceiling" – Example ............................................................................... 527
The "System.Math.Round" – Example 1 ............................................................................ 528
The "System.Math.Round" – Example 2 ............................................................................ 530
The "System.Math.Max" –Example ................................................................................... 531
The "System.Math.Min" – Example ................................................................................... 533
The "System.Math.Pow" –Example ................................................................................... 534
The "System.Math.Sqrt" –Example .................................................................................... 536
“System.Diagnostics.Process” class ................................................................................... 538
“System.Diagnostics.Process” class - Example .................................................................. 538

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Command Line Arguments ................................................................................................. 540

Command Line Arguments - Example ................................................................................ 540
Nullable Data Types............................................................................................................ 543
Nullable Data Types - Example ........................................................................................... 543
Exception Handling............................................................................................................. 545
Exception Handling - Example ............................................................................................ 546
Destructor .......................................................................................................................... 549
Destructor - Example.......................................................................................................... 549
The "System.IDisposable" interface ................................................................................... 552
The "System.IDisposable" interface - Example .................................................................. 553
Garbage Collection ............................................................................................................. 555
Garbage Collection - Example ............................................................................................ 555
Delegates ............................................................................................................................ 557
Single Cast Delegates - Example......................................................................................... 558
Multi Cast Delegates - Example ......................................................................................... 560
Events ................................................................................................................................. 562
Events - Example ................................................................................................................ 563
Anonymous Methods ......................................................................................................... 566
Anonymous Methods - Example ........................................................................................ 566
Lambda Expressions ........................................................................................................... 569
Lambda Expressions - Example .......................................................................................... 569
Inline Lambda Expressions ................................................................................................. 572
Inline Lambda Expressions - Example ................................................................................ 572
Inner Classes ....................................................................................................................... 575
Inner Classes - Example ...................................................................................................... 575
Indexer................................................................................................................................ 578
Indexer - Example ............................................................................................................... 579
Assemblies .......................................................................................................................... 581
Class Libraries & Private Assemblies - Example ................................................................. 584
Shared Assemblies - Example............................................................................................. 588
Documentation Comments ................................................................................................ 593

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Documentation Comments - Example ............................................................................... 593

Extension Methods ............................................................................................................ 596
Extension Methods - Example ............................................................................................ 597

C# – Console - System.IO Namespace ..................................................................................601

Introduction to "System.IO" namespace ........................................................................... 601
The “System.IO.FileInfo” class ........................................................................................... 602
The “System.IO.FileInfo” class - Example........................................................................... 605
The “System.IO.DirectoryInfo” class .................................................................................. 607
The “System.IO.DirectoryInfo” class - Example ................................................................. 610
The “System.IO.Directory” class ........................................................................................ 613
The “System.IO.Directory” class - Example........................................................................ 614
The “System.IO.File” class .................................................................................................. 617
The “System.IO.File” class - Example ................................................................................. 618
The “System.IO.FileStream” class ...................................................................................... 621
The “System.IO.StreamWriter” class ................................................................................. 623
The “System.IO.StreamWriter” class - Example ................................................................ 624
The “System.IO.StreamReader” class ................................................................................ 626
The “System.IO.StreamReader” class - Example ............................................................... 627

C#.NET – Console – ADO.NET ................................................................................................... 629

Database Basics .................................................................................................................. 629
Introduction to ADO.NET ................................................................................................... 631
List of pre-defined classes in ADO.NET .............................................................................. 631
ADO.NET – “SqlConnection” class ...................................................................................... 632
SqlConnection – Windows Authentication – Example....................................................... 636
SqlConnection – SQL Server Authentication – Example .................................................... 639
The "SqlCommand" class in ADO.NET ................................................................................ 642
ADO.NET - ExecuteScalar ................................................................................................... 646
SqlCommand – ExecuteScalar – Example .......................................................................... 647
SqlCommand – ExecuteScalar – Example 2 ....................................................................... 650
ADO.NET – Connection Oriented Model – Introduction.................................................... 653

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The "SqlDataReader" class in ADO.NET ............................................................................. 654

ADO.NET – Connection Oriented Model ............................................................................ 656
ADO.NET Connection Oriented Model – Single Record – Example ................................... 657
ADO.NET Connection Oriented Model – Multiple Records – Example.............................. 661
The "SqlParameter" class in ADO.NET ............................................................................... 665
ADO.NET Connection Oriented Model – SqlParameter – Example ................................... 668
ADO.NET Disconnected Model........................................................................................... 672
The “SqlDataAdapter” class ............................................................................................... 673
The “DataSet” class ............................................................................................................ 674
DataSet - Example .............................................................................................................. 674
ADO.NET Disconnected Model – Example ......................................................................... 679
ADO.NET Disconnected Model – Multiple Tables - Example ............................................. 683
ADO.NET Disconnected Model – Joins - Example .............................................................. 688
ADO.NET Non Query - Insertion – Example ....................................................................... 692
ADO.NET Non-Query - Updation – Example ...................................................................... 695
ADO.NET Non-Query - Deletion – Example........................................................................ 698
ADO.NET Non Query – Insertion – With SqlParameter – Example .................................... 701
ADO.NET Non-Query – Updation – With SqlParameter – Example ................................... 705
ADO.NET Non-Query – Deletion – With SqlParameter – Example .................................... 709
Stored Procedures Calling in ADO.NET .............................................................................. 712
ADO.NET Non Query – Insertion – With Stored Procedures – Example............................ 713
ADO.NET Non Query – Updation – With Stored Procedures – Example ........................... 717
ADO.NET Non Query – Deletion – With Stored Procedures – Example ............................ 721
ADO.NET - Transactions ..................................................................................................... 725
ADO.NET – Transactions - Example .................................................................................... 726
The "OleDb" namespace in ADO.NET ................................................................................ 730
Connection Strings in ADO.NET.......................................................................................... 731
ADO.NET – Oracle - Example .............................................................................................. 732
ADO.NET – MS Access - Example ....................................................................................... 743
ADO.NET – MS Excel - Example .......................................................................................... 755
ADO.NET – SQL Server to Oracle - Example ....................................................................... 764

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ADO.NET – SQL Server to MS Excel - Example ................................................................... 771

ADO.NET – Oracle to SQL Server - Example ....................................................................... 779
ADO.NET – Excel to SQL Server - Example ......................................................................... 786
ADO.NET – SQL Server to File - Example ............................................................................ 794
ADO.NET – File to SQL Server - Example ............................................................................ 799
The "SqlCommandBuilder" class in ADO.NET .................................................................... 804
ADO.NET – SqlCommandBuilder – DataSet – Insertion - Example .................................... 805
ADO.NET – SqlCommandBuilder – DataSet – Updation - Example.................................... 809
ADO.NET – SqlCommandBuilder – DataSet – Deletion - Example ..................................... 813
N-Tier Architecture............................................................................................................. 817
N-Tier Architecture - Example ............................................................................................ 817
LINQ to SQL ........................................................................................................................ 825
LINQ to SQL - Example........................................................................................................ 826

C#.NET – Console – Entity Framework ..................................................................................831

Intro to ADO.NET Entity Framework .................................................................................. 831
Entity Framework - Example .............................................................................................. 834
Entity Framework – FirstOrDefault - Example ................................................................... 839
Entity Framework – Insertion - Example ............................................................................ 844
Entity Framework – Updation - Example ........................................................................... 849
Entity Framework – Deletion - Example ............................................................................ 854

C#.NET – Windows Forms Applications ................................................................................858

Introduction to Windows Forms Applications ................................................................... 858
The “System.Windows.Forms.Form” class ........................................................................ 859
Programming Model of Windows Form............................................................................. 860
Windows Forms Application – First Example ..................................................................... 861
Form Constructor - Example .............................................................................................. 863
Properties of “System.Windows.Forms.Form” class ......................................................... 865
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. Text” property - Example ............................................... 867
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. ShowIcon” property - Example ...................................... 869
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. ShowInTaskBar” property -Example .............................. 871

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“System.Windows.Forms.Form. MinimizeBox” property - Example ................................. 872

“System.Windows.Forms.Form. MaximizeBox” property - Example ................................ 874
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. ControlBox” property - Example .................................... 876
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. TopMost” property - Example ....................................... 877
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. WindowState” property –Example ................................ 879
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. FormBorderStyle” property – Example.......................... 880
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. Cursor” property - Example ........................................... 882
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. BackColor” property - Example ...................................... 884
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. BackgroundImage” property – Example ........................ 885
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. Size” property - Example................................................ 887
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. Location” property - Example ........................................ 889
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. Icon” property - Example ............................................... 890
Events of “System.Windows.Forms.Form” class ............................................................... 892
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. Load” event - Example ................................................... 893
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. Shown” event - Example ................................................ 896
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. Click” event - Example ................................................... 897
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. DoubleClick” event - Example ........................................ 899
“System.Windows.Forms.Form.MouseClick” event - Example ......................................... 901
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. MouseMove” event - Example ...................................... 903
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. KeyPress” event - Example............................................. 904
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. FormClosing” event - Example ....................................... 906
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. FormClosing” event - Example 2 .................................... 908
Methods of “System.Windows.Forms.Form” class............................................................ 910
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. Hide” method - Example ................................................ 911
“System.Windows.Forms.Form .Show” method - Example .............................................. 913
“System.Windows.Forms.Form. Close” method - Example............................................... 915
Introduction to Windows Forms Controls ......................................................................... 917
“System.Windows.Forms.Label” class ............................................................................... 919
“System.Windows.Forms.Label” class - Example .............................................................. 922
“System.Windows.Forms. Button” class ............................................................................ 925
“System.Windows.Forms. Button” class - Example ........................................................... 929

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“System.Windows.Forms. Button” class – with Image - Example ..................................... 932

“System.Windows.Forms. Button” class – with Label - Example ...................................... 934
“System.Windows.Forms. TextBox” class .......................................................................... 938
“System.Windows.Forms. TextBox” class - Example ......................................................... 943
“System.Windows.Forms. TextBox” class – With AutoComplete - Example ..................... 947
“System.Windows.Forms. TextBox” class – With AutoComplete – Example 2 ................. 949
“System.Windows.Forms. TextBox” class – With KeyPress – Example ............................. 952
“System.Windows.Forms. TextBox” class – With KeyPress – Example 2 .......................... 955
“System.Windows.Forms. TextBox” class – With Enter and Leave – Example.................. 957
“System.Windows.Forms. TextBox” class – With TabIndex – Example ............................. 961
“System.Windows.Forms. TextBox” class – Math – Example ............................................ 965
“System.Windows.Forms. NumericUpDown” class ........................................................... 970
“System.Windows.Forms. NumericUpDown” class – Example ......................................... 973
“System.Windows.Forms. DateTimePicker” class ............................................................. 976
“System.Windows.Forms. DateTimePicker” class – Example ............................................ 980
“System.Windows.Forms. MonthCalendar” class ............................................................. 983
“System.Windows.Forms. MonthCalendar” class – Example ............................................ 987
“System.Windows.Forms. ToolTip” class ........................................................................... 991
“System.Windows.Forms. ToolTip” class – Example ......................................................... 993
“System.Windows.Forms. ErrorProvider” class ................................................................. 995
“System.Windows.Forms. ErrorProvider” class – Example ............................................... 997
“System.Text. RegularExpressions. Regex” class ............................................................. 1000
“System.Text. RegularExpressions. Regex” class – Example............................................ 1001
“System.Windows.Forms. MaskedTextBox” class ........................................................... 1005
“System.Windows.Forms. MaskedTextBox” class - Example .......................................... 1008
“System.Windows.Forms. CheckBox” class ..................................................................... 1011
“System.Windows.Forms. CheckBox” class - Example .................................................... 1014
“System.Windows.Forms. RadioButton” class................................................................. 1016
“System.Windows.Forms. RadioButton” class - Example ................................................ 1019
“System.Windows.Forms. ComboBox” class ................................................................... 1023
“System.Windows.Forms. ComboBox” class - Example .................................................. 1026

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“Cascading ComboBox” - Example ................................................................................... 1029

“System.Windows.Forms. ListBox” class ......................................................................... 1032
“System.Windows.Forms. ListBox” class - Example......................................................... 1035
“System.Windows.Forms. CheckedListBox” class............................................................ 1038
“System.Windows.Forms. CheckedListBox” class – Example .......................................... 1041
“System.Windows.Forms. TreeView” class...................................................................... 1044
“System.Windows.Forms. TreeView” class - Example ..................................................... 1049
The “System.Windows.Forms. PictureBox” class ............................................................ 1052
“System.Windows.Forms. PIctureBox” class - Example .................................................. 1055
“System.Windows.Forms. PIctureBox” class – Example 2 ............................................... 1057
The “System.Windows.Forms. Panel” class ..................................................................... 1061
“System.Windows.Forms. Panel” class - Example ........................................................... 1063
The “System.Windows.Forms. GroupBox” class .............................................................. 1066
“System.Windows.Forms. GroupBox” class - Example .................................................... 1069
The “System.Windows.Forms. SplitContainer” class ....................................................... 1072
“System.Windows.Forms. SplitContainer” class - Example ............................................. 1075
The “System.Windows.Forms. TabControl” class ............................................................ 1077
“System.Windows.Forms. TabControl” class - Example .................................................. 1080
The “System.Windows.Forms. FlowLayoutPanel” class .................................................. 1083
“System.Windows.Forms. FlowLayoutPanel” class - Example ........................................ 1086
“System.Windows.Forms. LinkLabel” class ...................................................................... 1088
“System.Windows.Forms. LinkLabel” class - Example ..................................................... 1091
“System.Windows.Forms. WebBrowser” class ................................................................ 1094
“System.Windows.Forms. WebBrowser” class - Example ............................................... 1096
“System.Windows.Forms.Timer” class ............................................................................ 1099
“System.Windows.Forms. Timer” class - Example........................................................... 1101
“System.Windows.Forms.Timer” class – with Time - Example....................................... 1104
“System.Windows.Forms.Timer” class – with Counter - Example.................................. 1106
“System.Windows.Forms.Timer” class – with Slide Show - Example ............................. 1108
“System.Windows.Forms. ProgressBar” class ................................................................. 1112
“System.Windows.Forms. ProgressBar” class - Example................................................. 1115

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“System.Windows.Forms. NotifyIcon” class .................................................................... 1118

“System.Windows.Forms. NotifyIcon” class - Example ................................................... 1120
Popup Boxes ..................................................................................................................... 1123
PopupBoxes - Example ..................................................................................................... 1123
“System.Windows.Forms. ColorDialog” class .................................................................. 1130
“System.Windows.Forms. ColorDialog” class - Example ................................................. 1131
“System.Windows.Forms. FontDialog” class ................................................................... 1135
“System.Windows.Forms. FontDialog” class - Example................................................... 1137
“System.Windows.Forms. FolderBrowserDialog” class ................................................... 1140
“System.Windows.Forms. FolderBrowserDialog” class - Example .................................. 1143
“System.Windows.Forms. OpenFileDialog” class ............................................................ 1146
“System.Windows.Forms. OpenFileDialog” class - Example ........................................... 1148
“System.Windows.Forms. SaveFileDialog” class.............................................................. 1152
“System.Windows.Forms. SaveFileDialog” class - Example ............................................. 1154
“System.Windows.Forms. MenuStrip” class .................................................................... 1158
“System.Windows.Forms. MenuStrip” class - Example ................................................... 1163
“System.Windows.Forms. ContextMenuStrip” class ....................................................... 1167
“System.Windows.Forms. ContextMenuStrip” class - Example ...................................... 1170
“System.Windows.Forms. ToolStrip” class ...................................................................... 1174
“System.Windows.Forms. ToolStrip” class - Example ..................................................... 1178
“System.Windows.Forms. StatusStrip” class ................................................................... 1183
“System.Windows.Forms. StatusStrip” class - Example .................................................. 1187
“System.Windows.Forms. RichTextBox” class ................................................................. 1190
“System.Windows.Forms. RichTextBox” class - Example ................................................ 1195
User Controls .................................................................................................................... 1208
User Controls - Example ................................................................................................... 1209
Windows Forms Control Library....................................................................................... 1214
Windows Forms Control Library - Example ...................................................................... 1214
“System.Net.Mail.SmtpClient” class ................................................................................ 1220
“System.Net.Mail.SmtpClient” class - Example ............................................................... 1221
Multi-Threading................................................................................................................ 1225

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Multi Threading - Example ............................................................................................... 1229

Task Parallel Library.......................................................................................................... 1231
Task Parallel Library - Example ......................................................................................... 1233
Windows Services............................................................................................................. 1236
Windows Services - Example ............................................................................................ 1237

C#.NET – WinForms – System.IO Namespace................................................................... 1242

The “System.IO.FileInfo” class - Example......................................................................... 1242
The “System.IO.DirectoryInfo” class - Example ............................................................... 1246
The “System.IO.Directory” class - Example...................................................................... 1252
The “System.IO.File” class - Example ............................................................................... 1255
The “System.IO.StreamWriter” class - Example .............................................................. 1260
The “System.IO.StreamReader” class - Example ............................................................. 1263

C#.NET – WinForms – ADO.NET ..............................................................................................1267

SqlConnection – Windows Authentication – Example..................................................... 1267
SqlConnection – SQL Server Authentication – Example .................................................. 1270
SqlCommand – ExecuteScalar – Example ........................................................................ 1274
SqlCommand – ExecuteScalar – Example 2 ..................................................................... 1277
ADO.NET Connection Oriented Model – Single Record – Example ................................. 1281
ADO.NET Connection Oriented Model – Multiple Records – Example............................ 1285
ADO.NET Connection Oriented Model – Multiple Records - Label – Example ................ 1290
ADO.NET Connection Oriented Model – SqlParameter – Example ................................. 1294
ADO.NET Connection Oriented Model – SqlParameter – ComboBox – Example............ 1299
DataSet - Example ............................................................................................................ 1305
ADO.NET Disconnected Model – Example ....................................................................... 1311
ADO.NET Disconnected Model – Multiple Tables - Example ........................................... 1316
ADO.NET Disconnected Model – Joins - Example ............................................................ 1322
ADO.NET Disconnected Model – Record Navigations - Example .................................... 1327
ADO.NET Disconnected Model – ComboBox - Example .................................................. 1334
ADO.NET Disconnected Model – ComboBox - DataSource - Example ............................ 1340
ADO.NET Disconnected Model – DataGridView - Example ............................................. 1347

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ADO.NET Disconnected Model – DataGridView - SqlCommandBuilder - Example ......... 1350

ADO.NET Disconnected Model – Master – Child – Example ........................................... 1354
ADO.NET Disconnected Model – Cascading ComboBox – Example ................................ 1360
ADO.NET Non Query - Insertion – Example ..................................................................... 1366
ADO.NET Non Query - Updation – Example..................................................................... 1369
ADO.NET Non Query - Deletion – Example ...................................................................... 1372
ADO.NET Non Query – Insertion – With SqlParameter – Example .................................. 1376
ADO.NET Non Query – Updation – With SqlParameter – Example ................................. 1381
ADO.NET Non Query – Deletion – With SqlParameter – Example .................................. 1386
ADO.NET Non Query – Insertion – With Stored Procedures – Example.......................... 1390
ADO.NET Non Query – Updation – With Stored Procedures – Example ......................... 1395
ADO.NET Non Query – Deletion – With Stored Procedures – Example .......................... 1401
ADO.NET Disconnected Model – ComboBox – Stored Procedures – Example................ 1405
ADO.NET Disconnected Model – Updation with ComboBox - Example .......................... 1411
ADO.NET – CRUD (Create, Retrieve, Update, Delete) - Example ..................................... 1418
ADO.NET – Registration Form - Example ......................................................................... 1432
ADO.NET – Login Form - Example .................................................................................... 1439
ADO.NET – Transactions - Example .................................................................................. 1445
ADO.NET – Oracle - Example ............................................................................................ 1449
ADO.NET – MS Access - Example ..................................................................................... 1461
ADO.NET – MS Excel - Example ........................................................................................ 1475
ADO.NET – SQL Server to Oracle - Example ..................................................................... 1484
ADO.NET – SQL Server to MS Excel - Example ................................................................. 1491
ADO.NET – Oracle to SQL Server - Example ..................................................................... 1500
ADO.NET – Excel to SQL Server - Example ....................................................................... 1508
ADO.NET – SQL Server to File - Example .......................................................................... 1516
ADO.NET – File to SQL Server - Example .......................................................................... 1522
ADO.NET – SqlCommandBuilder – DataSet – Insertion - Example .................................. 1528
ADO.NET – SqlCommandBuilder – DataSet – Updation - Example.................................. 1533
ADO.NET – SqlCommandBuilder – DataSet – Deletion - Example ................................... 1538
N-Tier Architecture - Example .......................................................................................... 1542

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LINQ to SQL - Example...................................................................................................... 1551

C#.NET – WinForms – Entity Framework ........................................................................... 1559

Entity Framework - Example ............................................................................................ 1559
Entity Framework – Insertion - Example .......................................................................... 1565
Entity Framework – Updation - Example ......................................................................... 1571
Entity Framework – Deletion - Example .......................................................................... 1577

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1
.NET Fundamentals

Introduction to .NET

What is .NET?

• .NET is an “application development platform”, which is used to develop desktop, web and mobile applications.

• “Application” is a program (collection of instructions) that can run based on the operating
system.

• “Application Development” is a process of creating new applications based on the client’s

requirements.

• “Application Development Platform” is a software tool, based on which you can develop
applications.

• .NET is developed by Microsoft Corporation in 2002.

• “NET” is named to mean “Internet Age” applications; it has not abbreviation.

Parts of .NET

• .NET is mainly divided into 3 parts:

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1. C#.NET (C Sharp .NET)

2. ASP.NET (Active Server Pages .NET)

3. Xamarin.NET

1. C#.NET

• Covers language basics.

• It is used to develop “Stand-alone applications” that runs based on the single

machine.

• Ex: Calculator, Bill Generation Applications etc.

2. ASP.NET

• Covers server side programming.

• It is used to develop “Web applications” that runs based on “Client-server

architecture”.

3. Xamarin.NET

• Covers mobile programming.

• It is used to develop “Mobile applications” that runs based on “Mobile devices”.

History of .NET

History of .NET

• 1997: Microsoft wants to create a better programming language to develop standalone

and client-server applications. Microsoft team (led by Anders Hejlsberg, founder of Turbo
Pascal) has started developing the new language.

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• 1998: Microsoft has completed developing the new language and named it as Simple
Managed C (SMC).

• 1999: Microsoft renamed “SMS” as “C#” and wants to integrate C#, ASP. They named the
integrated development platform as “NGWS” (Next Generation Windows Services).

• 2000: Microsoft renamed “NGWS” as “.NET” (Network-based). Microsoft announced

“.NET” in July 2000.

• 2001: Microsoft has integrated C#.NET and ASP.NET in “.NET”.

• 2002: .NET 1.0

• 2003: .NET 1.1

• 2005: .NET 2.0

• 2006: .NET 3.0

• 2007: .NET 3.5

• 2010: .NET 4.0

• 2012: .NET 4.5

• 2013: .NET 4.5.1

• 2014: .NET 4.5.2

• 2015: .NET 4.6

• 2015: .NET 4.6.1

• 2016: .NET 4.6.2

• 2017: .NET 4.7

• 2017: .NET 4.7.1

• 2018: .NET 4.7.2

• 2019: .NET 4.8

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Versions of .NET

Sl. .NET Framework Year of Concepts

No release
1 .NET Framework 1.0 2002 Console Apps,
Language Fundamentals,
OOP,
WinForms,
Web Forms,
ADO.NET
2 .NET Framework 1.1 2003 ASP.NET Security
3 .NET Framework 2.0 2005 Improved web controls,
Data controls, Themes and skins,
Master pages,
Partial classes, Nullable types,
Anonymous methods, Generics
4 .NET Framework 3.0 2006 WPF
WCF
5 .NET Framework 3.5 2007 LINQ
ASP.NET AJAX
6 .NET Framework 4.0 2010 ADO.NET Entity Framework
Task Parallel Library
ASP.NET Web Pages
ASP.NET MVC
7 .NET Framework 4.5 2012 Open Authentication
ASP.NET Web API
ASP.NET Bundles and Minification
8 .NET Framework 4.5.1 2013 Async and Await
9 .NET Framework 4.5.2 2014 Bug fixes
10 .NET Framework 4.6 2015 .NET Core
ASP.NET Core
11 .NET Framework 4.6.1 2015 Spell Check for WPF
12 .NET Framework 4.6.2 2016 Soft keyboard support for WPF
13 .NET Framework 4.7 2017 Print API for WPF
14 .NET Framework 4.8 2019 Performance and Security Updates

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CIL and CLR

Execution Model of .NET Programs

Steps:
1. Source Code: The source code of the program is written in “.cs” file.

2. Compilation Process: “CSC” (C Sharp Compiler) compiles (converts) the program from

“C#.NET” (programmer understandable representation) to “MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate

Language)” (also called as “byte code”). The “MSIL code” will be saved in “.exe” file. This

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EXE file can’t execute directly. The MSIL is neither understandable by the programmer, nor

by operating system.

3. Execution Process: CLR (Common Language Runtime) converts the program from MSIL

language at “EXE file” to “native machine language” (based on the current operating

system). Operating System executes the “native machine language”. Then we will get

output.

CIL (Common Intermediate Language) or MSIL

▪ CIL or MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) is the intermediate language, developed by

Microsoft Corporation, for .NET.

▪ The .net programs are converted into “MSIL language” first; and then converted into “native

machine language”.

▪ The MSIL code will be stored in "EXE" file. Ex: filename.exe. The “native machine language”

code will not be saved in any file, it directly runs.

▪ Once the code is converted into MSIL, it doesn't matter in which .net language it is originally

developed. So for all .net languages, we can have a common runtime engine called "CLR".

CLR (Common Language Runtime)

▪ CLR stands for “Common Language Runtime”.

▪ CLR is the “Execution Engine” or “Execution Environment” of .NET.

▪ To run any type of .net program (app), CLR must be installed in the computer.

▪ CLR will be started automatically when the .net application execution starts. CLR performs

essential tasks internally, while running any .net application.

▪ Without CLR, we can’t run any .net program.

▪ CLR reads the “MSIL code” from the EXE file, converts the same into “native machine code”,

gives the same to the operating system and then operating system executes the native

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machine code; then the user gets the output. So CLR is helps the operating system while

executing the .net program.

▪ CLR will be installed automatically as a part of “.NET Framework” software. CLR must be

installed in both developer’s machine and user’s machine.

Sub Components of CLR

▪ CLR has the following inner components (sub components).

1. Memory Manager: “Memory Manager” is a sub component in CLR, which allocates memory

(in RAM) for the variables and objects in the program.

2. Garbage Collector: “Garbage Collector” is a sub component in CLR, which deletes the

variables and objects that are created during the program, automatically at the end of the

program execution.

3. Class Loader: “Class Loader” is a sub component in CLR, which loads a class on-demand.

When we try to access a class in the program for the first time, then the “Class Loader”

searches for the class in the entire program, loads the class into the memory, and it passes

the class to JIT compiler. That means if we don’t call a class, it will not be loaded into

memory. This avoids un-necessary loading of the classes, if we don’t require them. So it

improves performance.

4. JIT (Just-In-Time) Compiler: “JIT Compiler” is a sub component in CLR, which converts the

“MSIL code” into “native machine language” (based on current operating system).

5. Thread Manager: “Thread Manager” is a sub component in CLR, which manages the

threads of the program. It gives necessary instructions to the processor, which thread is to

be executed when. A thread is a "part of the program" or "background work".

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6. Exception Manager: “Exception Manager” is a sub component in CLR, which passes

necessary instructions to the operating system, which code should be executed when an

exception (runtime error) occurs while executing the program.

7. Security Manager: “Security Manager” is a sub component in CLR, which takes care about

different types of security in .net such as windows authentication, forms authentication,

open authentication etc.

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.NET Framework Architecture

What is .NET Framework

• It is the “Software Development Kit (SDK)”, which contains many components such as CIL,

CLR, FCL, CLS, which is used to develop & run the .net applications.

• It should be installed in both developer system and user system.

• .NET Framework download link:

https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=55167

System Requirements of .NET Framework:

Software / Hardware Minimum Recommended

Requirement
Processor 1.6 Ghz 2.3 Ghz or higher
RAM 1 GB 2 GB or higher
Hard disk free space on 2 GB 4 GB or higher
C: drive
Operating System Windows 7 + Service Pack 1 Windows 10

Windows 8

Windows 8.1

Windows 10

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.NET Framework Architecture

• “.NET framework” is divided as several components.

• “.NET Framework Architecture” explains the list of components of .NET Framework, and

how they are arranged internally.

Explanation:

• "Windows" operating system works based on "processor".

• "CLR" works based on "Windows Operating System".

• "BCL" works based on "CLR".

• "ADO.NET" works based on "BCL".

• "WinForms", "ASP.NET", and “Other Frameworks” work based on "ADO.NET" and "BCL".

• "CLS" is created based on "WinForms", "ASP.NET" and “Other Frameworks”.

• "C#.NET", "VB.NET", "Other Languages" are developed based on "CLS".

• Finally, the programmers are writing the programs by using the languages called “C#.NET,

“VB.NET” etc.

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CLS and CTS

CLS (Common Language Specification)

▪ “CLS” is the set of rules, based on which all .net languages (C#.NET, VB.NET, VC++.NET etc.)

are developed.

▪ The common rules are about literals, operators, identifiers, data types, type conversion, object

oriented programming etc.

CTS (Common Type System)

▪ “CTS” is a set common data types, based on which, the data types of all .net languages

(C#.NET, VB.NET, VC++.NET etc.) are developed.

▪ Thus, we achieve the uniform data types among all .net languages.

▪ The following is the list of data types of CTS:

1. SByte

2. Byte

3. Short

4. UShort

5. Int32

6. UInt32

7. Int64

8. UInt64

9. Single

10. Double

11. Decimal

12. Char

13. String

14. Boolean

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FCL and BCL

FCL (Framework Class Library)

▪ .NET provides a set of classes and interfaces, based on which we can develop .net applications.

▪ The “DLL (Dynamic Link Library)” file is a collection of namespaces; Namespace is a collection

of classes and interfaces.

▪ FCL is divided into the following parts:

1. BCL: BCL is a set of classes and interfaces, which can be used in all types of applications.

2. WinForms: This is a set of classes and interfaces, which can be used only in windows

applications.

3. ASP.NET: This is a set of classes and interfaces, which can be used only in web applications.

4. ADO.NET: This is a set of classes and interfaces, which can be used in all types of

applications for connecting to databases.

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Introduction to Visual Studio

What is Visual Studio

• Visual Studio is the “IDE” (Integrated Development Environment), where you can write all

types of .net programs (C#.NET, ASP.NET).

• It provides advantages such as syntax highlighting, intellisense, deployment etc.

Versions of Visual Studio

Visual Studio Version Year of Supported Operating Systems Supported

Release .NET
Framework
Versions
Visual Studio 2002 (7.0) 2002 Windows 2000 .NET 1.0
Windows XP
Visual Studio 2003 (7.1) 2003 Windows 2000 .NET 1.1
Windows XP
Visual Studio 2005 (8.0) 2005 Windows 2000 .NET 2.0
Windows XP
Visual Studio 2008 (9.0) 2007 Windows 2000 .NET 2.0
Windows XP .NET 3.0
Windows 7 .NET 3.5
Visual Studio 2010 (10.0) 2010 Windows XP + Service Pack 3 .NET 2.0
Windows 7 .NET 3.0
.NET 3.5
.NET 4.0
Visual Studio 2012 (11.0) 2012 Windows 7 .NET 2.0
Windows 8.1 .NET 3.0
Windows 10 .NET 3.5
.NET 4.0
.NET 4.5
Visual Studio 2013 (12.0) 2013 Windows 7 + Service Pack 1 .NET 2.0
Windows 8.1 .NET 3.0

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Windows 10 .NET 3.5

.NET 4.0
.NET 4.5
.NET 4.5.1
Visual Studio 2015 (14.0) 2015 Windows 7 + Service Pack 1 .NET 2.0
Windows 8.1 .NET 3.0
Windows 10 .NET 3.5
.NET 4.0
.NET 4.5
.NET 4.5.1
.NET 4.5.2
.NET 4.6
.NET 4.6.1
.NET 4.6.2
Visual Studio 2017 (15.0) 2017 Windows 7 + Service Pack 1 .NET 2.0
Windows 8.1 .NET 3.0
Windows 10 .NET 3.5
.NET 4.0
.NET 4.5
.NET 4.5.1
.NET 4.5.2
.NET 4.6
.NET 4.6.1
.NET 4.6.2
.NET 4.7
Visual Studio 2019

System Requirements of Visual Studio 2019:

Software / Hardware Minimum Recommended

Requirement
Processor 1.6 Ghz 2.3 Ghz or higher
RAM 2 GB 4 GB or higher
Hard disk free space on 10 GB 15 GB or higher

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C: drive
Operating System Windows 7 + Service Pack 1 Windows 10

Windows 8.1

Windows 10

Internet Explorer Internet Explorer 10 Internet Explorer 11 or above

Project

• Project is a folder, which is a “group of files”.

• A file contains code (program).

• When we compile the project, Visual Studio generates only one EXE file for the entire

project, which contains the compiled source code (in MSIL language) of all the files of the

same project.

Solution

• Solution is a folder, which is a “group of projects”.

File Types of .NET

• .NET supports the following file types:

File Extension Full form Description

.cs C# file A C# file contains the C#.NET program (source code).
.vb VB file A VB file contains the VB.NET program (source code).
.csproj C# Project A project is a collection of files.
The project file contains the list of all the files in the
current project.
.sln Solution A solution is a collection of projects.
The solution file contains the list of all the projects in
the current solution.

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.exe Executable file The EXE file contains the compiled source code of a
project. For every project, a separate EXE file will be
created.
.config Configuration File The configuration file contains the configuration
settings of a project.

Folder Structure of .NET Project in Visual Studio

• .NET program (project) should have the following folder structure.

• Every solution is a folder. Every project is folder.

Solution Folder
 Project Folder
o filename.cs
o App.config
o projectname.csproj
o bin\projectname.exe
 solutionname.sln

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Visual Studio - Installation

Steps to install “Visual Studio 2019”:

Go to http://www.visualstudio.com

Click on “Download Visual Studio” – “Community 2019”.

You will get “vs_community.exe” file.

Run “vs_community.exe” file.

Click on “Run”.

Click on “Continue”.

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Check the checkboxes “.NET desktop development” and “ASP.NET and web development”.

Click on “Install”.

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Wait for installation to be completed.

Click on “Restart”.

After restarting your system, go to “Start” > “Visual Studio 2019”.

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If you have Microsoft account already and click on “Sign in” and complete the login process.

If you don’t have Microsoft account, click on “Sign up” and complete the registration process.

Note: If you don’t want to login, click on “Not now, may be later”; but then Visual Studio expires in
30 days.

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If you click on “Sign up”, you will get the following page.

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Enter your email id and enter new password.

Click on “Next”.

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You will get a security code to your email. Login into your gmail, check the code that you have
received and enter it in this page.

After entering the security code, click on “Next”.

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If you get the above page, you have successfully registered.

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Now click on “Sign in” in Visual Studio and enter the email.

Enter the password.

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Click on “Sign in”.

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Select “Development Settings” as “General”.

Select “color theme” as “Blue”.

Click on “Start Visual Studio”.

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Visual Studio Installation has been completed successfully.

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2
C#.NET – Language
Fundamentals

Introduction to C#.NET

What is C#.NET:

C#.NET is the .NET’s most popular programming language, which is used to create stand-alone
applications (console applications and windows applications, windows services) primarily.

• C#.NET is developed on basis of C, C++.

• C#.NET is an “Object Oriented Programming Language”.

• C#.NET is a case sensitive language.

• C#.NET is an advanced and matured language.

• C#.NET is a high-level programming language.

• C#.NET is a compiler-based language.

• C#.NET is a part of .NET Framework.

• C#.NET programs run based on the CLR (.NET run time environment).

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Versions of C#.NET

Sl. No C#.NET Version .NET Framework Version Year of release

1 C#.NET 1.0 .NET Framework 1.0 2002

2 C#.NET 1.1 .NET Framework 1.1 2003
3 C#.NET 2.0 .NET Framework 2.0 2005
4 C#.NET 3.0 .NET Framework 3.0 2006
5 C#.NET 3.5 .NET Framework 3.5 2007
6 C#.NET 4.0 .NET Framework 4.0 2010
7 C#.NET 5.0 .NET Framework 4.5 2012
8 C#.NET 5.1 .NET Framework 4.5.1 2013
9 C#.NET 5.2 .NET Framework 4.5.2 2014
10 C#.NET 6.0 .NET Framework 4.6 2015
11 C#.NET 7.0 .NET Framework 4.7 2017
12 C#.NET 8.0 .NET Framework 4.8 2019

Tokens of C#.NET

• In "C#.NET", we have to use the following tokens (parts of the language).

Sl. Token Description

No

1 Keywords abstract, as, base, bool, break, byte, case, catch, char, class, const, continue,

decimal, default, delegate, do, double, else, enum, event, false, finally, float,

for, foreach, goto, if, in, int, interface, internal, is, long, namespace, new,

null, object, out, override, private, protected, public, readonly, ref, return,

sbyte, sealed, short, sizeof, static, string, struct, switch, this, throw, true,

try, typeof, uint, ulong, ushort, using, virtual, void, while, async, await, from,

join, let, orderby, partial, set, get, value, var, where

2 Operators Any symbols such as +, -, *, /, %, =, == etc.

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3 Literals Fixed values are literals.

• Integer literals: Any number without decimal part. Ex: 10

• Floating-point literals: Any number with decimal part. Ex: 10.87

• Character literals: Any single character in single quotes. Ex: ‘A’.

The character can be alphabet, digit, space or special symbol.

• String literals: One or more characters in double quotes. Ex: “Abc

123$”

• Boolean literals: true / false

4 Identifiers Any user-defined names: abc

Naming Conventions for Identifiers

• Class names, Interface names, Namespace names, Structure names, Method names,

Property names: PascalCasing

• Local variables: camelCasing

• Public Fields: PascalCasing

• Private Fields: camelCasing with underscore ( _ )

Identifier Naming Rules

You must follow the below rules while giving name for identifier.

• Identifier names can’t be same as keyword.

• Identifier names should not have spaces.

• Identifier names should not have special characters.

• Duplicate identifier names not allowed.

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Console Applications - Introduction

What is Console Application?

• Console applications are the programs that run on “Command Prompt” window.

• Console applications support CUI (Character User Interface).

• In console applications, all the input and output will be in the form of characters only.

• Console applications are not user-friendly.

• Console applications are not used in real time, but good for learning programming basics

and OOP concepts.

Rules of Console Application

• Console application must have atleast one class; which is called as “Main class”.

• The “Main class” must contain atleast one method; which is called as “Main method”.

• The “main method” name should be “Main”; “M” is capital letter.

• When the program execution starts the “Main” method will be automatically executed.

Main method is the “starting point of the program execution”.

• The Main method should be “static” method, because it should be called without creating

any object for the class.

Syntax:
class classname
{
static void Main()
{
}
}

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Console Application - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “Project1”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “Solution1”.

• Click on OK.

• It shows “Program.cs” file automatically.

• Type the following code for “Program.cs” file:

Program.cs
class Sample
{
static void Main()
{
System.Console.Write("Hello World");
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

The “System.Console” class

The “System.Console” class

• C#.NET provides “System.Console” class to perform I/O operations in console applications.

• “System” is a namespace; “Console” is a class.

• The following are the important methods of “System.Console” class.

1. System.Console.Write()

2. System.Console.WriteLine()

3. System.Console.ReadKey()

4. System.Console.ReadLine()

5. System.Console.Clear()

1. System.Console.Write()

• This statement is used to display the given value on the command prompt window.

• After printing the value, the cursor will be kept in the same line.

• Syntax: System.Console.Write(value);

• Example: System.Console.Write(100);

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2. System.Console.WriteLine()

• This statement is used to display the given value on the command prompt window.

• After printing the value, the cursor will be automatically moved to the next line.

• Syntax: System.Console.WriteLine(value);

• Example: System.Console.WriteLine(100);

3. System.Console.ReadKey()

• This statement is used to wait until the user presses any key on the keyboard.

• Syntax: System.Console.ReadKey();

• Example: System.Console.ReadKey();

4. System.Console.ReadLine()

• This statement is used to accept a string value from keyboard.

• Syntax: System.Console.ReadLine();

• Example: System.Console.ReadLine();

5. System.Console.Clear()

• This statement is used to clear the screen.

• Syntax: System.Console.Clear();

• Example: System.Console.Clear();

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System.Console.WriteLine – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “WriteLineExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “WriteLineExample”.

• Click on OK.

• It shows “Program.cs” file automatically.

• Type the following code for “Program.cs” file:

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Hello");
System.Console.WriteLine("Hello");
System.Console.WriteLine("Hello");
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

System.Console.ReadKey – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ReadKeyExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ReadKeyExample”.

• Click on OK.

• It shows “Program.cs” file automatically.

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• Type the following code for “Program.cs” file:

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//display message
System.Console.WriteLine("Hello");

//wait for pressing any key on the keyboard

System.Console.ReadKey();

//display message
System.Console.WriteLine("Hello");

//wait for pressing any key on the keyboard

System.Console.ReadKey();

//display message
System.Console.WriteLine("Hello");

//wait for pressing any key on the keyboard

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

Press Enter.

Press Enter.

System.Console.Clear - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ClearExample”.

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• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ClearExample”.

• Click on OK.

• It shows “Program.cs” file automatically.

• Type the following code for “Program.cs” file:

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//display message
System.Console.WriteLine("Hello");
//wait for pressing any key on the keyboard
System.Console.ReadKey();
//clear the screen
System.Console.Clear();
//display message
System.Console.WriteLine("how");
//wait for pressing any key on the keyboard
System.Console.ReadKey();
//clear the screen
System.Console.Clear();
//display message
System.Console.WriteLine("are you");
//wait for pressing any key on the keyboard
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

Press Enter.

Press Enter.

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Variables

Variables
• A variable is a named memory location in RAM, to store a particular type of value
temporarily while the program is running.

• All the variables stored in RAM (temporary memory).

• All the variables must be declared before its usage. While declaring variables, data type is
to be specified. Based on the data type, the amount of memory to be allocated will be
decided. Once a variable is declared, we can’t change the “variable name” or “variable’s data
type”.

• The variables memory will be allocated when the program execution starts; and all the
variables will be deleted (de-allocated) from memory automatically, at the end of the
program.

• A variable can store only one value. If you assign another value, the old value will be
overwritten.

• We can change the value of a variable any no. of times.

• Syntax to create a variable:

datatype variablename ;

• Syntax to set value into a variable:

variablename = value ;

• Syntax to get the value of a variable:

variablename

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Variables - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “VariablesExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “VariablesExample”.

• Click on OK.

• It shows “Program.cs” file automatically.

• Type the following code for “Program.cs” file:

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a variable
int x;
//set value into the variable
x = 10;
//get the value of variable
System.Console.WriteLine(x);
//wait for pressing any key on the keyboard
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Data Types

Data Type
• A data type is a concept, which specifies the type of the data that is to be stored in a
variable.

Types of Data types

• Data types are two types:

I. Numerical data types

II. Non-numerical data types

Numerical Data Types

Sl. Data Description No. of Range Suitable to

No Type Bytes store

1 sbyte 8-bit signed 1 byte -128 to 127 Very small

integer positive or
negative
integers
2 byte 8-bit 1 byte 0 to 255 Very small
unsigned positive
integer integers
3 short 16-bit signed 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767 Small positive
integer or negative
integers
4 ushort 16-bit 2 bytes 0 to 65,535 Small positive
unsigned integers
integer

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5 int 32-bit signed 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 Medium

integer positive or
negative
integers
6 uint 32-bit 4 bytes 0 to 4,294,967,295 Medium
unsigned positive
integer integers
7 long 64-bit signed 8 bytes -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to Large positive
integer 9,223,372,036,854,770,000 or
negative
integers
8 ulong 64-bit 8 bytes 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 Large positive
unsigned integers
integer
9 float Signed 4 bytes -3.402823E+38 to 3.402823E+38 Small
floating- (Precision: 7 digits) floating-point
point numbers
number
10 double Signed 8 bytes -1.79769313486232E+308 to Medium
floating- 1.79769313486232E+308 floating-point
point (Precision: 15 digits) numbers
number

11 decimal Signed 16 -79228162514264337593543950335 Large

floating- bytes to 79228162514264337593543950335 floating-point
point (Precision: 28 digits) numbers
number

Default Numerical data types

• C# compiler automatically treats a “number without decimal part” as “int” data type, if it is
within the maximum limit of “int” data type.

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• C# compiler automatically treats a “number without decimal part” as “long” data type, if it
exceeds the limit of “int” data type.

• C# compiler automatically treats a number with decimal part as “double” data type.

Non-Numerical Data Types

Sl. Data Type Description Value format No. of Bytes

No

1 char To store single character ‘character’ 2 bytes

2 string To store one or more "string here" No. of characters * 2

characters.

Max: 2 billion characters

3 bool To store true / false values. true or false 1 bit

Numerical Data Types - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “NumericalDataTypesExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

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• Type the solution name as “NumericalDataTypesExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create variables for all numerical data types
sbyte a = 10;
byte b = 20;
short c = 30;
ushort d = 40;
int e = 50;
uint f = 60;
long g = 70;
ulong h = 80;
float i = 90.23F;
double j = 100.23489;
decimal k = 110.882932M;

//displays the values of all variables

System.Console.WriteLine(a);
System.Console.WriteLine(b);
System.Console.WriteLine(c);
System.Console.WriteLine(d);
System.Console.WriteLine(e);
System.Console.WriteLine(f);
System.Console.WriteLine(g);
System.Console.WriteLine(h);
System.Console.WriteLine(i);
System.Console.WriteLine(j);
System.Console.WriteLine(k);
System.Console.ReadKey();
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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MinValue and MaxValue

NumericalDataType.MinValue
• This statement returns the minimum value of the specified numerical data type.

• Syntax: datatype.MinValue

• Ex: int.MinValue

NumericalDataType.MaxValue
• This statement returns the maximum value of the specified numerical data type.

• Syntax: datatype.MaxValue

• Ex: int.MaxValue

MinValue and MaxValue - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “MinValueMaxValueExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MinValueMaxValueExample”.

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• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//get the minimum value of "int" data type
int min = int.MinValue;

//get the maximum value of "int" data type

int max = int.MaxValue;

//display the min and max values

System.Console.WriteLine(min);
System.Console.WriteLine(max);
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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char - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “charExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “charExample”.

• Click on OK.

• It shows “Program.cs” file automatically.

• Type the following code for “Program.cs” file:

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create variable of "char" data type
char ch = 'A';
//display the value of the variable
System.Console.WriteLine(ch);
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

String

String
• String: A string is a group of characters.

• String literal should be written inside the double quotes.

• All the names are strings. Ex: person names, city names, country names etc.

• String may contain alphabets, numbers, spaces and also special symbols.

• Alpha-numerical values are also treated as strings. Ex: car number, phone number, bank
ifsc codes etc.

• Syntax to create a string variable:

o string variablename = "value";

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String - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “StringExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “StringExample”. Click on OK.

• It shows “Program.cs” file automatically.

• Type the following code for “Program.cs” file:

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a variable
string s = "Hello 123 $#&";

//display the value of the variable

System.Console.WriteLine(s);
System.Console.WriteLine(s);
System.Console.WriteLine(s);

System.Console.ReadKey();
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Bool - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “boolExample”.

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• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “boolExample”.

• Click on OK.

• It shows “Program.cs” file automatically.

• Type the following code for “Program.cs” file:

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create variable of "bool" data type
bool b = true;
//display the value of the variable
System.Console.WriteLine(b);
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Operators

What is Operator:
• Operator is a symbol to perform an operation.

• An operator receives one or two operands and perform some operation & returns the
result.

• Types of operators:

1. Arithmetical Operators

2. Assignment Operators

3. Increment and Decrement Operators

4. Relational Operators

5. Logical Operators

6. Concatenation Operator

7. Conditional Operator

Arithmetical Operators
Arithmetical Operators

Sl. No Operator Description

1 + Addition

2 - Subtraction

3 * Multiplication

4 / Division

5 % Remainder

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Arithmetical Operators - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ArithmeticalOperatorsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ArithmeticalOperatorsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create two variables of "double" data type
double a = 10, b = 3;

//addition
double c = a + b;

//subtraction
double d = a - b;

//multiplication
double e = a * b;

//division
double f = a / b;

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//remainder
double g = a % b;

//display all the values

System.Console.WriteLine(a); //Output: 10
System.Console.WriteLine(b); //Output: 3
System.Console.WriteLine(c); //Output: 13
System.Console.WriteLine(d); //Output: 7
System.Console.WriteLine(e); //Output: 30
System.Console.WriteLine(f); //Output: 3.3333333333
System.Console.WriteLine(g); //Output: 1

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Assignment Operators
Assignment Operators

Sl. No Operator Description

1 = Assigns to

2 += Add and assigns to

3 -= Subtract and assigns to

4 *= Multiply and assigns to

5 %= Remainder and assigns to

Assignment Operators - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “AssignmentOperatorsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “AssignmentOperatorsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()

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{
//create two variables of "int" data type
int a = 100;
int b;
//get the value from "a" and set the same into "b"
b = a;
//display the values of "a" and "b"
System.Console.WriteLine(a); //Output: 100
System.Console.WriteLine(b); //Output: 100
//a = a + 10
a += 10;
System.Console.WriteLine(a); //Output: 110
//a = a - 10
a -= 10;
System.Console.WriteLine(a); //Output: 100
//a = a * 3
a *= 3;
System.Console.WriteLine(a); //Output: 300
//a = a / 3
a /= 3;
System.Console.WriteLine(a); //Output: 100
//a = a % 30
a %= 30;
System.Console.WriteLine(a); //Output: 10
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

Increment / Decrement Operators

Increment / Decrement Operators

Sl. No Operator Description

1 ++ Increment

2 -- Decrement

Increment / Decrement Operators - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “IncDecOperatorsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

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• Type the solution name as “IncDecOperatorsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a variable of "int" data type
int n = 10;
//display the value of "n"
System.Console.WriteLine(n); //Output: 10
//n = n + 1
n++;
System.Console.WriteLine(n); //Output: 11

//n = n - 1
n--;
System.Console.WriteLine(n); //Output: 10

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

Relational Operators
Relational Operators

Sl. No Operator Description

1 == Equal to

2 != Not equal to

3 < Less than

4 > Greater than

5 <= Less than or equal to

6 >= Greater than or equal to

Relational Operators - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

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• Type the project name as “RelationalOperatorsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “RelationalOperatorsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create two variables of "long" data type
long x = 1000, y = 2000;

//check whether x and y are equal

bool b1 = (x == y);

//check whether x and y are not equal

bool b2 = (x != y);

//check whether x is less than y

bool b3 = (x < y);

//check whether x is greater than y

bool b4 = (x > y);

//check whether x is less than or equal to y

bool b5 = (x <= y);

//check whether x is greater than or equal to y

bool b6 = (x >= y);

System.Console.WriteLine(b1); //Output: false

System.Console.WriteLine(b2); //Output: true
System.Console.WriteLine(b3); //Output: true

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System.Console.WriteLine(b4); //Output: false

System.Console.WriteLine(b5); //Output: true
System.Console.WriteLine(b6); //Output: false

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Logical Operators
Logical Operators

Sl. No Operator Description

1 && And (Both conditions must be true)

2 || Or (Any one of the conditions must be true)

3 ! Not (Given condition will be reverse)

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Logical Operators - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “LogicalOperatorsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “LogicalOperatorsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create 3 variables of "int" data type
int a = 10, b = 20, c = 10;

//and
bool result1 = ((a == b) && (b > c));
System.Console.WriteLine(result1); //Output: false

//or
bool result2 = ((a == b) || (b > c));
System.Console.WriteLine(result2); //Output: true

//not

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bool result3 = !(a == b);

System.Console.WriteLine(result3); //Output: true

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Concatenation Operator
Concatenation Operator

Sl. No Operator Description

1 + Concatenation. It attaches two values and returns as a string.

The following cases, "+" operator is "concatenation operator".

• String + String

• String + Number

• Number + String

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Concatenation Operator - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ConcatenationOperatorExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ConcatenationOperatorExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create strings
string s1 = "peers";
string s2 = "tech";
string s3;

//concatenate s1 and s2 and store the result in s3

s3 = s1 + s2;

System.Console.WriteLine(s1); //Output: peers

System.Console.WriteLine(s2); //Output: tech
System.Console.WriteLine(s3); //Output: peeerstech
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Conditional Operator
Conditional Operator

Sl. Operator Description

No

1 (condition)? value1 : value2 Checks the given condition.

Returns the value1, if given condition is TRUE

Returns the value2, if the given condition is FALSE.

Conditional Operator - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ConditionalOperatorExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ConditionalOperatorExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a variable of "int" data type
int n = -100;

//check the condition; store "positive" if the condition is true; store

"negative" if the condition is false
string s = ( (n >= 0) ? "positive" : "negative");
System.Console.WriteLine(s); //Output: negative
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Control Statements

What are control statements?

• Control statements are used to control the “program execution flow”.
• That means these are used to “go forward” or “go backward” within the program.

Types of control statements:

 Conditional Control Statements

• If

• Switch-case

 Looping Control Statements

• While

• Do-While

• For

 Jumping Control Statements

• Break

• Continue

• Goto

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If
If

Sl. Control Syntax Description

No Statement

1 If if (condition) It executes the “if block” only if the

{ given condition is TRUE.
Your code here
It doesn’t execute anything if the given
}
condition is FALSE.

2 If-Else if (condition) It executes the “if block” if the given

{ condition is TRUE.
Your code here
It executes the “else block” if the given
}
condition is FALSE.
else
{
Your code here
}
3 Else-If if (condition) It executes the “if block”, if the “first
{ condition” is TRUE.
Your code here
It executes the "first else if block", if the
}
second condition is TRUE.
else if (condition)
It executes the "second else if block", if
{
the third condition is TRUE.
Your code here
} It executes the “else block” if all the
else if (condition) conditions are FALSE.
{
Your code here
}
else
{
Your code here
}
4 Nested If if (condition) If inside another if.
{

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if (condition)
{
Your code here
}
else
{
Your code here
}
}
else
{
if (condition)
{
Your code here
}
else
{
Your code here
}
}

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If - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “IfExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “IfExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create variables
int n = 100;

//check whether n is equal to 100

if (n == 100)
{
System.Console.WriteLine("n is equal to 100");
}
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

If – Else - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “IfElseExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “IfElseExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create variables

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int n = 150;

//check whether n is equal to 100

if (n == 100)
{
System.Console.WriteLine("n is equal to 100");
}
else
{
System.Console.WriteLine("n is not equal to 100");
}
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Else – If - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ElseIfExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ElseIfExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create variables
int a = 10, b = 20;

//check which is the big number

if (a == b)
System.Console.WriteLine("a and b are equal");
else if (a > b)
System.Console.WriteLine("a is bigger than b");
else
System.Console.WriteLine("b is bigger than a");
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Nested If - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “NestedIfExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “NestedIfExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create variables
int a = 150, b = 100;

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string msg;

//outer if
if (a >= b)
{
//inner if
if (a > b)
{
msg = "a is greater than b";
}
//"else" for "inner if"
else
{
msg = "a is equal to b";
}
}
//"else" for "outer if"
else
{
msg = "a is less than b";
}
System.Console.WriteLine(msg); //Output: a is greater than b
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Switch – Case
Switch-case

Sl. Control Syntax Description

No Statement

1 Switch-case switch (variable) It checks the variable’s

{ value whether it
case value1 : your code here ; break; matches with which
case value2 : your code here ; break; case & executes the
… corresponding code.
default: your code here ; break;
It executes the default
}
code if all cases are not
matched.

Switch – Case - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “SwitchCaseExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “SwitchCaseExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{

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static void Main()

{
//create variables
int monthnumber = 7;
string monthname;

//check the value of monthnumber whether it matches with any one of

the following cases
switch (monthnumber)
{
case 1: monthname = "Jan"; break;
case 2: monthname = "Feb"; break;
case 3: monthname = "Mar"; break;
case 4: monthname = "Apr"; break;
case 5: monthname = "May"; break;
case 6: monthname = "Jun"; break;
case 7: monthname = "Jul"; break;
case 8: monthname = "Aug"; break;
case 9: monthname = "Sep"; break;
case 10: monthname = "Oct"; break;
case 11: monthname = "Nov"; break;
case 12: monthname = "Dec"; break;
default: monthname = "unknown"; break;
}
System.Console.WriteLine(monthname); //Output: Jul
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

While
while

Sl. Control Syntax Description

No Statement

1 While while (condition) It executes the code repeatedly, while the

{ condition is TRUE.
your code here
If exits from the loop automatically when the
}
condition is FALSE.

While - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “WhileExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “WhileExample”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//initialization
int i = 1;
//condition
while (i <= 10)
{
System.Console.WriteLine(i);
i++; //incrementation
}
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Do – While
do-while

Sl. Control Syntax Description

No Statement

1 Do-While do It repeats the code execution while the

{ condition is TRUE.
Your code here
It executes the code at least once. That means
} while( condition );
it will not check the condition for the first
iteration.

If exit from the loop automatically when the

condition is FALSE.

Do – While - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “DoWhileExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DoWhileExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{

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static void Main()

{
//initialization
int i = 1;
do
{
System.Console.WriteLine(i);
i++; //incrementation
} while (i <= 10); //condition
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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for
for

Sl. Control Syntax Description

No Statement

1 for for (initialization ; condition ; iteration ) Initialization,

{ condition, iteration
Your code here (increment or
} decrement) are
written in a single line;
so that it is easy to
understand.

for - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ForExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ForExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{

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static void Main()

{
//initialization; condition; incrementation
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
System.Console.WriteLine(i);
}
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Break

Sl. Control Syntax Description

No Statement

1 Break break; It terminates (stops) the loop.

Break - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “BreakExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “BreakExample”. Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//initialization; condition; incrementation
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
System.Console.WriteLine(i);
if (i == 6)
break; //stop the loop when "i" value is reached to "6".

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}
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Continue
continue

Sl. Control Syntax Description

No Statement

1 Continue continue; It skips the current iteration and jumps to the next iteration.

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Continue - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ContinueExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ContinueExample”. Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//initialization; condition; incrementation
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
if (i == 6)
continue; //skip "6" and go to "7"

System.Console.WriteLine(i);
}
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

Goto
goto

Sl. Control Syntax Description

No Statement

1 Goto goto LabelName; It jumps to the specified label, within the same
method.

Goto - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “GotoExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

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• Type the solution name as “GotoExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("one");
System.Console.WriteLine("two");

//jump to mylabel
goto mylabel;

System.Console.WriteLine("three");
System.Console.WriteLine("four");
System.Console.WriteLine("five");

//mylabel starts here

mylabel:
System.Console.WriteLine("six");
System.Console.WriteLine("seven");

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

Nested For Loops

Syntax of Nested For Loop Description
for (initialization ; condition ; iteration ) The “inner for loop” executes ‘n’ no. of
{ times, while the condition outer for
for (initialization ; condition ; iteration )
loop’s condition is true.
{
Your code here
}
}

Nested For Loops - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “NestedForLoopsExample”.

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• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “NestedForLoopsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//outer loop (5 times)
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
{
//inner loop (10 times)
for (int j = 1; j <= 10; j++)
{
System.Console.Write(j);
System.Console.Write(", ");
}
System.Console.WriteLine();
}
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

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C#.NET – Object Oriented

Programming (OOP)

Introduction to Object Oriented Programming

Types of Programming Languages

1. Imperative Programming Languages:

o The programs are written as a series of statements that execute in top-to-bottom

approach.

o Ex: BASIC, Assembly languages

2. Structured Programming Languages:

o These are also imperative programming languages with control structures like if,
switch-case, while, do-while, for, break, continue, return etc.

o Ex: Cobol, Pascal

3. Procedural Programming Languages:

o These are also structured programming languages with procedures (functions)

concept.

o A procedure or function is a collection statements present independently in the

program and can be called many times during the normal flow of execution.

o Ex: C

4. Object Oriented Programming Languages:

o These are also procedural programming languages with objects and classes.

o Object is a physical item; Class is a model of object.

o Ex: C++, Java, C#.NET

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Introduction of Object Oriented Programming (OOP)

• “Object oriented programming” is a programming style / programming paradigm, which

provides necessary guidelines for the programmers to write the programs in a well-
organized, understandable, secured, re-usable, efficient, structured, clean, maintainable
manner.

• OOP is followed in almost-all modern programming languages such as C++, VC++, Java,
C#.NET, VB.NET etc.

• .NET developers must know OOP.

• Advantages of OOP:

1. Modularity: Dividing large programs into multiple parts called classes.

2. Re-usability: The class created once can be called many times.

3. Security: The members of a class can be private or public. The private members
can’t be accessible outside the class.

Object

• An object represents a real world item. For example, you are an object, your laptop is an
object, and your city is an object.

• An object consists of "details" and "functionality".

• Details are called as "fields".

• Functionality is called as "functions" or "methods" or "operations".

• All the objects will be stored in an area called "heap" in RAM.

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Fields

• Fields also called as "details".

• The variables inside object are called as "Fields".

• Fields are used to store data.

Methods

• Methods also called as "functionality" or "functions" or "operations".

• A method is a "set of statements" to do a particular task in the program.

• Methods are used to manipulate Fields.

Example:

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Class

• A class is a "model" or “type” or "blue-print" of object.

• Class is used to define the common members of similar objects.

 For example, there are 10 students. Each student is an object. So 10 students are
10 objects. In each student, we want to store "studentid", "studentname", "marks".
So first we have to create a class called "Student" and we have to create
"studentid", "studentname", "marks" as members of the "Student" class. Then we
have to create objects based on the class.

• A class specifies the list of Fields and methods that you want to store in every object.

• For a class, memory will not be allocated.

• So you must create an object for the class, in order to access its members.

• Class is a just “model” only; no actual data will be stored in class. Object is the “real
instance”; actual data will be stored in object only.

• Based on a class, any no. of objects can be created.

• When an object is created, the following process happens.

1. Memory will be allocated in RAM (Random Access Memory) for the object.

2. All the Fields of the class will be stored in the object.

3. Fields of the object will be initialized with default values.

▪ Numerical Fields: 0

▪ Char / string: null

▪ Bool: false

▪ DateTime: 1/1/0001 12:00:00 AM

4. Constructor will be called. Constructors will be explained later in this book.

• All the objects are stored in RAM (temporarily). Objects are created when the program
execution starts. Objects are automatically deleted (erased from memory) when the
program execution ends.

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• Each object’s memory will be allocated separately in RAM.

Example:

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Reference variables

• A “reference variable” stores address of an object of same class.

• You should store the “address of an object” in the reference variable; through the
reference variable only, we can access the object, in further statements.

• All reference variables will be stored in an area called "stack" in RAM.

Syntax of creating class

class Classname
{
Class members here
}

Syntax of creating a Field in a class:

accessmodifier qualifier datatype Fieldname = value;

Syntax of creating a method in a class:

accessmodifier qualifier returntype methodname(arguments)

{
Code here
}

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Syntax of creating reference variable

Classname Referencevariablename ;

Syntax of creating object (in heap):

new Classname ( );

Memory allocation of Objects

• All the reference variables are stored in an area called "stack" in RAM. For every method
call, a “stack” will be created automatically.

• All the objects are stored in an area called "heap" in RAM. For entire application, a “heap”
will be created.

• You must store the address of an object into the reference variable; otherwise you can't
access the object.

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Principles of Object Oriented Programming

Principles of OOP

• OOP following the following principles.

1) Encapsulation

2) Abstraction

3) Inheritance

4) Polymorphism

Encapsulation:

• Encapsulation is a concept of combining Fields and methods as a single unit called

“object”.

• This is implemented by creating classes with Fields and methods.

• Fields are variables that stores the data; Methods are functions that manipulates
the data.

Abstraction:

• Abstraction is a concept of hiding implementation details (internal logic) and

providing only necessary details to other classes.

• This is implemented by creating private Fields and public methods.

Inheritance:

• Inheritance is a concept of creating “parent-child” relationship among two or more

classes.

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• As a result of inheritance, all the members of parent class are accessible in child
class.

Polymorphism:

• Polymorphism means "decision making".

• Polymorphism means “the ability of a statement that calls different methods at

different situations”.

Types of polymorphism:

A. Static polymorphism (or) Compile-time polymorphism (or) Early binding:

▪ Static polymorphism means method overloading.

▪ Method overloading is a concept of creating multiple methods with same

name in the same class with different types of arguments. While calling
the method, the matching method will be executed, depending on the
arguments that are passed.

▪ The decision of which method is to be executed will be taken at

compilation time (by c#.net compiler). That’s why it is called “Compile-
time polymorphism”.

▪ Example of static polymorphism: Method overloading

B. Dynamic polymorphism (or) Run-time polymorphism (or) Late binding:

▪ Dynamic polymorphism means method overriding.

▪ Method overriding is a concept of creating two methods with same name

and same signature; one is in parent class and other one is in child class;
both methods have different code.

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▪ You will create a reference variable for the parent class (or) interface;
assign the reference of child class’s object; and call the method. Then the
current child class’s method will be called.

▪ The decision of which class’s method is to be executed will be taken at run

time (by .net CLR). That’s why it is called “Run-time polymorphism”.

▪ Example of dynamic polymorphism: Reference variable of interface type.

Access Modifiers

Access Modifiers

• Access Modifiers are also called as “Access Specifiers”, which are used to specify the access
privileges of a member of a class.

• Access Modifiers can be applicable to all types of members (such as Field, method,
constructor, property etc.) that tell which classes can access the member and which can’t.

• Access Modifiers are used to create security for the member of a class.

• List of access modifiers in c#.net:

1. private (default)

2. protected

3. internal

4. protected internal

5. public

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1. private: The private members are accessible “only within the same class”. These are
not accessible in any other classes. “Private” is the default access modifier in c#.net.
That means, if you don’t specify any access modifier, by default, “private” will be
applied.

2. protected: The protected members are accessible “within the same class” and also
within the “child classes at same project” and “child classes at other projects”. These
are not accessible in any other classes. Note: The other projects must add the
reference of current project.

3. internal: The internal members are accessible “anywhere within the same project”.
These are not accessible in any classes at other projects.

4. protected internal: “Protected internal” is a combination of “protected” and “internal”.

The protected internal members are accessible “anywhere within the project” and also
accessible “within the child classes at other projects”. These are not accessible in other
classes at other projects. Note: The other projects must add the reference of current
project.

5. public: The public members are accessible “everywhere”.

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Access Modifiers - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “AccessModifiersExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “AccessModifiersExample”. Click on OK.

Program.cs
namespace AccessModifiersExample
{
//same class
class Class1
{
private int a; //private member
protected int b; //protected member
internal int c; //internal member
protected internal int d; //protected internal member
public int e; //public member

public void Method1()

{
a = 10; //private member is accessible in the same class
b = 20; //protected member is accessible in the same class
c = 30; //internal member is accessible in the same class
d = 40; //protected internal member is accessible in the same class
e = 50; //public member is accessible in the same class
}

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//child class in the same project

class Class2: Class1
{
public void Method2()
{
b = 20; //protected member is accessible in the child class at same
project
c = 30; //internal member is accessible in the child class at same
project
d = 40; //protected internal member is accessible in the child class at
same project
e = 50; //public member is accessible in the child class at same project
}
}

//other class in the same project

class Class3
{
public void Method3()
{
Class1 c1 = new Class1();
c1.c = 30; //internal member is accessible in the other class at same
project
c1.d = 40; //protected internal member is accessible in the other class
at same project
c1.e = 50; //public member is accessible in the other class at same
project
}
}

//other class in the same project

class Program
{
static void Main()
{

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Class1 c1 = new Class1();

c1.c = 30; //internal member is accessible in the other class at same
project
c1.d = 40; //protected internal member is accessible in the other class
at same project
c1.e = 50; //public member is accessible in the other class at same
project

System.Console.WriteLine("Done");
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Access Modifiers for classes

Access Modifiers for Classes

• Access Modifiers can be used for classes also, to specify where the class is accessible.

• The following access modifiers can be used for classes:

• List of access modifiers for classes in c#.net:

1. internal (default)

2. public

3. private

1. internal: The internal classes can be accessible within the same project only. They are
not accessible in other projects. “Internal” is the default access modifier for the classes.

2. public: The public classes can be accessible anywhere (within the same project and also
in other projects too).

3. private: Only inner classes can be “private classes”. The “private inner classes” can be
accessible within the same outer classes only. They are not accessible in other classes.

Object Oriented Programming – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “OOPExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “OOPExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Sample
{
public int a, b;
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Sample s1; //create reference variable
s1 = new Sample(); //create object
s1.a = 10;
s1.b = 20;

Sample s2; //create reference variable

s2 = new Sample(); //create object
s2.a = 30;
s2.b = 40;

//display values
System.Console.WriteLine(s1.a); //Output: 10
System.Console.WriteLine(s1.b); //Output: 20
System.Console.WriteLine(s2.a); //Output: 30
System.Console.WriteLine(s2.a); //Output: 40

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Object Oriented Programming – Student Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “OOPStudentExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “OOPStudentExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Student
{
public int StudentId;
public string StudentName;
public int Marks;

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class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variables
Student s1, s2;

//create objects
s1 = new Student();
s2 = new Student();

//set data into first object

System.Console.Write("Enter first student id: ");
s1.StudentId = System.Convert.ToInt32(System.Console.ReadLine());
System.Console.Write("Enter first student name: ");
s1.StudentName = System.Console.ReadLine();
System.Console.Write("Enter first student marks: ");
s1.Marks = System.Convert.ToInt32(System.Console.ReadLine());
System.Console.WriteLine();

//set data into second object

System.Console.Write("Enter second student id: ");
s2.StudentId = System.Convert.ToInt32(System.Console.ReadLine());
System.Console.Write("Enter second student name: ");
s2.StudentName = System.Console.ReadLine();
System.Console.Write("Enter second student marks: ");
s2.Marks = System.Convert.ToInt32(System.Console.ReadLine());
System.Console.WriteLine();

//get data from first object

System.Console.WriteLine("Student ID: " + s1.StudentId);
System.Console.WriteLine("Student Name: " + s1.StudentName);
System.Console.WriteLine("Marks: " + s1.Marks);
System.Console.WriteLine("---------------------------------------");

//get data from second object

System.Console.WriteLine("Student ID: " + s2.StudentId);
System.Console.WriteLine("Student Name: " + s2.StudentName);
System.Console.WriteLine("Marks: " + s2.Marks);
System.Console.WriteLine("---------------------------------------");

System.Console.ReadKey();

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 C#.NET 8.0

}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Object Oriented Programming – Employee Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “OOPEmployeeExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “OOPEmployeeExample”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs

class Employee
{
public int EmployeeId;
public string EmployeeName;
public int Salary;
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variables
Employee s1, s2;

//create objects
s1 = new Employee();
s2 = new Employee();

//set data into first object

System.Console.Write("Enter first Employee id: ");
s1.EmployeeId = System.Convert.ToInt32(System.Console.ReadLine());
System.Console.Write("Enter first Employee name: ");
s1.EmployeeName = System.Console.ReadLine();
System.Console.Write("Enter first Employee Salary: ");
s1.Salary = System.Convert.ToInt32(System.Console.ReadLine());
System.Console.WriteLine();

//set data into second object

System.Console.Write("Enter second Employee id: ");
s2.EmployeeId = System.Convert.ToInt32(System.Console.ReadLine());
System.Console.Write("Enter second Employee name: ");
s2.EmployeeName = System.Console.ReadLine();
System.Console.Write("Enter second Employee Salary: ");
s2.Salary = System.Convert.ToInt32(System.Console.ReadLine());
System.Console.WriteLine();

//get data from first object

System.Console.WriteLine("Employee ID: " + s1.EmployeeId);
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee Name: " + s1.EmployeeName);

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System.Console.WriteLine("Salary: " + s1.Salary);

System.Console.WriteLine("---------------------------------------");

//get data from second object

System.Console.WriteLine("Employee ID: " + s2.EmployeeId);
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee Name: " + s2.EmployeeName);
System.Console.WriteLine("Salary: " + s2.Salary);
System.Console.WriteLine("---------------------------------------");

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Static Fields
• Static Fields are used to common data that belongs to all the objects. Non-Static Fields are
stored in the objects; Static Fields are stored outside the objects. Static members are not
accessible with reference variable, but accessible with “class name”.

• Fields are two types:

1. Non-static Fields (or) Instance Fields
2. Static Fields (or) Shared Fields

Sl. Non-Static Fields Static Fields

No

1 By default, all the Fields are non-static Fields. Static Fields are created using “static” keyword.
These are not created with a keyword called
“static”.

2 Non static Fields are stored in the object. That For static Fields, memory will not be allocated in
means when you create an object for the class, the object. When you access the class name for
the memory will be allocated for all the non- the first time in the main method, then memory
static Fields in the object. will be allocated for the static Fields.

3 Non-static Field’s memory will be allocated Static Field’s memory will be allocated only once
separately for every object of the class. for entire project.

4 Non-static Fields accessible with reference Static Fields are accessible with class.
variable.

5 If you don’t create an object for the class, no If you don’t access the class in the entire
memory will be allocated for non-static Field. program, no memory will be allocated for static
Fields.

6 Use non-static Fields if you want to store Use static Fields if you want to store common
object-specific data (which is different for data that belongs to all the objects.
each object).

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Static Fields - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “StaticFieldsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “StaticFieldsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace StaticFieldsExample
{
//creating a class called "Student".
class Student
{
//instance Fields (or) non-static Fields
public int studentid;
public string studentname;
public int marks;

//static Field (or) shared Field

public static string collegename;
}

class Program
{

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static void Main()

{
//create two reference variables
Student s1;
Student s2;

//create two objects

s1 = new Student();
s2 = new Student();

//set data into members of s1

s1.studentid = 1;
s1.studentname = "scott";
s1.marks = 70;

//set data into members of s2

s2.studentid = 2;
s2.studentname = "allen";
s2.marks = 80;

//get data from members of s1

Console.WriteLine("Student ID: " + s1.studentid);
Console.WriteLine("Student Name: " + s1.studentname);
Console.WriteLine("Marks: " + s1.marks);
Console.WriteLine();

//get data from members of s2

Console.WriteLine("Student ID: " + s2.studentid);
Console.WriteLine("Student Name: " + s2.studentname);
Console.WriteLine("Marks: " + s2.marks);
Console.WriteLine();

//set data into static Field

Student.collegename = "ABC college of technology";

//get data from static Field

Console.WriteLine("College Name: " + Student.collegename);

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Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Constant Fields

Constant Fields
• Constant Field’s value can’t be changed in the rest life of the object.

• Constant Fields must be initialized along with the declaration. Those can’t be initialized in
the constructor.

• Constant Fields are created using “const” keyword.

• Constant Fields are by default “static”; so they are accessible without creating an object for
the class, using class name.

• Syntax:

Accessmodifier const Datatype Constantname = value;

Constant Fields - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ConstantsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ConstantsExample”. Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Sample

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{
public const int NoOfMonthsInYear = 12;
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
System.Console.WriteLine(Sample.NoOfMonthsInYear);
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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ReadOnly Fields

Read-only Fields
• Read-only Fields must be initialized along with the declaration or in the constructor. It
must be initialized before constructor ends.

• Read-only Field’s value can’t be changed in the rest life of the object.

• Read-only Fields are created using “readonly” keyword.

• Syntax:

Accessmodifier readonly Datatype Fieldname = Value;

Constant Fields (vs) Readonly Fields

Sl. No Constant Field Readonly Field

1 Declared with "const" keyword. Declared with "readonly" keyword.

2 Can be created in a method or as a Can be created as a Field only.

Field.

3 Should be initialized along with its Should be initialized either along with its
declaration. declaration or in the constructor.

4 Useful to initialize a fixed value only. Useful to initialize fixed value or result of a
calculation.

ReadOnly Fields - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ReadOnlyExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

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• Type the solution name as “ReadOnlyExample”. Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Sample
{
public readonly int NoOfMonthsInYear = 12;
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Sample s;
s = new Sample();
System.Console.WriteLine(s.NoOfMonthsInYear);
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Methods

Methods
▪ The method is a “function” inside the class.

▪ The method is a set of instructions (statements) to perform a particular task.

▪ The method is a “re-usable code block”.

▪ Methods are used to divide the large code as small units.

▪ Methods improve the understandability of the program.

▪ Every method should have a name.

▪ Methods can be called any no. of times.

▪ Methods can be created and called in any order.

▪ Arguments: The value that are passed from calling portion to the method definition are
called arguments or parameters. The data type of argument is called “argument type”.
Every argument can be different type.

▪ Return Value: The value that is passed from method definition to the calling portion is
called “return value”. A method can return only one value maximum. The data type of
return value is called “return type”. If a method doesn’t return any value, its return type
should be said as “void”.

Syntax of creating a method

AccessModifier Qualifier ReturnType Methodname (DataType1
ArgumentVariable1, DataType2 ArgumentVariable2, …)
{
Your code here
return (value );
}

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Methods – Simple Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “MethodsSimpleExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MethodsSimpleExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Sample
{
public void Address()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Ameerpet");
System.Console.WriteLine("Hyderabad");
System.Console.WriteLine("India");
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Sample s;
s = new Sample();
s.Address();
s.Address();
s.Address();
System.Console.ReadKey();
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Methods – Arguments and Return Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ArgumentsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ArgumentsExample”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs
class Sample
{
public int Add(int a, int b)
{
int c;
c = a + b;
return (c);
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Sample s;
s = new Sample();
System.Console.WriteLine(s.Add(10, 20));
System.Console.WriteLine(s.Add(50, 30));
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Scope of Variables

Scopes of Variables
▪ “Life time” of the variable is called as “scope”.

▪ C#.NET supports three scopes:

1. Local variables:

▪ Declared inside a method.

▪ Accessible within the same method only.

2. Block level variables:

▪ Declared inside a block. Ex: if block, for block etc.

▪ Accessible within the same block only.

3. Class level variables / Fields:

▪ Declared inside a class.

▪ Accessible within all the methods of same class.

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Methods – Example - Age

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “MethodsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MethodsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Person
{
public int age = 20;

public void Birthday()

{
age++;
}
}

class Program

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
static void Main()
{
Person p;
p = new Person();
System.Console.WriteLine(p.age);
p.Birthday();
System.Console.WriteLine(p.age);
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 159 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

Methods – Example 2 - Numbers

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “MethodsExample2”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MethodsExample2”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Class1
{
public double a, b;
public double sum;

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 C#.NET 8.0

public double difference;

public double product;
public double quotient;

public void Add()

{
sum = a + b;
}
public void Subtract()
{
difference = a - b;
}
public void Multiply()
{
product = a * b;
}
public void Divide()
{
quotient = a / b;
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Class1 c1;
c1 = new Class1();
System.Console.Write("Enter first number : ");
c1.a = System.Convert.ToDouble(System.Console.ReadLine());
System.Console.Write("Enter second number : ");
c1.b = System.Convert.ToDouble(System.Console.ReadLine());
c1.Add();
System.Console.WriteLine("Sum: " + c1.sum);
c1.Subtract();
System.Console.WriteLine("Difference: " + c1.difference);
c1.Multiply();
System.Console.WriteLine("Product: " + c1.product);
c1.Divide();
System.Console.WriteLine("Quotient: " + c1.quotient);
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 162 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

Methods – Example 3 - Login

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “LoginExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “LoginExample”. Click on OK.

Program.cs
class User
{
public string Username;
public string Password;
public string Message;
public void CheckLogin()
{
if (Username == "admin" && Password == "manager")
{
Message = "Successful login";

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 C#.NET 8.0

}
else
{
Message = "Invalid login";
}
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
User u;
u = new User();
System.Console.Write("Enter username : ");
u.Username = System.Console.ReadLine();
System.Console.Write("Enter password : ");
u.Password = System.Console.ReadLine();
u.CheckLogin();
System.Console.WriteLine(u.Message);
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 164 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

Methods – Example 4 - Student

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “StudentExample”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “StudentExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Student
{
public int studentid;
public string studentname;
public double marks1, marks2, marks3, totalmarks, averagemarks;
public string grade;
public void calculatetotalmarks()
{
totalmarks = marks1 + marks2 + marks3;
}
public void calculateaveragemarks()
{
averagemarks = totalmarks / 3;
}
public void calculategrade()
{
if (marks1 < 35 || marks2 < 35 || marks3 < 35)
{
grade = "Fail";
}
else if (averagemarks >= 80 && averagemarks <= 100)
{
grade = "A grade";
}
else if (averagemarks >= 60 && averagemarks < 79)
{
grade = "B grade";
}
else if (averagemarks >= 50 && averagemarks < 59)
{
grade = "C grade";
}
else if (averagemarks >= 35 && averagemarks < 49)
{
grade = "D grade";

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 C#.NET 8.0

}
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Student s1, s2;
s1 = new Student();
s2 = new Student();
System.Console.Write("Enter first student id: ");
s1.studentid = System.Convert.ToInt32(System.Console.ReadLine());
System.Console.Write("Enter first student name: ");
s1.studentname = System.Console.ReadLine();
System.Console.Write("Enter first student marks 1: ");
s1.marks1 = System.Convert.ToInt32(System.Console.ReadLine());
System.Console.Write("Enter first student marks 2: ");
s1.marks2 = System.Convert.ToInt32(System.Console.ReadLine());
System.Console.Write("Enter first student marks 3: ");
s1.marks3 = System.Convert.ToInt32(System.Console.ReadLine());
System.Console.WriteLine();

System.Console.Write("Enter second student id: ");

s2.studentid = System.Convert.ToInt32(System.Console.ReadLine());
System.Console.Write("Enter second student name: ");
s2.studentname = System.Console.ReadLine();
System.Console.Write("Enter second student marks 1: ");
s2.marks1 = System.Convert.ToInt32(System.Console.ReadLine());
System.Console.Write("Enter second student marks 2: ");
s2.marks2 = System.Convert.ToInt32(System.Console.ReadLine());
System.Console.Write("Enter second student marks 3: ");
s2.marks3 = System.Convert.ToInt32(System.Console.ReadLine());
System.Console.WriteLine();

s1.calculatetotalmarks();
s1.calculateaveragemarks();
s1.calculategrade();

s2.calculatetotalmarks();
s2.calculateaveragemarks();
s2.calculategrade();

System.Console.WriteLine("First Student ID: " + s1.studentid);

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 C#.NET 8.0

System.Console.WriteLine("First Student Name: " + s1.studentname);

System.Console.WriteLine("First Student Marks 1: " + s1.marks1);
System.Console.WriteLine("First Student Marks 2: " + s1.marks2);
System.Console.WriteLine("First Student Marks 3: " + s1.marks3);
System.Console.WriteLine("First Student Total Marks: " +
s1.totalmarks);
System.Console.WriteLine("First Student Average Marks: " +
s1.averagemarks);
System.Console.WriteLine("First Student Grade: " + s1.grade);
System.Console.WriteLine("--------------------------------------");

System.Console.WriteLine("Second Student ID: " + s2.studentid);

System.Console.WriteLine("Second Student Name: " +
s2.studentname);
System.Console.WriteLine("Second Student Marks 1: " + s2.marks1);
System.Console.WriteLine("Second Student Marks 2: " + s2.marks2);
System.Console.WriteLine("Second Student Marks 3: " + s2.marks3);
System.Console.WriteLine("Second Student Total Marks: " +
s2.totalmarks);
System.Console.WriteLine("Second Student Average Marks: " +
s2.averagemarks);
System.Console.WriteLine("Second Student Grade: " + s2.grade);
System.Console.WriteLine("--------------------------------------");

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

"this" keyword

this keyword
• “this” is a keyword, which represents “current object”, based on which, the method or
constructor was called.

• “this” keyword can be used in non-static methods and non-static constructors only. “this”
keyword can’t be used in static methods or static constructors.

• It is used to access the members of current object.

• By default, the usage of “this” keyword is optional. By default system referrers to “current
object”. But when a local variable name and Field name are same, then by default the
system refers to local variable. Then if you want to access Field name, you must use
“this.Field”. So in that way “this” keyword is must to use.

"this" keyword - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ThisExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the solution name as “ThisExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Class1
{
public int n = 10;
public void Display()
{
int n = 20;
System.Console.WriteLine("data member: " + this.n); //Output: 20
System.Console.WriteLine("local variable: " + n); //Output: 20
System.Console.WriteLine();
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Class1 c1;
c1 = new Class1();
c1.Display();
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Static Methods

Static Methods
• Non-static methods are used to manipulate non-static Fields; Static methods are used to
manipulate static Fields only. Static methods can be called with class name only.

• Methods are two types:

1. Non-static methods (or) instance methods

2. Static methods (or) shared methods

Sl. Non-Static Methods Static Methods

No

1 By default, all the methods are non- Static methods are created using “static”
static methods. These are not created keyword.
with a keyword called “static”.

2 Non-static methods can access both Static methods can access only static members.
non-static members and non-static Static methods can’t access non-static members.
members. However, if you create an object for the class in
the static methods, then you can access any non-
static members though the object, in the static
method.

3 Non-static methods are accessible with Static methods are accessible with class only.
object only. Non-static methods are not Static methods are accessible without creating an
accessible without creating an object object for the class. Static methods are not
for the class. accessible with an object.

4 We can use “this” keyword in the non- We can’t use “this” keyword in the static
static methods, because non-static methods, because static methods are called with
methods are called with an object. class only, without an object.

5 Use non-static methods, if you want to Use static Fields if you want to perform some
perform some operation based on non- operation based on static Fields.
static Fields.

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Static Methods - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “StaticMethodsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “StaticMethodsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Sample
{
public static int n = 10;
public static void Increment()
{
n++;
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
System.Console.WriteLine(Sample.n); //Output: 10
Sample.Increment();
System.Console.WriteLine(Sample.n); //Output: 11
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Reference Variables as Arguments

Reference Variables as Arguments

• We can pass objects as arguments from one method to another method. Then the
reference (address) of the source object will be sent to the argument variable.

Reference Variables as Arguments - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ReferenceVariablesAsArguments”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ReferenceVariablesAsArguments”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Person
{
public int age;
}

class Sample
{
public void Birthday(Person p)
{
p.age++;
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Person p;
p = new Person();
Sample s;
s = new Sample();
p.age = 20;
s.Birthday(p);
System.Console.WriteLine(p.age);
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Reference Variables as Fields

Reference Variables as Fields

• We can create an object of one class (source class) and store its reference in a Field of
another class (destination class).

• If you do so, we can access the source class’s object, through the Field of destination class.
Then the data type of the Field should be “source class” type.

• For example, assume you have a class called “Hyderabad”. You can create an object for
“Hyderabad” class and store its reference in a Field called “h” in another class called “India”.

Reference Variables as Fields - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ReferenceVariablesAsFields”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ReferenceVariablesAsFields”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Hyderabad
{
public string Charminar = "Hyderabad.Charminar";
public string Golconda = "Hyderabad.Golconda";

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class India
{
public Hyderabad h = new Hyderabad();
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
India i;
i = new India();
System.Console.WriteLine(i.h.Charminar);
System.Console.WriteLine(i.h.Golconda);
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Default Arguments

Default Arguments (or) Optional Parameters

▪ “Default arguments” concept is used to specify a “default value” for a “argument”.

▪ While calling the method, if you don’t supply a value for the parameter, then the default
value will be assigned to the parameter automatically.

▪ If you supply a value for the parameter, then the given value will be assigned to the
parameter, as usual.

Syntax of method with Default Arguments

AccessModifier Qualifier MethodName (DataType1 ArgumentVariable1 =
DefaultValue1, DataType2 ArgumentVariable2 = DefaultValue2, …)
{
Your Code here
}

Default Arguments - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “DefaultArgumentsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DefaultArgumentsExample”.

• Click on OK.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Program.cs
class Sample
{
public void Display(int n = 10)
{
System.Console.WriteLine("n value is " + n);
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Sample s;
s = new Sample();
s.Display(50); //Output: 50
s.Display(100); //Output: 100
s.Display(); //Output: 10
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Named Parameters
▪ “Named parameters” concept allows the programmer to pass a value, based on the
“parameter name”, instead of depending on the order of arguments, while calling a method.

▪ Advantage: We can change the order of parameters.

▪ Syntax:

MethodName(ParameterName : value, ParameterName : value, …)

Named Parameters - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “NamedParametersExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “NamedParametersExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Sample
{
public void Display(int x, int y)
{

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 C#.NET 8.0

System.Console.WriteLine("x is: " + x);

System.Console.WriteLine("y is: " + y);
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Sample s;
s = new Sample();
s.Display(y: 10, x: 20); //Output: x is 20, y is 10
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Methods Overloading
▪ “Method Overloading” concept is “writing multiple methods with same name within the
same class, with different types of arguments”.

▪ The difference can be in data types of arguments or in no. of arguments.

▪ When you call a method, it calls the method, which matches with the given arguments.

▪ Example:

⬧ Method1()
⬧ Method1(int a)
⬧ Method1(double d)
⬧ Method1(int a, double d)
⬧ Method1(double d, int a)
⬧ Method1(string s)
etc.

Methods Overloading - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “MethodOverloadingExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MethodOverloadingExample”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs
class Sample
{
//method 1
public void Display(int n)
{
System.Console.WriteLine("int: " + n);
}

//method 2
public void Display(string s)
{
System.Console.WriteLine("string: " + s);
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Sample s;
s = new Sample();
int a = 100;
string b = "hello";
s.Display(a); //calls method1
s.Display(b); //calls method2
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Types of Parameters

Types of Parameters
1. Call by value

2. Call by reference

3. Call by output

Call by Value
▪ The changes made to the “argument variable” will not be effected in “original variable”.

▪ This is default in c#.net.

Call by Reference
▪ The changes made to the “argument variable” will be effected automatically in the “original
variable”.

▪ This is implemented using “ref” keyword with “original variable” and “argument variable”.

▪ The “original variable” should be a variable (can’t be a literal).

Call by Output
▪ This is same as “call by reference”.

▪ The difference between “call by reference” and “call by output” is: the value of “original
variable” will not be transferred to the “argument variable”; but the value comes back from
“argument variable” to “original variable”, at the end of method.

▪ The “argument variable” will be “unassigned” by default.

▪ The “argument variable” must be set to a value before the method definition ends.

▪ This is implemented using “out” keyword in both calling portion and receiving portion.

▪ The “original variable” should be a variable; can’t be a literal.

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Call by value - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “CallByValueExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “CallByValueExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Sample
{
public void Method1(int x)
{
System.Console.WriteLine(x); //Output: 100
x = 150;
System.Console.WriteLine(x); //Output: 150
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Sample s;
s = new Sample();
int a = 100;
s.Method1(a);
System.Console.WriteLine(a); //Output: 100

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 C#.NET 8.0

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Call by reference - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “CallByReferenceExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “CallByReferenceExample”.

• Click on OK.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Program.cs
class Sample
{
public void Method1(ref int x)
{
System.Console.WriteLine(x); //Output: 100
x = 150;
System.Console.WriteLine(x); //Output: 150
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Sample s;
s = new Sample();
int a = 100;
s.Method1(ref a);
System.Console.WriteLine(a); //Output: 150
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Call by output - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “CallByOutExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “CallByOutExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Sample
{
public void Method1(out int x)
{
x = 150;
System.Console.WriteLine(x); //Output: 150
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Sample s;
s = new Sample();
int a;
s.Method1(out a);
System.Console.WriteLine(a); //Output: 150
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Type Conversion

Type Conversion in C#.NET

• The process of converting a value from “one data type” to “another data type” is called as
“type conversion”.

• C# supports 4 types of type conversion:

1. Implicit Casting

2. Explicit Casting (or) Type Casting

3. Parsing

4. Conversion Methods

Implicit Casting
• C# compiler automatically converts a value from “lower numeric data type” to “higher
numeric data type”. This automatic conversion is called “implicit casting”.

• We will compare the no. of data types of the data type, to identify whether it is a lower
data type / higher data type.

• Ex: “int” to “long”. Here “int” is 4 bytes and “long” is 8 bytes. So, it is “lower” to “higher”.

• As implicit casting will be performed automatically, there is no syntax for this. Directly you
can assign a value of “lower numeric data type” to “higher numeric data type”.

Implicit Casting - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ImplicitCastingExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ImplicitCastingExample”. Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//A variable of "lower numerical data tye" i.e. "short" (2 bytes)
short a = 100;
//A variable of "higher numerical data tye" i.e. "int" (4 bytes)
int b;
//short to int = lower to higher = implicit casting
b = a;
System.Console.WriteLine(a); //Output: 100
System.Console.WriteLine(b); //Output: 100
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Explicit Casting (or) Type Casting

• It is used to convert a value from “lower numerical data type” to “higher numerical data
type” and also from “higher numerical data type” to “lower numerical data type”.

• Syntax: (Expected data type)value

Explicit Casting (or) Type Casting - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “TypeCastingExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “TypeCastingExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create variable of "int" data type
int a = 100;
//create variable of "short" data type
short b;

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//convert the value from "int" data type "short" data type (higher to
lower), using "type casting" concept
b = (short)a;
System.Console.WriteLine(a); //Output: 100
System.Console.WriteLine(b); //Output: 100
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Parsing
▪ It is used to convert a value from “string” data type to “any numerical data type”.

▪ “Parse” is a pre-defined method. Parsing means converting.

▪ Syntax: NumericalDataTypeName.Parse(value);

▪ Rule: The string value should contain digits only; otherwise it can’t be converted into
numerical data type.

▪ Note: If the string value is not convertible into “numerical data type”, you will get exception
(run time error).

Parsing - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ParsingExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ParsingExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create variable of "string" data type
string s = "100";

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//create variable of "int" data type

int x;
//convert the value from "string" to "int" data type, using Parsing
concept
x = int.Parse(s);
System.Console.WriteLine(s); //Output: 100
System.Console.WriteLine(x); //Output: 100
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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TryParse
▪ When you are converting "alphabets" or "alpha-numeric value" from "string" data type to
"numeric", you will get a run time error (exception).

▪ "TryParse" is a pre-defined method, which is used to avoid while converting the value from
"string" to "numerical data type".

▪ It tries to convert the string to numerical data type. If conversion is successful, it returns
"true". If conversion is failed, it returns "false". If conversion is successful, it stores the
result value in the destination variable; otherwise, it stores 0 (zero) in the destination
variable.

▪ Syntax: bool result = NumericalDataTypeName.TryParse(source string value, out

destination numerical variable);

TryParse - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “TryParseExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “TryParseExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{

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static void Main()

{
//create string & integer
string s = "1234";
int n;
//try to convert "1234" into "int" data type. If the conversion is
successful, it returns the value into the "out" parameter & "true" directly. If
the conversion is unsuccessful, it returns "false".
bool b = int.TryParse(s, out n);
//display
System.Console.WriteLine(n); //Output: 1234
System.Console.WriteLine(b); //Output: True
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

TryParse – Example 2

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “TryParseExample2”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “TryParseExample2”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create string and integer
string s = "hyderabad1234";
int n;

//try to convert "hyderabad1234" into int data type. Actually it not

possible to convert "alphanumeric value" like "hyderabad1234" into "int"
data type. So it returns "0" into "n" and "false" into "b".
bool b = int.TryParse(s, out n);
System.Console.WriteLine(n); //Output: 0
System.Console.WriteLine(b); //Output: False
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Conversion Methods

Conversion Methods
▪ C#.NET provides a set of conversion methods, which are used to convert a value from “any
standard data type” to “any other standard data type”.

▪ Standard data types all numerical and non-numerical data types.

▪ Syntax: System.Convert.MethodName(value);

List of conversion methods

Sl. Conversion Method Description
No

1 byte System.Convert.ToByte(value) It converts and returns the given

value into “byte” data type.

2 sbyte System.Convert.ToSByte(value) It converts and returns the given

value into “sbyte” data type.

3 short System.Convert.ToInt16(value) It converts and returns the given

value into “short” data type.

4 ushort System.Convert.ToUInt16(value) It converts and returns the given

value into “ushort” data type.

5 int System.Convert.ToInt32(value) It converts and returns the given

value into “int” data type.

6 uint System.Convert.ToUInt32(value) It converts and returns the given

value into “uint” data type.

7 long System.Convert.ToInt64(value) It converts and returns the given

value into “long” data type.

8 ulong System.Convert.ToUInt64(value) It converts and returns the given

value into “ulong” data type.

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9 float System.Convert.ToSingle(value) It converts and returns the given

value into “float” data type.

10 double System.Convert.ToDouble(value) It converts and returns the given

value into “double” data type.

11 decimal System.Convert.ToDecimal(value) It converts and returns the given

value into “decimal” data type.

12 char System.Convert.ToChar(value) It converts and returns the given

value into “char” data type.

13 string System.Convert.ToString(value) It converts and returns the given

value into “string” data type.

14 bool System.Convert.ToBoolean (value) It converts and returns the given

value into “bool” data type.

15 DateTime System.Convert.ToDateTime(value) It converts and returns the given

value into “DateTime” data type.

▪ Note: You have to use the conversion method, based on the destination data type (target
data type), into which you want to convert.

Conversion Methods - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

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• Type the project name as “ConversionMethodsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ConversionMethodsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a variable of "double" data type
double d = 100;
//create a variable of "int" data type
int n;
//convert the value from "double" data type to "int" data type", using
conversion method
n = System.Convert.ToInt32(d);
System.Console.WriteLine(d); //Output: 100
System.Console.WriteLine(n); //Output: 100
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}
//Note: Try all the remaining conversion methods.

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Constructors
• Constructors are special methods of the class, which initializes the Fields and perform any
initialization process, which will be called automatically when an object is created for the
class.

• Constructors are used to receive a set of parameters and initialize those parameters into
respective Fields.

• For example, you have a class with Fields. So your constructor can receive 3 arguments and
assign those arguments into Fields respectively. However, if you don’t want to initialize all
the Fields, you can receive less no. of arguments also. For example, you can initialize 1 or 2
Fields also.

• When an object is created, the following process happens internally:

o Memory will be allocated for the object in RAM (in Heap of RAM).

o Default values will be initialized (based on the data type).

o Constructor will be called automatically.

Syntax of Constructor
public Classname(datatype variable1, datatype variable2, …)
{
Field1 = variable1;
Field2 = variable2;
…
}

Types of Constructor

• Parameter-less constructor: A constructor that has no arguments. It initializes Fields with

some fixed values.

• Parameterized constructor: A constructor that has one or more arguments. It initializes

Fields with argument (varied) values.

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Default Constructor

• As per the rules of c#.net, a class should have a constructor. If you don’t create a
constructor in the class, .net creates an empty constructor (implicit constructor or default
constructor) automatically and internally.

Parameterless Constructor - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ParameterlessConstructorExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ParameterlessConstructorExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Sample
{
//Fields
public int a, b;

//constructor
public Sample()

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{
a = 10;
b = 20;
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Sample s;

s = new Sample();

System.Console.WriteLine(s.a);
System.Console.WriteLine(s.b);

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Parameterized Constructor - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ParameterizedConstructorExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ParameterizedConstructorExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Sample
{
//Fields
public int a, b;

//constructor
public Sample(int x, int y)
{
a = x;
b = y;
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//creating reference variable

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Sample s1, s2;

//creating objects
s1 = new Sample(10, 20);
s2 = new Sample(60, 70);

//get data
System.Console.WriteLine("s1.a is " + s1.a);
System.Console.WriteLine("s1.b is " + s1.b);
System.Console.WriteLine("s2.a is " + s2.a);
System.Console.WriteLine("s2.b is " + s2.b);
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Constructors - Student - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ConstructorsStudentExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ConstructorsStudentExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//create a class called "Student" with 3 Fields called "studentid",
"studentname" and "marks"
class Student
{
//Fields
public int studentid;
public string studentname;
public int marks;

//constructor (to receive parameters & initialize them into respetive

Fields)
public Student(int a, string b, int c)
{
studentid = a;
studentname = b;
marks = c;
}
}

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class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create 3 reference variables of "Student" type
Student s1, s2, s3;
//create 3 objects of "Student" type
s1 = new Student(101, "Scott", 70);
s2 = new Student(102, "Allen", 80);
s3 = new Student(103, "John", 90);
//get data from first object
System.Console.WriteLine("First student:");
System.Console.WriteLine("Student ID: " + s1.studentid);
System.Console.WriteLine("Student Name: " + s1.studentname);
System.Console.WriteLine("Marks: " + s1.marks);
System.Console.WriteLine("----------------------------------");
//get data from second object
System.Console.WriteLine("Second student:");
System.Console.WriteLine("Student ID: " + s2.studentid);
System.Console.WriteLine("Student Name: " + s2.studentname);
System.Console.WriteLine("Marks: " + s2.marks);
System.Console.WriteLine("---------------------------------");
//get data from third object
System.Console.WriteLine("Third student:");
System.Console.WriteLine("Student ID: " + s3.studentid);
System.Console.WriteLine("Student Name: " + s3.studentname);
System.Console.WriteLine("Marks: " + s3.marks);
System.Console.WriteLine("---------------------------------");
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Object Initializer

Object Initializer
• Drawback of constructor: Once we have created a constructor with some set of arguments,
every time we call it, you must pass the same no. of values; we can't initialize desired Fields;
so there is no flexibility in the constructor.

• Object initializer solves the above problem.

• “Object initializer” is a syntax, which is used to initialize “desired” Fields.

• "Object initializer" concept introduced in c#.net 3.0.

• "Object initializer" will be called after constructor.

• Syntax of creating object based on a class using Object Initializer:

{ Field1 = Value1, Field2 = Value2, … };

• When an object is created, the following process happens internally:

o First, necessary memory will be allocated for the object in RAM.

o Default values will be initialized into the Fields.

o Next, constructor will be called automatically.

o Next, object initializer will be called automatically.

Object Initializer - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

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• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ObjectInitializerExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ObjectInitializerExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//create a class called "Student" with 3 Fields called "studentid",
"studentname" and "marks"
class Student
{
//Fields
public int studentid;
public string studentname;
public int marks;
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create 3 reference variables of "Student" type
Student s1, s2, s3;

//create 3 objects of "Student" type

s1 = new Student() { studentid = 101, studentname = "Scott", marks = 70 };
s2 = new Student() { studentid = 102, studentname = "Allen", marks = 80 };
s3 = new Student() { studentid = 103, studentname = "John", marks = 90 };

//get data from first object

System.Console.WriteLine("First student:");
System.Console.WriteLine("Student ID: " + s1.studentid);

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System.Console.WriteLine("Student Name: " + s1.studentname);

System.Console.WriteLine("Marks: " + s1.marks);
System.Console.WriteLine("----------------------------------");
//get data from second object
System.Console.WriteLine("Second student:");
System.Console.WriteLine("Student ID: " + s2.studentid);
System.Console.WriteLine("Student Name: " + s2.studentname);
System.Console.WriteLine("Marks: " + s2.marks);
System.Console.WriteLine("----------------------------------");
//get data from third object
System.Console.WriteLine("Third student:");
System.Console.WriteLine("Student ID: " + s3.studentid);
System.Console.WriteLine("Student Name: " + s3.studentname);
System.Console.WriteLine("Marks: " + s3.marks);
System.Console.WriteLine("----------------------------------");
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

"Set" and "Get" Methods

• “Set methods” and “get methods” are used to perform “validation” on a private Field.
• You must create the Field as “private Field”, for security.

Set Method

• Set method receives a value as argument, checks (validates) it, and then assigns the same
into the Field.
• Set method protects the Field from invalid values.
• Set method acts as mediator between Main method and Field.
• Set method is used to perform validations and makes the program stronger and
systematic.
• Note: When set method is created, it is recommended to make the Field as “private”. The
private members are accessible only within the same class.

• Syntax of Set Method:

public void SetFieldname(Datatype Argument)

{
Field = Argument;
}

Get Method

• Get method returns the value of a Field.

• Get method can perform automatic calculations.
• Syntax of Get Method:

public Returntype GetFieldname( )

{
return (Field);
}

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"Set" and "Get" Methods - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “SetAndGetMethodsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “SetAndGetMethodsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//create a class called "Person"
class Person
{
//Field
public int age;

//set method
public void SetAge(int value)
{
if (value >= 18 && value <= 60)
{
age = value;
}
}

//get method
public int GetAge()
{

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return (age);
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Person p = new Person();

p.SetAge(70);
System.Console.WriteLine(p.GetAge());

p.SetAge(24);
System.Console.WriteLine(p.GetAge());

p.SetAge(240);
System.Console.WriteLine(p.GetAge());

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Properties
• A property is a group of “set method” and “get method”, which perform validation on a
private Field.

• Properties are used to implement a protection layer around Field.

• Properties can't store any value.

• Properties are used for validations and automatic calculations. The “set method” is used to
create validations; and “get method” is used to create automatic calculations or return the
value of a Field as it is.

• Properties offer simple way to call “set method” and “get method”.

• In real time, for every private Field, we create a property. That means the private Field is
not accessible directly in the client code; though property it can be accessible indirectly.

• The property’s set method will be called automatically when a value is assigned to a
property.

• The property’s set method has an implicit argument called “value” that represents the
value assigned to the property.

• The property’s get method will be called automatically when the client code gets the value
of the property.

• The property’s get method has no arguments but should return the value.

• Note: While creating properties, it is recommended to create Field name start with “_”
(underscore). The underscore has no meaning, but it indicates that it is Field.

Syntax to create a property:

public Datatype Propertyname
{
set
{
Field = value;
}

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get
{
return (Field);
}
}

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Properties - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “PropertiesExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “PropertiesExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//create a class called "Person"
class Person
{
//private Field
private int _age;

//property (set + get)

public int Age
{
set
{
if (value >= 18 && value <= 60)
{
_age = value;
}
}
get
{

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return _age;
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Person p = new Person();
p.Age = 70;
System.Console.WriteLine(p.Age);
p.Age = 24;
System.Console.WriteLine(p.Age);
p.Age = 240;
System.Console.WriteLine(p.Age);
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Readonly and WriteOnly Properties

Read-only properties
• Read-only properties contain only get method; no set method.

• The user can get the value of read-only property, but can’t set the value.

• Syntax to create a readonly property:

public Datatype Propertyname

{
get
{
return (Field);
}
}

Write-only properties
• Write-only properties contain only set method; no get method.

• The user can set the value of write-only property, but can’t get the value.

• Syntax to create a write-only property:

public Datatype Propertyname

{
set
{
Field = value;
}
}

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Readonly Properties - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ReadOnlyPropertiesExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ReadOnlyPropertiesExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Student
{
//private Fields
public int _marks;
public string _result;
//properties
public int Marks
{
set
{
if (value >= 0 && value <= 100)
{
_marks = value;
}
}
get
{
return (_marks);

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}
}
//readonly property (only get method)
public string Result
{
get
{
if (_marks < 35)
_result = "Fail";
else
_result = "Pass";
return _result;
}
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Student s = new Student();
s.Marks = 70;
System.Console.WriteLine(s.Result);
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Automatic Properties

Automatic properties
• Automatic properties are created using { get; set; } syntax.

• When you create automatic property, the compiler automatically creates the following
things automatically at compilation time:

o Private Field

o Set method

o Get method

• Advantage of automatic properties: Easy syntax to create simple properties.

• But automatic properties are useful only when you don’t want to perform any validation. If
you want to perform validation, use normal properties.

• Syntax:

public Datatype Propertyname { get; set; }

Automatic Properties - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.5”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “AutomaticPropertiesExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “AutomaticPropertiesExample”.

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• Click on OK.

Program.cs
class Person
{
//automatic properties
public string PersonName { get; set; }
public int Age { get; set; }
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Person p = new Person();
p.PersonName = "Scott";
p.Age = 22;
System.Console.WriteLine(p.PersonName);
System.Console.WriteLine(p.Age);
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Inheritance

What is Inheritance
• It is a OOP concept of creating “parent-child” relationship among two or more classes.

• It is a concept of extending an existing class, by creating another class based on the

existing class.

• Here, the classes are two types: parent class and child class.

• Child class extends the parent class.

• Parent class also called as “base class” or “super class”.

• Child class also called as “derived class” or “sub class”.

• As a result of inheritance, all the members of parent class will become as members of child
class automatically.

• When an object of child class is created, it creates an object of parent class internally, and
it will be part of the child class’s object.

• One parent class can have one or more child classes; but one child class can have ONLY
ONE parent class.

• If you create a new child class based on an existing child class, all its members and also its
parent class members will be inherited into the new child class.

• Syntax of inheritance:

class Childclassname : Parentclassname

{
}

Inheritance - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “InheritanceExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “InheritanceExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//parent class
class Class1
{
public int a = 10;
public int b = 20;
}

//child class
class Class2 : Class1
{
public int c = 30;
public int d = 40;
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a reference variable for child class (Class2)
Class2 p;

//create object for child class (Class2); It internally creates an object for
parent class also. That means it allocates memory for "a", "b", "c" and "d".
p = new Class2();

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 C#.NET 8.0

//child class Fields

System.Console.WriteLine("c: " + p.c);
System.Console.WriteLine("d: " + p.d);

//parent class Fields

System.Console.WriteLine("a: " + p.a);
System.Console.WriteLine("b: " + p.b);

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Inheritance – Example 2

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “InheritanceExample2”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “InheritanceExample2”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//parent class
class Person
{
public string PersonName;
public string Gender;
}

//child class 1
class Student : Person
{
public int StudentID;
public int Marks;
}

//child class 2
class Employee : Person
{
public int EmpID;
public double Salary;

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 C#.NET 8.0

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
/******* creating object for parent class ********/
Person p;
p = new Person();
p.PersonName = "Scott";
p.Gender = "Male";
System.Console.WriteLine("Person Name: " + p.PersonName);
System.Console.WriteLine("Gender: " + p.Gender);
System.Console.WriteLine("\n");

/******** creating object for child class 1 ********/

Student s;
s = new Student();
s.PersonName = "Allen";
s.Gender = "Male";
s.StudentID = 101;
s.Marks = 70;
System.Console.WriteLine("Student Name: " + s.PersonName);
System.Console.WriteLine("Gender: " + s.Gender);
System.Console.WriteLine("Student ID: " + s.StudentID);
System.Console.WriteLine("Student Marks: " + s.Marks);
System.Console.WriteLine("\n");

/******** creating object for child class 2 *********/

Employee emp;
emp = new Employee();
emp.PersonName = "Jones";
emp.Gender = "Male";
emp.EmpID = 201;
emp.Salary = 7000;
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee Name: " + emp.PersonName);
System.Console.WriteLine("Gender: " + emp.Gender);

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 C#.NET 8.0

System.Console.WriteLine("Employee ID: " + emp.EmpID);

System.Console.WriteLine("Employee Salary: " + emp.Salary);

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

“base” keyword

Calling the parent class’s member from child class’s method:

• To access the members of parent class within the child class’s method:

o Syntax: base.parentclassmembername

• Note: Here, “base” is a keyword that represents the “object of parent class”, which is a part
of “object of child class”.

“base” keyword - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “BaseExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “BaseExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//parent class
class Person
{
public string PersonName;
public string Gender;
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

//child class 1
class Student : Person
{
public int StudentID;
public int Marks;

//Student.DisplayStudentDetails
public void DisplayStudentDetails()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Student Name: " + base.PersonName);
System.Console.WriteLine("Gender: " + base.Gender);
System.Console.WriteLine("Student ID: " + this.StudentID);
System.Console.WriteLine("Student Marks: " + this.Marks);
}
}

//child class 2
class Employee : Person
{
public int EmpID;
public double Salary;

//Employee.DisplayEmployeeDetails
public void DisplayEmployeeDetails()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee Name: " + base.PersonName);
System.Console.WriteLine("Gender: " + base.Gender);
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee ID: " + this.EmpID);
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee Salary: " + this.Salary);
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
/********* creating object for child class 1 *************/

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 C#.NET 8.0

Student s;
s = new Student();
s.PersonName = "Allen";
s.Gender = "Male";
s.StudentID = 101;
s.Marks = 70;
s.DisplayStudentDetails();
System.Console.WriteLine("\n");

/********* creating object for child class 2 *************/

Employee emp;
emp = new Employee();
emp.PersonName = "Jones";
emp.Gender = "Male";
emp.EmpID = 201;
emp.Salary = 7000;
emp.DisplayEmployeeDetails();

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Parent class’s constructor

Calling the parent class’s constructor from child class’s

constructor:
• The parent class’s parameterless constructor will be called automatically, when child class’s
constructor was called. But you must call the parent class’s parameterized constructor
explicitly in the child class’s constructor.

• In the child class’s constructor, you can use the following syntax to call the parent class’s
parameterized constructor:

o base(parameter1, parameter2, …)

Parent class’s constructor - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ParentClassConstructorExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ParentClassConstructorExample”.

• Click on OK.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Program.cs
//parent class
class Person
{
public string PersonName;
public string Gender;

//parent class constructor

public Person(string PersonName, string Gender)
{
this.PersonName = PersonName;
this.Gender = Gender;
}
}

//child class 1
class Student : Person
{
public int StudentID;
public int Marks;

//child class's constructor

//We are receiving 4 values; First two values will be forwarded to the
parent class constructor; Remaining two values will be stored in the child
class's object.
public Student(string PersonName, string Gender, int StudentID, int
Marks) : base(PersonName, Gender)
{
this.StudentID = StudentID;
this.Marks = Marks;
}

//Student.DisplayStudentDetails
public void DisplayStudentDetails()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Student Name: " + base.PersonName);
System.Console.WriteLine("Gender: " + base.Gender);

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 C#.NET 8.0

System.Console.WriteLine("Student ID: " + this.StudentID);

System.Console.WriteLine("Student Marks: " + this.Marks);
}
}

//child class 2
class Employee : Person
{
public int EmpID;
public double Salary;

//child class's constructor

//We are receiving 4 values; First two values will be forwarded to the
parent class constructor; Remaining two values will be stored in the child
class's object.
public Employee(string PersonName, string Gender, int EmpID, int
Salary) : base(PersonName, Gender)
{
this.EmpID = EmpID;
this.Salary = Salary;
}

//Employee.DisplayEmployeeDetails
public void DisplayEmployeeDetails()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee Name: " + base.PersonName);
System.Console.WriteLine("Gender: " + base.Gender);
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee ID: " + this.EmpID);
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee Salary: " + this.Salary);
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
/********* creating object for child class 1 *************/

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 C#.NET 8.0

Student s;
s = new Student("Allen", "Male", 101, 70);
s.DisplayStudentDetails();
System.Console.WriteLine("\n");

/********* creating object for child class 2 *************/

Employee emp;
emp = new Employee("Jones", "Male", 201, 7000);
emp.DisplayEmployeeDetails();

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Method Hiding

Method Hiding
• “Method hiding” is used to hide the parent class’s method, by creating another method in
the child class, with same signature (access modifier, method name and arguments).

• For method hiding, we need not use any special keyword in the parent class’s method. But
we have to use “new” keyword in the child class’s method optionally. The “new” keyword
specifies the compiler that we are doing the “method hiding” intentionally.

Syntax to create normal method (in parent class):

public Returntype Methodname(Datatype1 Argument1, DataType2
Argument2, …)
{
Code here
}

Syntax to create hiding method (in child class):

public new Returntype Methodname (Datatype1 Argument1,
DataType2 Argument2, …)
{
Code here
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

Method Hiding - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “MethodHidingExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MethodHidingExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//parent class
class Class1
{
//Class1.Display
public void Display()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Class1.Display");
}
}

//child class
class Class2 : Class1
{
//Class2.Display
//Method hiding: This method hides the parent class's method called
"Display". Both methods are having the same signature; but code is
different. Note: The "new" keyword is optional here.
public new void Display()

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
System.Console.WriteLine("Class2.Display");
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Class2 c2;
c2 = new Class2();
c2.Display(); //calls Class2.Display only

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Method Hiding – Example 2

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “MethodHidingExample2”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MethodHidingExample2”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//parent class
class Person
{
//Fields of "Person" class
public string PersonName;
public string Gender;

//Person.Display
public void Display()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Person Name: " + PersonName);
System.Console.WriteLine("Gender: " + Gender);
}
}
//child class 1
class Student : Person
{
public int StudentID;
public int Marks;

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 C#.NET 8.0

//Student.Display
//Method Hiding: This method hides the parent class's method called
"Display". Both methods are having the same signature; but code is
different.
public new void Display()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Student Name: " + PersonName);
System.Console.WriteLine("Gender: " + Gender);
System.Console.WriteLine("Student ID: " + StudentID);
System.Console.WriteLine("Student Marks: " + Marks);
}
}
//child class 2
class Employee : Person
{
public int EmpID;
public double Salary;

//Employee.Display
//Method Hiding: This method hides the parent class's method called
"Display". Both methods are having the same signature; but code is
different.
public new void Display()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee Name: " + PersonName);
System.Console.WriteLine("Gender: " + Gender);
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee ID: " + EmpID);
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee Salary: " + Salary);
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
/********* creating object for child class 1 *************/
Student s;

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 C#.NET 8.0

s = new Student();
s.PersonName = "Allen";
s.Gender = "Male";
s.StudentID = 101;
s.Marks = 70;
s.Display(); //calls Student.Display only
System.Console.WriteLine();
/********* creating object for child class 2 *************/
Employee emp;
emp = new Employee();
emp.PersonName = "Jones";
emp.Gender = "Male";
emp.EmpID = 201;
emp.Salary = 7000;
emp.Display(); //calls Employee.Display only
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Method Overriding

Virtual Methods and Method Overriding

• “Method Overriding” is a concept of “extending a parent class’s method”, by creating
another method in the child class, with same name and same signature.

• The parent class’s method should be “virtual method”. The child class’s method should be
“override method”.

• The “virtual” keyword in parent class’s method allows the child classes to override
(redefine) the parent class’s method in the child classes.

• The “override” keyword in child class’s method informs the parent class that it is overriding
the parent class’s virtual method.

• The virtual methods only can be overridden.

• The method signature (method name, access modifier, arguments, and return type) should
be same in between virtual method and override method.

• Virtual methods can’t be private.

• Overriding the virtual methods is optional.

• In real time, we use “method overriding” to extend an existing method, which is created by
another programmer.

Normal Methods (vs) Virtual Methods

Sl. No Normal Method Virtual Method

1 No "virtual" keyword Should have "virtual" keyword.

2 Present in any class (parent class or in Should be present in parent class only.
child class).

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 C#.NET 8.0

Method Hiding (vs) Method Overrinding

• "Method Hiding" is similar to "Method Overriding", but having the following differences.

Sl. Method Hiding Method Overriding

No

1 We need not use any keyword in parent class We should use "virtual" keyword in parent
method; "new" keyword in child class method. class method; "override" keyword in child
class method.

2 Method hiding is used to hide (overwrite) the Method overriding is used to extend the
parent class’s method. That means parent parent class’s method. That means both
class’s method will not execute; only child parent class’s method and child class’s
class’s method executes. method execute.

Syntax to create virtual method (in parent class):

public virtual Returntype Methodname (Datatype1 Argument1,
DataType2 Argument2, …)
{
Code here
}

Syntax to create override method (in child class):

public override Returntype Methodname (Datatype1 Argument1,
DataType2 Argument2, …)
{
Code here
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

Method Overriding - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “MethodOverridingExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MethodOverridingExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//parent class
class Class1
{
//Class1.Display (virtual method)
public virtual void Display()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Class1.Display");
}
}

//child class
class Class2 : Class1
{
//Class2.Display
//Method overriding: This method overrides (extends) the parent class's
virtual method called "Display". That means both methods will execute.
Both methods should have same signature.
public override void Display()

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
base.Display();
System.Console.WriteLine("Class2.Display");
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Class2 myobject;
myobject = new Class2();
//call the both methods Class1.Display and Class2.Display
myobject.Display();
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Method Overriding – Example 2

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “MethodOverridingExample2”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MethodOverridingExample2”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//parent class
class Person
{
public string PersonName;
public string Gender;

//Person.Display (virtual method)

public virtual void Display()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Person Name: " + PersonName);
System.Console.WriteLine("Gender: " + Gender);
}
}
//child class 1
class Student : Person
{
public int StudentID;
public int Marks;

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 C#.NET 8.0

//Student.Display
//Method overriding: This method overrides (extends) the parent class's
virtual method called "Display". Both methods will execute. Both methods
should have same signature.
public override void Display()
{
base.Display();
System.Console.WriteLine("Student ID: " + StudentID);
System.Console.WriteLine("Student Marks: " + Marks);
}
}
//child class 2
class Employee : Person
{
public int EmpID;
public double Salary;
//Employee.Display
//Method overriding: This method overrides (extends) the parent class's
virtual method called "Display". Both methods will execute. Both methods
should have same signature.
public override void Display()
{
base.Display();
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee ID: " + EmpID);
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee Salary: " + Salary);
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
/********* creating object for child class 1 *************/
Student s;
s = new Student();
s.PersonName = "Allen";
s.Gender = "Male";

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 C#.NET 8.0

s.StudentID = 101;
s.Marks = 70;
s.Display(); //calls to Person.Display and Employee.Display
System.Console.WriteLine("\n");
/********* creating object for child class 2 *************/
Employee emp;
emp = new Employee();
emp.PersonName = "Jones";
emp.Gender = "Male";
emp.EmpID = 201;
emp.Salary = 7000;
emp.Display(); //calls to Person.Display and Student.Display
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Abstract Classes

Abstract Classes
• Abstract classes are similar to normal classes and can contain abstract members
additionally, and those can’t be instantiated.

• Abstract classes are created using “abstract” keyword

• Abstract classes contain a set of members that are common to all of its child classes.

• Abstract classes can be inherited. That means we can create a child class based on the
abstract class.

• We can’t create object for the abstract class directly. The only way to utilize its members is
“creating object for child class and calling abstract class’s members through the child
class’s object”.

• Syntax to create an abstract class:

abstract class Classname

{
}

Normal Class (vs) Abstract Class

Sl. Normal Class Abstract class
No
(or) Non-abstract class

1 No "abstract" keyword Should have "abstract" keyword.

2 We can create an object for normal class. We can't create an object for abstract class;
but we can create a reference variable.

3 Normal class can't contain abstract Abstract class can contain abstract methods.
methods.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Abstract Classes - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “AbstractClassesExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “AbstractClassesExample”. Click on OK.

Program.cs
//parent class (abstract class)
abstract class Person
{
//normal method in abstract class
public void Display()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Person.Display");
}
}

//child class 1
class Student : Person
{
}

//child class 2
class Employee : Person
{
}

class Program
{

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 C#.NET 8.0

static void Main()

{
/************* creating object for child class 1 *********/
Student s;
s = new Student();
s.Display();
System.Console.WriteLine("\n");

/************* creating object for child class 1 **********/

Employee emp;
emp = new Employee();
emp.Display();
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Abstract Classes – Example 2

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “AbstractClassesExample2”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “AbstractClassesExample2”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//parent class (abstract class)
abstract class Person
{
public string PersonName;
public string Gender;

//normal method in abstract class

public void Display()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Person name: " + this.PersonName);
System.Console.WriteLine("Gender: " + this.Gender);
}
}

//child class 1
class Student : Person
{
public int StudentID;
public int Marks;

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 C#.NET 8.0

//child class 2
class Employee : Person
{
public int EmpID;
public double Salary;
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
/************* creating object for child class 1 ********************/
Student s;
s = new Student();
s.PersonName = "Allen";
s.Gender = "Male";
s.StudentID = 101;
s.Marks = 70;
s.Display();
System.Console.WriteLine("Student ID: " + s.StudentID);
System.Console.WriteLine("Marks: " + s.Marks);
System.Console.WriteLine("\n");
/************* creating object for child class 2 ********************/
Employee emp;
emp = new Employee();
emp.PersonName = "Jones";
emp.Gender = "Male";
emp.EmpID = 201;
emp.Salary = 7000;
emp.Display();
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee ID: " + emp.EmpID);
System.Console.WriteLine("Salary: " + emp.Salary);
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Abstract Methods

Abstract Methods
• Abstract methods are “declaration-only” method that are declared in the abstract class
(parent class) and must be implemented (overridden) in the child class(es).

• Abstract methods can be created only within the abstract class.

• Abstract methods contain only declaration (signature or prototype).

• Signature = Method name, return type, arguments and access modifier.

• Abstract methods should be overridden in the child class, using “override” keyword.

• In real time, abstract class with abstract method(s) will be created by one programmer and
its child class(es) will be created by another programmer.

• Assume that there are two programmers. The first programmer is creating parent class
(cum abstract class); the second programmer is creating child class. But both are present
in two different components (parts) of the project. So whenever the first programmer can’t
write the actual code for a method in the parent class and wants to let the second
programmer two write actual code for the method, then he will create an abstract method
in the parent class. So the first programmer writes method signature only; but not the
method definition. Then the second programmer has to create a child class, based on the
existing parent class. Then the second programmer must create method definition. This
work is called as “method overriding with abstract methods”.

• Note: “Method overriding of virtual methods” is optional; but “method overriding of

abstract methods” is must.

• Virtual methods contain method body also. Abstract methods contain signature only, no
method body.

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Normal Method (vs) Abstract Method

Sl. Normal method Abstract method
No
(or) Non-abstract method

1 No "abstract" keyword Should have "abstract" keyword.

2 We can call the normal method. We can't call the abstract method.

3 Normal methods can be created in both Abstract methods can be created in only
normal class and also in abstract class. abstract class.

4 Normal methods contain method signature Abstract methods contain only method
and body. signature; no method body.

5 Normal methods can be present in both Abstract methods can be present only in the
parent class and also in the child class. parent class.

6 Normal methods can be 'private'. Abstract methods can't be 'private'.

Virtual Method (vs) Abstract Method

Sl. Virtual method Abstract method
No

1 Should have "virtual" keyword. Should have "abstract" keyword.

2 We can call the virtual method. We can't call the abstract method.

3 Virtual methods can be created in both Abstract methods can be created in only
normal class and also in abstract class. abstract class.

4 Virtual methods contain method signature Abstract methods contain only method
and body. signature; no method body.

5 Overriding the virtual methods is optional. Overriding the abstract methods is must.

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Syntax to create abstract method (in parent class):

public abstract Returntype Methodname(Datatype1
Argument1, DataType2 Argument2, …);

Syntax to create override method (in child class):

public override Returntype Methodname(Datatype1
Argument1, DataType2 Argument2, …)
{
Code here
}

Abstract Methods - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “AbstractMethodsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “AbstractMethodsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//parent class (abstract class)
abstract class Class1

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{
//abstract method in parent class. Abstract method doesn't contain
method body. It contains only signature.
public abstract void Display();
}

//child class
class Class2 : Class1
{
//Class2.Display
//Method overriding: This method overrides the parent class's abstract
method called "Display". Both methods are having the same signature.
public override void Display()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Class2.Display");
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Class2 c2;
c2 = new Class2();
c2.Display();

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

Abstract Methods – Example 2

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “AbstractMethodsExample2”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “AbstractMethodsExample2”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//parent class (abstract class)
abstract class Person
{
public string PersonName;
public string Gender;

//abstract method in parent class. Abstract method doesn't contain

method body. It contains only method signature.
public abstract void Display();
}

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//child class 1
class Student : Person
{
public int StudentID;
public int Marks;

//Student.Display
//Method Overriding: This method overrides the parent class's abstract
method called "Display". Both methods are having the same signature.
public override void Display()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Student Name: " + base.PersonName);
System.Console.WriteLine("Gender: " + base.Gender);
System.Console.WriteLine("Student ID: " + this.StudentID);
System.Console.WriteLine("Student Marks: " + this.Marks);
}
}

//child class 2
class Employee : Person
{
public int EmpID;
public double Salary;

//Employee.Display
//Method overriding: This method overrides the parent class's abstract
method called "Display". Both methods are having the same signature.
public override void Display()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee Name: " + base.PersonName);
System.Console.WriteLine("Gender: " + base.Gender);
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee ID: " + this.EmpID);
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee Salary: " + this.Salary);
}
}

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class Program
{
static void Main()
{
/*********** creating object for child class 1 *****************/
Student s;
s = new Student();
s.PersonName = "Allen";
s.Gender = "Male";
s.StudentID = 101;
s.Marks = 70;
s.Display();
System.Console.WriteLine("\n");

/*********** creating object for child class 2 *****************/

Employee emp;
emp = new Employee();
emp.PersonName = "Jones";
emp.Gender = "Male";
emp.EmpID = 201;
emp.Salary = 7000;
emp.Display();

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Interfaces
• Interfaces are similar to abstract classes, but interfaces contain only abstract methods and
property declarations.

• We can’t create other members such as Fields, normal methods, constructors, properties
etc., in interface.

• It is recommended to start the name of the interface with “I”.

• We can’t create an object for the interface, but we can create one or more child classes for
interface.

• Interface provides a list of abstract methods that should be overridden in the child classes.
By default, all the interface methods “public” and “abstract” automatically.

• All the child classes that inherits (implements) the interface should implement (override)
all the interface methods. But different child classes can implement the interface methods
with different code. If you don’t implement (override) any of the interface methods in the
child class, you will get compile-time error.

• Real-time use of interface: Interface acts as “contract” or “bridge” between two parts of a
project. Assume that there are two programmers that create two different components of
the project. The interface acts as bridge between both the programmers. This situation
occurs in advanced .net frameworks such as WPF, MVC etc.

o The first programmer creates an interface; then creates an interface variable and
calls the method, without knowing its implementation.

o The second programmer creates a child class for the interface and implements all
of its methods, without knowing its calling.

Abstract Class (vs) Interface

Sl. Abstract Class Interface

No

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1 Abstract class can contain all types of Can have only abstract methods & property
members such as Fields, methods, declarations.
properties, constructors etc. & also
abstract methods.

2 A child class can’t inherit multiple abstract A child class can inherit (implement) multiple
classes. interfaces

3 Abstract class can’t act as a mediator Interface act as a mediator between two
between two classes. classes.

In one class, we will implement in the

interface. In the other class, we will create a
reference variable for the interface & call the
methods.

4 Use abstract class, if you want to provide Use interface, if you want to provide only a
a list of non-abstract methods and list of abstract methods to the child classes.
abstract methods to the child classes.

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5 Use abstract class, if you want to create a Use interface, if you want to create pure
“partial generic type”. “generic type”.

Ex: “Vehicle” is an abstract class, which Ex: “IHolidayTrip” is an interface, which

provides common methods to all of its provides common abstract methods to all of
child classes such as “Car”, “Bike”, and its child classes such as “FamilyHolidayTrip”,
“Bus” etc. “CollegeHolidayTrip” and
“CompanyHolidayTrip”.
Here the “Vehicle” class contains both
non-abstract (normal) methods and also
abstract methods.
If “CompanyHolidayTrip” is an abstract
(parent) class, “TCSHolidayTrip”,
“WiproHolidayTrip” etc., are the child classes.

Observation:

• “IHolidayTrip” is pure general-

purpose. It doesn’t matter, whether it
is college holiday trip or company
holiday trip. It just provides a list of
common methods of all types of
holiday trips.

• “CompanyHolidayTrip” is partial
general-purpose. It provides the list of
methods that are common for all
company holiday trips; but it doesn’t
matter which company holiday trip it
is.

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Syntax to create an interface:

interface Interfacename
{
Declare interface methods here
}

Syntax to create a child class for the interface:

class Classname : Interfacename
{
Implement all the interface methods here
}

Interfaces - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “InterfacesExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “InterfacesExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//interface
interface Interface1

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{
//abstract methods
void Display();
}

//child class
class Class1 : Interface1
{
//Method Overriding: This method overrides (implements) the
"Interface1.Display" method. Both methods are having the same signature.
public void Display()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Class1.Display");
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Class1 p;
p = new Class1();
p.Display();

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Interfaces – Example 2

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “InterfacesExample2”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “InterfacesExample2”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//interface
interface IPerson
{
//properties
string PersonName { get; set; }
string Gender { get; set; }

//abstract method
void Display();
}
//child class 1
class Student : IPerson
{
//properties
public string PersonName { get; set; }
public string Gender { get; set; }
public int StudentID { get; set; }
public int Marks { get; set; }

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//implementing the IPerson.Display method

public void Display()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Student Name: " + PersonName);
System.Console.WriteLine("Gender: " + Gender);
System.Console.WriteLine("Student ID: " + StudentID);
System.Console.WriteLine("Student Marks: " + Marks);
}
}
//child class 2
class Employee : IPerson
{
//properties
public string PersonName { get; set; }
public string Gender { get; set; }
public int EmpID { get; set; }
public double Salary { get; set; }
//implementing the IPerson.Display method
public void Display()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee Name: " + PersonName);
System.Console.WriteLine("Gender: " + Gender);
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee ID: " + EmpID);
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee Salary: " + Salary);
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
/********** creating object for child class 1 ***************/
Student s;
s = new Student();
s.PersonName = "Allen";
s.Gender = "Male";
s.StudentID = 101;

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s.Marks = 70;
s.Display();
System.Console.WriteLine("\n");
/********** creating object for child class 2 ***************/
Employee emp;
emp = new Employee();
emp.PersonName = "Jones";
emp.Gender = "Male";
emp.EmpID = 201;
emp.Salary = 7000;
emp.Display();
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Dynamic Polymorphism

Dynamic Polymorphism using interfaces

• Polymorphism means "decision making". The compiler takes a decision; which method has
to be called. If the decision has been taken at compile-time (before running), we can call it
as "compile-time polymorphism". If the decision would be taken at run-time (when we run
the program), we can call it as "run-time polymorphism".

• "Method overloading" is an example of "compile-time polymorphism".

• We can implement dynamic polymorphism with interfaces or abstract classes.

• Steps implementation of dynamic polymorphism using interfaces:

o First we have to create an interface with one or more methods.

o Next we have implement it in two child classes.

o Create a reference variable for the interface.

o Create an object for first child class; Assign its reference into interface’s variable & call
the method now. It calls the first child class’s method.

o Create an object for second child class; Assign its reference into interface’s variable &
call the method now. It calls the second child class’s method.

o So, same statement is calling different methods in different situations, right! This is
called “dynamic polymorphism”.

Static Polymorphism (vs) Dynamic Polymorphism

Sl. No Static Polymorphism Dynamic Polymorphism

1 Also called as "compile-time Also called as "run-time polymorphism" or

polymorphism" or "early binding". "late binding".

2 Decision will be taken by the compiler at Decision will be taken by the CLR at run-
compile-time. time.

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3 Implemented using "method Implemented using "abstract classes" or

overloading". "interfaces".

Dynamic Polymorphism - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “DynamicPolymorphismExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DynamicPolymorphismExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//interface
interface Interface1
{
//abstract method in interface
void Display();
}

//child class 1
class Class1 : Interface1
{
//Overriding the "Interface1.Display" method
public void Display()

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{
System.Console.WriteLine("Class1.Display");
}
}

//child class 2
class Class2 : Interface1
{
//Overriding the "Interface1.Display" method
public void Display()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Class2.Display");
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a reference variable of interface type.
Interface1 i;
//create object for first child class
i = new Class1();
i.Display(); //It calls Class1.Display()
//create object for second child class
i = new Class2();
i.Display(); //It calls Class2.Display()
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

Dynamic Polymorphism – Example 2

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “DynamicPolymorphismExample2”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DynamicPolymorphismExample2”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//interface
interface IPerson
{
//properties
string PersonName { get; set; }
string Gender { get; set; }

//abstract method
void Display();
}

//child class 1
class Student : IPerson

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{
//properties
public string PersonName { get; set; }
public string Gender { get; set; }

//implementing the IPerson.Display method

public void Display()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Student Name: " + PersonName);
System.Console.WriteLine("Gender: " + Gender);
}
}

//child class 2
class Employee : IPerson
{
//properties
public string PersonName { get; set; }
public string Gender { get; set; }

//implementing the IPerson.Display method

public void Display()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Employee Name: " + PersonName);
System.Console.WriteLine("Gender: " + Gender);
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variable of interface type
IPerson p;

/************* creating object for child class 1 ***************/

p = new Student();

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p.PersonName = "Allen";
p.Gender = "Male";
p.Display(); //calls Student.Display
System.Console.WriteLine("\n");

/************* creating object for child class 2 ***************/

p = new Employee();
p.PersonName = "John";
p.Gender = "Male";
p.Display(); //calls Employee.Display
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Multiple Inheritance using Interfaces

Multiple Inheritance using Interfaces

• Interface supports “multiple inheritance”. That means a child class can implement one or
more interfaces. Then we must implement (define) all the methods of all the interfaces in
the same child class.

• Then you can store the address of class’s object in any reference variable of any of those
interfaces.

• Syntax for multiple inheritance:

class Classname : Interface1, Interface2, …

{
Implement all the methods or all interfaces here
}

Multiple Inheritance using Interfaces - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “MultipleInheritanceExample”.

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• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MultipleInheritanceExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//interface 1
interface Interface1
{
void Method1();
void Method2();
}

//interface 2
interface Interface2
{
void Method3();
void Method4();
}

//child class - that implements multiple interfaces. This is called "multiple

inheritance".
class Class1 : Interface1, Interface2
{
public void Method1()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Class1.Method1");
}
public void Method2()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Class1.Method2");
}
public void Method3()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Class1.Method3");
}

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public void Method4()

{
System.Console.WriteLine("Class1.Method4");
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variable & object for child class
Class1 c1;
c1 = new Class1();

//create a reference variable for Interface1

Interface1 i1;

//store the address of child class's object in the interface reference

variable
i1 = c1;

//call the Interface1's methods only

i1.Method1();
i1.Method2();
System.Console.WriteLine();

//create a reference variable for Interface2

Interface2 i2;

//store the address of child class's object in the interface reference

variable
i2 = c1;

//call the Interface2's methods only

i2.Method3();
i2.Method4();
System.Console.ReadKey();
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Interface Inheritance

Interface Inheritance
• An interface can inherit from another interface.

• Then the child class of child interface should implement all the methods of parent interface
& child interface.

Syntax for interface inheritance:

interface ChildInterface : ParentInterface
{
}

Interface Inheritance - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “InterfaceInheritanceExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “InterfaceInheritanceExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//parent interface
interface Interface1

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{
void Method1();
void Method2();
}

//child interface
interface Interface2 : Interface1
{
void Method3();
void Method4();
}

//child class - that implements multiple interfaces. This is called "multiple

inheritance".
class Class1 : Interface2
{
public void Method1()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Class1.Method1");
}

public void Method2()

{
System.Console.WriteLine("Class1.Method2");
}

public void Method3()

{
System.Console.WriteLine("Class1.Method3");
}

public void Method4()

{
System.Console.WriteLine("Class1.Method4");
}
}

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class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variable & object for child class
Class1 c1;
c1 = new Class1();

//create a reference variable for Interface1

Interface1 i1;

//store the address of child class's object in the interface reference

variable
i1 = c1;

//call the Interface1's methods only

i1.Method1();
i1.Method2();
System.Console.WriteLine();

//create a reference variable for Interface2

Interface2 i2;

//store the address of child class's object in the interface reference

variable
i2 = c1;

//call the Interface2's methods only

i2.Method3();
i2.Method4();

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Sealed Classes

Sealed Classes
• Sealed classes can’t be inheritable.

• If you don’t want to allow your class to be inheritable by others, you can make it as sealed
class.

• Sealed classes can contain any members just like normal classes.

• Syntax:

sealed class Classname

{
Any members here
}

Normal Class (vs) Sealed Class

Sl. Normal Class Sealed Class
No

1 Can be inherited. Can't be inherited.

Sealed Classes - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “SealedClassesExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

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• Type the solution name as “SealedClassesExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//sealed class
sealed class Class1
{
}

//we can't inherit from "Class1"

class Class2 : Class1
{
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

Note: You will get compile time error near “Class2”.

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Namespaces

Namespaces
• Namespaces are collections of “types”, such as classes, structures, enumerations, interfaces
and delegate types.

• The type that is present inside the namespace can be accessed by using
“Namespacename.Typename” syntax.

• Namespaces are used to group-up the types that belongs to a module or a section of the
project.

• Syntax:

namespace Namespacename
{
Classes, Structures, interfaces, Enumerations here
}

Namespaces - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “NamespacesExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “NamespacesExample”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs
namespace Namespace1
{
class Class1
{
public void Method1()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Namespace1.Class1.Method1");
}
}
}

namespace NamespacesExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a reference variable
Namespace1.Class1 c1;

//create an object
c1 = new Namespace1.Class1();

//call the method

c1.Method1();

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Child Namespaces

Child Namespaces
• A namespace inside another namespace is called as “child namespace”.

• You can access the child namespace by using “ParentNamespace.ChildNamespace” syntax.

• You can access the types of child namespace by using

“ParentNamespace.ChildNamespace.Typename” syntax.

• Syntax:

namespace ParentNamespacename
{
namespace ChildNamespacename
{
Types (Classes, structures etc.)
}
}

Child Namespaces - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ChildNamespacesExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ChildNamespacesExample”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs
//outer namespace starts
namespace ICICIBank
{
//inner namespace starts
namespace SavingsBanking
{
//class starts
class BankAccount
{
public void Deposit()
{

System.Console.WriteLine("ICICIBank.SavingsBanking.BankAccount.Depo
sit");
}
}
//class ends
}
//inner namespace ends
}
//outer namespace ends

namespace ChildNamespacesExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a reference variable for BankAccount class
ICICIBank.SavingsBanking.BankAccount c1;
//create an object for BankAccount class
c1 = new ICICIBank.SavingsBanking.BankAccount();
//call the method
c1.Deposit();
System.Console.ReadKey();
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Child Namespaces – Example 2

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ChildNamespacesExample2”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ChildNamespacesExample2”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs
//Create a child namespace called "SavingsBanking" in a parent namespace
called "ICICIBank"
namespace ICICIBank.SavingsBanking
{
class BankAccount
{
public void Deposit()
{

System.Console.WriteLine("ICICIBank.SavingsBanking.BankAccount.Depo
sit");
}
}
}

namespace ChildNamespacesExample2
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variable
ICICIBank.SavingsBanking.BankAccount c1;

//create object
c1 = new ICICIBank.SavingsBanking.BankAccount();

//call method
c1.Deposit();

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

“using” statement

Using
• The “using” statement is used to import a namespace in the file.

• When you import a namespace, you can access all its members (classes, structures etc.)
directly, without writing the namespace name every time.

• Syntax:

using Namespacename;

“using” statement - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “UsingExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “UsingExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//import the namespace
using ICICIBank.SavingsBanking;

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 C#.NET 8.0

//create a child namespace called "SavingsBanking" in a parent namespace

called "ICICIBank"
namespace ICICIBank.SavingsBanking
{
class BankAccount
{
public void Deposit()
{

System.Console.WriteLine("ICICIBank.SavingsBanking.BankAccount.Depo
sit");
}
}
}

namespace UsingExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variable; access "BankAccount" class directly, as it
is already imported above.
BankAccount c1;
//create object; access "BankAccount" class directly, as it is already
imported above.
c1 = new BankAccount();
//call the method
c1.Deposit();
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

“using - alias” statement

Using Alias
• It is used to create a “nick name” (alias name) for a namespace, for easy access.

• You can access all the namespace’s members, by using the alias name.

Syntax:
using Aliasname = Namespacename;

“using - alias” statement - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “UsingAliasExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “UsingAliasExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//creating alias name
using i = India;
using p = Pakisthan;

namespace India
{
class Hyderabad
{
public void City()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("India.Hyderabad");
}
}
}

namespace Pakisthan
{
class Hyderabad
{
public void City()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Pakisthan.Hyderabad");
}
}
}

namespace UsingAliasExample

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
i.Hyderabad h1 = new i.Hyderabad();
p.Hyderabad h2 = new p.Hyderabad();
h1.City();
h2.City();
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Creating Separate Files for Classes

Separate Files
• In realtime applications, it is recommended to create a class in its own separate file, instead
of creating all the classes in the same file.

• Class files make the large project easy to understand and maintain.

• Each class file’s extension should be “.cs”.

• A project can have any no. of class files.

• To add a class file, open the solution explorer; right click on the project name and click on
“Add” – “New Item”; select “Class”; type the class name as “Filename.cs”; click on “Add”.

Creating Separate Files for Classes - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “SeparateFilesExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “SeparateFilesExample”. Click on OK.

• Open Solution Explorer. Right click on the project name (SeparateFilesExample) and click

on “Add” – “New Item”. Click on “Code” – “Class”. Type the file name as “BankAccount.cs”.

Click on “Add”. Then it creates the file “BankAccount.cs” in solution explorer.

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BankAccount.cs
//Create a child namespace called "SavingsBanking" in a parent namespace
called "ICICIBank"
namespace ICICIBank.SavingsBanking
{
class BankAccount
{
public void Deposit()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("ICICIBank.SavingsBanking.
BankAccount.Deposit");
}
}
}

Program.cs
namespace mynamespace
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variable
ICICIBank.SavingsBanking.BankAccount c1;
//create object
c1 = new ICICIBank.SavingsBanking.BankAccount();
//call the method
c1.Deposit();
System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Partial Classes

Partial Classes
• Partial classes are used to split a large class into multiple files.

• In real time, one part of the class will be created by one programmer and other part of the
class will be created by other programmer; sometimes one part of the class will be
automatically generated by visual studio and other part of the class will be created by the
programmer.

• All the partial classes that should have a same name, should have “partial” keyword, and
should be inside a same namespace.

• Syntax to create a partial class:

partial class Classname

{
Members here
}

Partial Classes - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “PartialClassesExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the solution name as “PartialClassesExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Open Solution Explorer. Right click on the project and click on “Add” – “New Item”. Select

“Class”. Type the file name as “File1.cs”. Click on “Add”.

• Open Solution Explorer. Right click on the project and click on “Add” – “New Item”. Select

“Class”. Type the file name as “File2.cs”. Click on “Add”.

File1.cs
//create a parent namespace called "ICICIBank" and create a child
namespace called "SavingsBanking" in the parent namespace
namespace ICICIBank.SavingsBanking
{
//create a class called "BankAccount" in "ICICIBank.SavingsBanking"
namespace. This is a partial class. So at compilation time, the code for
File2.cs also will be combined with this class.
partial class BankAccount
{
//Fields
public int accountnumber = 1234;
public string accountholdername = "John";
public double currentbalance = 10000;

//Deposit method
public void Deposit(double amount)
{
currentbalance = currentbalance + amount;
}
}
}

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File2.cs
//create a parent namespace called "ICICIBank" and create a child
namespace called "SavingsBanking" in the parent namespace
namespace ICICIBank.SavingsBanking
{
//Continue the definition of "BankAccount" class, which is defined at
"File1.cs".
partial class BankAccount
{
//Withdraw method
public void Withdraw(double amount)
{
currentbalance = currentbalance - amount;
}
}
}

Program.cs
namespace PartialClassesExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variable
ICICIBank.SavingsBanking.BankAccount c1;

//create object
c1 = new ICICIBank.SavingsBanking.BankAccount();

//get current balance

System.Console.WriteLine(c1.currentbalance);
System.Console.ReadKey();

//deposit

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c1.Deposit(5000);
System.Console.WriteLine(c1.currentbalance);
System.Console.ReadKey();

//withdraw
c1.Withdraw(2000);
System.Console.WriteLine(c1.currentbalance);

System.Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

After Pressing Enter

After Pressing Enter

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 C#.NET 8.0

Enumerations

Enumerations
• Enumerations are used to avoid the entry of wrong values into the variable. It allows any
one of the specific list of values.

• Enumeration is a collection of constants; each constant is assigned to an integer value

automatically (Starts with zero (0) by default).

• Based on enumeration, we can create enumeration variables (as a Field or local variable).

• Enumeration variables can store any one of the enumeration constant.

• Syntax to create enumeration:

enum Enumerationname
{
Constant1, Constant2, …
}

Enumerations - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “EnumerationExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “EnumerationExample”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs
using System;
//create a namespace called "EnumerationExample"
namespace EnumerationExample
{
//create an enumeration called "GenderEnumeration" inside a namespace
called "EnumerationExample"
enum GenderEnumeration
{
Male, Female
}
//create a class called "Person"
class Person
{
//Field of "String" data type
public string PersonName;

//Field of "GenderEnumeration" data type. This Field can accept any

one of the constants defined at GenderEnumeration only.
public GenderEnumeration Gender;
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variable of Person type
Person p;
//create an object of Person type
p = new Person();
//set data into PersonName
p.PersonName = "Scott";
//set data into "Gender". It accepts "Male" or "Female" only, as it is
"GenderEnumeration" type.
p.Gender = GenderEnumeration.Male;
//get data from Fields
Console.WriteLine(p.PersonName);

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Console.WriteLine(p.Gender);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Structures

Structures
• Structure is type (data type), which is a collection of members such as Fields, methods,
constructors, properties etc., similar to classes.

• No memory will be allocated for structure. We can create "structure variables" (instance)
based on structure. For structure variables only memory will be allocated. “Structure
variable” stores actual data.

• Syntax to create structure:

struct Structurename
{
Fields, methods, constructors, properties etc.
}

Similarities between Classes and Structures

Sl. No Class Structure

1 Class is also a collection of members Structure is a collection of members like

like Fields, methods, constructors and Fields, methods, constructors and properties
properties etc. etc.

2 A class is a data type. A structure is a data type.

Differences between Classes and Structures

Sl. Class Structure

No

1 An instance of class s called as “object”. “Instance of structure” is called as “structure

variable”.
“Object” are stored in “heap”.
“Structure variables” are stored in “stack”.

2 We can create a reference variable based We can’t create a reference variable based on
on class. structure.

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3 Classes are “reference-type” data types; Structures are “value-type” data types; because
because “objects” are stored in heap and “structure variables” (data) directly will be
its reference (address) will be stored in stored in stack; there is no “reference”
stack. (address) concept for structures.

4 Classes are little bit slower than Structures are little bit faster than classes;
structures; because to reach an object, we because to reach a structure variable, there is
have to go through stack and find out the no need to search for the address.
object based on the address stored in the
reference variable.

5 Classes support “inheritance” and many Structures doesn’t support inheritance and its
other concepts. related concepts.

6 Classes are suitable for creating complex Structures are suitable for creating simple data
data structures & methods. structures.

7 “String”, “StringBuilder” etc., are pre- All standard data types (except “string”), such
defined classes. as int, float, double, DateTime etc., are
structures.

8 Classes supports both “parameter-less Structures doesn’t support “parameter-less

constructor” and also “parameterized constructor”; but supports “parameterized
constructor”. constructor”.

9 The following syntax creates a reference The following syntax creates a structure
variable for the class: variable (instance) for the structure.

Classname referencevariable; Structurename Structurevariable;

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10 The following syntax creates an object The following syntax will not create an instance,
(instance) for the class & also initializes but initializes all the Fields of structure variable
all the Fields of the object: (instance).

new classname(); new structurename();

If the Field is numerical data type, it If the Field is numerical data type, it initializes
initializes zero (0). If the Field is string zero (0). If the Field is string data type, it
data type, it initializes null. If the Field is initializes null. If the Field is bool data type, it
bool data type, it initializes ‘false’. initializes ‘false’.

Structures - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “StructuresExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “StructuresExample”. Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace StructuresExample
{
//create structure called "Student"

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 C#.NET 8.0

struct Student
{
//Fields in structure
public int studentid;
public string studentname;
public int marks;
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create structure variable (instance)
Student s;

//set data into Fields of structure variable

s.studentid = 1;
s.studentname = "Scott";
s.marks = 70;

//get data from Fields of structure variable

Console.WriteLine(s.studentid);
Console.WriteLine(s.studentname);
Console.WriteLine(s.marks);

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

Structures with Constructors - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “StructuresWithConstructorsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “StructuresWithConstructorsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace StructuresWithConstructorsExample
{
//creating a structure
struct Student
{
//Fields in structure

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 C#.NET 8.0

public int studentid;

public string studentname;
public int marks;
public string grade;

//constructor in structure
public Student(int value1, string value2, int value3)
{
studentid = value1;
studentname = value2;
marks = value3;
grade = "none";
}

//method in structure
public void CalculateGrade()
{
if (marks >= 80 && marks <= 100)
grade = "A grade";
else if (marks >= 60 && marks < 80)
grade = "B grade";
else if (marks >= 50 && marks < 60)
grade = "C grade";
else if (marks >= 35 && marks < 50)
grade = "D grade";
else if (marks < 35)
grade = "Fail";
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create structure variable (instance)
Student s;

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 C#.NET 8.0

//call the constructor

s = new Student(1, "Scott", 75);

//get data from Fields of structure variable

Console.WriteLine("Student ID: " + s.studentid);
Console.WriteLine("Student name: " + s.studentname);
Console.WriteLine("Marks: " + s.marks);

//call method
s.CalculateGrade();
Console.WriteLine("Grade: " + s.grade);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Standard Data Types

Standard Data Types are Structures / Classes

• All the standard data types are structures / classes.

Sl. No Standard Data Type Structure / Class

1 sbyte struct SByte

2 byte struct Byte

3 short struct Int16

4 ushort struct UInt16

5 int struct Int32

6 uint struct UInt32

7 long struct Int64

8 ulong struct UInt64

9 float struct Single

10 double struct Double

11 decimal struct Decimal

12 char struct Char

13 string class String

14 bool struct Boolean

15 DateTime struct DateTime

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The "System.Object" class

The “object” data type & “System.Object” class

• The "object" data type is an alias (nick) name of "System.Object" class.

• The "System.Object" is ultimate base class in .net, based on which all structures and
classes are inherited from.

• When you create a class in .net, automatically it will be treated as child class of the parent
class called “System.Object”.

“System.Object” Class - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ObjectClassExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ObjectClassExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace ObjectClassExample
{
class Class1

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{
}
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a reference variable of "System.Object" type
System.Object a;

//create an object of "Class1" and store its address in the reference

variable
a = new Class1();

Console.WriteLine("Done");

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Methods of "System.Object" class

Methods of “System.Object” class

• The “System.Object” class is a parent class to all classes and structures in .net.

• The “System.Object” class provides the following methods to all classes and structures:

A. bool Equals(Other Object)

▪ The Equals() method compares the actual object and other object whether
both are equal; It returns true if both are equal. It returns false if both are
not equal.

B. int GetHashCode()

▪ The GetHashCode() method returns the memory address of the actual

object.

C. Type GetType()

▪ The GetType() method returns the class name or structure name to which
the actual object belongs to.

D. string ToString()

▪ The ToString() method returns the class name or structure name to which
the actual object belongs to (similar to GetType method). But it can be
overridden in the child class. If it is overridden, the child class’s method will
run.

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Methods of “System.Object” class - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ObjectClassMethodsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ObjectClassMethodsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace ObjectClassMethodsExample
{
//"Class1" is child class of "System.Object" class automatically
class Class1
{
//override the ToString() method, which is the virtual method in
System.Object class
public override string ToString()
{
System.Console.WriteLine(base.GetHashCode());
return "Class1.ToString";
}
}

class Program
{

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static void Main()

{
//create two reference variables for Class1
Class1 c1, c2;

//create two objects for Class1

c1 = new Class1();
c2 = new Class1();

//call Equals method. This method compares whether c1 and c2 are

equal.
bool b = c1.Equals(c2);
Console.WriteLine(b);

//call GetHashCode method. This method returns the memory

address of the object.
int c = c1.GetHashCode();
Console.WriteLine(c);

//call GetType method. This method returns the type (class name) of
the object.
string t = c1.GetType().ToString();
Console.WriteLine(t);

//call ToString method. This method will call "ToString()" method,

which is defined in "Class1".
string s = c1.ToString();
Console.WriteLine(s);

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Boxing

Boxing
• It is a process of converting a value from "value-type data type (any structure)" to
"reference-type data type (System.Object class)".

• It will be done automatically.

Syntax: ReferenceTypeVariable = ValueTypeVariable ;

Boxing - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “BoxingExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “BoxingExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace BoxingExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()

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{
//creating a variable of "int" data type. "int" is a "structure". All the
structures "value-type data types".
int a = 1000;

//creating a reference variable of "System.Object" data type.

"System.Object" is a class. All the classes are "reference-type data types".
System.Object obj;

//Automatic conversion from "int" structure to "System.Object" class.

This is called boxing.
obj = a;

//get values
Console.WriteLine(a); //Output: 1000
Console.WriteLine(obj); //Output: 1000

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Unboxing

Unboxing
• It is a process of converting a value from "reference-type data type (System.Object)" to
"value-type data type (any structure)". It should be done manually, by using “type casting”
syntax.

Syntax: ValueTypeVariable = (ExpectedDataTypehere)ReferenceTypeVariable;

Unboxing - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “UnboxingExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “UnboxingExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace UnboxingExample
{
class Program
{

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static void Main()

{
//create a reference variable of "System.Object" data type.
"System.Object" is a class; All the classes are "reference-type" data type.
Object obj = 100;

//create a variable of "int" data type. "int" is a structure. All the

structures "value-type" data type.
int a;

//manual conversion from "System.Object" class to "int" structure.

This is called "unboxing".
a = (int)obj;

//get values
Console.WriteLine(obj); //Output: 100
Console.WriteLine(a); //Output: 100

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Static Constructors

Static Constructors
• Non-static constructors (normal constructors) initialize non-static Fields and static Fields;
Static constructors initialize static Fields only. Static constructors will be called
automatically when the class is used for the first time in Main method.

• Constructors are two types:

1. Non-static constructors (or) instance constructors

2. Static constructors (or) shared constructors

Sl. No Non-Static Constructors Static Constructors

1 By default, all the constructors are non- Static constructors are created using
static constructors. These are not created “static” keyword.
with a keyword called “static”.

2 Non-static constructors can access both Static constructors can access only static
non-static members and non-static members. Static constructors can’t access
members. non-static members. However, if you
create an object for the class in the static
constructor, then you can access any non-
static members though the object, in the
static constructor.

3 Non-static constructors are accessible Static constructor will be called

with object only. When you create an automatically when you access the class
object for the class, it calls the non-static name for the first time in the Main
constructor automatically. Non-static method.
constructors are not accessible without
creating an object for the class.

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4 Non-static constructor will be called every Static constructor will be called only once
time when we create an object for the in the entire program.
class.

5 We can use “this” keyword in the non- We can’t use “this” keyword in the static
static constructors, because non-static constructor, because static constructor is
constructors are called with an object. called with class only, without an object.

6 A class can have ‘n’ no. of non-static A class can have only one static
constructors. constructor.

7 Use non-static constructors, if you want Use static constructor if you want to
to initialize non-static Fields. initialize static Fields.

8 Non-static constructors can receive ‘n’ no. Static constructor can’t receive any
of arguments. arguments.

9 Non-static constructors can’t return any Static constructor also can’t return any
value. value.

10 Access modifier such as “internal” and Access modifier is not applicable for the
“public” can be applicable for the non- static constructor. By default, they are
static constructor. “public”.

Static Constructors - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “StaticConstructorsExample”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “StaticConstructorsExample”. Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace StaticConstructorsExample
{
//creating a class called "Class1"
class Class1
{
//static Fields
public static int a, b;

//static constructor. It initializes the static Fields

static Class1()
{
a = 10;
b = 20;
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//Note: static constructor will be automatically called here

//get data from static Fields

Console.WriteLine(Class1.a); //Output: 10
Console.WriteLine(Class1.b); //Output: 20

Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Static Classes

Static Classes
• Static classes can contain only static members (static Fields, static methods, static
constructors, static properties etc.).

• Static classes can’t contain non-static members.

• We can’t create an object for static class.

• Syntax to create static class:

static class Classname

{
Only static members here
}

Normal Class (vs) Static Class

Sl. No Normal class Static class

1 No "static" keyword. Should have "static" keyword.

2 Can have both non-static members and Can have only static members.
static members also.

3 We can create an object for normal We can't create an object for static class.
class.

Static Classes - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “StaticClassesExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “StaticClassesExample”. Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace StaticClassesExample
{
//static class. A static class contains only static Fields, static properties,
static constructors, and static methods only
static class Class1
{
//static Field
public static string _Message;

//static properties
public static string Message
{
set
{
_Message = value;
}
get
{
return _Message;
}
}

//static constructor
static Class1()
{
Message = "Hello";

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 C#.NET 8.0

//static method
public static void Method1()
{
Console.WriteLine("Class1.Method1");
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//Note: .NET automatically allocated memory for static Field here
//Note: static constructor will be called automatically here

//get value from static property

Console.WriteLine(Class1.Message);

//call static method

Class1.Method1();

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Generic Classes
• Generic class is a class, which contains one or more generic-type Fields.

• Generic classes let you to store different values with respective to different objects in the
same Fields.

• Generic classes let you to decide the data type of a Field, while creating object, rather than
deciding the data type while creating the class.

• While creating an object for the generic class, you have to specify the data type of a Field.

• While creating a re-usable class, instead of you decide the data type of a Field within your
class, if you want to let other programmers decide the data type that they want, you can
make your class as generic class and make your Field as generic Field.

Syntax to create generic class:

class Classname<T>
{
public T Fieldname;
}

Generic Classes - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “GenericsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

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• Type the solution name as “GenericsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace GenericsExample
{
//generic class with a generic-type parameter called "T"
class Class1<T>
{
//generic Field of generic-type called "T"
public T x;
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//creating first generic object. As per this object "x" is of "int" data
type.
Class1<int> c1;
c1 = new Class1<int>();
c1.x = 100;
Console.WriteLine(c1.x); //Output: 100

//creating second generic object. As per this object "x" is of "string"

data type.
Class1<string> c2;
c2 = new Class1<string>();
c2.x = "hello";
Console.WriteLine(c2.x); //Output: hello

Console.ReadKey();
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Multiple Generics - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “MultipleGenericsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MultipleGenericsExample”.

• Click on OK.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Program.cs
using System;

namespace MultipleGenericsExample
{
//generic class with two generic-type parameters called "T1" and "T2"
class Class1<T1, T2>
{
//generic Field of generic-type called "T1"
public T1 x;

//generic Field of generic-type called "T2"

public T2 y;
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//creating first generic object. As per this object "x" is of "int" data
type and "y" is of "bool" data type.
Class1<int, bool> c1;
c1 = new Class1<int, bool>();
c1.x = 100;
c1.y = true;
Console.WriteLine(c1.x); ; //Output: 100
Console.WriteLine(c1.y); ; //Output: true
Console.WriteLine();

//creating second generic object. As per this object "x" is of "string"

data type and "y" is of "double" data type.
Class1<string, double> c2;
c2 = new Class1<string, double>();
c2.x = "hello";
c2.y = 100.438;
Console.WriteLine(c2.x); //Output: hello
Console.WriteLine(c2.y); //Output: 100.438

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 C#.NET 8.0

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Arrays

Arrays
• An array is a collection of multiple values of same data type.

• For each element, system automatically maintains an index. The index always starts from
zero (0).

• Ex: Country names, City names, student marks etc.

• Syntax to create an array:

Datatype [ ] Arrayname = new Datatype [int length];

Arrays - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ArraysExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ArraysExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace ArraysExample

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create an array with 5 elements.
int[ ] a = new int[5] { 10, 20, 50, 80, 100 };

//get values from array, based on the index

Console.WriteLine(a[0]);
Console.WriteLine(a[1]);
Console.WriteLine(a[2]);
Console.WriteLine(a[3]);
Console.WriteLine(a[4]);
Console.WriteLine();

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Arrays with For Loop

Arrays with for loop

• We can read elements from an array, by using for loop:

• The for loop executes once for one element.

Syntax to read all elements from an array using for loop:

for (int i=0; i < arrayname.Length; i++)
{
Code here
}

Arrays with For Loop - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ArraysWithForExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ArraysWithForExample”.

• Click on OK.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Program.cs
using System;

namespace ArraysWithForExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create an array with 5 elements
int[ ] a = new int[5] { 10, 20, 50, 80, 100 };

//get values from array, using for loop

for (int i = 0; i < a.Length; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(a[i]);
}

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Arrays with Foreach Loop in C#.NET

Arrays with Foreach loop

• “foreach” loop is used to read all the values from an array.

• It executes once for one element in the array. Each time, the current element will be stored
in the temporary variable.

Syntax of foreach loop:

foreach (Datatype Variablename in Arrayname)

• But it is used to read all the values of an array, sequentially. It is not possible to read some
of the values, by using “foreach” loop. It is also not possible to read the elements randomly
or in reverse order.

Arrays with Foreach Loop – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ArraysWithForEachExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ArraysWithForEachExample”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace ArraysWithForEachExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create an array with 5 elements
int[ ] a = new int[5] { 10, 20, 50, 80, 100 };

//get values from array, using foreach loop

foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

“System.Array” class

“System.Array” class
• The “System.Array” is a pre-defined class. An object of “System.Array” class represents an
array.

• In c#.net, every array is automatically treated as an object of “System.Array” class. So we

can call methods of “System.Array” class, by using any array.

• The “System.Array” class has the following methods:

1. System.Array.IndexOf()

2. System.Array.BinarySearch()

3. System.Array.Clear()

4. System.Array.Resize()

5. System.Array.Sort()

6. System.Array.Reverse()

7. System.Array.CopyTo()

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“System.Array.IndexOf” method
Sl. No Method

1 int System.Array.IndexOf(System.Array array, object value)

This method searches the array for the given value.

If the value is found, it returns its index.

If the value is not found, it returns -1.

array: This parameter represents the array, in which you want to search.

value: This parameter represents the actual value that is to be searched.

The “IndexOf” method performs linear search. That means it searches all the elements of
an array, until the search value is found. When the search value is found in the array, it
stops searching and returns its index.

The linear search has good performance, if the array is small. But if the array is larger,
Binary search is recommended to improve the performance.

“System.Array.IndexOf” method - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ArraysWithIndexOfExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ArraysWithIndexOfExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
namespace ArraysWithIndexOfExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create array with
int[ ] a = new int[5] { 100, 2000, 50, 8, 1000 };

//search (linear search) for "50" in array & get its index
int n = Array.IndexOf(a, 50);
Console.WriteLine(n); //Output: 2
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

“System.Array.IndexOf” method – with NotFound -

Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ArraysWithIndexOfWithNotFound”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ArraysWithIndexOfNotFound”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
namespace ArraysWithIndexOfWithNotFound
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create array
int[] a = new int[5] { 100, 2000, 50, 8, 1000 };

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 C#.NET 8.0

//search (linear search) for "500" in array & get its index. If not found,
it returns -1
int n = Array.IndexOf(a, 500);
Console.WriteLine(n);

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

“System.Array.BinarySearch” method
Sl. No Method

2 int System.Array.BinarySearch(System.Array array, object value)

This method searches the array for the given value.

If the value is found, it returns its index.

If the value is not found, it returns -1.

array: This parameter represents the array, in which you want to search.

value: This parameter represents the actual value that is to be searched.

The “BinarySearch” method performs binary search. The “Binary Search” requires an
array, which is already sorted. On unsorted arrays, binary search is not possible.

Binary search means it directly goes to the middle of the array (array size / 2), and
checks that item is less than / greater than the search value. If that item is greater than
the search value, it searches only in the first half of the array. If that item is less than the
search value, it searches only in the second half of the array. Thus it searches only half of
the array. So in this way, it saves performance.

“System.Array.BinarySearch” method - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ArraysWithBinarySearchExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ArraysWithBinarySearchExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace ArraysWithBinarySearchExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//For Binary search, we must need a sorted array (should have the
values in ascending order)
int[ ] a = new int[5] { 10, 20, 50, 80, 100 };

//search (binary search) for "50" in sorted array & get its index
int n = Array.BinarySearch(a, 50);
Console.WriteLine(n);

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

“System.Array.Clear” method
Sl. No Method

3 void System.Array.Clear(System.Array array, int index, int length)

This method starts with the given index and sets all the “length” no. of elements to zero
(0).

array: This parameter represents the array, in which you want to clear the elements.

index: This parameter represents the index, from which clearing process is to be started.

length: This parameter represents the no. of elements that are to be cleared.

“System.Array.Clear” method - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ArraysWithClearExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ArraysWithClearExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace ArraysWithClearExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create array
int[ ] a = new int[8] { 10, 20, 50, 80, 100, 780, 900, 1000 };

//set the 3 elements to zero (0), starting from index "2"

Array.Clear(a, 2, 3);

//get values from array

foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

“System.Array.Resize” method
Sl. No Method

4 void System.Array.Resize(ref System.Array array, int newSize)

This method increases / decreases size of the array.

array: This parameter represents the array, which you want to resize.

newSize: This parameter represents the new size of the array, how many elements you
want to store in the array. It can be less than or greater than the current size.

“System.Array.Resize” method - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ArraysWithResizeExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ArraysWithResizeExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

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 C#.NET 8.0

namespace ArraysWithResizeExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create array (current size of array is "4")
int[ ] a = new int[4] { 10, 20, 50, 80 };

//change size of the array from "4" to "6"

Array.Resize(ref a, 6);
a[4] = 200;
a[5] = 350;

//get values from array

foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

“System.Array.Sort” method
Sl. No Method

5 void System.Array.Sort(System.Array array)

This method sorts the array in ascending order.

array: This parameter represents the array, which you want to sort.

“System.Array.Sort” method - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ArraysWithSortExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ArraysWithSortExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace ArraysWithSortExample
{
class Program

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
static void Main()
{
//create array
int[ ] a = new int[7] { 50, 20, 100, 30, 500, 150, 300 };

//sort the array

Array.Sort(a);

//get values from array

foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

“System.Array.Reverse” method
Sl. No Method

6 void System.Array.Reverse(System.Array array)

This method reverses the array.

array: This parameter represents the array, which you want to reverse.

“System.Array.Reverse” method - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ArraysWithReverseExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ArraysWithReverseExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace ArraysWithReverseExample
{

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 C#.NET 8.0

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create array
int[ ] a = new int[7] { 50, 20, 100, 30, 500, 150, 300 };

//reverse the array

Array.Reverse(a);

//get values from the array

foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

“System.Array.CopyTo” method
Sl. No Method

7 void sourceArray.CopyTo(System.Array destinationArray, int startIndex)

This method copies all the elements from source array to destination array.

sourceArray: This parameter represents the array, which array you want to copy.

destinationArray: This parameter represents the array, into which you want to copy the
elements of source array.

startIndex: This parameter represents the index of the element, from which you want to
start copying.

“System.Array.CopyTo” method - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ArraysWithCopyToExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ArraysWithCopyToExample”.

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• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace ArraysWithCopyToExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create array
int[] a = new int[5] { 10, 20, 50, 80, 100 };

//create another array

int[] b = new int[5];

//copy all the elements from one array to another array

a.CopyTo(b, 0);

//get values from array

foreach (int item in b)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Multi-Dimensional Array

Multi-dimensional array
• Multi-dimensional arrays are used to store multiple values in a single row of an array.

• Syntax to create multi-dimensional array:

Datatype[ , ] Arrayname = new Datatype[int rowLength, int columnLength]

• Note: You can increase the no. of commas (,) as many as you want.

Multi-Dimensional Array - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “MultiDimArraysExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MultiDimArraysExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace MultiDimArraysExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()

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{
//create multi-dim array
int[,] a = new int[4, 3]
{
{ 10, 20, 30 },
{ 40, 50, 60 },
{ 70, 80, 90 },
{ 100, 110, 120 }
};

//get first row from multi-dim array

Console.Write(a[0, 0]);
Console.Write(" ");
Console.Write(a[0, 1]);
Console.Write(" ");
Console.WriteLine(a[0, 2]);

//get second row from multi-dim array

Console.Write(a[1, 0]);
Console.Write(" ");
Console.Write(a[1, 1]);
Console.Write(" ");
Console.WriteLine(a[1, 2]);

//get third row from multi-dim array

Console.Write(a[2, 0]);
Console.Write(" ");
Console.Write(a[2, 1]);
Console.Write(" ");
Console.WriteLine(a[2, 2]);

//get fourth row from multi-dim array

Console.Write(a[3, 0]);
Console.Write(" ");
Console.Write(a[3, 1]);
Console.Write(" ");
Console.WriteLine(a[3, 2]);

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Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Collections

Limitations of arrays
• Adding or removing elements from array (without a duplicate copy) is not possible.

• Solution: Use collections.

What are collections

• A collection is a "group of values" of same data type.

• We can add, remove values in the collection anywhere within the program.

• Collections internally use arrays, managed by some pre-defined methods.

• To create collections .net provides a set of collection classes.

List of collections classes in .NET:

1. System.Collections.Generic.List
2. System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary
3. System.Collections.Generic.SortedList
4. System.Collections.Hashtable
5. System.Collections.ArrayList

Arrays (vs) Collections

Sl. No Arrays Collections

1 Array is treated as an object of Collection is treated as an object of collection-

"System.Array" class. based class such as
"System.Collections.Generic.List",

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 C#.NET 8.0

"System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary" etc.

2 Doesn’t support adding, removing Support adding, removing elements

elements dynamically. dynamically.

3 Arrays is old concept. Collections are recommended and mostly-

used in real time.

4 If you want to store fixed no. of values, If you want to add or remove elements later,
then use "arrays". then use "collections".

The "List" class

System.Collections.Generic.List
• "List" is a class, in "System.Collections.Generic" namespace.

• This class’s object represents a collection.

• "List" is a collection-based class.

• List is used to store multiple values of same data type.

• We can add or remove elements in the collection dynamically.

• It is a generic class; it has a generic type argument called “T”. That means you must pass a
data type as argument to it, while creating an object.

The "List" class - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ListExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ListExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace ListExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create list collection
List<int> a = new List<int>() { 10, 40, 50, 90, 100 };

//get values from list collection

Console.WriteLine(a[0]);
Console.WriteLine(a[1]);
Console.WriteLine(a[2]);
Console.WriteLine(a[3]);
Console.WriteLine(a[4]);

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

The "List" class – with “for” loop

List with for loop

• We can read elements from a list collection, by using for loop:

• The “for loop” executes once for one element.

• Syntax to read all elements from the list collection, using for loop:

for (int i = 0; i < collectionname.Count; i++)

{
Code here
}

The "List" class – with “for” loop - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ListWithForExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ListWithForExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

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 C#.NET 8.0

namespace ListWithForExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create list collection
List<int> a = new List<int>() { 10, 40, 50, 90, 100 };

//get values from list collection using for loop

for (int i = 0; i < a.Count; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(a[i]);
}

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

The "List" class – with “foreach” loop

List with Foreach loop

• “foreach” loop is used to read all the values from a list collection.

• It executes once for one element in the collection. Each time, the current element will be
stored in the temporary variable.

Syntax of foreach loop:

foreach (Datatype Variablename in Collectionname)
{
}

• But it is used to read all the values of a collection, sequentially. It is not possible to read
some of the values, by using “foreach” loop. It is also not possible to read the elements
randomly or in reverse order.

The "List" class – with “foreach” loop - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ListWithForEachExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ListWithForEachExample”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace ListWithForEachExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create list collection
List<int> a = new List<int>() { 10, 40, 50, 90, 100 };

//get values from list collection using foreach loop

foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

"System.Collections.Generic. List.Add" method

Sl. No Method

1 void Add(object value)

This method adds a new value at the end of existing collection.

value: This parameter represents the actual value that is to be added.

"System.Collections.Generic. List.Add" method -

Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ListWithAddExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ListWithAddExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace ListWithAddExample

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create list collection
List<int> a = new List<int>() { 10, 40, 50 };
//get values from list collection
foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}
Console.WriteLine();
//add "100" at the end of list collection
a.Add(100);
//get values from list collection
foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

"System.Collections.Generic. List.Insert" method

Sl. No Method

2 void Insert(int index, object value)

This method inserts a new value at the specified index in the existing collection.

index: This parameter represents the index, where the value is to be inserted.

value: This parameter represents the actual value that is to be added.

"System.Collections.Generic.List.Insert" method -
Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ListWithInsertExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ListWithInsertExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

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 C#.NET 8.0

namespace ListWithInsertExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create list collection
List<int> a = new List<int>() { 10, 40, 50, 150, 200 };

//get values from list collection

foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}
Console.WriteLine();

//insert the value "100" at the position number "2"

a.Insert(2, 100);
//get values from list collection
foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

"System.Collections.Generic. List.AddRange" method

Sl. No Method

3 void AddRange(collection)

This method adds an array or collection at the end of existing collection.

collection: This parameter represents the array / collection that is to be added.

"System.Collections.Generic. List.AddRange" method

- Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ListWithAddRangeExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ListWithAddRangeExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace ListWithAddRangeExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create list collection
List<int> a = new List<int>() { 10, 40, 50, 150, 200 };

//get values from list collection

foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}
Console.WriteLine();

//create another list collection called "extra"

List<int> extra = new List<int>() { 300, 400, 500 };

//add all the elements of "extra" collection at the end of "a" collection

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 C#.NET 8.0

a.AddRange(extra);

//get values from list collection

foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

"System.Collections.Generic. List.InsertRange"
method
Sl. No Method

4 void InsertRange(int index, collection)

This method inserts an array or collection at the specified index in the existing collection.

index: This parameter represents the index, where the array / collection is to be inserted.

collection: This parameter represents the array / collection that is to be inserted.

"System.Collections.Generic. List.InsertRange"
method - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ListWithInsertRangeExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ListWithInsertRangeExample”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace ListWithInsertRangeExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create list collection
List<int> a = new List<int>() { 10, 40, 50, 150, 200 };
//get values from list collection
foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}
Console.WriteLine();
//create another collection called "extra"
List<int> extra = new List<int>() { 60, 70, 80 };
//insert all the elements of "extra" collection into "a" collection at
position no. "3"
a.InsertRange(3, extra);
//get values from list collection
foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

"System.Collections.Generic. List.Remove" method in

C#.NET
Sl. No Method

5 void Remove(object value)

This method removes the specified value in the end of existing collection.

value: This parameter represents the value that is to be removed.

"System.Collections.Generic. List.Remove" method -

Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ListWithRemoveExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ListWithRemoveExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

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 C#.NET 8.0

namespace ListWithRemoveExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create list collection
List<int> a = new List<int>() { 10, 40, 50 };

//get values from list collection

foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}
Console.WriteLine();

//remove "40" from the list collection

a.Remove(40);

//get values from list collection

foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

"System.Collections.Generic. List.RemoveAt" method

Sl. No Method

6 void RemoveAt(int index)

This method removes the existing value at the specified index in the existing collection.

index: This parameter represents the index, where the value is to be removed.

"System.Collections.Generic. List.RemoveAt" method

- Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ListWithRemoveAtExample”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ListWithRemoveAtExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace ListWithRemoveAtExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create list collection
List<int> a = new List<int>() { 10, 40, 50, 120, 200 };

//get values from list collection

foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}
Console.WriteLine();

//remove the element at position no. "2" in the collection

a.RemoveAt(2);

//get values from list collection

foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

"System.Collections.Generic. List.Clear" method

Sl. No Method

7 void Clear()

This method deletes all the elements in the existing collection.

"System.Collections.Generic. List.Clear" method -

Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ListWithClearExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ListWithClearExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace ListWithClearExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
//create list collection
List<int> a = new List<int> { 10, 20, 50 };

//clear all items in the list collection

a.Clear();

//add new items into the list collection

a.Add(80);
a.Add(120);
a.Add(130);

//get values from list collection

foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

"System.Collections.Generic. List.IndexOf" method

Sl. No Method

8 int IndexOf(object value)

This method searches the collection for the given value.

If the value is found, it returns its index.

If the value is not found, it returns -1.

value: This parameter represents the actual value that is to be searched.

The “IndexOf” method performs linear search. That means it searches all the elements of
the collection, until the search value is found. When the search value is found in the
collection, it stops searching and returns its index.

The linear search has good performance, if the array is small. But if the collection is
larger, "Binary search" is recommended to improve the performance.

"System.Collections.Generic. List.IndexOf" method -

Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ListWithIndexOfExample”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ListWithIndexOfExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace ListWithIndexOfExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create list collection
List<int> a = new List<int>() { 10, 40, 50, 120, 200 };

//search for "50" in the list collection & get its index
int n = a.IndexOf(50);
Console.WriteLine(n);

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

"System.Collections.Generic. List.IndexOf" method –

Not Found- Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ListWithIndexOfNotFoundExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ListWithIndexOfNotFoundExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace ListWithIndexOfNotFound
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create list collection
List<int> a = new List<int>() { 10, 40, 50, 120, 200 };

//search for "500" in the list collection & get its index
int n = a.IndexOf(500);
Console.WriteLine(n);

Console.ReadKey();
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

"System.Collections.Generic. List.BinarySearch"
method
Sl. No Method

9 int BinarySearch(object value)

This method searches the collection for the given value.

If the value is found, it returns its index.

If the value is not found, it returns -1.

value: This parameter represents the actual value that is to be searched.

The “BinarySearch” method performs binary search. The “Binary Search” requires a
collection, which is already sorted. On unsorted collection, binary search is not possible.

Binary search means it directly goes to the middle of the collection (collection size / 2),
and checks that item is less than / greater than the search value. If that item is greater
than the search value, it searches only in the first half of the collection. If that item is less
than the search value, it searches only in the second half of the collection. Thus it
searches only half of the collection. So in this way, it saves performance.

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"System.Collections.Generic. List.BinarySearch"
method - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ListWithBinarySearchExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ListWithBinarySearchExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace ListWithBinarySearchExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//list collection with sorted items (values should in a ascending order)
List<int> a = new List<int> { 10, 20, 50, 80, 100 };

//search for "50" in the collection

int n = a.BinarySearch(50);
Console.WriteLine(n);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

"System.Collections.Generic. List.Contains" method

Sl. No Method

10 void Contains(object value)

This method searches the collection for the given value.

If the value is found, it returns true.

If the value is not found, it returns false.

value: This parameter represents the actual value that is to be searched.

"System.Collections.Generic. List.Contains" method -

Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ListWithContainsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ListWithContainsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace ListWithContainsExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create list collection
List<int> a = new List<int> { 10, 20, 50, 80, 100 };

//check whether the list has "50" or not

bool b = a.Contains(50);
Console.WriteLine(b);

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

"System.Collections.Generic. List.Reverse" method

Sl. No Method

12 void Reverse()

This method reverses the collection.

"System.Collections.Generic. List.Reverse" method -

Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ListWithReverseExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ListWithReverseExample”.

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• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace ListWithReverseExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create list collection
List<int> a = new List<int> { 50, 20, 100, 30, 500, 150, 300 };

//reverse the collection

a.Reverse();

//get values from the list collection

foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

"System.Collections.Generic. List.Sort" method

Sl. No Method

11 void Sort()

This method sorts the collection in ascending order.

"System.Collections.Generic. List.Sort" method -

Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ListWithSortExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ListWithSortExample”.

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• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace ListWithSortExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create list collection
List<int> a = new List<int> { 50, 20, 100, 30, 500, 150, 300 };

//sort collection (in ascending order)

a.Sort();
//get values from list collection
foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

System.Collections.Generic. List - Sort Descending -

Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ListWithSortDescendingExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ListWithSortDescendingExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace ListWithSortDescendingExample
{

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class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create list collection
List<int> a = new List<int> { 50, 20, 100, 30, 500, 150, 300 };

//sort collection (in descending order)

a.Sort();
a.Reverse();

//get values from list collection

foreach (int item in a)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Collection Filter
• To get elements based on the condition, write a foreach loop to iterate through each
element, check the condition and add the matching element into another collection.

Collection Filter - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “CollectionFilterExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “CollectionFilterExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace CollectionFilterExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create list collection
List<int> a = new List<int> { 50, 27, 105, 34, 55, 80, 100, 133 };

//create an empty new collection

List<int> b = new List<int>();

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//read all the elements from "a" collection, check the condition, and
add the matching elements into a new collection called "b"
foreach (int item in a)
{
if (item % 2 == 0)
{
b.Add(item);
}
}
//get values from the new collection
foreach (int item in b)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

LINQ

Understanding LINQ
• LINQ stands for "Language Integrated Query".

• It is a concept to retrieve conditional data from an array or collection & store the matching
elements in another collection.

• Syntax: from variable in collection where condition select variable;

➢ The “from clause” represents the variable. Each value from the collection will be
loaded into the variable; and then the where condition will be checked. If the
condition is true, then the value will be added to the result collection.

➢ The “in” clause represents the array / collection from which the data has to be
fetched.

➢ The “where” clause represents the condition to filter the data.

➢ The “select” clause represents the value that has to be added to the result
collection / array.

LINQ - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “LinqExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “LinqExample”.

• Click on OK.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace LinqExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create list collection
List<int> a = new List<int> { 50, 27, 105, 34, 55, 80, 100, 133 };

//create an empty new collection

List<int> b = new List<int>();

//read all the elements from "a" collection, check the condition, and
add the matching elements into a new collection called "b" using LINQ
(Language Integrated Query)
b = (from item in a where (item % 2 == 0) select item).ToList();

//get values from the new collection

foreach (int item in b)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Collection of Objects
• An object stores a set of Fields.

• A "collection of objects" is a set of objects. Ex: Employees, Students etc.

Collection of Objects - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “CollectionOfObjectsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “CollectionOfObjectsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace CollectionOfObjectsExample
{
class Student
{
public int StudentID { get; set; }
public string StudentName { get; set; }
public int Marks { get; set; }
}
class Program
{

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static void Main()

{
//create 4 reference variables for Student class
Student s1, s2, s3, s4;
//create 4 objects for Student class
s1 = new Student() { StudentID = 1, StudentName = "scott", Marks = 40 };
s2 = new Student() { StudentID = 2, StudentName = "allen", Marks = 70 };
s3 = new Student() { StudentID = 3, StudentName = "jones", Marks = 25 };
s4 = new Student() { StudentID = 4, StudentName = "john", Marks = 50 };
//create a collection of "Student" type
List<Student> Students = new List<Student>();
//add objects to collection
Students.Add(s1);
Students.Add(s2);
Students.Add(s3);
Students.Add(s4);

//get objects from the collection

for (int i = 0; i < Students.Count; i++)
{
Console.Write(Students[i].StudentID);
Console.Write(", ");
Console.Write(Students[i].StudentName);
Console.Write(", ");
Console.WriteLine(Students[i].Marks);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

Collection of Objects – Filter - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “CollectionOfObjectsFilterExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “CollectionOfObjectsFilterExample”. Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace CollectionOfObjectsFilterExample
{
class Student
{
public int StudentID { get; set; }
public string StudentName { get; set; }
public int Marks { get; set; }

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class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create 4 reference variables for Student class
Student s1, s2, s3, s4;

//create 4 objects for Student class

s1 = new Student() { StudentID = 1, StudentName = "scott", Marks = 40 };
s2 = new Student() { StudentID = 2, StudentName = "allen", Marks = 25 };
s3 = new Student() { StudentID = 3, StudentName = "jones", Marks = 70 };
s4 = new Student() { StudentID = 4, StudentName = "john", Marks = 32 };

//create collection of Student type and initialize objects into the

collection with collection initializer
List<Student> Students = new List<Student>() { s1, s2, s3, s4 };
//create a new empty collection
List<Student> PassedStudents = new List<Student>();
//read all the objects from "Students" collection, check the condition,
and add matching objects into "PassedStudents" collection
for (int i = 0; i < Students.Count; i++)
{
Student s;
s = Students[i];

if (s.Marks >= 35)

PassedStudents.Add(s);
}
//get objects from the "PassedStudents" collection
for (int i = 0; i < PassedStudents.Count; i++)
{
Student s;
s = PassedStudents[i];
Console.Write(s.StudentID);
Console.Write(", ");

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 C#.NET 8.0

Console.Write(s.StudentName);
Console.Write(", ");
Console.WriteLine(s.Marks);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Collection of Objects – LINQ - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “CollectionOfObjectsLinqExample”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “CollectionOfObjectsLinqExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace CollectionOfObjectsLinqExample
{
class Student
{
public int StudentID { get; set; }
public string StudentName { get; set; }
public int Marks { get; set; }
}
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a collection of "Student" type and initialize 4 objects
List<Student> Students = new List<Student>()
{
new Student() { StudentID = 1, StudentName = "scott", Marks = 40 },
new Student() { StudentID = 2, StudentName = "allen", Marks = 25 },
new Student() { StudentID = 3, StudentName = "jones", Marks = 70 },
new Student() { StudentID = 4, StudentName = "john", Marks = 32 }
};

//create a new empty collection

List<Student> PassedStudents = new List<Student>();

//read all the objects from "Students" collection, check the condition,
and add matching objects into a new collection using LINQ

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 C#.NET 8.0

//PassedStudents = (from s in Students where s.Marks >= 35 select

s).ToList();
PassedStudents = Students.Where(s => s.Marks >= 35).ToList();

//get objects from "PasssedStudents" collection

for (int i = 0; i < PassedStudents.Count; i++)
{
Student s;
s = PassedStudents[i];
Console.Write(s.StudentID);
Console.Write(", ");
Console.Write(s.StudentName);
Console.Write(", ");
Console.WriteLine(s.Marks);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

The "Dictionary" class

System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary
• "Dictionary" is a pre-defined class in "System.Collections.Generic" namespace.

• Dictionary is used to store a set of pairs of key and values.

• Example:

Key Value

Maths 60

Physics 70

Chemistry 80

• It is also generic class that receives two data types; one is for key; other one is for value.

• We can get the value based on the key, rather than based on index.

The "Dictionary" class - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “DictionaryExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DictionaryExample”.

• Click on OK.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace DictionaryExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variable for dictionary collection
Dictionary<string, int> Marks;

//create object for dictionary collection

Marks = new Dictionary<string, int>();

//add items (keys and values)

Marks.Add("Maths", 86);
Marks.Add("Physics", 67);
Marks.Add("Chemistry", 78);

//get value based on key

int m = Marks["Physics"];
Console.WriteLine(m);

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

The "SortedList" class

System.Collections.Generic.SortedList
• "SortedList" is a pre-defined class in "System.Collections.Generic" namespace.

• SortedList is also used to store a set of pairs of key and values.

• It is also generic class that receives two data types; one is for key, other one is for value.

• It automatically sorts the data while adding elements itself. So that it will be faster while
retrieving the values.

• We can get the value based on the key, rather than based on index.

The "SortedList" class - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “SortedListExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “SortedListExample”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace SortedListExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variable for SortedList collection
SortedList<string, int> Marks;

//create object for SortedList collection

Marks = new SortedList<string, int>();

//add items (keys and values)

Marks.Add("Maths", 86);
Marks.Add("Physics", 67);
Marks.Add("Chemistry", 78);

//get value based on the key

int m = Marks["Physics"];
Console.WriteLine(m);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

The "Hashtable" class in .NET

System.Collections.Hashtable
• "Hashtable" is a pre-defined class in "System.Collections" namespace.

• Hashtable is similar to Dictionary, but no need to specify the data types for key and value;
so that the key and value can be of any data type.

• It is not a generic class.

• We can get the value based on the key, rather than based on index.

The "Hashtable" class - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “HashtableExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “HashtableExample”.

• Click on OK.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace HashtableExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variable for Hashtable collection
Hashtable Marks;

//create object for Hashtable collection

Marks = new Hashtable();

//add items (keys and values)

Marks.Add("Maths", 86);
Marks.Add("Physics", 67);
Marks.Add("Chemistry", 78);
Marks.Add("StudentName", "scott");
Marks.Add("IsRegistered", true);

//get value based on the key

int m = Convert.ToInt32(Marks["Physics"]);
Console.WriteLine(m);

//get value based on the key (another example)

bool b = Convert.ToBoolean(Marks["IsRegistered"]);
Console.WriteLine(b);

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

The "ArrayList" class in .NET

System.Collections.ArrayList
• "ArrayList" is a pre-defined class in "System.Collections" namespace.

• It is similar to List, but no need to specify the data type for value; so that the value can be
of any data type.

• It is also not a generic class.

The "ArrayList" class - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the project name as “ArrayListExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ArrayListExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace ArrayListExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variable for ArrayList collection
ArrayList MyData;
//create object for ArrayList collection
MyData = new ArrayList();
//add items
MyData.Add(100);
MyData.Add(100.2398);
MyData.Add("hyderabad");
MyData.Add(true);
MyData.Add(DateTime.Now);

//get items from the ArrayList collection

for (int i = 0; i < MyData.Count; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(MyData[i]);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

The "typeof" operator in .NET

"typeof" operator:
• The "typeof" operator is used to check the data type of a value.

• Syntax: typeof (data type name)

The "typeof" operator - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “TypeofExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “TypeofExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace TypeofExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variable for ArrayList collection
ArrayList MyData;

//create object for ArrayList collection

MyData = new ArrayList();

//add items
MyData.Add(100);
MyData.Add(150);
MyData.Add(100.2398);
MyData.Add("hyderabad");
MyData.Add(true);
MyData.Add(DateTime.Now);

//get items from the ArrayList collection

for (int i = 0; i < MyData.Count; i++)

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
if (MyData[i].GetType() == typeof(int))
{
int n = Convert.ToInt32(MyData[i]);
Console.WriteLine(n);
}
else if (MyData[i].GetType() == typeof(double))
{
double n = Convert.ToDouble(MyData[i]);
Console.WriteLine(n);
}
else if (MyData[i].GetType() == typeof(string))
{
string n = Convert.ToString(MyData[i]);
Console.WriteLine(n);
}
else if (MyData[i].GetType() == typeof(bool))
{
bool n = Convert.ToBoolean(MyData[i]);
Console.WriteLine(n);
}
else if (MyData[i].GetType() == typeof(DateTime))
{
DateTime n = Convert.ToDateTime(MyData[i]);
Console.WriteLine(n);
}
}

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 438 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

The "System.String" class (or) String Handling

The “System.String” class

• In .NET, every string literal (a group of characters with double quotes) is automatically
treated as an object for "System.String" class.

• The “System.String” class provides a set of properties and methods to manipulate strings.

Properties of “System.String” class:

1) int Length

▪ It returns the no. of characters in the string.

Methods of “System.String” class:

1) string ToUpper()

▪ It returns the string in upper case.

2) string ToLower()

▪ It returns the string in lower case.

3) char [int index]

▪ It returns the character at specified index.

4) string Substring(int startIndex)

▪ It returns the part of the string, starting from specified index, up to end of
the string.

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5) string Substring(int startIndex, int length)

▪ It returns the part of the string, starting from specified index, the specified
no. of characters.

6) string Remove(int index)

▪ It removes the part of the string, starting from specified index, up to end of
the string, and returns the remaining string.

7) string Remove(int index, int length)

▪ It removes the part of the string, starting from specified index, up to

specified length, and returns the remaining string.

8) string Insert(int index, string value)

▪ It inserts the given string value in the main string at the specified index and
returns the result string.

9) bool Equals(string value)

▪ It compares the main string and string value, whether those are equal or
not. It returns true if the both are equal. It returns false if both are not
equal.

10) bool Equals(string value, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)

▪ Same as “Equals” method, but it ignores the case (upper case / lower case).

11) bool StartsWith(string value)

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▪ It returns true if the given value exists at the beginning of string. It returns
false if the give value exists at the beginning of string.

12) bool EndsWith(string value)

▪ It returns true if the given value exists at the ending of string. It returns
false if the give value not exists at the ending of string.

13) bool Contains(string value)

▪ It returns true if the given value exists in the string. It returns false if the
given value exists in the string.

14) int IndexOf(string value)

▪ It searches and returns the index of first character of given value in the
string. It returns -1 if is not found.

15) int IndexOf(string value, int startIndex)

▪ It is same as previous method, but searching starts from specified

startIndex.

16) int LastIndexOf(string value, int startIndex)

▪ It is same as IndexOf() method, but searching starts from end of the string.
(searching will be done from right-to-left).

17) string Replace(string oldValue, string newValue)

▪ It replaces each occurrence of oldValue with newValue and returns it.

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18) char[ ] ToCharArray()

▪ It converts and returns the string as a character array.

19) string[ ] Split(char separator)

▪ It splits the string into small strings on each occurrence of given separator
and returns all small strings as a string array.

20) string Trim()

▪ It returns the un-necessary spaces at the beginning and ending of the

string; and it returns the final string.

21) static string Format(string format, object arg0, object arg1, …)

▪ It substitutes place holders with the arguments, and returns the final
string. It is a static method.

Note: No string method modifies the existing string object. It creates a new string object, stores
the result string in it and returns the same string object.

“System.String.Length” - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

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• Type the project name as “LengthExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “LengthExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace LengthExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a string
string s = "Hyderabad";

//get length (no. of characters in the string)

int len = s.Length;

//display length (no. of characters in the string)

Console.WriteLine(len); //Output: 9

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

“System.String.ToUpper” - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ToUpperExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ToUpperExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace ToUpperExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a string
string s = "Hyderabad";

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 C#.NET 8.0

//convert the string into upper case

string s2 = s.ToUpper();

//display
Console.WriteLine(s); //Output: Hyderabad
Console.WriteLine(s2); //Output: HYDERABAD

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

“System.String.ToLower” - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ToLowerExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ToLowerExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace ToLowerExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a string
string s = "HYDERABAD";

//convert into lower case

string s2 = s.ToLower();

//display
Console.WriteLine(s); //Output: HYDERABAD
Console.WriteLine(s2); //Output: hyderabad

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

“System.String.GetChar” - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “GetCharExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “GetCharExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace GetCharExample
{
class Program
{

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 C#.NET 8.0

static void Main()

{
//create a string
string s = "Hyderabad";

//get the character at index no. "4".

char ch = s[4];

//display
Console.WriteLine(ch); //Output: r

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 448 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

“System.String.Substring” – Example 1

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “SubstringExample1”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “SubstringExample1”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
namespace SubstringExample1
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a string
string s = "Hyderabad";
//get sub string (from 4th character - till end of the string)
string s2 = s.Substring(4);
//display
Console.WriteLine(s2); //Output: rabad
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

“System.String.Substring” – Example 2

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “SubstringExample2”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “SubstringExample2”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace SubstringExample2
{
class Program

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
static void Main()
{
//create a string
string s = "hyderabad";
//get sub string (from 4th character - only 2 characters length)
string s2 = s.Substring(4, 2);
//display
Console.WriteLine(s2); //Output: ra
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

“System.String.Remove” – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “RemoveExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “RemoveExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
namespace RemoveExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create string & integer
string s = "Hyderabad";
int ind = 4;
//remove part of the string, starting from index "4" - till the end of
string & return the remaining part of the string.
string s2 = s.Remove(ind);
//display
Console.WriteLine(s2); //Output: Hyde
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

“System.String.Remove” – Example 2

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “RemoveExample2”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “RemoveExample2”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace RemoveExample2
{
class Program
{
static void Main()

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
//create string & integers
string s = "Hyderabad";
int ind = 4;
int len = 3;

//remove part of the string, starting from index "4" - upto "3"
characters length & get the remaining part of the string
string s2 = s.Remove(ind, len);

//display
Console.WriteLine(s2); //Output: Hydead

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

“System.String.Insert” – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “InsertExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “InsertExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace InsertExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create strings & integer
string s = "Hyderabad";
string s2 = "abc";
int ind = 4;

//insert "abc" in "Hyderabad" at index no. 4

string s3 = s.Insert(ind, s2);

//display
Console.WriteLine(s3); //Output: Hydeabcrabad

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 C#.NET 8.0

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

“System.String.Equals” – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “EqualsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “EqualsExample”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs
using System;

namespace EqualsExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create strings
string s1 = "Hyderabad";
string s2 = "Hyderabad";

//check whether s2 is equal to s1 or not

bool b = s1.Equals(s2);

//display
Console.WriteLine(b); //Output: True

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

“System.StringComparison. OrdinalIgnoreCase” –
Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “IgnoreCaseExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “IgnoreCaseExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace IgnoreCaseExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create strings
string s1 = "Hyderabad";
string s2 = "hyderabad";

//check whether s2 is equal to s1 or not, ignoring case

bool b = s1.Equals(s2, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);

//display
Console.WriteLine(b); //Output: True

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 C#.NET 8.0

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

“System.String.StartsWith” – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “StartsWithExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “StartsWithExample”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs
using System;

namespace StartsWithExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create strings
string s = "hyderabad";
string s2 = "hyd";
//check whether "hyderabad" starting with "hyd" or not
bool b = s.StartsWith(s2);
Console.WriteLine(b); //Output: True
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

“System.String.EndsWith” – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “EndsWithExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “EndsWithExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace EndsWithExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create strings
string s = "hyderabad";
string s2 = "bad";
//check whether "hyderabad" ending with "bad" or not
bool b = s.EndsWith(s2);
Console.WriteLine(b); //Output: True
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

“System.String.Contains” – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ContainsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ContainsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
namespace ContainsExample
{
class Program

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
static void Main()
{
//create strings
string s = "Hyderabad";
string s2 = "dera";
//check whether "Hyderabad" contains "dera" or not
bool b = s.Contains(s2);
//display
Console.WriteLine(b); //Output: True
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

“System.String.IndexOf” – Example 1

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “IndexOfExample1”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “IndexOfExample1”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace IndexOfExample1
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create strings
string s = "Hyderabad";
string s2 = "dera";
//get the index of "dera" in "Hyderabad"
int ind = s.IndexOf(s2);
//display
Console.WriteLine(ind); //2
Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

“System.String.IndexOf” – Example 2

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “IndexOfExample2”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “IndexOfExample2”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

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 C#.NET 8.0

namespace IndexOfExample2
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create strings
string s = "hyderabad";
string s2 = "a";

//get the index of "a" in "hyderabad" - first occurrence

int ind1 = s.IndexOf(s2);
Console.WriteLine(ind1); //5

//get the index of "a" in "hyderabad" - second occurrence

int ind2 = s.IndexOf(s2, ind1+1);
Console.WriteLine(ind2); //7

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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“System.String.IndexOf” – Example 3

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “IndexOfExample3”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “IndexOfExample3”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace IndexOfExample3
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create strings
string s = "Hyderabad";
string s2 = "xyz";

//get the index of "xyz" in "Hyderabad". As it is not found, it returns -1

int ind = s.IndexOf(s2);

//display
Console.WriteLine(ind); //Output: -1

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Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

“System.String.LastIndexOf” – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “LastIndexOfExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “LastIndexOfExample”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs
using System;

namespace LastIndexOfExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create strings
string s = "Hyderabad";
string s2 = "a";

//get the last index of "a" in "Hyderabad" - Last occurrence

int ind = s.LastIndexOf(s2);

//display
Console.WriteLine(ind); //7

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 469 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

“System.String.Replace” – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ReplaceExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ReplaceExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace ReplaceExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create strings
string s = "Apple Smart Phones";
string s2 = "Apple";
string s3 = "Samsung";

//replace "Apple" with "Samsung"

string s4 = s.Replace(s2, s3);

Console.WriteLine(s4); //Output: Samsung Smart Phones

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 C#.NET 8.0

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

“System.String.ToCharArray” – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ToCharArrayExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ToCharArrayExample”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs
using System;

namespace ToCharArrayExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create string
string s = "hyderabad";

//convert "string" into "character array"

char[ ] ch = s.ToCharArray();

//read each character from the "character array" using for loop
for (int i = 0; i < ch.Length; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(ch[i]);
}

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 473 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

Converting CharArray to String - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “CharArrayToStringExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “CharArrayToStringExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace CharArrayToStringExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create character array
char[ ] ch = new char[9] { 'H', 'y', 'd', 'e', 'r', 'a', 'b', 'a', 'd' };
//convert character array to string
string s = new String(ch);
//display string
Console.WriteLine(s); //Output: Hyderabad
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

“System.String.Split” – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “SplitExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “SplitExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace SplitExample

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create string and character
string s = "Hyderabad is one of the cities in India";
char ch = ' ';

//convert the "string" into "string array" at each occurrence of " "
(space)
string[ ] s2 = s.Split(ch);

//read and display each element from the string array

for (int i = 0; i < s2.Length; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(s2[i]);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 476 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

“System.String.Trim” – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “TrimExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “TrimExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace TrimExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create string
string s = " Hyderabad ";

//get no. of characters

int len1 = s.Length;
Console.WriteLine(s); //Output: " Hyderabad "
Console.WriteLine(len1); //Output: 16
Console.WriteLine();

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 C#.NET 8.0

//trim the string (remove extra spaces at "most left side" and "most
right side")
string s2 = s.Trim();
int len2 = s2.Length;
Console.WriteLine(s2); //Output: "Hyderabad"
Console.WriteLine(len2); //Output: 9

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 478 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

“System.String.Format” – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormatExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormatExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace FormatExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create strings
string s1 = "scott";
string s2 = "allen";
string original = "{0} and {1} are now friends";
//Substitute "scott" in {0} place and "allen" in {1} place.
string final = string.Format(original, s1, s2);
Console.WriteLine(final); //Output: scott and allen are now friends.
Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

“System.String.Reverse” – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ReverseExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ReverseExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace ReverseExample

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create strings
string s = "hyderabad";
string s2 = "";

//read each character using for loop and append it to a new string
for (int i = s.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
s2 = s2 + s[i];
}

Console.WriteLine(s2); //dabaredyh
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 481 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

String – WordsCount - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “WordsCountExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “WordsCountExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace WordsCountExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a string
string s = "She sells sea shells on the sea shore";

//create counter variable

int c = 0;

//read each character and check it whether the character is " " (space)
or not. If it is space, increment the counter variable
for (int i = 0; i < s.Length; i++)
{
if (s[i] == ' ')

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 C#.NET 8.0

c++;
}

//increment the counter variable

if (s.Length >=1)
c++;

Console.WriteLine(c); //Output: 8

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

String – Character Occurrence Count - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “CharacterOccurrenceCountExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “CharacterOccurrenceCountExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace CharacterOccurrenceCountExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a string
string s = "She sells sea shells on the sea shore";

//create a character
char ch = 's';

//create a counter variable

int c = 0;

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 C#.NET 8.0

//read each character and check whether the character matches or

not. If matches, increment the counter variable
for (int i = 0; i < s.Length; i++)
{
if (s[i] == ch)
c++;
}

Console.WriteLine(c); //Output: 7
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

String – Alphabetic Count - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “AlphabetsCountExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “AlphabetsCountExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace AlphabetsCountExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a string
string s = "She sells sea shells on the sea shore";

//create a counter variable

int c = 0;

//read each character and check whether it is alphabet or not, using

ASCII code
for (int i = 0; i < s.Length; i++)
{
if ( (s[i] >=65 && s[i] <=90) || (s[i] >=97 && s[i] <=122) )

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c++;
}

Console.WriteLine(c); //Output: 30
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 487 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

String – Word Occurrence Count - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “WordOccurrenceCountExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “WordOccurrenceCountExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace WordOccurrenceCountExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create strings
string s = "She sells sea shells on the sea shore";
string s2 = "sea";

//create a counter variable

int c = 0;

//read each character

for (int i = 0; i < s.Length; i++)
{

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 C#.NET 8.0

//check whether the chracter matches with the first character of

"s2".
if (s[i] == s2[0] && (i + s2.Length) <= s.Length)
{
bool flag = true;

//check for remaining characters of "s2".

for (int j = i, k = 0; k < s2.Length; j++, k++)
{
if (s[j] != s2[k])
flag = false;
}

//if all the chracters are matched, increment the counter variable
if (flag == true)
c++;
}
}

Console.WriteLine(c); //Output: 2

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 489 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

String – Title Case - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “TitleCaseExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “TitleCaseExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace TitleCaseExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create strings
string s = "she sells sea shells on the sea shore";
string s2 = "";
char ch = ' ';

//split the string into "string array" at each occurrence of space.

string[ ] words = s.Split(ch);

//converting into "Title Case" (Every word starts with capital letter).
for (int i = 0; i < words.Length; i++)
{

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 C#.NET 8.0

s2 += words[i][0].ToString().ToUpper() +
words[i].Substring(1).ToLower() + " ";
}

//remove unnecessary spaces

s2 = s2.Trim();

Console.WriteLine(s2); //Output: She Sells Sea Shells On The Sea

Shore

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

String – Currency into words - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “CurrencyIntoWordsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “CurrencyIntoWordsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Text;

namespace CurrencyIntoWordsExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//actual number that is to be converted into currency
int number = 1234;

//create string
string result;

//check whether the number is zero

if (number == 0)
{
result = "Zero";

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goto end;
}

//create integer array

int[ ] num = new int[4];

int first = 0;
int u, h, t;

//create stringbuilder
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

//check whether the number is negetive

if (number < 0)
{
sb.Append("Minus ");
number = -number;
}

//create string arrays

string[ ] words0 = {"" ,"One ", "Two ", "Three ", "Four ", "Five " ,"Six ",
"Seven ", "Eight ", "Nine "};
string[ ] words1 = {"Ten ", "Eleven ", "Twelve ", "Thirteen ", "Fourteen ",
"Fifteen ","Sixteen ","Seventeen ","Eighteen ", "Nineteen "};
string[ ] words2 = {"Twenty ", "Thirty ", "Forty ", "Fifty ", "Sixty ",
"Seventy ","Eighty ", "Ninety "};
string[ ] words3 = { "Thousand ", "Lakh ", "Crore " };

num[0] = number % 1000; // units

num[1] = number / 1000;
num[2] = number / 100000;
num[1] = num[1] - 100 * num[2]; // thousands
num[3] = number / 10000000; // crores
num[2] = num[2] - 100 * num[3]; // lakhs

for (int i = 3; i > 0; i--)

{

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 C#.NET 8.0

if (num[i] != 0)
{
first = i;
break;
}
}

for (int i = first; i >= 0; i--)

{
if (num[i] == 0) continue;
u = num[i] % 10; // ones
t = num[i] / 10;
h = num[i] / 100; // hundreds
t = t - 10 * h; // tens
if (h > 0) sb.Append(words0[h] + "Hundred ");
if (u > 0 || t > 0)
{
if ((h > 0 || i == 0) && (number.ToString().Length > 3))
sb.Append("and ");
if (t == 0)
sb.Append(words0[u]);
else if (t == 1)
sb.Append(words1[u]);
else
sb.Append(words2[t - 2] + words0[u]);
}
if (i != 0) sb.Append(words3[i - 1]);
}
result = sb.ToString().TrimEnd();
end:

Console.WriteLine(number);
Console.WriteLine(result);

Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 495 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

String – Multiple Concatenations - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “MultipleConcatenationsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MultipleConcatenationsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace MultipleConcatenationsExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create strings
string s1, s2, s3, s4, result;
s1 = "Hello "; //string object 1
s2 = "how "; //string object 2
s3 = "are "; //string object 3
s4 = "you"; //string object 4

//concatenations
result = s1;
result = result + s2; //string object 5
result = result + s3; //string object 6

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 C#.NET 8.0

result = result + s4; //string object 7

Console.WriteLine(result); //Output: Hello how are you

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

//Total no. of objects created in the program = 7

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

The "System.Text.StringBuilder" class

System.Text.StringBuilder
• “StringBuilder” is a pre-defined class in “System.Text” namespace.

• This class’s object represents an appendable string.

• The string builder can be appendable any no. of times, without creating a separate object.

• String concatenation always creates a new object for “System.String” class; but string
builder allows the value to be appended any no. of times. So string builder saves memory
when compared with string concatenation, in case of many appendings.

Steps for development of StringBuilder:

• Import the namespace:

❖ using System.Text;

• Create a reference variable:

❖ StringBuilder sb;

• Create an object for StringBuilder class:

❖ sb = new StringBuilder();

• Append string:

❖ sb.Append(string value);

• Convert the stringbuilder to string:

❖ sb.ToString();

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The "System.Text.StringBuilder" class - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “StringBuilderExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “StringBuilderExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Text;

namespace StringBuilderExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create strings
string s1, s2, s3, s4;
s1 = "Hello "; //string object 1
s2 = "how "; //string object 2
s3 = "are "; //string object 3
s4 = "you"; //string object 4

//create reference variable

StringBuilder result;

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//create object for StringBuilder class

result = new StringBuilder();

//append strings to the stringbuilder

result.Append(s1);
result.Append(s2);
result.Append(s3);
result.Append(s4);

Console.WriteLine(result.ToString()); //Output: Hello how are you

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

//Total no. of objects created in the program = 4

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 500 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

The "System.DateTime" structure (or) Date & Time

Handling

The “System.DateTime” structure

• .NET provides a pre-defined structure called “DateTime”, to store and manipulate date &
time.

• “DateTime” is a structure; “System” is a namespace.

• The “DateTime” structure provides several properties and methods to perform

manipulations on date and time.

Properties of “System.DateTime” structure:

1) DateTime Now

▪ It returns the current system date and time.

2) int Day

▪ It returns the current day. (1 to 31).

3) int Month

▪ It returns the current month. (1 to 12).

4) int Year

▪ It returns the current year. (1 to 12).

5) int Hour

▪ It returns the current hour.

6) int Minute

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 C#.NET 8.0

▪ It returns the current minute.

7) int Second

▪ It returns the current second.

8) int MilliSecond

▪ It returns the current milli second.

9) string DayOfWeek.ToString()

▪ It returns the day name of the week.

10) int DayOfYear

▪ It returns the current day’s index in the current year.

Methods of “System.DateTime” structure:

11) string ToShortDateString()

▪ It returns the date in the following format: M/d/yyyy

12) string ToLongDateString()

▪ It returns the date in the following format: dddd, MMMM dd, yyyy

13) string ToShortTimeString()

▪ It returns the time in the following format: h:m tt

14) string ToLongTimeString()

▪ It returns the time in the following format: h:mm:ss tt

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 C#.NET 8.0

15) string ToString(“format”)

▪ It returns the date / time in the desired format.

16) TimeSpan Subtract(DateTime dt2)

▪ It subtracts the main date with given dt2, and returns the difference dates in the
form of TimeSpan.

17) DateTime AddDays(int n)

▪ It adds the ‘n’ no. of days to the main date and returns the result date.

The "System.DateTime" – First Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “DateTimeFirstExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DateTimeFirstExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace DateTimeFirstExample

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a variable of DateTime data type
DateTime d;
//set value
d = Convert.ToDateTime("2/10/2016 5:30 PM");
//get value
Console.WriteLine(d);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 504 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

The "System.DateTime.Now" –Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “NowExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “NowExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace NowExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a variable of DateTime data type
DateTime d;
//set system date and time into the variable
d = DateTime.Now;
//get value
Console.WriteLine(d);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

The "System.DateTime" – Inner Values – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “InnerValuesExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “InnerValuesExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace InnerValuesExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
//create a variable of DateTime data type
DateTime d;

//set system date and time into the variable

d = DateTime.Now;

//get individual values

int dy = d.Day;
int m = d.Month;
int y = d.Year;
int h = d.Hour;
int mi = d.Minute;
int s = d.Second;
int ms = d.Millisecond;

//display values
Console.WriteLine("Day: " + dy);
Console.WriteLine("Month: " + m);
Console.WriteLine("Year: " + y);
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("Hour: " + h);
Console.WriteLine("Minute:" + mi);
Console.WriteLine("Second: " + s);
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("Milli Second: " + ms);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

The "System.DateTime.DayOfWeek" – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “DayOfWeekExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DayOfWeekExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace DayOfWeekExample

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create variable of DateTime data type
DateTime d;

//set system date and time into the variable

d = DateTime.Now;

//get name of the day of week

string str = d.DayOfWeek.ToString();
Console.WriteLine(str);

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 509 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

The "System.DateTime.DayOfYear" – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “DayOfYearExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DayOfYearExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace DayOfYearExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create variable of DateTime data type
DateTime d;

//set system date and time into the variable

d = DateTime.Now;

//get no. of the day in the current year (1 to 365)

int n = d.DayOfYear;
Console.WriteLine(n);

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 C#.NET 8.0

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

The "System.DateTime. ToShortDateString" –

Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ShortDateExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ShortDateExample”.

• Click on OK.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Program.cs
using System;

namespace ShortDateExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create variable of DateTime data type
DateTime d;

//set system date and time into the variable

d = DateTime.Now;

//get short date

string str = d.ToShortDateString();
Console.WriteLine(str);

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 512 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

The "System.DateTime. ToLongDateString" – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “LongDateExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “LongDateExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace LongDateExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a variable of DateTime data type
DateTime d;

//set system date and time into the variable

d = DateTime.Now;

//get long date

string str = d.ToLongDateString();
Console.WriteLine(str);

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 C#.NET 8.0

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

The "System.DateTime. ToShortTimeString" –

Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ShortTimeExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ShortTimeExample”.

• Click on OK.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Program.cs
using System;

namespace ShortTimeExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a variable of DateTime data type
DateTime d;

//set system date and time into the variable

d = DateTime.Now;

//get short time

string str = d.ToShortTimeString();
Console.WriteLine(str);

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 515 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

The "System.DateTime. ToLongTimeString" – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “LongTimeExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “LongTimeExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace LongTimeExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a variable of DateTime data type
DateTime d;

//set system date and time into the variable

d = DateTime.Now;

//get long time

string str = d.ToLongTimeString();
Console.WriteLine(str);

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 C#.NET 8.0

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

The "System.DateTime" – Custom Formats – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “CustomFormatsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “CustomFormatsExample”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace CustomFormatsExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a variable of DateTime data type
DateTime d;

//set system date and time into the variable

d = DateTime.Now;

//get custom formats

string str1 = d.ToString("d/M/yyyy");
string str2 = d.ToString("yyyy/M/d");
string str3 = d.ToString("h:m:s");

//display values
Console.WriteLine("d/M/yyyy: " + str1);
Console.WriteLine("yyyy/M/d: " + str2);
Console.WriteLine("h:m:s: " + str3);

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

The "System.DateTime.Subtract" – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “SubstractExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “SubtractExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace SubtractExample
{
class Program
{

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 C#.NET 8.0

static void Main()

{
//create variables of DateTime data type
DateTime dt1, dt2;
dt1 = DateTime.Now;
dt2 = Convert.ToDateTime("7/8/2011"); ;

//subtract dt2 from dt1 (get the no. of days between 7/8 /2011 till
date)
TimeSpan ts;
ts = dt1.Subtract(dt2);

//display the no. of days difference between dt1 and dt2 (dt1 - dt2)
string msg = ts.TotalDays + " days";
Console.WriteLine(msg);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 520 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

The "System.DateTime.AddDays" – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”. Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “AddDaysExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “AddDaysExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
namespace AddDaysExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a variable of DateTime data type
DateTime d;
//set system date and time into the variable
d = DateTime.Now;
//add 10 days
DateTime temp = d.AddDays(10);
Console.WriteLine(temp);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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The "System.Math" class

The “System.Math” class

• .NET provides a pre-defined class called “Math”, to store perform mathematical
manipulations.

• “Math” is a class; “System” is a namespace.

• “Math” is a static class; so all of its members are “static members”.

Methods of “System.Math” class:

1) double Abs(double value)

▪ It returns the absolute value (positive value) of given number.

2) double Floor(double value)

▪ It returns the number without decimal part.

3) double Ceiling(double value)

▪ It returns the next number without decimal part.

4) double Round(double value)

▪ It returns the current number without decimal part, if the first digit of the
decimal part is less than 5.

▪ It returns the next number without decimal part, if the first digit of the decimal
part is greater than or equal to 5.

5) double Max(double n1, double n2)

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▪ It returns the big number.

6) double Min(double n1, double n2)

▪ It returns the small number.

7) double Pow(double n1, double n2)

▪ It returns n1 power n2.

8) double Sqrt(double n)

▪ It returns the square root of ‘n’.

The "System.Math.Abs" –Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “AbsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “AbsExample”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs
using System;
namespace AbsExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
double n = -100;
double result;
//convert the negetive value into positive value
result = Math.Abs(n);
Console.WriteLine(n);
Console.WriteLine(result);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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The "System.Math.Floor" –Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “FloorExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FloorExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace FloorExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
double n = 100.3492;
double result;
//get the floor value (without decimal part)
result = Math.Floor(n);
Console.WriteLine(n);
Console.WriteLine(result);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

The "System.Math.Ceiling" – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “CeilingExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “CeilingExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
namespace CeilingExample
{
class Program
{

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static void Main()

{
double n = 100.3492;
double result;
//get the next integer value
result = Math.Ceiling(n);
Console.WriteLine(n);
Console.WriteLine(result);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

The "System.Math.Round" – Example 1

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “RoundExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “RoundExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace RoundExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
double n = 100.3492;
double result;

//get the next number if the first digit in decimal part is greater than
or equal to "5"; get the previous number if the first digit in decimal part is
less than "5".
result = Math.Round(n);

Console.WriteLine(n);
Console.WriteLine(result);

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

The "System.Math.Round" – Example 2

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “RoundExample2”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “RoundExample2”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace RoundExample2
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
double n = 100.6492;

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double result1, result2;

result1 = Math.Round(n);
result2 = Math.Round(n, 2);
Console.WriteLine(result1);
Console.WriteLine(result2);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

The "System.Math.Max" –Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “MaxExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MaxExample”.

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• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace MaxExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
double n1 = 100, n2 = 200;
double result;
//get the big value among n1 and n2
result = Math.Max(n1, n2);
Console.WriteLine(result);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

The "System.Math.Min" – Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “MinExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MinExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace MinExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
double n1 = 100, n2 = 200;
double result;
//get the smaller value among n1 and n2
result = Math.Min(n1, n2);
Console.WriteLine(result);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

The "System.Math.Pow" –Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “PowExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “PowExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace PowExample
{
class Program

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{
static void Main()
{
double n1 = 10, n2 = 3;
double result;
//get the result of "10" power "3"
result = Math.Pow(n1, n2);
Console.WriteLine(result);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

The "System.Math.Sqrt" –Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “SqrtExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “SqrtExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace SqrtExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
double n = 10;
double result;
//get square root of 10
result = Math.Sqrt(n);
Console.WriteLine(result);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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“System.Diagnostics.Process” class

System.Diagnostics.Process
• “Process” is a pre-defined class in “System.Diagnostics” namespace.

• This class’s object represents an exe file (executable file).

• “Process” class is used to run an exe file.

• We can pass parameters to the exe file.

Syntax: System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("exe file path", parameters);

“System.Diagnostics.Process” class - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ProcessExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ProcessExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
namespace ProcessExample
{

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class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//call "System.Diagnostics.Process.Start" method to run calculator
Process.Start(@"C:\windows\system32\calc.exe");
//show message
Console.WriteLine("Calculator opened");
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Command Line Arguments

Command Line Arguments

• It is used to receive one or more argument values from command prompt (command line).

• All the command line arguments will be received by the Main method as a string array.

• This technique is used in most of the windows applications such as Notepad, MS Office
Word, VLC Media Player etc.

• Syntax: filename.exe value1 value2 …

Command Line Arguments - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “App1”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “App1”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace App1
{
class Program

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{
static void Main(string[ ] args)
{
if (args.Length >= 2)
{
Console.WriteLine(args[0]);
Console.WriteLine(args[1]);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the project

• Press Windows + R to open “Run” window.

Type the following command.

C:\CSharp\App1\App1\bin\Debug\App1.exe 10 20

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Click on OK.

Output

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Nullable Data Types

Nullable Data Types

• Null means “nothing” (or) “blank”.

• Data types are two types:

1) Value-type data types (or) Structures (or) Non-nullable data types

▪ The “structure variable” will be stored in “Stack” in RAM.

▪ Null values are not supported.

2) Reference-type data types (or) Classes (or) Nullable data types

▪ The “objects” will be stored in “Heap” in RAM.

▪ Null values are supported.

Syntax to convert non-nullable data type to nullable data type:

• Structurename? variable = null;

[or]

• Nullable<Structurename> variable = null;

Nullable Data Types - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “NullableDataTypesExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “NullableDataTypesExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
namespace NullableDataTypesExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a nullable variable
int? n;
//set "null" value into nullable variable
n = null;
//get the value of nullable variable
Console.WriteLine("n value is: " + n);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Exception Handling

Exception Handling
• Exception means “run time error”.

• When a statement can’t be executed due to some reason, system treat it as a run time
error (exception).

• When a runtime error found, automatically CLR raises the exception.

• Exceptions raise based on different factors like programmer’s mistake, system problem,
database connection or SQL statement execution problem etc.

• When exception is raised, the programs gets terminated un-expectedly (or) abruptly. It is
inconvenience to the user. So the programmer has to use “exception handling” concept to
avoid un-expected closing of the application.

• Exception handling is used to catch the run time errors (exceptions) and display the error
message on the same page, instead of closing the application un-expectedly.

Syntax:
try
{
Code here
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Code here
}
finally
{
Code here
}

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• “Try” block: Executes normally.

• “Catch” block: Executes only when the exception is raised in try block. It receives the
exception details as “ex” object.

o Message: Exception message

o Stack Trace: Method called sequence

• “Finally” block”: Executes after completion of try block or catch block. Finally block is
optional.

Exception Handling - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ExceptionHandlingExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ExceptionHandlingExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace ExceptionHandlingExample

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{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
try
{
Console.Write("Enter first number: ");
int a = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

Console.Write("Enter second number: ");

int b = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

int c = a / b;

Console.WriteLine("Quotient is " + c);

}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
}
finally
{
Console.WriteLine("Finished");
}

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Destructor
• Destructor is a special method of the class, which will be automatically called before
deleting each object of the class.

• By using “destructors”, C#.NET allows the programmer to execute any code, just before
deleting an object.

• Destructor’s name should be same as current class name.

• Destructor can’t have arguments and return value.

• A class can have only one destructor.

• Destructor can’t be overloaded.

Syntax of destructor:
~classname()
{
}

Destructor - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “DestructorExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DestructorExample”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs
using System;

namespace DestructorExample
{
class Class1
{
//constructor
public Class1()
{
Console.WriteLine("Constructor");
//Ex: opening the db connection
}

//destructor
~Class1()
{
Console.WriteLine("Destructor");
//Ex: closing the db connection
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Class1 c1 = new Class1(); //constructor will be called here
//lot of code
//db work is over

Console.ReadKey();
} //destructor will be called here
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start without Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

The "System.IDisposable" interface

System.IDisposable
• “System.IDisposable” is a pre-defined interface, which contains only one abstract method
called “Dispose”. The “Dispose” method will be called automatically, when “using”
statement is used while creating object. In the “Dipose” method, you can perform any
cleaning process such as closing database connections or closing files etc.

• The benefit of using “Dispose” method instead of “destructor” is: the “Dispose” method will
be called automatically as soon as “using” statement ends; then the cleaning process will be
performed through “Dispose” method; so that we release the resources such as database
connections and file connections; no need to wait until the end of the application.

Syntax of inhering from “System.IDisposable” interface:

class classname : System.IDisposable
{
public void Dispose()
{
referencevariable = null;
}
}

Syntax of inhering from “System.IDisposable” interface:

using (classname referencevariable = new classname())
{
}

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The "System.IDisposable" interface - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “IDisposeExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “IDisposeExample”. Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
namespace IDisposeExample
{
class Class1 : System.IDisposable
{
public Class1()
{
Console.WriteLine("object created");
//db connection opened
}
public void method1()
{
Console.WriteLine("method1");
}
public void Dispose()
{
Console.WriteLine("disposed");
//db connection closed
}
~Class1()
{
//destructor

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Console.WriteLine("destructor");
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
using (Class1 c1 = new Class1())
{
c1.method1();
} //Dispose

Console.ReadKey();
} //Destructor
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start without Debugging”.

Output

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Garbage Collection
• Garbage collection is a process of deleting unreferenced variables or objects from memory.

• Garbage collection will be performed automatically; but it will be performed at the end of
main method only.

• To perform garbage collection immediately, use System.GC.Collect() method.

• Syntax: System.GC.Collect();

Garbage Collection - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “GarbageCollectionExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “GarbageCollectionExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace GarbageCollectionExample
{
class Class1
{

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~Class1()
{
Console.WriteLine("Destructor");
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create two objects
Class1 c1 = new Class1();
Class1 c2 = new Class1();

c1 = null;

//delete all the objects

GC.Collect();

Console.WriteLine("Garbage collection done.");

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start without Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Delegates

Delegates
• Delegate is a reference variable that contains reference of one or more methods that have
same signature.

o Single Cast Delegates: Contains reference of only one method.

o Multi Cast Delegates: Contains reference of multiple methods.

• We can call the target method using delegate.

• We don’t use delegates individually; we use delegates only in events.

• The “delegate type” is used to specify signature of the target method.

Steps for development of delegates:

• Create a target method:
accessmodifier returntype methodname(arguments)
{
}

• Create delegate type (in the namespace):

public delegate returntype delegatetypename(arguments);

• Create a delegate (in the class or method);

delegatetypename delegatename;

• Store the address of target method in the delegate:

delegatename = methodname;

• Call the method indirectly using delegate:

delegatename(value1, value2, ..);

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Single Cast Delegates - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “SingleCastDelegatesExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “SingleCastDelegatesExample”. Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace SingleCastDelegatesExample
{
class Class1
{
//create target method
public void Add(int a, int b)
{
int c = a + b;
Console.WriteLine("Sum is " + c);
}
}

//create a delegate type

public delegate void MyDelegateType(int a, int b);

class Program
{

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static void Main()

{
//create a delegate
MyDelegateType d;

//create object
Class1 c1 = new Class1();

//store the address of Add method into delegate

d = c1.Add;

//call the Add method using delegate

d(10, 20);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start without Debugging”.

Output

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Multi Cast Delegates - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “MultiCastDelegatesExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MultiCastDelegatesExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace MultiCastDelegatesExample
{
class Class1
{
//create target method 1
public void Add(int a, int b)
{
int c = a + b;
Console.WriteLine("Sum is " + c);
}

//create target method 2

public void Subtract(int a, int b)
{
int c = a - b;
Console.WriteLine("Difference is " + c);

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}
}

//create a delegate type

public delegate void MyDelegateType(int a, int b);

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create a delegate
MyDelegateType d;
//create object
Class1 c1 = new Class1();
//store the address of Add method into delegate
d = c1.Add;
//store the address of Subtract method also into the delegate
d += c1.Subtract;
//call the Add and Subtract methods using delegate
d(10, 3);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start without Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Events
• Events are used to implement “publisher – subscriber” model.

• “Publisher” is a class that contains an event and also raises the event.

• “Subscriber” is a class that subscribes to the event of publisher class. That means
subscriber class provides an event handler that can be attached to the event.

• When the event is raised in the publisher class, the event handler method will be executed.

• An event can be subscribed with multiple methods also.

• In real time, publisher class will be developed by one programmer and subscriber class will
be developed by other programmer.

Steps for development of events:

• Create a delegate type (in the namespace):
public delegate returntype delegatetypename(argument1, argument2, …)

• Create publisher class:

class publisherclassname
{
}

• Create an event in the publisher class:

public event delegatypename eventname;

• Raise the event in the publisher class:

eventname (value1, value2, …)

• Create subscriber class:

class subscriberclassname
{
}

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• Create the event handler method in subscriber class:

public returntype methodname (arguments)
{
}

• Attach the event handler method to the event:

eventname += methodname ;

Events - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “EventsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “EventsExample”. Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace EventsExample
{
public delegate void mydelegatetypename(string username);

class publisherclass
{
public event mydelegatetypename myevent;

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public void raiseevent(string username)

{
myevent(username); //raise event
}
}
class subscriberclass
{
public void subscribedmethod(string username)
{
Console.WriteLine("Hello to " + username);
}
public void connect()
{
publisherclass pc = new publisherclass();
pc.myevent += subscribedmethod;

pc.raiseevent("Scott");
pc.raiseevent("Allen");
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
subscriberclass sc = new subscriberclass();
sc.connect();
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Anonymous Methods
• Anonymous methods are used to quickly create a method inside another method.

• Anonymous methods are useful while handling the events.

• Anonymous methods can’t be a member of the class.

• Anonymous methods will have no name.

• Anonymous method’s address should be stored in a delegate (or) event, through the
delegate or event only we can call it.

Syntax of anonymous method:

delegate / event = delegate(argument1, argument2, …)
{
Code here
}

Anonymous Methods - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “AnonymousMethodsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “AnonymousMethodsExample”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs
using System;
namespace AnonymousMethodsExample
{
class publisherclass
{
public event mydelegatetype myevent;

public int x = 0, y = 0;

public void increment()

{
x += 5;
y += 5;
myevent(x, y);
}
}

class subscriberclass
{
public void dowork()
{
publisherclass pc = new publisherclass();
pc.myevent += delegate(int a, int b)
{
int c = a + b;
Console.WriteLine("Sum is " + c);
};
pc.increment();
}
}

delegate void mydelegatetype(int a, int b);

class Program

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{
static void Main()
{
subscriberclass sc = new subscriberclass();
sc.dowork();
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Lambda Expressions
• Lambda Expressions are used to quickly create a method inside another method.

• Lambda Expressions are useful while handling the events.

• Lambda Expressions can’t be a member of the class.

• Lambda Expressions will have no name.

• Lambda Expressions’s address should be stored in a delegate (or) event, through the
delegate or event only we can call it.

Syntax of Lambda Expressions:

delegate / event = (argument1, argument2, …) =>
{
Code here
}

Lambda Expressions - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “LambdaExpressionsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “LambdaExpressionsExample”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs
using System;
namespace LambdaExpressionsExample
{
class publisherclass
{
public event mydelegatetype myevent;
public int x = 0, y = 0;
public void increment()
{
x += 5;
y += 5;
myevent(x, y);
}
}
class subscriberclass
{
public void dowork()
{
publisherclass pc = new publisherclass();
pc.myevent += (a, b) =>
{
int c = a + b;
Console.WriteLine("Sum is " + c);
};
pc.increment();
}
}

delegate void mydelegatetype(int a, int b);

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
subscriberclass sc = new subscriberclass();
sc.dowork();
Console.ReadKey();

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 C#.NET 8.0

}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Inline Lambda Expressions

• Inline Lambda Expressions are similar to lambda expressions, but can be used only for the
methods that receives one of more arguments and return a value.

• Inline lambda expressions can contain only just a single calculation; can’t contain any other
additional code.

• Inline lambda expressions can receive or more arguments; must return a value.

Syntax of Inline Lambda Expressions:

delegate / event = (argument1, argument2, …) =>
(
Calculation here
)

Inline Lambda Expressions - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “InlineLambdaExpressionsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “InlineLambdaExpressionsExample”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs
using System;
namespace InlineLambdaExample
{
class publisherclass
{
public event mydelegatetype myevent;

public int x = 0, y = 0;

public void increment()

{
x += 5;
y += 5;
int result = myevent(x, y);
Console.WriteLine("Sum is " + result);
}
}
class subscriberclass
{
public void dowork()
{
publisherclass pc = new publisherclass();
pc.myevent += (a, b) => ( a + b );
pc.increment();
}
}
delegate int mydelegatetype(int a, int b);

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
subscriberclass sc = new subscriberclass();
sc.dowork();
Console.ReadKey();
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Inner Classes
• Class inside another class is called as “inner class”.

• The class that encloses inner class, is called as “outer class”.

• Use “inner class”, if you want to specify that the class is a part of the outer class logically.

Syntax to create inner class

class outerclassname
{
public class innerclassname
{
}
}

Syntax to access the inner class

outerclassname . innerclassname

Inner Classes - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “InnerClassesExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the solution name as “InnerClassesExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace InnerClassesExample
{
class Class1
{
public class Class2
{
public void mymethod()
{
Console.WriteLine("mymethod");
}
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Class1.Class2 c2 = new Class1.Class2();
c2.mymethod();

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Indexer

Indexer
• Indexer makes it easy to access a member array through the reference variable of a class.

• Indexer is a property with name “this”.

• Indexer overloading is possible. That means we can create multiple indexers in the same
class, with different arguments.

• Mostly indexers are used in pre-defined classes; it’s rare to use indexers in user-defined
classes in real time.

Syntax to create indexer:

class classname
{
public datatype this[string variablename]
{
get
{
return value ;
}
set
{
Field = value ;
}
}
}

Syntax to access the indexer:

Referencevariable["string value"]

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Indexer - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “IndexerExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “IndexerExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;

namespace IndexerExample
{
class Class1
{
//creating an array
public string[] cities = new string[] { "Hyderabad", "Chennai",
"Bangalore" };
public long[] population = new long[] { 9000, 5000, 10000 };

//indexer
public long this[string city]
{
get
{
int n = Array.IndexOf(cities, city);
return population[n];

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}
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Class1 c1 = new Class1();
long p = c1["Chennai"];
Console.WriteLine(p);

//Console.Write(c1.population[Array.IndexOf(c1.cities, "Chennai")]);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Assemblies
• In .NET, an “Assembly” is a file that contains “compiled source code (in MSIL language) of
the .net program”.

• Assemblies can’t be run directly based on the operating system; can only by run by CLR
(Common Language Runtime). CLR reads MSIL code from assembly and convert the same
into native machine language automatically, while .net program exection.

• Assemblies are two types:

1. Executable assemblies
2. Library assemblies

Executable Assemblies
• “Executable assemblies” are “EXE files” that can run directly (based on CLR).

• When you compile the following types of applications, Visual Studio automatically
generates (creates) an “Executable Assembly”:

o Console Application
o Windows Forms Application
o Windows Service

• Drawback: The code of executable assemblies (projects) can’t be called in another

assemblies (projects).

Library Assemblies
• “Library Assemblies” are “DLL files” that can’t run directly. The library assemblies are
always “supporting files” to “Executable Assembly”. Executable assemblies dynamically call
the library assemblies at run time.

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• When you compile the following types of applications, Visual Studio automatically
generates (creates) an “Library Assembly”:

o Class Library
o Windows Forms Control Library

• An “executable assembly” can call any no. of library assemblies.

• A “library assembly” can be called by any no. of executable assemblies.

Types of Library Assemblies

• Library assemblies are divided into two types, based on where the library assembly is
placed.

• Library assemblies are two types:

1. Private Assemblies
2. Shared Assemblies

Private Assemblies
• Private assemblies (dll files) should be placed in each “application folder”.

• Private assemblies are faster in execution but there is memory wastage, if multiple
applications are consuming the same private assembly and are running on same system.

Shared Assemblies
• Shared assemblies are located in GAC (Global Assembly Cache) folder and can be accessed
by the applications that are running on the same system.

• Shared assemblies save memory, because there is no need of duplicate copies of dll file in
every app’s folder.

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• Shared assemblies are a bit slower than private assemblies.

GAC
• GAC (Global Assembly Cache) is a special folder in .NET Framework, which contains all the

shared assemblies (shared dll files).

• The shared dll files that are present at GAC folder can be accessible from any application

running in the same system.

• GAC Folder: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\assembly\GAC_MSIL

• Advantage of GAC folder: Avoid the “DLL hell”.

• DLL hell: When we install a new version of an application, the dll files of old version of the

application will be overwritten with latest version’s dll files. GAC folder solves this problem

with unique identification of dll files.

SNK
• An assembly must have “snk” (Strong Name Key) to be placed in GAC folder.

• SNK (Strong Name Key) file is contains “unique code”, which is useful for “unique

identification” of dll files that are placed in GAC folder.

• SNK file can be created in visual studio through the “project properties” – “Signing” option.

Class Library
• “Class Library” is a special type of project in Visual Studio.

• Class Library is a collection of re-usable classes.

• When the class library project is compiled, a “library assembly” (DLL file) will be
genereated.

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Class Libraries & Private Assemblies - Example

Creating Class Library

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Class Library”.

• Type the project name as “ClassLibrary1”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ClassLibrary1”.

• Click on OK.

Class1.cs
using System;

namespace ClassLibrary1
{
public class Class1
{
public bool CheckEmail(string Email)
{
bool b;
if (Email.Contains(" ") == false && Email.IndexOf("@") > 0)
{
b = true;
}
else
{
b = false;
}
return b;

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}
}
}

Compiling the project

• Go to “Build” menu and click on “Build Solution”.

• Note: You can’t run the class library directly.

• Path of dll file: C:\CSharp\ClassLibrary1\ClassLibrary1\bin\Debug\ClassLibrary1.dll

Creating the client project (Console Application):

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ConsoleApplication1”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ConsoleApplication1”.

• Click on OK.

Add reference
• Open solution explorer.

• Right click on the project name (ConsoleApplication1) and click on “Add” – “Reference”.

• Click on “Browse”.

• Select the dll file (C:\CSharp\ClassLibrary1\ClassLibrary1\bin\Debug\ClassLibrary1.dll).

• Click on “Add” – “OK”.

• Then it shows the “ClassLibrary1” in the “References” list in the solution explorer.

Program.cs
using System;
using ClassLibrary1;

namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Class1 c1 = new Class1();
string s = "[email protected]";
bool result = c1.CheckEmail(s);
if (result == true)
{
Console.WriteLine(s);
Console.WriteLine("Valid email address");
}

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else
{
Console.WriteLine(s);
Console.WriteLine("Invalid email address");
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Shared Assemblies - Example

Creating Class Library

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Class Library”.

• Type the project name as “ClassLibrary2”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ClassLibrary2”.

• Click on OK.

Class1.cs
using System;

namespace ClassLibrary2
{
public class Class1
{
public bool CheckEmail(string Email)
{
bool b;
if (Email.Contains(" ") == false && Email.IndexOf("@") > 0)
{
b = true;
}
else
{
b = false;
}
return b;

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}
}
}

Creating “snk” file:

• To create snk file, open solution explorer; right click on the project name “ClassLibrary2”

and click on “Properties”.

• Click on “Signing”. Check the checkbox “Sign the assembly”.

• Click on the dropdown list and click on “New”.

• Type the file name as “demo”. Uncheck the checkbox “protect my key file with a password”.

Click on OK.

• Close the properties window.

Compiling the project

• Go to “Build” menu and click on “Build Solution”.

• Note: You can’t run the class library directly.

Path of dll file: C:\CSharp\ClassLibrary2\ClassLibrary2\bin\Debug\ClassLibrary2.dll

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Uploading the dll file into GAC

• Go to “Start” – “All Programs” – “Visual Studio 2015” – Right click on “Developer

Command Prompt for VS 2015” and click on “Run as administrator”. Click on “Yes”.

• Type the following command in the console window:

gacutil –i "C:\CSharp\ClassLibrary2\ClassLibrary2\bin\Debug\ClassLibrary2.dll"

• Press Enter.

• It shows the following message:

Assembly successfully added to the cache.

Creating the client project (Console Application):

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ConsoleApplication2”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ConsoleApplication2”.

• Click on OK.

Add reference
• Open solution explorer.

• Right click on the project name (ConsoleApplication2) and click on “Add” – “Reference”.

• Click on “Browse”.

• Select the dll file (C:\CSharp\ClassLibrary2\ClassLibrary2\bin\Debug\ClassLibrary2.dll).

• Click on “Add” – “OK”.

• Then it shows the “ClassLibrary2” in the “References” list in the solution explorer.

• Note: You can notice that the “ClassLibrary2.dll” file is not present in

“C:\CSharp\ConsoleApplication2\ConsoleApplication2\bin\Debug” folder. Even it is

present, the “ConsoleApplication2.exe” file works without “ClassLibrary2.dll” file present in

the same folder, because it will be accessed from the GAC folder.

Program.cs
using System;
using ClassLibrary2;

namespace ConsoleApplication2
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Class1 c1 = new Class1();

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string s = "[email protected]";
bool result = c1.CheckEmail(s);
if (result == true)
{
Console.WriteLine(s);
Console.WriteLine("Valid email address");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine(s);
Console.WriteLine("Invalid email address");
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Documentation Comments
• Documentation comments are used to provide description for the methods and its
arguments, which will be appear while calling the method (while typing the code in visual
studio).

Syntax for method description:

/// <summary>Method description here</summary>

Syntax for parameter description:

/// <param name="parameter name">Parameter description here</param>

Documentation Comments - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “DocumentationCommentsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DocumentationCommentsExample”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs
using System;

namespace DocumentationCommentsExample
{
class Class1
{
/// <summary>Adds two numbers</summary>
/// <param name="firstNumber">First number for adding</param>
/// <param name="secondNumber">Second number for
adding</param>
public void Add(int firstNumber, int secondNumber)
{
//code here
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Class1 c1 = new Class1();

c1.Add(10, 20);

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

While typing the code in visual studio, it shows the description as tooltip.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Extension Methods
• Extension methods are methods that are indirectly injected into a compiled class, without
modifying its source code.

• Assume, there is a re-usable class in the class library and its reference is added in the client
project.

• From the class library, you can add a new method to the re-usable class, without modifying
the source code of the re-usable class.

• That method is called as “extension method”.

• Extension method should be a static method; it should be inside a static class.

• It should be public method.

• It should have atleas one argument of the target class type with “this” keyword. That
argument represents “this” keyword in the extension method. “This” keyword represents
the current object, based on which the method is called.

• The extension method can have maximum any no. of arguments, but minimum is one.

• The extension method can have any return type.

Syntax of extension method (in the class library):

public static class classname
{
public static returntype methodname(this classname
argumentname)
{
Code here
}
}

Syntax of call the extension method (in the client app):

referencevariablename.methodname (arguments);

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Extension Methods - Example

Creating Class Library

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Class Library”.

• Type the project name as “ClassLibrary1”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ClassLibrary1”.

• Click on OK.

Class1.cs
using System;

namespace ClassLibrary1
{
public class Class1
{
public double getsquare(double n)
{
double sq = n * n;
return sq;
}
}
}

Compiling the project

• Go to “Build” menu and click on “Build Solution”.

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• Note: You can’t run the class library directly.

• Path of dll file: C:\CSharp\ClassLibrary1\ClassLibrary1\bin\Debug\ClassLibrary1.dll

Creating the client project (Console Application):

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ConsoleApplication1”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ConsoleApplication1”.

• Click on OK.

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Add reference
• Open solution explorer.

• Right click on the project name (ConsoleApplication1) and click on “Add” – “Reference”.

• Click on “Browse”.

• Select the dll file (C:\CSharp\ClassLibrary1\ClassLibrary1\bin\Debug\ClassLibrary1.dll).

• Click on “Add” – “OK”.

• Then it shows the “ClassLibrary1” in the “References” list in the solution explorer.

Program.cs
using System;
using ClassLibrary1;

namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
static class Class2
{
public static double getcube(this Class1 c1, double n)
{
double cb = n * n * n;
return cb;
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Class1 c1 = new Class1();
int a = 10;

double result1 = c1.getsquare(a);

Console.WriteLine("Square is " + result1);

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double result2 = c1.getcube(a);

Console.WriteLine("Cube is " + result2);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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C# – Console - System.IO
Namespace

Introduction to "System.IO" namespace

• The “System.IO” namespace provides a set of classes to manipulate files and folders in the
hard disk.

List of important classes in System.IO namespace:

1. System.IO.FileInfo

2. System.IO.DirectoryInfo

3. System.IO.File

4. System.IO.Directory

5. System.IO.FileStream

6. System.IO.StreamWriter

7. System.IO.StreamReader

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The “System.IO.FileInfo” class

System.IO.FileInfo class
• The “FileInfo” is a class in “System.IO” namespace.

• The “FileInfo” class’s object represents a file in the harddisk.

• The “FileInfo” class is used to manipulate a file in the harddisk.

Steps for development of “FileInfo” class:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.IO;

• Create a reference variable:

o FileInfo referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new FileInfo( “file path” );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Call method:

o referencevariable.methodname ();

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Properties of “FileInfo” class:

Sl. Property Description
No

1 DirectoryName Represents the current file’s location’s full path.

Syntax: referencevariable.DirectoryName

2 Name Represents only name of the file with extension (without path).

Syntax: referencevariable.Name

3 Extension Represents file extension of current file.

Syntax: referencevariable.Extension

4 FullName Represents full path of the current file.

Syntax: referencevariable.FullName

5 Exists Represents whether the current file exists or not. It returns a Boolean
value.

True: The file exists

False: The file not exists

Syntax: referencevariable.Exists

6 Length Represents file size (no. of bytes).

Syntax: referencevariable.Length

7 CreationTime Represents the date and time of file creation.

Syntax: referencevariable.CreationTime

8 LastAccessTime Represents the date and time of file access.

Syntax: referencevariable.LastAccessTime

9 LastWriteTime Represents the date and time of file last modification.

Syntax: referencevariable.LastWriteTime

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10 Attributes Represents the attributes of the current file.

Syntax: referencevariable.Attributes

11 IsReadOnly Represents whether the current file is readonly or not.

Syntax: referencevariable.IsReadOnly

Constructors of “FileInfo” class:

Sl. Constructor Description
No

1 FileInfo() Initializes the file path.

Syntax: new FileInfo(string FilePath)

Methods of “FileInfo” class:

Sl. Method Description
No

1 CopyTo() Copies the current file into the specified destination path.

It is equal to “copy and paste”.

Syntax: referencevariable.CopyTo(string DestinationFilePath)

2 Delete() Deletes the current file.

Syntax: referencevariable.Delete()

3 MoveTo() Movies the current file into the specified destination path.

It is equal to “cut and paste”.

Syntax: referencevariable.MoveTo(string DestinationFilePath)

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The “System.IO.FileInfo” class - Example

Creating Project
• Create the following folders and files:

o C:\CSharp

▪ Sample.pdf

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “FileInfoExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FileInfoExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//Note: Create "C:\CSharp\sample.txt"

using System;
using System.IO;

namespace namespace1
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{

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FileInfo f;
f = new FileInfo(@"c:\CSharp\sample.txt");
Console.WriteLine("Exists: " + f.Exists);

if (f.Exists)
{
Console.WriteLine("Full name: " + f.FullName);
Console.WriteLine("Name: " + f.Name);
Console.WriteLine("Directory name: " + f.DirectoryName);
Console.WriteLine("Extension: " + f.Extension);
Console.WriteLine("Creation date and time: " + f.CreationTime);
Console.WriteLine("Modification date and time: " +
f.LastWriteTime);
Console.WriteLine("Access date and time: " + f.LastAccessTime);
Console.WriteLine("Length: " + f.Length + " bytes");
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

It shows the file details as above.

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The “System.IO.DirectoryInfo” class

• The “DirectoryInfo” is a class in “System.IO” namespace.

• The “DirectoryInfo” class’s object represents a folder (directory) in the harddisk.

• The “DirectoryInfo” class is used to manipulate a folder (directory) in the harddisk.

Steps for development of “DirectoryInfo” class:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.IO;

• Create a reference variable:

o DirectoryInfo referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new DirectoryInfo( “folder path” );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Call method:

o referencevariable.methodname ();

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Properties of “DirectoryInfo” class:

Sl. Property Description
No

1 Parent.FullName Represents the current folder’s parent folder’s full path.

Syntax: referencevariable.Parent.FullName

2 Name Represents only name of the folder (without parent folder’s path).

Syntax: referencevariable.Name

3 FullName Represents full path of the current folder.

Syntax: referencevariable.FullName

4 Root.FullName Represents full path of the root folder of the current folder.

Syntax: referencevariable.Root.FullName

5 Exists Represents whether the current folder exists or not. It returns a

Boolean value.

True: The folder exists

False: The folder not exists

Syntax: referencevariable.Exists

6 CreationTime Represents the date and time of folder creation.

Syntax: referencevariable.CreationTime

7 LastAccessTime Represents the date and time of folder access.

Syntax: referencevariable.LastAccessTime

8 LastWriteTime Represents the date and time of folder last modification.

Syntax: referencevariable.LastWriteTime

9 Attributes Represents the attributes of the current folder.

Syntax: referencevariable.Attributes

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Constructors of “DirectoryInfo” class:

Sl. Constructor Description
No

1 DirectoryInfo() Initializes the folder path.

Syntax: new DirectoryInfo(string FolderPath)

Methods of “DirectoryInfo” class:

Sl. Method Description
No

1 Delete() Deletes the current folder, if it is empty.

If the current folder is not empty, it throws an exception

automatically.

Syntax: referencevariable.Delete()

2 Delete(true) Deletes the current folder, including all of its files and sub
folders.

Syntax: referencevariable.Delete(true)

Warning: This action is permanent. It is impossible to undo this

action. Check the folder path before running the program.

3 MoveTo() Movies the current folder into the specified destination path.

It is equal to “cut and paste”.

Note: The destination folder path should be in the same drive.

Ex: C: drive

Syntax: referencevariable.MoveTo(string
DestinationFolderPath)

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4 CreateSubdirectory() Creates a new folder with specified name.

Syntax: referencevariable.CreateSubdirectory(string
newfoldername)

5 GetFiles() Returns the list of files of the current folder, as an array of

FileInfo[].

Syntax: referencevariable.GetFiles()

6 GetDirectories() Returns the list of sub directories of the current folder, as an

array of DirectoryInfo[].

Syntax: referencevariable.GetDirectories()

The “System.IO.DirectoryInfo” class - Example

Creating Project
• Create the following folders and files:

o C:\CSharp

▪ sample

• firstfolder (folder)

• secondfolder (folder)

• thirdfolder (folder)

• New Text Document.txt

• New Microsoft Word Document.docx

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “DirectoryInfoExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DirectoryInfoExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.IO;

namespace namespace1
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
DirectoryInfo d;
d = new DirectoryInfo(@"c:\CSharp\myfolder");
Console.WriteLine("Exists: " + d.Exists);

if (d.Exists)
{
Console.WriteLine("Full name: " + d.FullName);
Console.WriteLine("Name: " + d.Name);
Console.WriteLine("Directory name: " + d.Parent);
Console.WriteLine("Creation date and time: " + d.CreationTime);
Console.WriteLine("Modification date and time: " +
d.LastWriteTime);
Console.WriteLine("Access date and time: " + d.LastAccessTime);

Console.WriteLine("\nFiles:");
FileInfo[] files = d.GetFiles();
for (int i = 0; i < files.Length; i++)
{

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Console.WriteLine(files[i].FullName);
}

Console.WriteLine("\nSub directories:");
DirectoryInfo[] directories = d.GetDirectories();
for (int i = 0; i < directories.Length; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(directories[i].FullName);
}
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

It shows the folder details as above.

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The “System.IO.Directory” class

• The “Directory” is a class in “System.IO” namespace.

• The “Directory” class is a static class, which provides a set of static methods to manipulate

folders.

Steps for development of “Directory” class:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.IO;

• Call any static method:

o Directory.method ();

Methods of “Directory” class:

Sl. Method Description
No

1 Exists() Checks whether the folder exists or not.

True: The folder exists.

False: The folder not exists

Syntax: Directory.Exists(string FolderPath)

2 CreateDirectory() Create the specified folder and returns corresponding DirectoryInfo’s

object.

Syntax: Directory.CreateDirectory(string FolderPath)

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3 Delete() Deletes the specified folder permanently, including all of its sub folders
and files in it.

Syntax: Directory.Delete(string FolderPath, true)

Warning: This action is permanent. It is impossible to undo this action.

Check the folder path before running the program.

4 Move() Moves the specified source folder into the specified destination
location.

Rule: Both source and destination location should be in the same drive.
Ex: C: drive

Syntax: Directory.Move(string SourceFolderPath, string

DestinationFolderPath)

The “System.IO.Directory” class - Example

Creating Project
• Create the following folders:

o C:\CSharp

▪ Sample (folder)

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

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• Type the project name as “DirectoryExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DirectoryExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.IO;

namespace DirectoryExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
if (Directory.Exists(@"c:\folder1") == true)
{
Directory.Delete(@"C:\folder1", true);
}
if (Directory.Exists(@"c:\folder2") == true)
{
Directory.Delete(@"C:\folder2", true);
}

Directory.CreateDirectory(@"C:\folder1");
Console.WriteLine("folder1 created");
Console.WriteLine("folder1 exists: " + Directory.Exists(@"C:\folder1"));
//Output: True

Directory.Delete(@"C:\folder1");
Console.WriteLine("folder1 deleted");
Console.WriteLine("folder1 exists: " + Directory.Exists(@"C:\folder1"));
//Output: False

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Directory.CreateDirectory(@"C:\folder1");
Console.WriteLine("folder1 created");

Directory.Move(@"C:\folder1", @"C:\folder2");
Console.WriteLine("folder1 moved as folder2");

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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The “System.IO.File” class

System.IO.File class
• The “File” is a class in “System.IO” namespace.

• The “File” class is a static class, which provides a set of static methods to manipulate files.

Steps for development of “File” class:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.IO;

• Call any static method:

o File.method ();

Methods of “File” class:

Sl. Method Description
No

1 Exists() Checks whether the file exists or not.

True: The file exists.

False: The file not exists

Syntax: File.Exists(string FilePath)

2 Create() Create the specified file and returns corresponding FileStream’s object.

Syntax: File.Create(string FilePath)

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3 Delete() Deletes the specified file permanently.

Syntax: File.Delete(string FilePath)

Warning: This action is permanent. It is impossible to undo this action. Check

the file path before running the program.

4 Move() Moves the specified source file into the specified destination location.

Syntax: File.Move(string SourceFilePath, string DestinationFilePath)

5 Copy() Copies the specified source file into the specified destination location.

Syntax: File.Copy(string SourceFilePath, string DestinationFilePath)

The “System.IO.File” class - Example

Creating Project
• Create the following folders and files:

o C:\CSharp

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “FileExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FileExample”. Click on OK.

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Program.cs
using System;
using System.IO;

namespace FileExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
if (Directory.Exists(@"c:\folder1") == true)
{
Directory.Delete(@"c:\folder1", true);
}

Directory.CreateDirectory(@"c:\folder1");
Console.WriteLine("Folder created");

File.Create(@"c:\folder1\file1.txt").Close();
Console.WriteLine("File created");

File.Copy(@"c:\folder1\file1.txt", @"c:\folder1\file2.txt");
Console.WriteLine("File created");

File.Move(@"c:\folder1\file2.txt", @"c:\folder1\file3.txt");
Console.WriteLine("File moved");

Console.WriteLine("File exists: " + File.Exists(@"c:\folder1\file3.txt"));

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

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The “System.IO.FileStream” class

• The “FileStream” is a class in “System.IO” namespace.

• The “FileStream” class is used to write data to a file (or) read data from an existing file in
byte[ ] format.

• But in fact, it is difficult to deal with byte[ ]. That’s why, often we use StreamWriter or
StreamReader to perform file reading or writing operations.

• “FileStream” is useful while working with “StreamWriter” or “StreamReader”.

• “FileStream” is a child class of a parent class called “Stream”.

• “FileStream” supports two modes majorly:

o “Create” mode: Used to create a new file and write data into the new file.

o “Read” mode: Used to read data from an existing file.

Steps for development of “FileStream” class (Create mode):

• Import the namespace:

o using System.IO;

• Create a reference variable:

o FileStream referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new FileStream( “file path”, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write );

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Steps for development of “FileStream” class (Open mode):

• Import the namespace:

o using System.IO;

• Create a reference variable:

o FileStream referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new FileStream( “file path”, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read );

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The “System.IO.StreamWriter” class

System.IO.StreamWriter class
• The “StreamWriter” is a class in “System.IO” namespace.

• The “StreamWriter” class is used to write data to a new / existing file in text format.

• “StreamWriter” is usually used in combination with “FileStream”.

Steps for development of “StreamWriter” class:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.IO;

• Create a reference variable:

o StreamWriter referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new StreamWriter( file stream object here );

• Write data to file:

o referencevariable.Write (string content);

• Close the file:

o referencevariable.Close ();

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The “System.IO.StreamWriter” class - Example

Creating Project
• Create the following folder:

o C:\CSharp

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “StreamWriterExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “StreamWriterExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//city.txt
using System;
using System.IO;

namespace namespace1
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//delete the file, if it already exists
FileInfo f = new FileInfo(@"c:\CSharp\file1.txt");
if (f.Exists == true)
f.Delete();

//create the file

FileStream fs = new FileStream(@"c:\CSharp\file1.txt",
FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write);

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//write data to the file

StreamWriter sw = new StreamWriter(fs);
sw.WriteLine("Hai");
sw.WriteLine("Hello");
sw.WriteLine("How are you");
//close the file
sw.Close();
Console.WriteLine("Written");
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

The file will be created at “C:\Sharp\sample.txt”.

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The “System.IO.StreamReader” class

System.IO.StreamReader class
• The “StreamReader” is a class in “System.IO” namespace.

• The “StreamReader” class is used to read data from an existing file in text format.

• “StreamReader” is usually used in combination with “FileStream”.

Steps for development of “StreamReader” class:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.IO;

• Create a reference variable:

o StreamReader referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new StreamReader( file stream object here );

• Read complete content of the file:

o string variablename = referencevariable.ReadToEnd( );

• Close the file:

o referencevariable.Close( );

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The “System.IO.StreamReader” class - Example

Creating Project
• Create the following folder:

o C:\CSharp

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “StreamReaderExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “StreamReaderExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//city.txt
using System;
using System.IO;

namespace namespace1
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//check the file exists or not
FileInfo f = new FileInfo(@"c:\CSharp\file1.txt");
if (f.Exists == true)
{
//open the file

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FileStream fs = new FileStream(@"c:\CSharp\file1.txt",

FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);

//read the file

StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(fs);
string s = sr.ReadToEnd();

//close the file

sr.Close();
Console.WriteLine(s);
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("File not found");
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

It shows content from “C:\CSharp\sample.txt” file.

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C#.NET – Console – ADO.NET

Database Basics
• DBMS (Database Management System): It is a software, which is used to store and

manage databases. Ex: SQL Server, Oracle etc.

• Database: It is a collection of tables. Databases are used to store data permanently.

• Table: It is a collection of rows and columns.

• Column: A field in the table is called as column.

• Row: A record in the table is called as row.

Table Structure

Sl. No Column Name Data Type

1 Column1 Data type 1

2 Column2 Data type 2

3 Column3 Data type 3

Example of Table Structure: Employees

Sl. No Column Name Data Type

1 EmpID Int

2 EmpName Nvarchar(max)

3 Salary decimal

Table: Employees

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EmpID EmpName Salary

1 Scott 5000

2 Allen 6000

3 Jones 7000

4 John 8000

5 Mark 9000

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Introduction to ADO.NET

Introduction to ADO.NET
• ADO.NET (ActiveX Data Objects .NET) is a “database technology” or “database
framework”, which is used to connect and interact with databases such as SQL Server,
Oracle, Excel, Access etc.

• ADO.NET is a collection of pre-defined classes.

• ADO.NET can be used in c#.net and asp.net also.

List of pre-defined classes in ADO.NET

• ADO.NET provides the following pre-defined classes.

1. System.Data.SqlClient.SqlConnection

2. System.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand

3. System.Data.SqlClient.SqlDataReader

4. System.Data.SqlClient.SqlDataAdapter

5. System.Data.SqlClient.SqlParameter

6. System.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommandBuilder

7. System.Data.SqlClient.SqlTransaction

8. System.Data.OleDb.OleDbConnection

9. System.Data.OleDb.OleDbCommand

10. System.Data.OleDb.OleDbDataReader

11. System.Data.OleDb.OleDbDataAdapter

12. System.Data.OleDb.OleDbParameter

13. System.Data.OleDb.OleDbCommandBuilder

14. System.Data.OleDb.OleDbTransaction

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15. System.Data.DataSet

16. System.Data.DataTable

17. System.Data.DataRow

18. System.Data.DataColumn

19. System.Data.DataView

ADO.NET – “SqlConnection” class

System.Data.SqlClient.SqlConnection
• The “SqlConnection” is a class, which is a member of “System.Data.SqlClient” namespace.

• This class’s object represents a connection to SQL Server database.

Properties of “SqlConnection” class:

Sl. Property Data Type Description
No

1 ConnectionString string Represents details about the connection,

based on which ado.net should establish a
connection with database.

Syntax: referencevariable.ConnectionString
= “connection string here”;

2 State ConnectionState Represents current status of the

connection, whether it is opened or closed.
It is readonly property.

Syntax: referencevariable.State

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Constructors of “SqlConnection” class:

Sl. Constructor Description
No

1 SqlConnection() Initializes nothing.

Syntax: new SqlConnection();

2 SqlConnection(string Initializes “ConnectionString” property.

ConnectionString)
Syntax: new SqlConnection(“connection string here”);

Methods of “SqlConnection” class:

Sl. Method Return Data Type Description
No

1 Open() void Opens the connection. After opening the connection, SQL
Server listens the requests you made.

Syntax: referencevariable.Open()

2 Close() void Closes the connection. After closing the connection, SQL
Server stops listening the requests you made.

Syntax: referencevariable.Close()

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Steps for development of “SqlConnection” class:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Data.SqlClient;

• Create a reference variable:

o SqlConnection referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new SqlConnection();

• Set connection string:

o referencevariable.ConnectionString = “connection string here”;

• Open the connection:

o referencevariable.Open( );

• Close the connection:

o referencevariable.Close( );

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Connection Strings for SQL Server

Sl. Type of Description Connection String
No connection

1 Windows The current working “data source=servernamehere ;

Authentication windows username and integrated security=yes; initial
password will be catalog=databasenamehere”
automatically submitted to
SQL Server.

2 SQL Server We can submit SQL Server “data source=servernamehere ; user

Authentication username and password to id=usernamehere ;
SQL Server. password=passwordhere ; initial
catalog=databasenamehere”

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SqlConnection – Windows Authentication – Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “WindowsAuthExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “WindowsAuthExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace WindowsAuthExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variable
SqlConnection cn;

//create object
cn = new SqlConnection();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";

//calling methods
Console.WriteLine(cn.State); //Output: Closed
cn.Open();
Console.WriteLine(cn.State); //Output: Open
cn.Close();
Console.WriteLine(cn.State); //Output: Closed

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Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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SqlConnection – SQL Server Authentication – Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

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• Type the project name as “SqlServerAuthExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “SqlServerAuthExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace SqlServerAuthExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variable
SqlConnection cn;

//create object
cn = new SqlConnection();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; user id=sa;
password=123; initial catalog=company";

//calling methods
Console.WriteLine(cn.State); //Output: Closed
cn.Open();
Console.WriteLine(cn.State); //Output: Open
cn.Close();
Console.WriteLine(cn.State); //Output: Closed

Console.ReadKey();
}

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}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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The "SqlCommand" class in ADO.NET

• The “SqlCommand” is a pre-defined class in a namespace called “System.Data.SqlClient”.

• This class’s object is used to execute an SQL statement or stored procedure through
database connection.

• It requires to use SqlConnection class, to connect with database.

• It requires to use SqlParameter class, to pass parameters to DBMS.

Properties of “SqlCommand” class:

Sl. Property Data Type Description
No

1 CommandText string Represents the sql statement or store procedure

name, which has to be executed at the DBMS.

Syntax: referencevariable.CommandText = “sql

statement | stored procedure name here”;

2 Connection SqlConnection Represents the connection object, based on which

the command has to be executed.

Syntax: referencevariable.Connection =
ReferenceVariableOfSqlConnectionClass;

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3 CommandType CommandType Represents type of the command.

Options: Text | StoredProcedure

a) Text = Represents a command with a

normal SQL statement, such as SELECT |
INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE etc.
b) StoredProcedure = Represents a command
with stored procedure.

Syntax: referencevariable.CommandType =
System.Data.CommandType.Optionhere;

4 Parameters List<SqlParameter> Represents the collection of parameters that are

to be passed to DBMS in order to execute the
command.

Syntax:
referencevariable.Parameters.Add(ReferenceVari
ableOfSqlParameter)

5 Transaction SqlTransaction Represents the transaction, in which the

command is a part.

Syntax: referencevariable.Transaction =
ReferenceVariableOfSqlTransaction;

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Constructors of “SqlCommand” class:

Sl. Constructor Description
No

1 SqlCommand() Initializes nothing.

Syntax: new SqlCommand();

2 SqlCommand(string Initializes “CommandText” and “Connection” properties.

CommandText,
Syntax: new SqlCommand(“command text here”, cn);
SqlConnection
connection)

Methods of “SqlCommand” class:

Sl. Method Return Data Type Description
No

1 ExecuteScalar() object Executes the SELECT statement and returns

only one result value.

This method requires the connection in

“Open” status.

Syntax: referencevariable.ExecuteScalar()

2 ExecuteReader() SqlDataReader Executes the SELECT statement & creates

and returns an object of SqlDataReader class.

This method requires the connection in

“Open” status.

Syntax: referencevariable.ExecuteReader()

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3 ExecuteNonQuery() int Executes the INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE

statement & returns the no. of rows affected.

This method requires the connection in

“Open” status.

Syntax:
referencevariable.ExecuteNonQuery()

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ADO.NET - ExecuteScalar

ExecuteScalar
• “ExecuteScalar” method is used to execute a “SELECT statement” or “stored procedure”

and get the single result value.

Steps for development of “ExecuteScalar” method:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Data.SqlClient;

• Create reference variables:

o SqlConnection cn;

o SqlCommand cmd;

• Create objects:

o cn = new SqlConnection();

o cmd = new SqlCommand();

• Call properties

o cmd.CommandText = “comamd text here”;

o cmd.Connection = cn;

• Call methods

o cn.Open();

o object variablename = cmd.ExecuteScalar( );

o cn.Close();

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SqlCommand – ExecuteScalar – Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ExecuteScalarExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ExecuteScalarExample”. Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace ExecuteScalarExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select EmpName from Employees where
EmpID=1";
cmd.Connection = cn;

/* call methods */
cn.Open();
object obj = cmd.ExecuteScalar();

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cn.Close();
string n = Convert.ToString(obj);
string msg = "Emp Name: " + n;
Console.WriteLine(msg);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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SqlCommand – ExecuteScalar – Example 2

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ExecuteScalarExample2”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ExecuteScalarExample2”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace ExecuteScalarExample2
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select count(*) from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;

/* call methods */
cn.Open();
object obj = cmd.ExecuteScalar();

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cn.Close();
string n = Convert.ToString(obj);
Console.WriteLine("Emps Count: " + n);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET – Connection Oriented Model – Introduction

• The “ADO.NET Connection Oriented Model” concept is used to read the data from
database in “record-by-record” (row-by-row) approach.

• ADO.NET sends request to the database server and gets only one record at-a-time. It
stores the current record in an object of “SqlDataReader” class.

• The connection should be in “Open” status, while retrieving data from database.

Advantages of Connection Oriented Model:

• At-a-time ONLY ONE record will be stored in .net application memory (RAM). So it
requires less amount of memory.

Dis-advantages of Connection Oriented Model:

• It is a bit slow-process because of “record-by-record” approach.

• It supports “sequential retrieval of records”. We can’t retrieve a record based on its index.
We can’t retrieve records randomly or in reverse order.

List of classes required for ADO.NET Connection Oriented Model:

1. System.Data.SqlClient.SqlConnection

o Used to connect with SQL Server.

2. System.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand

o Used to send and execute an SQL statement to SQL Server.

3. System.Data.SqlClient.SqlDataReader

o Used to read records one-by-one.

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The "SqlDataReader" class in ADO.NET

• The “SqlDataReader” is a pre-defined class in a namespace called “System.Data.SqlClient”.

• This class’s object is used to store a single record, while retrieving data from database in
“ADO.NET Connection Oriented Model”.

• It occupies the memory, which is enough for storing single database record.

• “SqlDataReader” is useful only in “ADO.NET Connection Oriented Model”.

Properties of “SqlDataReader” class:

Sl. Property Data Description
No Type

1 [column index] object Retrieves the column value in the current record, based
on the column index.

Syntax: referencevariable [column index]

2 [“column name”] object Retrieves the column value in the current record, based
on the column name.

Syntax: referencevariable [“column name”]

3 FieldCount int Represents the no. of fields (columns) in the current

record.

Syntax: referencevariable.FieldCount

4 HasRows bool Represents a Boolean value, whether the datareader

object has any rows or not.

Syntax: referencevariable.HasRows

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Constructors of “SqlDataReader” class:

Sl. Constructor Description
No

No constructors

Methods of “SqlDataReader” class:

Sl. Method Return Data Description
No Type

1 Read() bool Reads the next record into the DataReader.

It returns “true”, if data found.

It returns “false”, if it is reached to end of

records.

Syntax: referencevariable.Read()

2 GetValue(int columnindex) object Returns the value of the specified column in

the current record.

Syntax: referencevariable.GetValue(int
columnindex)

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ADO.NET – Connection Oriented Model

Steps for development of “ADO.NET Connection Oriented Model”:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Data.SqlClient;

• Create reference variables:

o SqlConnection cn;

o SqlCommand cmd;

o SqlDataReader dr;

• Create objects:

o cn = new SqlConnection();

o cmd = new SqlCommand();

Note: We are creating an object for “SqlDataReader” class; because it will

be created automatically when we call ExecuteReader() method.

• Call properties

o cmd.CommandText = “comamd text here”;

o cmd.Connection = cn;

• Call methods

o cn.Open();

o dr = cmd.ExecuteReader( );

o dr.Read();

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o dr[“column name”];

o cn.Close();

ADO.NET Connection Oriented Model – Single Record

– Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

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Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “COMSingleRecordExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “COMSingleRecordExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace COMSingleRecordExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataReader dr;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();

/* call properties */

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cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated

security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees where empid=1";
cmd.Connection = cn;

/* call methods */
cn.Open();
dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
if (dr.Read())
{
object obj1, obj2, obj3;

obj1 = dr["EmpID"];
obj2 = dr["EmpName"];
obj3 = dr["Salary"];
int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;
eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);
Console.WriteLine("EmpID: " + eid);
Console.WriteLine("EmpName: " + ename);
Console.WriteLine("Salary: " + sal);
}

cn.Close();
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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ADO.NET Connection Oriented Model – Multiple

Records – Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “COMMultipleRecordsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “COMMultipleRecordsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace COMMultipleRecordsExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataReader dr;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;

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/* call methods */
cn.Open();
dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
while (dr.Read())
{
object obj1, obj2, obj3;
obj1 = dr["EmpID"];
obj2 = dr["EmpName"];
obj3 = dr["Salary"];
int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;
eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);
Console.WriteLine("EmpID: " + eid + "\nEmpName: " + ename +
"\nSalary: " + sal + "\n");
}
cn.Close();
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

The "SqlParameter" class in ADO.NET

System.Data.SqlClient.SqlParameter
• The “SqlParameter” is a pre-defined class in a namespace called “System.Data.SqlClient”.

• This class’s object represents a parameter (name and value), that is to be passed to DBMS
for execution of command.

• It is useful allover in ADO.NET, such as ExecuteScalar, Connection Oriented Model,

Disconnected Model, Non Query Operations, Stored Procedures, Transactions etc.

Properties of “SqlParamter” class:

Sl. Property Data Type Description
No

1 ParameterName string Represents name of the parameter.

Syntax: referencevariable.ParameterName
= “parameter name here”

2 Value object Represents the actual value of the

parameter.

Syntax: referencevariable.Value

3 DbType DbType Represents the database data type of the

parameter.

Syntax: referencevariable.DbType =
DbType.Optionhere;

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4 Direction ParameterDirection Represents direction of the parameter,

whether it has to be given to DBMS or has
to be retrieved from DBMS.

Options: Input | Output | InputOutput |

ReturnValue

Syntax: referencevariable.Direction =
ParameterDirection.Optionhere;

Constructors of “SqlParameter” class:

Sl. Constructor Description
No

1 SqlParameter() Initializes nothing.

Syntax: new SqlParameter();

2 SqlParameter(string ParameterName, Initializes ParameterName and Value properties.

object Value)
Syntax: new SqlParameter(“parameter name here”,
value here);

Steps for development of “SqlParameter”:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Data.SqlClient;

• Create reference variable:

o SqlParameter p;

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• Create object:

o p = new SqlParameter();

• Call properties

o p.ParameterName = “parameter name here”;

o p.Value = “value here”;

• Add parameter to command:

o cmd.Parameters.Add(p);

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ADO.NET Connection Oriented Model – SqlParameter

– Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “COMSqlParameterExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “COMSqlParameterExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace COMSqlParameterExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//get empid from keyboard
Console.Write("Emp ID: ");
int n = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

/* create reference variables */

SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1;
SqlDataReader dr;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();

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/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees where
empid=@EmpID";
cmd.Connection = cn;
p1.ParameterName = "@EmpID";
p1.Value = n;
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);

/* call methods */
cn.Open();
dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
if (dr.Read())
{
object obj1, obj2;

obj1 = dr["EmpName"];
obj2 = dr["Salary"];

string ename;
decimal sal;

ename = Convert.ToString(obj1);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj2);

Console.WriteLine("Emp Name: " + ename);

Console.WriteLine("Salary: " + sal);
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("No data found");
}
cn.Close();
Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Enter EmpID as “1” and press Enter.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET Disconnected Model

• The “System.Data.SqlClient.SqlDataAdapter” class’s object is used to convert the data
from “result-set” format to “data-set” format.

o Resultset = The data (rows and columns) that is returned from SQL server, after
execution of a SELECT statement.

o DataSet = The data that is stored in .net application memory (RAM) in the form of
objects.

• It loads all records at-once.

• “ADO.NET Disconnected Model” is a concept to retrieve data from database. It is

implemented using “SqlDataAdapter”.

• After loading all records at-once, the connection can be closed. That’s why it is called
“ADO.NET Disconnected Model”.

Advantages of Disconnected Model:

o At-a-time ALL records will be stored (loaded) into .net application memory (RAM).
After that you can disconnect from database. So your app runs faster.

o We can retrieve a record based on the index.

Dis-advantages of Disconnected Model:

o ALL records need to be stored in RAM, up to end of the .net application, so it may
be burden on the RAM, if there are so many records.

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The “SqlDataAdapter” class

The “SqlDataAdapter” class has following members:

Properties
▪ SqlCommand SelectCommand: It represents the object of SqlCommand class, based on
which the data is to be retrieved from database.

Methods
▪ Fill(DataSet dataset): It executes the SELECT statement, converts the resultset into
dataset and also stores the data in dataset.

▪ Update(DataSet dataset): It updates the changes made in the dataset to the database.

Constructors
▪ SqlDataAdapter(): It initializes nothing.

▪ SqlDataAdapter(SqlCommand SelectCommand): It initializes SelectCommand

property.

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The “DataSet” class

• DataSet is used in ADO.NET Disconnected Model.

• DataSet temporarily stores the data that is retrieved from database.

• DataSet internally uses XML.

• DataSet can contain multiple tables.

• Every table in DataSet is treated as an object of “System.Data.DataTable” class.

• Every column in DataTable is treated as an object of “System.Data.DataColumn” class.

• Every row in DataTable is treated as an object of “System.Data.DataRow” class.

DataSet - Example

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “DataSetExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DataSetExample”.

• Click on OK.

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Program.cs
/* Expected data:

Categories:
CategoryID CategoryName
1 ab
2 cd

Products:
ProductID ProductName Cost
101 prod1 400
102 prd2 500
103 prd3 600

*/

using System;
using System.Data;

namespace DataSetExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//creating dataset
DataSet ds = new DataSet();

//creating 2 tables
DataTable dt1 = new DataTable() { TableName = "Categories" };
DataTable dt2 = new DataTable() { TableName = "Products" };

//creating 2 columns for table1

DataColumn col1 = new DataColumn() { ColumnName = "CategoryID",
DataType = typeof(int) };
DataColumn col2 = new DataColumn() { ColumnName =
"CategoryName", DataType = typeof(string) };

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//creating 3 columns for table2

DataColumn col3 = new DataColumn() { ColumnName = "ProductID",
DataType = typeof(int) };
DataColumn col4 = new DataColumn() { ColumnName =
"ProductName", DataType = typeof(string) };
DataColumn col5 = new DataColumn() { ColumnName = "Cost",
DataType = typeof(decimal) };

//adding columns to table1

dt1.Columns.Add(col1);
dt1.Columns.Add(col2);

//adding columns to table2

dt2.Columns.Add(col3);
dt2.Columns.Add(col4);
dt2.Columns.Add(col5);

//creating 2 rows for table1

DataRow drow1 = dt1.NewRow();
DataRow drow2 = dt1.NewRow();

//creating 3 rows for table2

DataRow drow3 = dt2.NewRow();
DataRow drow4 = dt2.NewRow();
DataRow drow5 = dt2.NewRow();

//adding rows to table1

dt1.Rows.Add(drow1);
dt1.Rows.Add(drow2);

//adding rows to table2

dt2.Rows.Add(drow3);
dt2.Rows.Add(drow4);
dt2.Rows.Add(drow5);

//adding tables to dataset

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 C#.NET 8.0

ds.Tables.Add(dt1);
ds.Tables.Add(dt2);

/************* setting data **************/

//setting data in table1

dt1.Rows[0]["CategoryID"] = 1;
dt1.Rows[0]["CategoryName"] = "ab";
dt1.Rows[1]["CategoryID"] = 2;
dt1.Rows[1]["CategoryName"] = "cd";

//setting data in table2

dt2.Rows[0]["ProductID"] = 101;
dt2.Rows[0]["ProductName"] = "prod1";
dt2.Rows[0]["Cost"] = 400;
dt2.Rows[1]["ProductID"] = 102;
dt2.Rows[1]["ProductName"] = "prod2";
dt2.Rows[1]["Cost"] = 500;
dt2.Rows[2]["ProductID"] = 103;
dt2.Rows[2]["ProductName"] = "prod3";
dt2.Rows[2]["Cost"] = 600;

//getting data from table1

Console.WriteLine(dt1.TableName + ": ");
for (int i = 0; i < dt1.Rows.Count; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(dt1.Rows[i]["CategoryID"] + ", " +
dt1.Rows[i]["CategoryName"]);
}
Console.WriteLine();

//getting data from table2

Console.WriteLine(dt2.TableName + ": ");
for (int i = 0; i < dt2.Rows.Count; i++)
{

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Console.WriteLine(dt2.Rows[i]["ProductID"] + ", " +

dt2.Rows[i]["ProductName"] + ", " + dt2.Rows[i]["Cost"]);
}

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET Disconnected Model – Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “DisconnectedModelExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DisconnectedModelExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace DisconnectedModelExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";

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cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";

cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];
for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];

object obj1, obj2, obj3;

obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];
obj3 = drow["Salary"];

int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;

eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);

Console.WriteLine(eid + ", " + ename + ", " + sal);

}

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET Disconnected Model – Multiple Tables -

Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “departmentsandemployeesdatabase” database
already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database departmentsandemployeesdatabase

go

use departmentsandemployeesdatabase
go

create table Departments(

DeptNo int primary key,
DeptName nvarchar(max),
Loc nvarchar(max))
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName varchar(max),
Salary decimal,
DeptNo int references Departments(DeptNo))
go

insert into Departments values(10, 'Acounting', 'New York')

insert into Departments values(20, 'Operations', 'New Delhi')
insert into Departments values(30, 'Sales', 'New Jersy')

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 3000, 10)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 6500, 10)

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insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 4577, 20)

insert into Employees values(4, 'James', 9500, 20)
insert into Employees values(5, 'Smith', 3345, 30)
insert into Employees values(6, 'Harry', 2500, 30)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “MultipleTablesExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MultipleTablesExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace MultipleTablesExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()

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{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt1, dt2;
DataRow drow;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=departmentsandemployeesdatabase";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Departments select * from
Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);

/* departments */
Console.WriteLine("Departments:");
dt1 = ds.Tables[0];
int n = 50;
for (int i = 0; i < dt1.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt1.Rows[i];

object obj1, obj2, obj3;

obj1 = drow["DeptNo"];
obj2 = drow["DeptName"];

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obj3 = drow["Loc"];

int dno;
string dname;
string loc;

dno = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
dname = Convert.ToString(obj2);
loc = Convert.ToString(obj3);

Console.WriteLine(dno + ", " + dname + ", " + loc);

}

/* employees */
Console.WriteLine("\nEmployees:");
dt2 = ds.Tables[1];
n += 100;
for (int i = 0; i < dt2.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt2.Rows[i];

object obj1, obj2, obj3, obj4;

obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];
obj3 = drow["Salary"];
obj4 = drow["DeptNo"];

int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;
int dno;

eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);
dno = Convert.ToInt32(obj4);

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Console.WriteLine(eid + ", " + ename + ", " + sal + ", " + dno);
}

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET Disconnected Model – Joins - Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “departmentsandemployeesdatabase” database
already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database departmentsandemployeesdatabase

go

use departmentsandemployeesdatabase
go

create table Departments(

DeptNo int primary key,
DeptName nvarchar(max),
Loc nvarchar(max))
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName varchar(max),
Salary decimal,
DeptNo int references Departments(DeptNo))
go

insert into Departments values(10, 'Acounting', 'New York')

insert into Departments values(20, 'Operations', 'New Delhi')
insert into Departments values(30, 'Sales', 'New Jersy')

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 3000, 10)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 6500, 10)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 4577, 20)

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insert into Employees values(4, 'James', 9500, 20)

insert into Employees values(5, 'Smith', 3345, 30)
insert into Employees values(6, 'Harry', 2500, 30)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “JoinsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “JoinsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace JoinsExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
/* create reference variables */

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SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=departmentsandemployeesdatabase";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from employees inner join
departments on employees.deptno=departments.deptno";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];
for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];

object obj1, obj2, obj3, obj4, obj5, obj6;

obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];
obj3 = drow["Salary"];
obj4 = drow["DeptNo"];
obj5 = drow["DeptName"];
obj6 = drow["Loc"];
int eid;
string ename;

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decimal sal;
int dno;
string dname;
string loc;
eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);
dno = Convert.ToInt32(obj4);
dname = Convert.ToString(obj5);
loc = Convert.ToString(obj6);
Console.WriteLine(eid + ", " + ename + ", " + sal + ", " + dno + ", " + loc);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET Non Query - Insertion – Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

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Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “InsertionExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “InsertionExample”. Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace InsertionExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "insert into Employees values(10, 'qwerty',
4500)";
cmd.Connection = cn;

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//calling methods
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

Console.WriteLine(n + " rows inserted");

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET Non-Query - Updation – Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the project name as “UpdationExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “UpdationExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace UpdationExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "update Employees set EmpName='asdf',
Salary=8900 where EmpID=1";
cmd.Connection = cn;

//calling methods
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

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Console.WriteLine(n + " rows updated");

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET Non-Query - Deletion – Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the project name as “DeletionExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DeletionExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace DeletionExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "delete from Employees where EmpID=3";
cmd.Connection = cn;

//calling methods
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

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Console.WriteLine(n + " rows deleted");

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET Non Query – Insertion – With SqlParameter

– Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “InsertionSqlParameterExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “InsertionSqlParameterExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace InsertionSqlParameterExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//accept values from keyboard
Console.Write("Enter EmpID: ");
int empId = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
Console.Write("Enter EmpName: ");
string empName = Console.ReadLine();
Console.Write("Enter Salary: ");
decimal sal = Convert.ToDecimal(Console.ReadLine());

//create reference variables

SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1, p2, p3;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();

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p1 = new SqlParameter();
p2 = new SqlParameter();
p3 = new SqlParameter();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "insert into Employees values(@empid,
@empname, @salary)";
cmd.Connection = cn;
p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p2.ParameterName = "@empname";
p3.ParameterName = "@salary";
p1.Value = empId;
p2.Value = empName;
p3.Value = sal;
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p2);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p3);

//calling methods
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

Console.WriteLine(n + " rows inserted");

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET Non-Query – Updation – With SqlParameter

– Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “UpdationSqlParameterExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “UpdationSqlParameterExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace UpdationSqlParameterExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//accept values from keyboard
Console.Write("Enter Existing EmpID: ");
int empId = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
Console.Write("Enter EmpName: ");
string empName = Console.ReadLine();
Console.Write("Enter Salary: ");
decimal sal = Convert.ToDecimal(Console.ReadLine());
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1, p2, p3;
//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
p2 = new SqlParameter();

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p3 = new SqlParameter();
//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "update Employees set empname=@empname,
salary=@salary where empid=@empid";
cmd.Connection = cn;
p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p2.ParameterName = "@empname";
p3.ParameterName = "@salary";
p1.Value = empId;
p2.Value = empName;
p3.Value = sal;
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p2);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p3);
//calling methods
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();
Console.WriteLine(n + " rows updated");
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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ADO.NET Non-Query – Deletion – With SqlParameter

– Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “DeletionSqlParameterExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DeletionSqlParameterExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace DeletionSqlParameterExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//accept values from keyboard
Console.Write("Enter Existing EmpID: ");
int empId = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

//create reference variables

SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";

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cmd.CommandText = "delete from Employees where empid=@empid";

cmd.Connection = cn;
p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p1.Value = empId;
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
//calling methods
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();
Console.WriteLine(n + " rows deleted");
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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Stored Procedures Calling in ADO.NET

Calling Stored Procedures using ADO.NET

• Stored procedure is a collection of SQL statements that will be stored in database.

• Stored procedures can be called from .net application.

• Stored procedures will be compiled once and executes every time when we call it. This is
called “pre-compilation”.

• Stored procedures improve performance because of pre-compilation.

• Stored procedures support to separate work between database developer and .net
developer in real time.

• Stored procedures are best for performing multiple and complex database operations with
a single database call.

Syntax of creating stored procedure in SQL Server

create procedure procedurename
(@parameter1 datatype, @parameter2 datatype, …)
as begin
code here
end
go

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ADO.NET Non Query – Insertion – With Stored

Procedures – Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go

use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

create procedure InsertEmployee(

@EmpID int,
@EmpName nvarchar(max),
@Salary decimal
)
as begin
insert into Employees values(@EmpID, @EmpName, @Salary)
end
go

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• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “InsertionWithSPExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “InsertionWithSPExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace InsertionWithSPExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//accept values from keyboard
Console.Write("Enter EmpID: ");
int empId = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
Console.Write("Enter EmpName: ");
string empName = Console.ReadLine();

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 C#.NET 8.0

Console.Write("Enter Salary: ");

decimal sal = Convert.ToDecimal(Console.ReadLine());

//create reference variables

SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1, p2, p3;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
p2 = new SqlParameter();
p3 = new SqlParameter();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "InsertEmployee";
cmd.Connection = cn;
cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p2.ParameterName = "@empname";
p3.ParameterName = "@salary";
p1.Value = empId;
p2.Value = empName;
p3.Value = sal;
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p2);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p3);

//calling methods
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

Console.WriteLine(n + " rows inserted");

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Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET Non Query – Updation – With Stored

Procedures – Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go

use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

create procedure UpdateEmployee(

@EmpID int,
@EmpName nvarchar(max),
@Salary decimal
)
as begin
update Employees set EmpName=@EmpName, Salary=@Salary
where EmpID=@EmpID
end

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 C#.NET 8.0

go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “UpdationWithSPExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “UpdationWithSPExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace UpdationWithSPExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//accept values from keyboard
Console.Write("Enter Existing EmpID: ");
int empId = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
Console.Write("Enter EmpName: ");

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string empName = Console.ReadLine();

Console.Write("Enter Salary: ");
decimal sal = Convert.ToDecimal(Console.ReadLine());

//create reference variables

SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1, p2, p3;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
p2 = new SqlParameter();
p3 = new SqlParameter();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "UpdateEmployee";
cmd.Connection = cn;
cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p2.ParameterName = "@empname";
p3.ParameterName = "@salary";
p1.Value = empId;
p2.Value = empName;
p3.Value = sal;
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p2);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p3);

//calling methods
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

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Console.WriteLine(n + " rows updated");

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET Non Query – Deletion – With Stored

Procedures – Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go

use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

create procedure DeleteEmployee(

@EmpID int
)
as begin
delete from Employees
where EmpID=@EmpID
end
go

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• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “DeletionWithSPExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DeletionWithSPExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace DeletionWithSPExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//accept values from keyboard
Console.Write("Enter Existing EmpID: ");
int empId = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

//create reference variables

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SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "DeleteEmployee";
cmd.Connection = cn;
cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p1.Value = empId;
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);

//calling methods
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

Console.WriteLine(n + " rows deleted");

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET - Transactions

ADO.NET Transactions
• A transaction is a “collection of database operations such as insertion, deletion and
updation”.

• ADO.NET transactions are used to roll back the previously executed database operations,
when any database operation is failed in a transaction.

• Example: Funds transfer from one bank account to another bank account.

▪ Operation 1: Debit the money from source account.

▪ Operation 2: Credit the money to destination account.

• We use “System.Data.SqlClient.SqlTransaction” class is used to implement ado.net

transactions in the program.

Methods for ADO.NET Transactions:

1. cn.BeginTransaction()

▪ This method creates and starts a new ado.net transaction. It creates and returns an
object for “SqlTransaction” class.

2. transactionReferenceVariable.Commit()

▪ This method will save (fix) the database operations that are executed during the
current transaction.

3. transactionReferenceVariable.RollBack()

▪ This method will rollback (cancel) all the previously executed database operations
during the current transaction.

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ADO.NET – Transactions - Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “transactionsdatabase” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database transactionsdatabase

go

use transactionsdatabase
go

CREATE TABLE AccountsTable(

AccountNo int primary key,
AccountHolderName nvarchar(40),
Balance decimal)
GO

INSERT INTO AccountsTable VALUES (101, 'scott', 10000)

INSERT INTO AccountsTable VALUES (102, 'allen', 5000)
GO

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “TransactionsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “TransactionsExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace TransactionsExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlTransaction transaction;
SqlCommand cmd1, cmd2;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd1 = new SqlCommand();
cmd2 = new SqlCommand();

//call properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=transactionsdatabase";
cmd1.CommandText = "update AccountsTable set Balance=Balance-
1000 where AccountNo=101";
cmd2.CommandText = "update AccountsTable set
Balance=Balance+1000 were AccountNo=102";
cmd1.Connection = cn;

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cmd2.Connection = cn;

//call methods
cn.Open();
transaction = cn.BeginTransaction();
cmd1.Transaction = transaction;
cmd2.Transaction = transaction;

try
{
cmd1.ExecuteNonQuery();
Console.WriteLine("First operation done.");

cmd2.ExecuteNonQuery();
Console.WriteLine("Second operation done.");
transaction.Commit(); //save data

Console.WriteLine("Transaction Complete");
}
catch (Exception)
{
transaction.Rollback(); //first operation will be rollback
Console.WriteLine("Rollback done!");
}

cn.Close();
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

The "OleDb" namespace in ADO.NET

System.Data.OleDb (Object Linking and Embedding Database)

• The “System.Data.OleDb” namespace contains classes like OleDbConnection,
OleDbCommand etc. The usage of these classes are same as SqlConnectoin, SqlCommand
etc.

• The System.Data.OleDb namespace is used to connect and interact with various databases
like Oracle, Excel, Access etc.

Classes in “System.Data.OleDb” namespace

Sl. SqlClient namespace “OleDb” namespace

No (For SQL Server) (For Oracle, Excel, Access)

1 System.Data.SqlClient.SqlConnection System.Data.OleDb.OleDbConnection

2 System.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand System.Data.OleDb.OleDbCommand

3 System.Data.SqlClient.SqlDataReader System.Data.OleDb.OleDbDataReader

4 System.Data.SqlClient.SqlParameter System.Data.OleDb.OleDbParameter

5 System.Data.SqlClient.SqlDataAdapter System.Data.OleDb.OleDbDataAdapter

6 System.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommandBuilder System.Data.OleDb.OleDbCommandBuilder

7 System.Data.SqlClient.SqlTransaction System.Data.OleDb.OleDbTransaction

8 System.Data.DataSet System.Data.DataSet

9 System.Data.DataTable System.Data.DataTable

10 System.Data.DataRow System.Data.DataRow

11 System.Data.DataColumn System.Data.DataColumn

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Connection Strings in ADO.NET

Connection string for SQL Server

• "data source=Servernamehere; integrated security=yes; initial
catalog=Databasenamehere"

(or)

• "data source=Servernamehere; user id=Usernamehere; password=Passwordhere; initial

catalog=Databasenamehere"

Connection string for Oracle

• "provider=msdaora.1; user id=Usernamehere; password=Passwordhere"

Connection string for MS Access

• @"provider=Microsoft.Ace.Oledb.12.0; data source=FilePathHere"

Connection string for MS Excel

• @"Provider=Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0; Data Source=FilePathHere; Extended
Properties='Excel 12.0;HDR=Yes;IMEX=1' "

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ADO.NET – Oracle - Example

Installing Oracle Database 11g Expression Edition

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have installed “Oracle 11g Express” already.

• You can download Oracle 11g Express Edition at:

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/database-technologies/express-
edition/downloads/index.html

• Open “Oracle 11g Express” folder.

• Double click on “setup.exe”.

• Click on “Yes”.

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• Please wait while it loads…

• Click on “Next”.

• Click on “I accept the terms in the license agreement”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Click on “Next”.

• Click on “Next”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Enter the password as “123”.

• Enter the confirm password “123”.

• Click on “Next”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Click on “Install”.

• Installation may take around 10 minutes.

o Click on OK if it shows one or two errors while installing.

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• Click on “Finish”.

• Restart the PC.

Creating table in Oracle

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “employees” table in Oracle already.

• Go to “Start” – “Oracle 11g Express Edition” – “Run SQL Command Line”.

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• Type the following script and press Enter.

connect system/123;

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create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName varchar2(40),
Salary decimal);

insert into Employees values(1, 'scott', 1040);

insert into Employees values(2, 'james', 9821);
insert into Employees values(3, 'jones', 7721);

commit;

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Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “OracleExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “OracleExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.OleDb;
using System.Data;

namespace OracleExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
/* create reference variables */
OleDbConnection cn;
OleDbCommand cmd;
OleDbDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

/* create objects */
cn = new OleDbConnection();

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 C#.NET 8.0

cmd = new OleDbCommand();

adp = new OleDbDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "user id=system; password=123;
provider=msdaora.1";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];
for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];
object obj1, obj2, obj3;
obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];
obj3 = drow["Salary"];
int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;
eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);
Console.WriteLine(eid + ", " + ename + ", " + sal);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET – MS Access - Example

Installing Access Database Engine

• Install MS Office 2007 or 2010 or 2013 or 2016. You can download MS Office 2016 at:
https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Download-and-install-or-reinstall-Office-365-
Office-2016-or-Office-2013-on-your-PC-or-Mac-4414eaaf-0478-48be-9c42-
23adc4716658?ui=en-US&rs=en-US&ad=US

• Additionally, we have to install “Access Database Engine”.

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have installed “Access Database Engine” already.

• You can download “MS Access Database Engine” at: https://www.microsoft.com/en-

in/download/details.aspx?id=13255

• To install “Access Database Engine”, go to “Access Database Engine” folder.

• Double click on “AccessDatabaseEngine”.

• Click on “Yes”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Check the checkbox “I accept the terms in the License Agreement”.

• Click on “Next”.

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• Click on “Install”.

• Installation may take around 1 or 2 minutes.

• Click on OK.

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Creating table in MS Access

• Go to “Start” – “Access 2016”.

• Click on “Blank desktop database”.

• Type the file name as “Database1.accdb”.

• Click on the folder icon and select “C:\CSharp” folder.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Click on OK.

• Click on “Create”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Right click on “Table1” and click on “Design View”.

• Type the table name as “Employees”.

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• Click on OK.

• Type the table structure as follows:

• Right click “Employees” and click on “Open”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Click on “Yes”.

• Type the data as follows:

• Save the file.

• Close “Microsoft Access 2016”.

• Make sure “Database1.accdb” file exist in “C:\CSharp” folder.

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Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “MSAccessExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MSAccessExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.OleDb;
using System.Data;

namespace MSAccessExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
/* create reference variables */
OleDbConnection cn;
OleDbCommand cmd;
OleDbDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

/* create objects */
cn = new OleDbConnection();

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cmd = new OleDbCommand();

adp = new OleDbDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = @"provider=Microsoft.Ace.Oledb.12.0; data
source=C:\CSharp\Database1.accdb";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];
for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];
object obj1, obj2, obj3;
obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];
obj3 = drow["Salary"];
int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;
eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);
Console.WriteLine(eid + ", " + ename + ", " + sal);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET – MS Excel - Example

Installing Access Database Engine

• Install MS Office 2007 or 2010 or 2013 or 2016. You can download MS Office 2016 at:
https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Download-and-install-or-reinstall-Office-365-
Office-2016-or-Office-2013-on-your-PC-or-Mac-4414eaaf-0478-48be-9c42-
23adc4716658?ui=en-US&rs=en-US&ad=US

• Additionally, we have to install “Access Database Engine”.

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have installed “Access Database Engine” already.

• You can download “MS Access Database Engine” at: https://www.microsoft.com/en-

in/download/details.aspx?id=13255

• To install “Access Database Engine”, go to “Access Database Engine” folder.

• Double click on “AccessDatabaseEngine”.

• Click on “Yes”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Check the checkbox “I accept the terms in the License Agreement”.

• Click on “Next”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Click on “Install”.

• Installation may take around 1 or 2 minutes.

• Click on OK.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Creating work book in MS Excel

• Go to “Start” – “Excel 2016”.

• Click on “Blank Workbook”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the data as follows:

• Go to “File” – “Save” – “This PC” – “Browse”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select the folder as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the filename as “Book1.xlsx”.

• Click on “Save”.

• Close “Microsoft Excel 2016”.

• Make sure “Book1.xlsx” file exist in “C:\CSharp” folder.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “MSExcelExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MSExcelExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.OleDb;
using System.Data;

namespace MSExcelExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
/* create reference variables */
OleDbConnection cn;
OleDbCommand cmd;
OleDbDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

/* create objects */
cn = new OleDbConnection();

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 C#.NET 8.0

cmd = new OleDbCommand();

adp = new OleDbDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = @"Provider=Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0; Data
Source=C:\CSharp\Book1.xlsx; Extended Properties='Excel
12.0;HDR=Yes;IMEX=1' ";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from [Sheet1$]";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];
for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];
object obj1, obj2, obj3;
obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];
obj3 = drow["Salary"];
int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;
eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);
Console.WriteLine(eid + ", " + ename + ", " + sal);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET – SQL Server to Oracle - Example

Creating SQL Server Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database in SQL Server, already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Installing Oracle Database 11g Expression Edition

• Install “Oracle 11g Express” as shown in the previous example.

• You can download Oracle 11g Express Edition at:

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/database-technologies/express-
edition/downloads/index.html

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 C#.NET 8.0

Creating table in Oracle

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “employees2” table in Oracle already.

• Go to “Start” – “Oracle 11g Express Edition” – “Run SQL Command Line”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the following script and press Enter.

connect system/123;

create table Employees2(

EmpID int,
EmpName varchar2(40),
Salary decimal);

commit;

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 766 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “SqlServerToOracleExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “SqlServerToOracleExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//Copy data from "SqlServer" to "Oracle"
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data.OleDb;
using System.Data;

namespace SqlServerToOracleExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];
for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];

object obj1, obj2, obj3;

obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];
obj3 = drow["Salary"];

int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;

eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);

InsertIntoOracle(eid, ename, sal);

}

Console.WriteLine(dt.Rows.Count + " records copied");

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 C#.NET 8.0

Console.ReadKey();
}

private static void InsertIntoOracle(int eid, string ename, decimal sal)

{
//create reference variables
OleDbConnection cn;
OleDbCommand cmd;

//create objects
cn = new OleDbConnection();
cmd = new OleDbCommand();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "user id=system; password=123;
provider=msdaora.1";
cmd.CommandText = string.Format("insert into Employees2
values({0}, '{1}', {2})", eid, ename, sal);
cmd.Connection = cn;

//calling methods
cn.Open();
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

Check the data in “Oracle”:

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 770 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET – SQL Server to MS Excel - Example

Creating SQL Server Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database in SQL Server, already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Installing Access Database Engine

• Install MS Office 2007 or 2010 or 2013 or 2016. You can download MS Office 2016 at:
https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Download-and-install-or-reinstall-Office-365-
Office-2016-or-Office-2013-on-your-PC-or-Mac-4414eaaf-0478-48be-9c42-
23adc4716658?ui=en-US&rs=en-US&ad=US

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Additionally, we have to install “Access Database Engine”, based on the steps explained in
the previous examples.

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have installed “Access Database Engine” already.

• You can download “MS Access Database Engine” at: https://www.microsoft.com/en-

in/download/details.aspx?id=13255

Creating work book in MS Excel

• Go to “Start” – “Excel 2016”.

• Click on “Blank Workbook”.

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 772 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the data as follows:

• Go to “File” – “Save” – “This PC” – “Browse”.

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 773 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

• Select the folder as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the filename as “Book2.xlsx”.

• Click on “Save”.

• Close “Microsoft Excel 2016”.

• Make sure “Book2.xlsx” file exist in “C:\CSharp” folder.

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 774 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “SqlServerToExcelExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “SqlServerToExcelExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//Copy data from "SqlServer" to "Excel"
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data.OleDb;
using System.Data;

namespace SqlServerToExcelExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];
for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];

object obj1, obj2, obj3;

obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];
obj3 = drow["Salary"];

int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;

eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);

InsertIntoExcel(eid, ename, sal);

}

Console.WriteLine(dt.Rows.Count + " records copied");

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 C#.NET 8.0

Console.ReadKey();
}

private static void InsertIntoExcel(int eid, string ename, decimal sal)

{
//create reference variables
OleDbConnection cn;
OleDbCommand cmd;

//create objects
cn = new OleDbConnection();
cmd = new OleDbCommand();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = @"Provider=Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0; Data
Source=C:\CSharp\Book2.xlsx; Extended Properties='Excel
12.0;HDR=Yes;IMEX=3' ";
cmd.CommandText = string.Format("insert into [Sheet1$] values('{0}',
'{1}', '{2}')", eid, ename, sal);
cmd.Connection = cn;

//calling methods
cn.Open();
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

• Check the data in “C:\CSharp\Book2.xlsx” file.

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET – Oracle to SQL Server - Example

Creating SQL Server Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database with “Employees2” table in
SQL Server, already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go

use company
go

create table Employees2(

EmpID int,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Installing Oracle Database 11g Expression Edition

• Install “Oracle 11g Express” as shown in the previous example.

• You can download Oracle 11g Express Edition at:

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/database-technologies/express-
edition/downloads/index.html

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 C#.NET 8.0

Creating table in Oracle

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “employees2” table in Oracle already.

• Go to “Start” – “Oracle 11g Express Edition” – “Run SQL Command Line”.

• Type the following script and press Enter.

connect system/123;

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 C#.NET 8.0

create table Employees2(

EmpID int,
EmpName varchar2(40),
Salary decimal);

insert into Employees2 values(1, 'scott', 1040);

insert into Employees2 values(2, 'james', 9821);
insert into Employees2 values(3, 'jones', 7721);

commit;

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 C#.NET 8.0

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “OracleToSqlServerExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “OracleToSqlServerExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//Copy data from "Oracle" to "SqlServer"
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data.OleDb;
using System.Data;

namespace OracleToSqlServerExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
OleDbConnection cn;
OleDbCommand cmd;
OleDbDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

cn = new OleDbConnection();
cmd = new OleDbCommand();
adp = new OleDbDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

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 C#.NET 8.0

cn.ConnectionString = "user id=system; password=123;

provider=msdaora.1";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees2";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];
for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];
object obj1, obj2, obj3;
obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];
obj3 = drow["Salary"];
int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;
eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);
InsertIntoSqlServer(eid, ename, sal);
}
Console.WriteLine(dt.Rows.Count + " records copied");
Console.ReadKey();
}

private static void InsertIntoSqlServer(int eid, string ename, decimal

sal)
{
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;

cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();

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 C#.NET 8.0

cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated

security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = string.Format("insert into Employees2
values({0}, '{1}', {2})", eid, ename, sal);
cmd.Connection = cn;
cn.Open();
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

Check the data in “SQL Server”:

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 784 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 785 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET – Excel to SQL Server - Example

Creating SQL Server Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database with “Employees2” table in
SQL Server, already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go

use company
go

create table Employees2(

EmpID int,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Installing Access Database Engine

• Install MS Office 2007 or 2010 or 2013 or 2016. You can download MS Office 2016 at:
https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Download-and-install-or-reinstall-Office-365-
Office-2016-or-Office-2013-on-your-PC-or-Mac-4414eaaf-0478-48be-9c42-
23adc4716658?ui=en-US&rs=en-US&ad=US

• Additionally, we have to install “Access Database Engine”, based on the steps explained in
the previous examples.

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have installed “Access Database Engine” already.

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 786 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

• You can download “MS Access Database Engine” at: https://www.microsoft.com/en-

in/download/details.aspx?id=13255

Creating Workbook in “Excel”:

• Go to “Start” – “Excel 2016”.

• Click on “Blank Workbook”.

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 787 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the data as follows:

• Go to “File” – “Save” – “This PC” – “Browse”.

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 788 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

• Select the folder as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the filename as “Book1.xlsx”.

• Click on “Save”.

• Close “Microsoft Excel 2016”.

• Make sure “Book1.xlsx” file exist in “C:\CSharp” folder.

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 789 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “ExcelToSqlServerExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ExcelToSqlServerExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//Copy data from "Excel" to "SqlServer"
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data.OleDb;
using System.Data;

namespace ExcelToSqlServerExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
/* create reference variables */
OleDbConnection cn;
OleDbCommand cmd;
OleDbDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* create objects */
cn = new OleDbConnection();
cmd = new OleDbCommand();
adp = new OleDbDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = @"Provider=Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0; Data
Source=C:\CSharp\Book1.xlsx; Extended Properties='Excel
12.0;HDR=Yes;IMEX=1' ";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from [Sheet1$]";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];
for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];

object obj1, obj2, obj3;

obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];
obj3 = drow["Salary"];

int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;

eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);

InsertIntoSqlServer(eid, ename, sal);

}

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 C#.NET 8.0

Console.WriteLine(dt.Rows.Count + " records copied");

Console.ReadKey();
}

private static void InsertIntoSqlServer(int eid, string ename, decimal

sal)
{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = string.Format("insert into Employees2
values({0}, '{1}', {2})", eid, ename, sal);
cmd.Connection = cn;

//calling methods
cn.Open();
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 792 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

Check the data in “SQL Server”:

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 793 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET – SQL Server to File - Example

Creating SQL Server Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database with “Employees2” table in
SQL Server, already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees2(

EmpID int,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “SqlServerToFileExample”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “SqlServerToFileExample”. Click on OK.

Program.cs
//Copy data from "SqlServer" to "File"
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
namespace SqlServerToFileExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create directory if not exists
if (Directory.Exists(@"C:\CSharp") == false)
{
Directory.CreateDirectory(@"C:\CSharp");
}

//create reference variables

SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;
FileInfo finfo;
FileStream fs;
StreamWriter sw;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 795 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

cmd = new SqlCommand();

adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();
finfo = new FileInfo(@"C:\CSharp\Employees.txt");

//delete the file if already exists

if (finfo.Exists == true)
finfo.Delete();

//create objects
fs = new FileStream(@"C:\CSharp\Employees.txt", FileMode.Create,
FileAccess.Write);
sw = new StreamWriter(fs);

//call properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees2";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

//call methods
adp.Fill(ds);

//read data
dt = ds.Tables[0];

//read data from database record-by-record

for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
//get values
object obj1, obj2, obj3;
drow = dt.Rows[i];
obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];
obj3 = drow["Salary"];
int eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);

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string ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);

double sal = Convert.ToDouble(obj3);
string msg = eid + "," + ename + "," + sal;
//write data to the file
sw.WriteLine(msg);
}

//close the file

sw.Close();

Console.WriteLine("Data has been written to the following file

successfully.\nC:\\CSharp\\Employees.txt");

//open the file in notepad

Process.Start(@"C:\Windows\System32\notepad.exe",
@"C:\CSharp\Employees.txt");

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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ADO.NET – File to SQL Server - Example

Creating SQL Server Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database with “Employees2” table in
SQL Server, already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees2(

EmpID int,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “FileToSqlServerExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

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• Type the solution name as “FileToSqlServerExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
//Copy data from "File" to "SqlServer"
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.IO;

namespace FileToSqlServerExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
FileInfo finfo;
FileStream fs;
StreamReader sr;
SqlParameter p1, p2, p3;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
p2 = new SqlParameter();
p3 = new SqlParameter();
finfo = new FileInfo(@"C:\CSharp\Employees.txt");

//check whether the file already exists or not

if (finfo.Exists == false)
{
Console.WriteLine("File not exists.");

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Console.ReadKey();
return;
}

//create objects
fs = new FileStream(@"C:\CSharp\Employees.txt", FileMode.Open,
FileAccess.Read);
sr = new StreamReader(fs);

//call properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "insert into Employees2 values(@empid,
@empname, @salary)";
cmd.Connection = cn;

//call methods
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p2);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p3);

//read all lines from the file

while (true)
{
string line = sr.ReadLine();
string[] values;
values = line.Split(',');

int eid = Convert.ToInt32(values[0]);

string ename = Convert.ToString(values[1]);
double sal = Convert.ToDouble(values[2]);

p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p1.Value = eid;
p2.ParameterName = "@empname";
p2.Value = ename;
p3.ParameterName = "@salary";

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p3.Value = sal;

//insert into database

cn.Open();
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

if (sr.EndOfStream == true)
break;
}

//close the file

sr.Close();

Console.WriteLine("Data stored into database");

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

Check the data in “SQL Server”:

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The "SqlCommandBuilder" class in ADO.NET

System.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommandBuilder
• The “SqlCommandBuilder” is a pre-defined class in a namespace called
“System.Data.SqlClient”.

• This class’s object generates a set of INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE sql statements
automatically, based on the SELECT statement, based on which we can perform DML
operations using DataSet.

Properties of “SqlCommandBuilder” class:

Sl. Property Data Type Description
No

1 DataAdapter SqlDataAdapter Represents the reference of object of

SqlDataAdapter class in which the INSERT,
UPDATE, DELETE commands have to be
generated..

Syntax: referencevariable.DataAdapter =
ReferenceVariableSqlDataAdapter ;

Constructors of “SqlCommandBuilder” class:

Sl. Constructor Description
No

1 SqlCommandBuilder() Initializes nothing.

Syntax: new SqlCommandBuilder();

2 SqlCommandBuilder Initializes DataAdapter property.

(SqlDataAdapter adapter)
Syntax: new SqlCommandBuilder(SqlDataAdapter
adapter);

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ADO.NET – SqlCommandBuilder – DataSet – Insertion

- Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “DataSetInsertionExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DataSetInsertionExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace DataSetInsertionExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//accept values from keyboard
Console.Write("Enter EmpID: ");
int empId = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
Console.Write("Enter EmpName: ");
string empName = Console.ReadLine();
Console.Write("Enter Salary: ");
decimal sal = Convert.ToDecimal(Console.ReadLine());

//create reference variables

SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
SqlCommandBuilder cmb;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

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//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
cmb = new SqlCommandBuilder();
ds = new DataSet();

//call properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;
cmb.DataAdapter = adp;

//call methods
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];

//create a new data row

drow = dt.NewRow();
drow["empid"] = empId;
drow["empname"] = empName;
drow["salary"] = sal;

//add row to the table

dt.Rows.Add(drow);

//save changes back to the database

adp.Update(ds);

Console.WriteLine("Inserted");
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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ADO.NET – SqlCommandBuilder – DataSet – Updation

- Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “DataSetUpdationExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DataSetUpdationExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace DataSetUpdationExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//accept values from keyboard
Console.Write("Enter Existing EmpID: ");
int empId = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
Console.Write("Enter EmpName: ");
string empName = Console.ReadLine();
Console.Write("Enter Salary: ");
decimal sal = Convert.ToDecimal(Console.ReadLine());

//create reference variables

SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
SqlCommandBuilder cmb;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

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//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
cmb = new SqlCommandBuilder();
ds = new DataSet();

//call properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;
cmb.DataAdapter = adp;

//call methods
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];

//get datarow based on empid

int n = Convert.ToInt32(empId);
string condition = "empid=" + n;
drow = dt.Select(condition)[0];

//update
drow["empname"] = empName;
drow["salary"] = sal;

//save changes back to the database

adp.Update(ds);

Console.WriteLine("Updated");
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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ADO.NET – SqlCommandBuilder – DataSet – Deletion

- Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “DataSetDeletionExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DataSetDeletionExample”.

• Click on OK.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace DataSetDeletionExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//accept values from keyboard
Console.Write("Enter Existing EmpID: ");
int empId = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

//create reference variables

SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
SqlCommandBuilder cmb;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();

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cmb = new SqlCommandBuilder();

ds = new DataSet();

//call properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;
cmb.DataAdapter = adp;

//call methods
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];

//get datarow based on empid

int n = Convert.ToInt32(empId);
string condition = "empid=" + n;
drow = dt.Select(condition)[0];

//delete the row

drow.Delete();

//save changes back to the database

adp.Update(ds);

Console.WriteLine("Deleted");
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

N-Tier Architecture

N-Tier Architecture (or) 3-Tier Architecture

• The application’s code is divided as 3 major parts for ease of maintenance and
administration purpose:

1. Data Access Layer: Contains code for connecting with database.

2. Business Logic Layer: Contains code for validations and calculations.

3. Presentation Layer: Contains code for displaying the UI and event handling.

• We have to create each “layer (part)” as a separate class library.

N-Tier Architecture - Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

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insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)

insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Solution
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Other Project Types” – “Visual Studio Solutions”.

• Select “Blank Solution”.

• Type the name as “CompanySolution”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Click on OK.

Creating Data Access Layer

• Open Solution Explorer.

• Right click on the solution (CompanySolution) and click on “Add” – “New Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#” – “Class Library”.

• Type the name as “CompanyDataAccess”.

• Click on OK.

Creating Business Logic Layer

• Open Solution Explorer.

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• Right click on the solution (CompanySolution) and click on “Add” – “New Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#” – “Class Library”.

• Type the name as “CompanyBusinessLogic”.

• Click on OK.

Creating Presentation Logic

• Open Solution Explorer.

• Right click on the solution (CompanySolution) and click on “Add” – “New Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#” – “Console Application”.

• Type the name as “CompanyPresentationLogic”.

• Click on OK.

Adding references:
• Open Solution Explorer.

• Right click on “CompanyBusinessLogic” project and click on “Add” – “Reference” –

“Projects” – Check the checkbox “CompanyDataAccess” – OK.

• Right click on “CompanyPresentationLogic” project and click on “Add” – “Reference” –

“Projects” – Check the checkbox “CompanyBusinessLogic” – OK.

Setting the Startup Project

• Open Solution Explorer.

• Right click on “CompanyPresentationLogic” project and click on “Set as Startup Project”.

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CompanyDataAccess\Class1.cs
//Data Access Logic
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace CompanyDataAccess
{
public class EmployeesDataAccess
{
public int InsertEmployee(int EmpID, string EmpName, decimal Salary)
{
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1, p2, p3;

cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
p2 = new SqlParameter();
p3 = new SqlParameter();

cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated

security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "insert into Employees values(@a, @b, @c)";
cmd.Connection = cn;
p1.ParameterName = "@a";
p2.ParameterName = "@b";
p3.ParameterName = "@c";
p1.Value = EmpID;
p2.Value = EmpName;
p3.Value = Salary;
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p2);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p3);
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

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return n;
}
}
}

CompanyBusinessLogic\Class1.cs
//Business Logic
using System;
using CompanyDataAccess;

namespace CompanyBusinessLogic
{
public class EmployeesBusinessLogic
{
private int _empid;
private string _empname;
private decimal _salary;

public int EmpID

{
set
{
if (value >= 0)
{
_empid = value;
}
}
get
{
return _empid;
}
}

public string EmpName

{

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set
{
if (value.Length <= 40)
{
_empname = value;
}
}
get
{
return _empname;
}
}

public decimal Salary

{
set
{
if (value >= 1000 && value <= 5000)
{
_salary = value;
}
}
get
{
return _salary;
}
}

public string Insert()

{
EmployeesDataAccess da = new EmployeesDataAccess();
int result = da.InsertEmployee(this.EmpID, this.EmpName,
this.Salary);
if (result == 1)
{
return "Inserted";
}

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else
{
return "Error in insertion";
}
}
}
}

CompanyPresentationLogic\Program.cs
//Presentation Logic
using System;
using CompanyBusinessLogic;

namespace CompanyPresentationLogic
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//accept values from keyboard
Console.Write("Enter EmpID: ");
int empId = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
Console.Write("Enter EmpName: ");
string empName = Console.ReadLine();
Console.Write("Enter Salary: ");
decimal sal = Convert.ToDecimal(Console.ReadLine());

EmployeesBusinessLogic b = new EmployeesBusinessLogic();

b.EmpID = empId;
b.EmpName = empName;
b.Salary = sal;
string msg = b.Insert();
Console.WriteLine(msg);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

LINQ to SQL
• “LINQ to SQL” is a framework, which is used to connect and interact with SQL Server
database.

• “LINQ to SQL” was introduced in .NET 3.5.

• “LINQ to SQL” internally uses “ADO.NET” and “SQL”. That means “LINQ to SQL queries”
will be internally converted into “SQL queries” and executed based on ADO.NET classes.

• “LINQ to SQL” works based on mapping classes. A mapping class represents the structure
of the table. A table become as “mapping class” and all the columns become as “Properties”
in the “mapping class”.

• The “DataContext” class that inherits from “System.Data.Linq.DataContext” class,

represents a group of collections of mapping classes.

Syntax of “LINQ to SQL”:

(from rangevariable in collectionname where condition select rangevariable).ToList()

-- or –

Collectionname.Where(variable => condition).ToList()

The ToList() method opens the connection, convert the LINQ query into SQL query, execute the
query, convert the resultset into collection and close the database connection.

Advantages of LINQ to SQL

• Easier than “ADO.NET”.

• Converts data into collection; so we can write the loops easily.

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LINQ to SQL - Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “LinqToSqlExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “LinqToSqlExample”.

• Click on OK.

Creating “DBML” file:

• Open Solution Explorer.

• Right click on the project (LinqToSqlExample) and click on “Add” – “New Item” – “Data” –
“LINQ to SQL Classes”.

• Type the name as “DataClasses1.dbml” (Database Markup Language).

• Click on “Add”.

• Go to “View” menu – “Server Explorer”.

• Right click on “Data Connections” and click on “Add Connection”.

• Type the server name as “localhost”.

• Select the authentication as “Windows Authentication”.

• Select the database name as “company”.

• Click on OK.

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• Expand “company.dbo” – “Tables” – “Employees”.

• Drag and drop “Employees” table from Server Explorer into “Object Relational Designer” of
“DataClasses1.dbml” file.

• It generates two classes called “DataClasses1DataContext” and “Employee”.

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• Go to “Build” menu – “Build Solution”.

Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace LinqToSqlExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variables
DataClasses1DataContext db;

//create objects
db = new DataClasses1DataContext();

//LINQ query
List<Employee> emps = db.Employees.ToList();

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//read data row-by-row

for (int i = 0; i < emps.Count; i++)
{
Employee emp = emps[i];
Console.WriteLine(emp.EmpID + ", " + emp.EmpName + ", " +
emp.Salary);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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C#.NET – Console – Entity

Framework

Intro to ADO.NET Entity Framework

• “ADO.NET Entity Framework (EF)” is a framework, which is a part of “.NET”, which is
advanced than “ADO.NET”. It was introduced in .NET 4.0.

• “ADO.NET EF” works based on “Ado.NET”.

• “ADO.NET EF” is a database technology, which is used to connect and interact with
databases.

Advantages of Entity Framework

• “Entity Framework” is easier than “ADO.NET”.

• “Entity Framework” automatically converts data into collection; so that it will be easy to
read and manipulate the data.

• “Entity Framework” is better compatible with other frameworks such as “WPF” and
“ASP.NET MVC” etc.

Features of Entity Framework

1. Tables become “model classes”; columns become “properties”.

“Employees” table → “Employee” class

“EmpID” column → “EmpID” property

“EmpName” column → “EmpName” property

“Salary” column → “Salary” property.

2. Every record (row) become “object”.

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o EmpID: 1, EmpName: Scott, Salary: 4000 → Object

3. Every “group of objects” is a collection:

o A group of objects of model class, is treated as a “collection”.

4. We can write presentation logic / business logic based on the collections:

o We will read data from collection; not from the dataset / data reader.

o ADO.NET EF internally and automatically copy the data from “resultset” to

“collection”.

Steps for development of Entity Framework

1. Install “EntityFramework” package:

o We have to install “EntityFramework” NuGet package in order to use Entity

Framework.

o A NuGet package is a collection of one or more assemblies. When we install a

NuGet package, all of its assemblies will be added as reference to the project.

o The “EntityFramework” NuGet package contains an assembly called

“EntityFramework.dll”, which contains all the pre-defined classes of Entity
Framework.

o To install the “EntityFramework” package, use the following command in “Package

Manager Console”.

Install-package EntityFramework

2. Create a model class:

class modelclassname
{
public datatype property1 { get; set; }
public datatype property2 { get; set; }
…
}

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3. Create a child class for “DbContext” class:

DbContext = Group of DbSet’s

DbSet = a collection of one table

class childclassname : System.Data.Entity.DbContext

{
public DbSet<modelclass> collectionname { get; set; }
public DbSet<modelclass> collectionname { get; set; }
…
}

4. Create an object for the child class:

Childclassname referencevariable ;
referencevariable = new Childclassname();

5. Access the collection:

Referencevariable.collectionname

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Entity Framework - Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

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• Type the project name as “EntityFrameworkExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “EntityFrameworkExample”.

• Click on OK.

Installing “EntityFramework” NuGet Package

• Go to “Tools” menu – “NuGet Package Manager” - “Package Manager Console”.

• Type the command and press Enter.

Install-package EntityFramework

Adding “ConnectionString” in “App.Config”:

• Go to “App.Config” (If exists already).

• Scroll down to end of “App.Config” file and add “ConnectionStrings” as follows:

<connectionStrings>
<add name="CompanyDbContext"
connectionString="data source=localhost; integrated

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security=yes; initial catalog=company"

providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />
</connectionStrings>

Program.cs
using System;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace EntityFrameworkExample
{
public class Employee
{
[Key]
public int EmpID { get; set; }
public string EmpName { get; set; }
public decimal Salary { get; set; }
}

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public class CompanyDbContext : DbContext

{
public DbSet<Employee> Employees { get; set; }
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variable
CompanyDbContext db;
//create object
db = new CompanyDbContext();

//LINQ query
//List<Employee> emps = db.Employees.ToList();
//List<Employee> emps = db.Employees.Where(temp => temp.Salary
>= 2000).ToList();
List<Employee> emps = db.Employees.OrderBy(temp =>
temp.Salary).ToList();

//read data row-by-row

for (int i = 0; i < emps.Count; i++)
{
Employee emp = emps[i];
Console.WriteLine(emp.EmpID + ", " + emp.EmpName + ", " +
emp.Salary);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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Entity Framework – FirstOrDefault - Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Console Application”.

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• Type the project name as “FirstOrDefaultExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FirstOrDefaultExample”.

• Click on OK.

Installing “EntityFramework” NuGet Package

• Go to “Tools” menu – “NuGet Package Manager” - “Package Manager Console”.

• Type the command and press Enter.

Install-package EntityFramework

Adding “ConnectionString” in “App.Config”:

• Go to “App.Config” (If exists already).

• Scroll down to end of “App.Config” file and add “ConnectionStrings” as follows:

<connectionStrings>
<add name="CompanyDbContext" connectionString="data
source=localhost; integrated security=yes; initial
catalog=company" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />

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</connectionStrings>

Program.cs
using System;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace FirstOrDefaultExample
{
public class Employee
{
[Key]
public int EmpID { get; set; }
public string EmpName { get; set; }
public decimal Salary { get; set; }
}

public class CompanyDbContext : DbContext

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{
public DbSet<Employee> Employees { get; set; }
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//create reference variables
CompanyDbContext db;

//create objects
db = new CompanyDbContext();

//LINQ query: Get single record

Employee emp = db.Employees.Where(temp => temp.EmpID ==
1).FirstOrDefault();

//read data row-by-row

Console.WriteLine("Emp ID: " + emp.EmpID);
Console.WriteLine("Emp Name: " + emp.EmpName);
Console.WriteLine("Salary: " + emp.Salary);

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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Entity Framework – Insertion - Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “EfInsertionExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “EfInsertionExample”.

• Click on OK.

Installing “EntityFramework” NuGet Package

• Go to “Tools” menu – “NuGet Package Manager” - “Package Manager Console”.

• Type the command and press Enter.

Install-package EntityFramework

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Adding “ConnectionString” in “App.Config”:

• Go to “App.Config” (If exists already).

• Scroll down to end of “App.Config” file and add “ConnectionStrings” as follows:

<connectionStrings>
<add name="CompanyDbContext" connectionString="data
source=localhost; integrated security=yes; initial
catalog=company" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />
</connectionStrings>

Program.cs
using System;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

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namespace EfInsertionExample
{
public class Employee
{
[Key]
[DatabaseGenerated(DatabaseGeneratedOption.None)]
public int EmpID { get; set; }
public string EmpName { get; set; }
public decimal Salary { get; set; }
}

public class CompanyDbContext : DbContext

{
public DbSet<Employee> Employees { get; set; }
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//accept values from keyboard
Console.Write("Enter EmpID: ");
int empId = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
Console.Write("Enter EmpName: ");
string empName = Console.ReadLine();
Console.Write("Enter Salary: ");
decimal sal = Convert.ToDecimal(Console.ReadLine());

//insertion
CompanyDbContext db = new CompanyDbContext();
Employee emp = new Employee();
emp.EmpID = empId;
emp.EmpName = empName;
emp.Salary = sal;
db.Employees.Add(emp);
db.SaveChanges();

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Console.WriteLine("Inserted");
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Entity Framework – Updation - Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “EfUpdationExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “EfUpdationExample”.

• Click on OK.

Installing “EntityFramework” NuGet Package

• Go to “Tools” menu – “NuGet Package Manager” - “Package Manager Console”.

• Type the command and press Enter.

Install-package EntityFramework

Adding “ConnectionString” in “App.Config”:

• Go to “App.Config” (If exists already).

• Scroll down to end of “App.Config” file and add “ConnectionStrings” as follows:

<connectionStrings>

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<add name="CompanyDbContext" connectionString="data

source=localhost; integrated security=yes; initial
catalog=company" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />
</connectionStrings>

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Program.cs
using System;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace EfUpdationExample
{
public class Employee
{
[Key]
public int EmpID { get; set; }
public string EmpName { get; set; }
public decimal Salary { get; set; }
}

public class CompanyDbContext : DbContext

{
public DbSet<Employee> Employees { get; set; }
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//accept values from keyboard
Console.Write("Enter Existing EmpID: ");
int empId = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
Console.Write("Enter EmpName: ");
string empName = Console.ReadLine();
Console.Write("Enter Salary: ");
decimal sal = Convert.ToDecimal(Console.ReadLine());

//updation
CompanyDbContext db = new CompanyDbContext();

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Employee emp = db.Employees.Where(temp => temp.EmpID ==

empId).FirstOrDefault();
emp.EmpName = empName;
emp.Salary = sal;
db.SaveChanges();

Console.WriteLine("Updated");
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Entity Framework – Deletion - Example

Creating Database
• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project
• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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• Select “Console Application”.

• Type the project name as “EfDeletionExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “EfDeletionExample”.

• Click on OK.

Installing “EntityFramework” NuGet Package

• Go to “Tools” menu – “NuGet Package Manager” - “Package Manager Console”.

• Type the command and press Enter.

Install-package EntityFramework

Adding “ConnectionString” in “App.Config”:

• Go to “App.Config” (If exists already).

• Scroll down to end of “App.Config” file and add “ConnectionStrings” as follows:

<connectionStrings>

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<add name="CompanyDbContext" connectionString="data

source=localhost; integrated security=yes; initial
catalog=company" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />
</connectionStrings>

Program.cs
using System;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace EfDeletionExample
{
public class Employee
{
[Key]
public int EmpID { get; set; }
public string EmpName { get; set; }
public decimal Salary { get; set; }
}

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public class CompanyDbContext : DbContext

{
public DbSet<Employee> Employees { get; set; }
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//accept values from keyboard
Console.Write("Enter Existing EmpID: ");
int empId = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

//deletion
CompanyDbContext db = new CompanyDbContext();
Employee emp = db.Employees.Where(temp => temp.EmpID ==
empId).FirstOrDefault();
db.Employees.Remove(emp);
db.SaveChanges();

Console.WriteLine("Deleted");
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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C#.NET – Windows Forms

Applications

Introduction to Windows Forms Applications

• “Windows forms applications” are “GUI (Graphical User Interface)” based applications that
can be developed in .NET.

• Windows forms applications are also called as “WinForms”.

• Windows forms applications are created using c#.net.

• Windows forms applications are user-friendly and easy to use.

• Windows forms applications are created based on Object-oriented programming concepts.

• Windows forms application is a collection of windows forms.

• A windows form (win form) is a GUI container and a window that contains UI (user
interface), using which the user can interact with the system. Ex: Login form

• Windows forms applications can interact with databases using ADO.NET.

• Windows forms applications support “local GUI” that runs on windows operating system
locally.

• Windows forms applications are compiled into “.exe” file.

Ex: WindowsFormsApplication1.exe

o The exe file is also called as “assembly”.

o The exe file contains compiled source code (in MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate
Language)) of windows forms application.

Assemblies (dll files) to develop windows forms applications:

• .NET provides the following assemblies (dll files) to develop windows forms applications:

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1. System.Windows.Forms.dll

2. System.Drawing.dll

System.Windows.Forms.dll

▪ “System.Windows.Forms.dll” assembly
• “System.Windows.Forms” namespace
o “Form” class
o “Label” class
o “Button” class
o “TextBox” class
etc.

The “System.Windows.Forms.Form” class

• “Form” is a class, which is a member of “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The object of “Form” class represents a form.

• Every form contains basic look and feel such as title bar, minimize box, maximize box, close
box etc.

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Programming Model of Windows Form

• To create a form, you have to create a child class for “System.Windows.Forms.Form” class
& you have to create an object for the child class.

• The child class can be “public” class optionally.

• The child class must inherit from “System.Windows.Forms.Form” class. The

“System.Windows.Forms.Form” class provides the layout (appearance), properties, events
and methods for the child class.

Syntax:

public partial class Classname : System.Windows.Forms.Form

{
public Classname ()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
}

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• The child class must be “partial class”.

o The visual studio generated designer code (Form1.Designer.cs) and user-defined

code (Form1.cs) should be combined as a single class at compile-time. To make this
possible, the form class must be “partial class”.

• “public Classname()”

o It is the constructor that executes as soon as an object for the form class is created
at run time.

• InitializeComponent()

o The InitializeCompoent() method initializes the basic look and feel of the form. The
definition of InitializeCompoent() method is generated in “Form1.Designer.cs” file.

• Program.cs

o In Program.cs, at main method, the following statement will create an object for
the form class.

Application.Run(new ChildClassname ());

Windows Forms Application – First Example

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “WindowsFormsApplication1”.

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• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “WindowsFormsApplication1”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace WindowsFormsApplication1
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Form Constructor - Example

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormConstructorExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormConstructorExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormConstructorExample

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{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
MessageBox.Show("Message from Form1 Constructor");
}
}
}
Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Click on OK

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Properties of “System.Windows.Forms.Form” class

Properties of “System.Windows.Forms.Form” class

• The properties of “System.Windows.Forms.Form” class provides a set of properties to

customize the look and feel of the form.

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Text Represents title of the form that appears in the titlebar of the form.

Syntax: this.Text = "title here";

2 ShowIcon Shows / hides the form icon.

True: Shows the form icon.

False: Hides the form icon.

Syntax: this.ShowIcon = true | false;

3 ShowInTaskBar Shows / hides the form icon in the windows taskbar.

True: Shows the form icon in the windows taskbar.

False: Hides the form icon in the windows taskbar.

Syntax: this.ShowInTaskBar = true | false;

4 MinimizeBox Enables / Disables the minimize box.

True: Enables the minimize box.

False: Disables the minimize box.

Syntax: this.MinimizeBox = true | false;

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5 MaximizeBox Enables / disables the maximize box.

True: Enabled the maximize box.

False: Disables the maximize box.

Syntax: this.MaximizeBox = true | false;

6 ControlBox Shows / hides the control box (minimize, maximize, close).

True: Shows the control box.

False: Hides the control box.

Syntax: this.ControlBox = true | false;

7 TopMost Determines whether the form should appear always on the top of
other windows.

True: Shows the form always on top.

False: Don’t shows the form always on top.

Syntax: this.TopMost = true | false;

8 WindowState Represents current status of the form.

Options: Normal | Minimzied | Maximized

Syntax: this.WindowState =
System.Windows.Forms.FormWindowState.Maximized;

9 FormBorderStyle Enables / disabled the form resizing.

Options: Sizable | FixedSingle

Syntax: this.FormBorderStyle =
System.Windows.Forms.FormBorderStyle.FixedSingle;

10 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the form.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

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11 BackColor Represents background color of the form.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: this.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

12 BackgroundImage Represents background image of the form.

Options: Any image file.

Syntax: this.BackgroundImage =
System.Drawing.Image.FromFile("image file path");

13 Size Represents size (width and height) of the form.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: this.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int height);

13 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the form on the screen.

Options: pixels

Syntax: this.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x, int y);

14 Icon Represents form icon.

Options: Any icon file (.ico)

Syntax: this.Icon = new System.Drawing.Icon("icon file path");

“System.Windows.Forms.Form. Text” property -

Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “TextExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

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• Type the solution name as “TextExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace TextExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.Text = "Hello";
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Now the form title is changed as “Hello”.

“System.Windows.Forms.Form. ShowIcon” property -

Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormShowIconExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormShowIconExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

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namespace FormShowIconExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.ShowIcon = false;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Now the form icon doesn’t appear.

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“System.Windows.Forms.Form. ShowInTaskBar”
property -Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormShowInTaskBarExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormShowInTaskBarExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormShowInTaskBarExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.ShowInTaskbar = false;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

Note: You can notice that the form icon doesn’t appear in the windows taskbar.

“System.Windows.Forms.Form. MinimizeBox”
property - Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormMinimizeBoxExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormMinimizeBoxExample”.

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• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormMinimizeBoxExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.MinimizeBox = false;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Now the minimize box doesn’t work.

“System.Windows.Forms.Form. MaximizeBox”
property - Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormMaximizeBoxExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormMaximizeBoxExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

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Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormMaximizeBoxExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.MaximizeBox = false;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Now the maximize box doesn’t work.

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“System.Windows.Forms.Form. ControlBox” property

- Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormControlBoxExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormControlBoxExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormControlBoxExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.ControlBox = false;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

Now the control box doesn’t appear.

“System.Windows.Forms.Form. TopMost” property -

Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormTopMostExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormTopMostExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

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Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormTopMostExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.TopMost = true;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Now the form is always on the top of other windows.

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“System.Windows.Forms.Form. WindowState”
property –Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormWindowStateExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormWindowStateExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormWindowStateExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.WindowState = FormWindowState.Maximized;
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Now the form is automatically maximized.

“System.Windows.Forms.Form. FormBorderStyle”
property – Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormBorderStyleExample”.

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• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormBorderStyleExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormBorderStyleExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.MinimizeBox = false;
this.MaximizeBox = false;
this.FormBorderStyle = FormBorderStyle.FixedSingle;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Now the form isn’t resizable.

“System.Windows.Forms.Form. Cursor” property -

Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormCursorExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormCursorExample”. Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;

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using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormCursorExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.Cursor = Cursors.Hand;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Now the mouse pointer is changed as hand symbol.

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“System.Windows.Forms.Form. BackColor” property -

Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormBackColorExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormBackColorExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormBackColorExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.BackColor = Color.Green;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

The form has background color.

“System.Windows.Forms.Form. BackgroundImage”
property – Example
Creating Project

• Copy and paste “img1.jpg” into “C:\CSharp” folder.

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormBackgroundImageExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormBackgroundImageExample”.

• Click on OK.

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• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormBackgroundImageExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
string s = @"C:\CSharp\img1.jpg";
this.BackgroundImage = Image.FromFile(s);
this.BackgroundImageLayout = ImageLayout.Stretch;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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The form has background image.

“System.Windows.Forms.Form. Size” property -

Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormSizeExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormSizeExample”. Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;

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using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormSizeExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.Size = new Size(600, 350);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

The form size has been changed.

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“System.Windows.Forms.Form. Location” property -

Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormLocationExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormLocationExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;

namespace FormLocationExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.Location = new Point(300, 200);
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.Manual;
}

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}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

The form appears exactly at “300 by 200” position on the screen.

“System.Windows.Forms.Form. Icon” property -

Example
Creating Project

• Copy and paste “Sample.ico” file into “C:\CSharp” folder.

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormIconExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormIconExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormIconExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.Icon = new Icon(@"C:\CSharp\Sample.ico");
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Now the form icon has been changed.

Events of “System.Windows.Forms.Form” class

Events of “System.Windows.Forms.Form” class

• An event represents “action that is performed by the user at run time”.

• An event can call a method (function).

• Events are used to make the form to display output based on the input.

Sl. Event Description

No

1 Load Executes after loading the form object into memory at run time.

Executes after immediately after form constructor.

Syntax: this.Load += Form1_Load;

2 Shown Executes after displaying the form on the screen.

Syntax: this.Shown += Form1_Shown;

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3 Click Executes when the user clicks on the form.

Syntax: this.Click += Form1_Click;

4 DoubleClick Executes when the user double clicks on the form.

Syntax: this.DoubleClick += Form1_DoubleClick;

5 MouseClick Same as “Click” event; but we can identify the mouse pointer position
also in this event.

Syntax: this.MouseClick += Form1_MouseClick;

6 MouseMove Executes when the user moves the mouse pointer from one place to
another place within the same form.

Syntax: this.MouseMove += Form1_MouseMove;

6 KeyPress Executes when the user presses any key on the keyboard.

We can identify the currently pressed key.

Syntax: this.KeyPress += Form1_KeyPress;

7 FormClosing Executes when the user clicks on the “close” button of the form.

We can cancel the form closing.

Syntax: this.FormClosing += Form1_FormClosing;

“System.Windows.Forms.Form. Load” event - Example

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormLoadExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormLoadExample”.

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• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormLoadExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.Load += Form1_Load;
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
MessageBox.Show("Message from Form Load event.");
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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First message box appears and then the form appears.

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“System.Windows.Forms.Form. Shown” event -

Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormShownExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormShownExample”. Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace FormShownExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.Shown += Form1_Shown;
}
private void Form1_Shown(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
MessageBox.Show("Message from Form1 Shown event");
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

First the form appears and then the message box appears.

“System.Windows.Forms.Form. Click” event - Example

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormClickExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

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• Type the solution name as “FormClickExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormClickExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(600, 300);
this.Click += Form1_Click;
}

private void Form1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
DateTime dt = DateTime.Now;
string msg = "You have clicked the form at " + dt.ToString();
this.Text = msg;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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When the user clicks on the form, it shows the “You have clicked the form at …” message, in the
form title bar.

“System.Windows.Forms.Form. DoubleClick” event -

Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “DoubleClickExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DoubleClickExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

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Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormDoubleClickExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(600, 200);
this.DoubleClick += Form1_DoubleClick;
}

private void Form1_DoubleClick(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
DateTime dt = DateTime.Now;
string msg = "You have double clicked the form at " + dt.ToString();
this.Text = msg;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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When the user double clicks on the form, it shows “You have double clicked the form at …”
message, in the form title bar.

“System.Windows.Forms.Form.MouseClick” event -
Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormMouseClickExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormMouseClickExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;

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using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormMouseClickExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(600, 200);
this.MouseClick += Form1_MouseClick;
}

private void Form1_MouseClick(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)

{
string msg = e.X + ", " + e.Y;
this.Text = msg;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

When the user clicks on the form, it shows the X and Y co-ordinates of the mouse pointer.

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“System.Windows.Forms.Form. MouseMove” event -

Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormMouseMoveExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormMouseMoveExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormMouseMoveExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.MouseMove += Form1_MouseMove;
}

private void Form1_MouseMove(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)

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{
int x = e.X;
int y = e.Y;
this.Text = x + ", " + y;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

When the user moves the mouse pointer across the form, it shows the X and Y co-ordinates of the
mouse pointer.

“System.Windows.Forms.Form. KeyPress” event -

Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormKeyPressExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormKeyPressExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormKeyPressExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.KeyPress += Form1_KeyPress;
}

private void Form1_KeyPress(object sender, KeyPressEventArgs e)

{
char ch = e.KeyChar;
string msg = "You pressed: " + ch;
this.Text = msg;
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

When the user presses any character in the keyboard, it shows the same in the form title bar.

“System.Windows.Forms.Form. FormClosing” event -

Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormClosingExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormClosingExample”. Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

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Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormClosingExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.FormClosing += Form1_FormClosing;
}

private void Form1_FormClosing(object sender, FormClosingEventArgs

e)
{
MessageBox.Show("Form is being closed.");
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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When you click on “Close (X)” button of the form, it shows the following message:

“System.Windows.Forms.Form. FormClosing” event -

Example 2
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormClosingExample2”.

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• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormClosingExample2”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormClosingExample2
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.FormClosing += Form1_FormClosing;
}

private void Form1_FormClosing(object sender, FormClosingEventArgs

e)
{
DialogResult r = MessageBox.Show("Are you sure to close", "C#.NET",
MessageBoxButtons.YesNo);

if (r == DialogResult.Yes)
e.Cancel = false;
else
e.Cancel = true;
}
}
}

Running the Project

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• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

When you click on “Close (X)” button of the form, it shows the confirmation message as follows:

If you click on “Yes”, the form will be closed.

If you click on “No”, the form will not be closed.

Methods of “System.Windows.Forms.Form” clas s

Methods of “System.Windows.Forms.Form” class

• A method performs some operation on the object.

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• The methods of “System.Windows.Forms.Form” class performs some operation based on

the form object.

Sl. Methods Description

No

1 Hide() Hides the form.

Syntax: this.Hide( );

2 Show() Shows the form.

Syntax: this.Show( );

3 Close() Closes the form.

Syntax: this.Close( );

“System.Windows.Forms.Form. Hide” method -

Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormHideExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormHideExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

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Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormHideExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.Click += Form1_Click;
}

private void Form1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
this.Hide();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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When you click on the form, the form will be automatically hidden.

Click on “Debug” menu – “Stop Debugging” to stop the application.

“System.Windows.Forms.Form .Show” method -

Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormShowExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormShowExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

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Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormShowExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.Click += Form1_Click;
}

private void Form1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
this.Hide();
System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(3000); //delay 3 seconds
this.Show();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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When you click on the form, the form will be automatically hidden, it automatically appears again in
3 seconds.

“System.Windows.Forms.Form. Close” method -

Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FormCloseExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FormCloseExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

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Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormCloseExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.Click += Form1_Click;
}

private void Form1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
this.Close();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

When you click on the form, the form will be closed.

Introduction to Windows Forms Controls

Introduction to “Windows Forms Controls”

• In windows applications, we use “windows forms controls” to take input from the user and
provide output to the user.

• Windows operating system provides a set of controls such as Label, Button, TextBox etc.

• .NET provides a set of pre-defined classes to create controls in a .net windows forms
application. Each class represent a control. All those classes are called as “Control Classes”.
All the control classes are present in “System.Windows.Forms” namespace.

Control Classes in “System.Windows.Forms” namespace:

• “System.Windows.Forms.dll” assembly:
o “System.Windows.Forms” namespace:
1. “Label” class

2. “Button” class

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3. “TextBox” class

4. “NumericUpDown” class

5. “DateTimePicker” class

6. “MonthCalendar” class

7. “MaskedTextBox” class

8. “ErrorProvider” class

9. “CheckBox” class

10. “RadioButton” class

11. “ComboBox” class

12. “ListBox” class

13. “CheckedListBox” class

14. “TreeView” class

15. “PictureBox” class

16. “Panel” class

17. “GroupBox” class

18. “SplitContainer” class

19. “TabControl” class

20. “FlowLayoutPanel” class

21. “LinkLabel” class

22. “Tooltip” class

23. “WebBrowser” class

24. “ProgressBar” class

25. “Timer” class

26. “NotifyIcon” class

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27. “ColorDialog” class

28. “FontDialog” class

29. “FolderBrowserDialog” class

30. “OpenFileDialog” class

31. “SaveFileDialog” class

32. “RichTextBox” class

33. “MenuStrip” class

34. “ContextMenuStrip” class

35. “ToolStrip” class

36. “StatusStrip” class

37. “DataGridView” class

“System.Windows.Forms.Label” class
The “System.Windows.Forms.Label” class

• “Label” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “Label” class / control is used to display a message in the windows form.

Steps for development of label:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o Label referencevariable;

• Create an object:

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o referencevariable = new Label( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “Label” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Text Represents text of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Text = "text here";

2 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string

FontName, int FontSize);

3 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

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4 AutoSize True: The control will take the essential size automatically.

False: The control will not take the size automatically; we need to set the
size manually.

Syntax: referencevariable.AutoSize = true | false;

5 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x, int

y);

6 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

7 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

8 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

9 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

Events of “Label” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

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1 Click Executes when the user clicks on the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Click += methodname;

2 MouseEnter Executes when the user moves the mouse pointer from outside to
inside the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.MouseEnter += methodname;

3 MouseLeave Executes when the user moves the mouse pointer from inside to
outside the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.MouseLeave += methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms.Label” class - Example

Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

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• Type the project name as “LabelExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “LabelExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace LabelExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create a reference variable
Label lbl;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

//create an object
lbl = new Label();

//set properties
lbl.Text = "Hello";
lbl.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Tahoma", 30);
lbl.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.DarkRed;
lbl.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Yellow;
lbl.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(140, 50);
lbl.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(84, 76);
lbl.Cursor = Cursors.Hand;

//add event

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lbl.Click += Lbl_Click;
lbl.MouseEnter += Lbl_MouseEnter;
lbl.MouseLeave += Lbl_MouseLeave;

//add label to the form

this.Controls.Add(lbl);
}
private void Lbl_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
lbl.Text = "Thanx";
}
private void Lbl_MouseEnter(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
lbl.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Yellow;
lbl.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.DarkRed;
}
private void Lbl_MouseLeave(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
lbl.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.DarkRed;
lbl.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Yellow;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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When you place the mouse pointer on the label, background color and foreground colors will
change.

When you click on the label it becomes as “Thanx”.

“System.Windows.Forms. Button” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.Button” class

• “Button” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “Button” class / control is used to display an option on the windows form. Ex: OK,
Cancel etc.

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Steps for development of button:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o Button referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new Button( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “Button” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Text Represents text of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Text = "text here";

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2 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string

FontName, int FontSize);

3 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

4 AutoSize True: The control will take the essential size automatically.

False: The control will not take the size automatically; we need to set the
size manually.

Syntax: referencevariable.AutoSize = true | false;

5 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x, int

y);

6 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

7 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

8 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

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9 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

10 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by
the user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

11 Image Displays an icon image inside the control.

Options: Any image (jpg, png etc).

Syntax: referencevariable.Image = System.Drawing.Image.FromFile(string

ImageFilePath);

12 ImageAlign Represents the position of the image on the control.

Options: TopLeft | TopCenter | TopRight | MiddleLeft | MiddleCenter |

MiddleRight | BottomLeft | BottomCenter | BottomRight.

Syntax: referencevariable.ImageAlign =
System.Drawing.ContentAlignment.TopLeft;

13 TextAlign Represents the position of the text on the control.

Options: TopLeft | TopCenter | TopRight | MiddleLeft | MiddleCenter |

MiddleRight | BottomLeft | BottomCenter | BottomRight.

Syntax: referencevariable.TextAlign =
System.Drawing.ContentAlignment.TopLeft;

Events of “Button” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

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1 Click Executes when the user clicks on the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Click += methodname;

2 MouseEnter Executes when the user moves the mouse pointer from outside to
inside the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.MouseEnter += methodname;

3 MouseLeave Executes when the user moves the mouse pointer from inside to
outside the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.MouseLeave += methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. Button” class - Example

Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “ButtonExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ButtonExample”.

• Click on OK.

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• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace ButtonExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create a reference variable
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

//form properties
this.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(500, 300);
this.Text = "Button Example";

//create an object
button1 = new Button();

//set properties to the button

button1.Text = "Click me please";
button1.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Tahoma", 30);
button1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(200, 60);
button1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(100, 100);
button1.Cursor = Cursors.Hand;

//add events to the button

button1.Click += button1_Click;
button1.MouseEnter += Button1_MouseEnter;

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button1.MouseLeave += Button1_MouseLeave;
//add button to the form
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}
private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
button1.Text = "Clicked";
}
private void Button1_MouseEnter(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
button1.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.LightGreen;
}
private void Button1_MouseLeave(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
button1.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.Control;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

When you place the mouse pointer on the button, background color will change.

When you click on the button it becomes as “Thanx”.

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“System.Windows.Forms. Button” class – with Image -

Example
Expected Output

Creating Project

• Copy and paste “exit.png” file into “C:\CSharp” folder.

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “ButtonWithImageExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ButtonWithImageExample”.

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• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace ButtonWithImageExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create a reference variable
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

//create an object
button1 = new Button();

//set properties
button1.Text = "Exit";
button1.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Tahoma", 30);
button1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(140, 70);
button1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(100, 100);
button1.Cursor = Cursors.Hand;
button1.Image =
System.Drawing.Image.FromFile(@"C:\csharp\exit.png");
button1.ImageAlign =
System.Drawing.ContentAlignment.MiddleLeft;
button1.TextAlign = System.Drawing.ContentAlignment.MiddleRight;

//add "Click" event to the button

button1.Click += button1_Click;

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//add button to the form

this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
this.Close();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Button appears with image.

When you click on “Exit” button, the form will be closed.

“System.Windows.Forms. Button” class – with Label -

Example

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Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “ButtonWithLabelExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ButtonWithLabelExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace ButtonWithLabelExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{

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//create reference variables

Label label1;
Button button1, button2, button3, button4;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/*form properties*/
this.Size = new Size(1000, 400);

/* creating label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Hello";
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 30);
label1.BackColor = Color.DarkRed;
label1.ForeColor = Color.Yellow;
label1.Location = new Point(84, 76);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* creating button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "Set Text";
button1.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 18);
button1.Size = new Size(150, 50);
button1.Location = new Point(80, 220);
button1.Click += button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);

/* creating button2 */
button2 = new Button();
button2.Text = "Set Font";
button2.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 18);
button2.Size = new Size(150, 50);
button2.Location = new Point(280, 220);
button2.Click += button2_Click;

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this.Controls.Add(button2);

/* creating button3 */
button3 = new Button();
button3.Text = "Set Colors";
button3.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 18);
button3.Size = new Size(150, 50);
button3.Location = new Point(480, 220);
button3.Click += button3_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button3);

/* creating button4 */
button4 = new Button();
button4.Text = "Set Location";
button4.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 18);
button4.Size = new Size(170, 50);
button4.Location = new Point(680, 220);
button4.Click += button4_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button4);
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
label1.Text = "How are you";
}

private void button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
label1.Font = new Font("Maiandra GD", 50, FontStyle.Bold);
}

private void button3_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
label1.BackColor = Color.LightGreen;
label1.ForeColor = Color.Blue;
}

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private void button4_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
label1.Location = new Point(300, 160);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Click on the buttons and see the output.

“System.Windows.Forms. TextBox” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.TextBox” class

• “TextBox” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “TextBox” class / control is used to accept a string from the user. Ex: Username,
password etc.

Steps for development of textbox:

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• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o TextBox referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new TextBox( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “TextBox” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Text Represents text of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Text = "text here";

2 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new

System.Drawing.Font(string FontName, int FontSize);

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3 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new

System.Drawing.Size(int width, int height);

4 MaxLength Represents the maximum number of characters that can

be entered in the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.MaxLength = number;

5 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the

form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new

System.Drawing.Point(int x, int y);

6 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor =
System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

7 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor =
System.Drawing.Color.Green;

8 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor =
System.Drawing.Color.Green;

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9 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

10 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control

can’t be used by the user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

11 TextAlign Represents the alignment of the text in the control.

Options: Left | Center | Right

Syntax: referencevariable.TextAlign =
System.Windows.Forms.HorizontalAlignment.Left;

12 Readonly True: The user can’t modify the value of textbox.

False: The user can modify the value of textbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Readonly = true | false;

13 TabIndex Represents tab order. Ex: 1, 2, 3 etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.TabIndex = any number;

14 AutoCompleteSource Represents source of auto complete options.

Options: FileSystem | FileSystemDirectories |

CustomSource

Syntax: referencevariable.AutoCompleteSource =
System.Windows.Forms.AutoCompleteSource.FileSyste
m;

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13 AutoCompleteMode Represents how the auto complete options appear in the

textbox, while typing.

Options: None | Suggest | Append | SuggestAppend

Syntax: referencevariable.AutoCompleteMode =
System.Windows.Forms.AutoCompleteMode.Suggest;

14 AutoCompleteCustomSource Represents the string array, based on which the auto

complete list should be appear while typing in the
textbox.

Options: any string array.

Syntax: referencevariable.AutoCompleteCustomSource
= new
System.Windows.Forms.AutoCompleteStringCollection(
) { “value1”, “value2”, …. };

Events of “TextBox” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

1 TextChanged Executes when the user types a character in the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.TextChanged += methodname;

2 Enter Executes when the cursor enters into the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enter += methodname;

3 Leave Executes when the cursor leaves into the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Leave += methodname;

4 Click Executes when the user clicks on the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Click += methodname;

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5 KeyPress Executes when the user presses any key on the keyboard (before
accepting the character into the textbox).

Syntax: referencevariable.KeyPress += methodname;

Methods of “TextBox” class:

Sl. Method Description

No

1 Clear() Clears all text in the textbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Clear();

2 SelectAll() Selects all text in the textbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.SelectAll();

3 Cut() Cuts the selected text in the textbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cut();

4 Copy() Copies the selected text in the textbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Copy();

5 Paste() Pastes the cut / copied text in the textbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Paste()

6 Undo() Undos the previous action in the textbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Undo()

“System.Windows.Forms. TextBox” class - Example

Expected Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “TextBoxExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “TextBoxExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace TextBoxExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
//create reference variables
Label label1, label2;
TextBox textbox1, textbox2;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Text = "TextBox Example";
this.Size = new Size(500, 250);
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);

/* creating label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Source text:";
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(84, 76);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* creating label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.Text = "Destnation text:";
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Location = new Point(84, 220);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* creating textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox1.Location = new Point(300, 73);
textbox1.MaxLength = 30;
textbox1.TextChanged += Textbox1_TextChanged;
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* creating textbox2 */

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 C#.NET 8.0

textbox2 = new TextBox();

textbox2.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox2.Location = new Point(300, 217);
textbox2.ReadOnly = true;
this.Controls.Add(textbox2);
}

private void Textbox1_TextChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
textbox2.Text = textbox1.Text;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

When you type something in the first textbox, it automatically copied into the second textbox.

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“System.Windows.Forms. TextBox” class – With

AutoComplete - Example
Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “AutoCompleteExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “AutoCompleteExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;

namespace AutoCompleteExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
Label label1, label2;
TextBox textbox1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

this.Text = "TextBox with AutoComplete Example";

this.Size = new Size(1000, 300);
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 14);

/* creating label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Type any file path: ";
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(84, 76);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* creating textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(400, 50);
textbox1.Location = new Point(280, 73);
textbox1.AutoCompleteSource = AutoCompleteSource.FileSystem;
textbox1.AutoCompleteMode = AutoCompleteMode.Suggest;
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* creating label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.Text = @"Ex: C:\Windows\system32\calc.exe";
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Location = new Point(280, 120);
this.Controls.Add(label2);
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

When you start typing a file path in the textbox, it automatically shows all folders and files.

“System.Windows.Forms. TextBox” class – With

AutoComplete – Example 2
Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “AutoCompleteExample2”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “AutoCompleteExample2”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;

namespace AutoCompleteExample2
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create reference variables
Label label1, label2;
TextBox textbox1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
/* form properties */
this.Text = "TextBox with AutoComplete Example - with Custom
Source";
this.Size = new Size(1000, 300);
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 14);
/* creating label1 */
label1 = new Label();

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label1.Text = "Type any programming language name: ";

label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(84, 76);
this.Controls.Add(label1);
/* creating textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(200, 50);
textbox1.Location = new Point(450, 73);
textbox1.AutoCompleteSource =
AutoCompleteSource.CustomSource;
textbox1.AutoCompleteCustomSource = new
AutoCompleteStringCollection() { "ActionScript", "AppleScript", "Asp",
"BASIC", "C", "C++", "Clojure", "COBOL", "ColdFusion", "Erlang", "Fortran",
"Groovy", "Haskell", "Java", "JavaScript", "Lisp", "Perl", "PHP", "Python",
"Ruby", "Scala", "Scheme" };
textbox1.AutoCompleteMode = AutoCompleteMode.Suggest;
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);
/* creating label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.Text = @"Ex: Java";
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Location = new Point(450, 120);
this.Controls.Add(label2);
}
}
}
Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

When you start typing a character in the textbox, it automatically shows the matching names.

“System.Windows.Forms. TextBox” class – With

KeyPress – Example
Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “KeyPressEventExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “KeyPressEventExample”.

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• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;

namespace KeyPressEventExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create reference variables
Label label1;
TextBox textbox1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Text = "TextBox with KeyPress Example";
this.Size = new Size(700, 250);
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 18);

/* creating label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Name (Alphabets only): ";
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(84, 76);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* creating textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(200, 50);

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 C#.NET 8.0

textbox1.Location = new Point(360, 73);

textbox1.KeyPress += textBox1_KeyPress;
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);
}

private void textBox1_KeyPress(object sender, KeyPressEventArgs e)

{
char ch = e.KeyChar;
if ((ch >= 65 && ch <= 90) || (ch >= 97 && ch <= 122) || (ch == 32) || (ch ==
127) || (ch == 8) || (ch == 9))
e.Handled = false; //accept the currently pressed character
else
e.Handled = true; //reject the currently pressed character
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

You can type only alphabets in the textbox.

If you type numbers and special symbols, it will not be accepted in the textbox.

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 C#.NET 8.0

“System.Windows.Forms. TextBox” class – With

KeyPress – Example 2
Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “KeyPressEventExample2”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “KeyPressEventExample2”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;

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 C#.NET 8.0

namespace KeyPressEventExample2
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create reference variables
Label label1;
TextBox textbox1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Text = "TextBox with KeyPress Example 2";
this.Size = new Size(550, 250);
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 18);

/* creating label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Name (Numbers only): ";
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(84, 76);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* creating textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(200, 50);
textbox1.Location = new Point(360, 73);
textbox1.KeyPress += textBox1_KeyPress;
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);
}

private void textBox1_KeyPress(object sender, KeyPressEventArgs e)

{
char ch = e.KeyChar;
if ((ch >= 48 && ch <= 57) || (ch == 127) || (ch == 8) || (ch == 9))
e.Handled = false;

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 C#.NET 8.0

else
e.Handled = true;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

You can type only numbers in the textbox.

If you type alphabets and special symbols, it will not be accepted in the textbox.

“System.Windows.Forms. TextBox” class – With Enter

and Leave – Example
Expected Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “EnterLeaveExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “EnterLeaveExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace EnterLeaveExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create reference variables
Label label1, label2, label3, label4;

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TextBox textbox1, textbox2;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Text = "TextBox - with Enter and Leave - Example";
this.Size = new Size(800, 250);
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);

/* creating label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Mobile:";
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(84, 76);
this.Controls.Add(label1);
/* creating label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.Text = "Email:";
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Location = new Point(84, 150);
this.Controls.Add(label2);
/* creating textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox1.Location = new Point(200, 73);
textbox1.Enter += Textbox1_Enter;
textbox1.Leave += Textbox1_Leave;
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);
/* creating textbox2 */
textbox2 = new TextBox();
textbox2.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox2.Location = new Point(200, 150);
textbox2.Enter += Textbox2_Enter;
textbox2.Leave += Textbox2_Leave;
this.Controls.Add(textbox2);

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* creating label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.Text = "Ex: 9898989898";
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Location = new Point(520, 76);
label3.Visible = false;
this.Controls.Add(label3);
/* creating label4 */
label4 = new Label();
label4.Text = "Ex: [email protected]";
label4.AutoSize = true;
label4.Location = new Point(520, 150);
label4.Visible = false;
this.Controls.Add(label4);
}

private void Textbox1_Enter(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
label3.Visible = true;
}

private void Textbox1_Leave(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
label3.Visible = false;
}

private void Textbox2_Enter(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
label4.Visible = true;
}

private void Textbox2_Leave(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
label4.Visible = false;
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

When the cursor is inside mobile textbox, it shows example for mobile number.

When the cursor is inside email textbox, it shows example for email.

“System.Windows.Forms. TextBox” class – With

TabIndex – Example
Expected Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “TabIndexExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “TabIndexExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;

namespace TabIndexExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create reference variables
Label label1, label2, label3;

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TextBox textbox1, textbox2, textbox3;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Text = "TabIndex Example";
this.Size = new Size(430, 170);
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 18);

/* creating label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Name: ";
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* creating label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.Text = "Landline: ";
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Location = new Point(50, 150);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* creating label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.Text = "Mobile: ";
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Location = new Point(450, 150);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* creating textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(200, 30);
textbox1.Location = new Point(200, 50);
textbox1.TabIndex = 1;

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this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* creating textbox2 */
textbox2 = new TextBox();
textbox2.Size = new Size(200, 30);
textbox2.Location = new Point(200, 150);
textbox2.TabIndex = 3;
this.Controls.Add(textbox2);

/* creating textbox3 */
textbox3 = new TextBox();
textbox3.Size = new Size(200, 30);
textbox3.Location = new Point(600, 150);
textbox3.TabIndex = 2;
this.Controls.Add(textbox3);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

The cursor sequence will be: Name, Mobile and then Landline.

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 C#.NET 8.0

“System.Windows.Forms. TextBox” class – Math –

Example
Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “AddSubtractMultiplyDivideExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “AddSubtractMultiplyDivideExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;

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 C#.NET 8.0

using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;

namespace AddSubtractMultiplyDivideExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create reference variables
Label label1, label2, label3;
TextBox textbox1, textbox2, textbox3;
Button button1, button2, button3, button4;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Text = "Add, Subtract, Multiply and Divide";
this.Size = new Size(390, 220);
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 18);

/* creating label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Enter First number: ";
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* creating label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.Text = "Enter Second number: ";
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Location = new Point(50, 150);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* creating label3 */
label3 = new Label();

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label3.Text = "Result: ";

label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Location = new Point(50, 300);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* creating textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(200, 30);
textbox1.Location = new Point(320, 50);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* creating textbox2 */
textbox2 = new TextBox();
textbox2.Size = new Size(200, 30);
textbox2.Location = new Point(320, 150);
this.Controls.Add(textbox2);

/* creating textbox3 */
textbox3 = new TextBox();
textbox3.Size = new Size(200, 30);
textbox3.Location = new Point(320, 300);
textbox3.ReadOnly = true;
this.Controls.Add(textbox3);

/* creating button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Size = new Size(150, 40);
button1.Text = "Add";
button1.Location = new Point(70, 220);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);

/* creating button2 */
button2 = new Button();
button2.Size = new Size(150, 40);
button2.Text = "Subtract";

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 C#.NET 8.0

button2.Location = new Point(240, 220);

button2.Click += Button2_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button2);

/* creating button3 */
button3 = new Button();
button3.Size = new Size(150, 40);
button3.Text = "Multiply";
button3.Location = new Point(410, 220);
button3.Click += Button3_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button3);

/* creating button4 */
button4 = new Button();
button4.Size = new Size(150, 40);
button4.Text = "Divide";
button4.Location = new Point(580, 220);
button4.Click += Button4_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button4);
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
int a = Convert.ToInt32(textbox1.Text);
int b = Convert.ToInt32(textbox2.Text);
int c = a + b;
textbox3.Text = Convert.ToString(c);
}

private void Button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
int a = Convert.ToInt32(textbox1.Text);
int b = Convert.ToInt32(textbox2.Text);
int c = a - b;
textbox3.Text = Convert.ToString(c);
}

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private void Button3_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
int a = Convert.ToInt32(textbox1.Text);
int b = Convert.ToInt32(textbox2.Text);
int c = a * b;
textbox3.Text = Convert.ToString(c);
}
private void Button4_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
int a = Convert.ToInt32(textbox1.Text);
int b = Convert.ToInt32(textbox2.Text);
int c = a / b;
textbox3.Text = Convert.ToString(c);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Enter any first number and second number and click on “Add”, “Subtract”, “Multiply” and “Divide”
buttons.

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 C#.NET 8.0

“System.Windows.Forms. NumericUpDown” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.NumericUpDown” class

• “NumericUpDown” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “NumericUpDown” class / control is used to accept a number from the user. It doesn’t
accept alphabets.

Steps for development of NumericUpDown:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o NumericUpDown referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new NumericUpDown( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event = method ;

• Add control to the form:

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o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “NumericUpDown” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Value Represents the current value of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Value = any number;

2 Minimum Represents the minimum value the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Minimum = any number;

3 Maximum Represents the maximum value the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Maximum = any number;

4 Increment Represents the increment / decrement value the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Increment = any number;

5 DecimalPlaces Represents the no. of decimal places.

Syntax: referencevariable.DecimalPlaces = any number;

6 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string

FontName, int FontSize);

7 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

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8 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x, int

y);

9 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

10 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

11 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

12 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

13 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by
the user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

14 TextAlign Represents the alignment of the text in the control.

Options: Left | Center | Right

Syntax: referencevariable.TextAlign =
System.Windows.Forms.HorizontalAlignment.Left;

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15 Readonly True: The user can’t modify the value of control.

False: The user can modify the value of control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Readonly = true | false;

16 TabIndex Represents tab order. Ex: 1, 2, 3 etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.TabIndex = any number;

Events of “NumericUpDown” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

1 ValueChanged Executes when the user types some number in the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.ValueChanged += methodname;

2 Enter Executes when the cursor enters into the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enter += methodname;

3 Leave Executes when the cursor leaves into the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Leave += methodname;

4 Click Executes when the user clicks on the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Click += methodname;

5 KeyPress Executes when the user presses any key on the keyboard (before
accepting the character into the control).

Syntax: referencevariable.KeyPress += methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. NumericUpDown” class –

Example
Expected Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “NumericUpDownExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “NumericUpDownExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;

namespace NumericUpDownExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{

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//create reference variables

Label label1, label2;
NumericUpDown numericupdown1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Text = "NumericUpDown Example";
this.Size = new Size(350, 180);
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 18);

/* creating label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Amount (10000 to 50000): ";
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* creating label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.Text = "Selected number here";
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Location = new Point(50, 150);
this.Controls.Add(label2);
/* creating numericupdown1 */
numericupdown1 = new NumericUpDown();
numericupdown1.Size = new Size(200, 30);
numericupdown1.Location = new Point(380, 50);
numericupdown1.Minimum = 10000;
numericupdown1.Maximum = 50000;
numericupdown1.Increment = 100;
numericupdown1.DecimalPlaces = 2;
numericupdown1.ValueChanged += Numericupdown1_ValueChanged;
this.Controls.Add(numericupdown1);
}

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private void Numericupdown1_ValueChanged(object sender,

EventArgs e)
{
decimal n = numericupdown1.Value;
label2.Text = Convert.ToString(n);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

“System.Windows.Forms. DateTimePicker” class

• “DateTimePicker” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “DateTimePicker” class / control is used to accept a date or time from the user. It
automatically shows popup calendar.

Steps for development of DateTimePicker:

• Import the namespace:

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o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o DateTimePicker referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new DateTimePicker( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event = method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “DateTimePicker” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Value Represents the currently selected date & time of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Value = any number ;

2 Format Represents the date & time format of the control.

Options: Short | Long | Time | Custom

Syntax: referencevariable.Format = System.Windows.Forms.

DateTimePickerFormat.any option ;

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3 CustomFormat Represents the custom format for the date / time.

Options: “M/d/yyy” | “yyyy/M/d” | “d/M/yyyy” etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.CustomFormat = any option ;

4 MinDate Represents the minimum date that can be selected in the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.MinDate = any date ;

5 MaxDate Represents the maximum date that can be selected in the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.MaxDate = any date ;

6 ShowUpDown True: Shows up / down buttons, instead of popup calendar.

False: Doesn’t show the up / down buttons, show popup calendar

normally.

Syntax: referencevariable.ShowUpDown = true | false;

7 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string

FontName, int FontSize);

8 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

9 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x,

int y);

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10 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor =
System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

11 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

12 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

13 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

14 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by
the user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

15 TabIndex Represents tab order. Ex: 1, 2, 3 etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.TabIndex = any number;

Events of “DateTimePicker” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

1 ValueChanged Executes when the user selects a date in the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.ValueChanged += methodname;

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2 Enter Executes when the cursor enters into the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enter += methodname;

3 Leave Executes when the cursor leaves into the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Leave += methodname;

4 KeyPress Executes when the user presses any key on the keyboard (before
accepting the character into the control).

Syntax: referencevariable.KeyPress += methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. DateTimePicker” class –

Example
Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

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• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “DateTimePickerExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DateTimePickerExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;

namespace DateTimePickerExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create reference variables
Label label1, label2;
DateTimePicker datetimepicker1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Text = "DateTimePicker Example";
this.Size = new Size(350, 180);
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 18);

/* creating label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Date: ";

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label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* creating label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.Text = "Selected date here";
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Location = new Point(50, 120);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* creating datetimepicker1 */
datetimepicker1 = new DateTimePicker();
datetimepicker1.Size = new Size(200, 30);
datetimepicker1.Location = new Point(180, 50);
datetimepicker1.Format = DateTimePickerFormat.Short;
datetimepicker1.ValueChanged += Datetimepicker1_ValueChanged;
this.Controls.Add(datetimepicker1);
}
private void Datetimepicker1_ValueChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
DateTime dt = datetimepicker1.Value;
label2.Text = dt.ToShortDateString();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Selected date appears in the label.

“System.Windows.Forms. MonthCalendar” class

• “MonthCalendar” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “MonthCalendar” class / control is used to show a calendar and allow the user to
select a date. It shows calendar directly (without dropdown button).

Steps for development of MonthCalendar:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o MonthCalendar referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new MonthCalendar( );

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• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event = method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

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Properties of “MonthCalendar” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 SelectionStart Represents the currently selected starting date.

Syntax: referencevariable.SelectionStart = any date ;

2 SelectionEnd Represents the currently selected ending date.

Syntax: referencevariable.SelectionEnd = any date ;

3 MaxSelectionCount Represents the maximum no. of dates that can be selected in the
control. Default: 7

Syntax: referencevariable.MaxSelectionCount = any number ;

4 MinDate Represents the minimum date that can be selected in the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.MinDate = any date ;

5 MaxDate Represents the maximum date that can be selected in the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.MaxDate = any date ;

6 BoldedDates Represents an array of dates that should be appear in bold.

Syntax: referencevariable.BoldedDates = new DateTime[ ] { value1,

value2, … };

7 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string

FontName, int FontSize);

8 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int

width, int height);

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9 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int

x, int y);

10 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor =
System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

11 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

12 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

13 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

14 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be
used by the user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

15 TabIndex Represents tab order. Ex: 1, 2, 3 etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.TabIndex = any number;

Events of “MonthCalendar” class:

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Sl. Event Description

No

1 DateSelected Executes when the user selects a date in the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.DateSelected += methodname;

2 Enter Executes when the cursor enters into the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enter += methodname;

3 Leave Executes when the cursor leaves into the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Leave += methodname;

4 KeyPress Executes when the user presses any key on the keyboard (before
accepting the character into the control).

Syntax: pointername.KeyPress += methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. MonthCalendar” class –

Example
Expected Output

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Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “MonthCalendarExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MonthCalendarExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;

namespace MonthCalendarExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create reference variables
Label label1, label2;
MonthCalendar monthcalendar1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Text = "MonthCalendar Example";
this.Size = new Size(300, 200);

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this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 18);

/* creating label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Choose a date: ";
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* creating label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.Text = "Selected date here";
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Location = new Point(50, 280);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* creating monthcalendar1 */
monthcalendar1 = new MonthCalendar();
monthcalendar1.Location = new Point(50, 90);
monthcalendar1.DateSelected += Monthcalendar1_DateSelected;
this.Controls.Add(monthcalendar1);
}

private void Monthcalendar1_DateSelected(object sender,

DateRangeEventArgs e)
{
DateTime dt = monthcalendar1.SelectionStart;
label2.Text = dt.ToShortDateString();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Selected date appears in the label.

“System.Windows.Forms. ToolTip” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.ToolTip” class

• “Tooltip” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “ToolTip” class / control is used to display a tooltip message (help message) to the
user when the user places the mouse pointer on a control.

Steps for development of ToolTip:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

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o ToolTip referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new ToolTip( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Set tooltip

o referencevariable.SetToolTip(control name, “tooltip message”);

Properties of “Tooltip” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 IsBalloon True: The tooltip appears as a balloon.

False: The tooltip appears as a normal message.

Syntax: referencevariable.IsBalloon = true | false;

2 ToolTipTitle Represents the title of the tooltip.

Syntax: referencevariable.ToolTipTitle = “any text here”;

Methods of “ToolTip” class:

Sl. Method Description

No

1 SetToolTip Sets tooltip message for a control.

Syntax: referencevariable.SetToolTip(control name, “any text here”);

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“System.Windows.Forms. ToolTip” class – Example

Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “TooltipExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “TooltipExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

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namespace TooltipExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create a reference variables
Button button1;
ToolTip tt;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

//form properties
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 25);
this.Size = new Size(500, 300);
this.Text = "Tooltip Example";

//button1
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "Tooltip Example";
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Location = new Point(100, 100);
this.Controls.Add(button1);

//tooltip
tt = new ToolTip();
tt.IsBalloon = true;
tt.ToolTipTitle = "Hello";
tt.SetToolTip(button1, "Please click the button");
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

When you place the mouse pointer on the button, it shows the tooltip message.

“System.Windows.Forms. ErrorProvider” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.ErrorProvider” class

• “ErrorProvider” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “ErrorProvider” class / control is used to perform validations in windows forms

applications.

• “Validation” is a process of checking the form values whether those are correct or not.

Steps for development of ErrorProvider:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o ErrorProvider referencevariable ;

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• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new ErrorProvider( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Set validation error message:

o referencevariable.SetError(control name, “error message”);

Properties of “ErrorProvider” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 AlwaysBlink True: The “!” marks blinks continuously.

False: The “!” marks blinks only few times.

Syntax: referencevariable.AlwaysBlink = true | false;

Methods of “ErrorProvider” class:

Sl. Method Description

No

1 SetError Sets an error message to the control

Syntax: referencevariable.SetError(control name, “any error here”);

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“System.Windows.Forms. ErrorProvider” class –

Example
Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “ErrorProviderExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ErrorProviderExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;

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namespace ErrorProviderExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create reference variables
Label label1;
TextBox textbox1;
Button button1;
ErrorProvider errorprovider1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Text = "ErrorProvider Example";
this.Size = new Size(350, 180);
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 18);
/* creating label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Name (required): ";
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);
/* creating textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 30);
textbox1.Location = new Point(300, 50);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);
/* creating button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "OK";
button1.Size = new Size(100, 50);
button1.Location = new Point(300, 100);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
/* creating errorprovider1 */

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errorprovider1 = new ErrorProvider();

errorprovider1.BlinkStyle = ErrorBlinkStyle.AlwaysBlink;
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
if (textbox1.Text == "")
{
errorprovider1.SetError(textbox1, "Name is mandatory");
textbox1.Focus();
}
else
{
errorprovider1.SetError(textbox1, "");
}
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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When you click on OK button without entering the name, it shows blinking “!” symbol. When you
place the mouse pointer on “!” icon it shows error message.

“System.Text. RegularExpressions. Regex” class

The “System.Text.RegularExpressions.Regex” class

• “Regex” is a class; “System.Text.RegularExpressions” is a namespace.

• The “Regex” class is used to check pattern (format) of a value.

• It is useful in validations. Ex: Alphabets only allowed, Numbers only allowed, email address
only allowed, Mobile number only allowed etc.

Steps for development of Regex:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Text.RegularExpressions;

• Create a reference variable:

o Regex referencevariable ;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new Regex( “regular expression here” );

• Check for the match:

o referencevariable.Match(value);

Constructors of “Regex” class:

Sl. Constructor Description

No

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1 Regex Initializes regular expression.

Syntax: new Regex(“regular expression here”);

Methods of “Regex” class:

Sl. Method Description

No

1 Match Checks whether the value is matching with given expression or not.

Syntax: referencevariable.Match(value);

“System.Text. RegularExpressions. Regex” class –

Example
Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

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• Type the project name as “RegularExpressionsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “RegularExpressionsExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;

namespace RegularExpressionsExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create reference variables
Label label1;
TextBox textbox1;
Button button1;
ErrorProvider errorprovider1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Text = "ErrorProvider Example";
this.Size = new Size(350, 180);
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 18);

/* creating label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Name (alphabets only): ";

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label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* creating textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 30);
textbox1.Location = new Point(330, 50);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* creating button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "OK";
button1.Size = new Size(100, 50);
button1.Location = new Point(330, 100);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);

/* creating errorprovider1 */
errorprovider1 = new ErrorProvider();
errorprovider1.BlinkStyle = ErrorBlinkStyle.AlwaysBlink;
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
Regex regex = new Regex(@"^[a-zA-Z ]*$");
Match m = regex.Match(textbox1.Text);
if (m.Success == false)
{
errorprovider1.SetError(textbox1, "Alphabets only allowed");
}
else
{
errorprovider1.SetError(textbox1, "");
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

When you type alphabets and numbers and then click on OK button, it shows blinking “!” symbol.
When you place the mouse pointer on “!” icon it shows error message. If you enter alphabets only,
it hides the “!” symbol. That means it is accepted.

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“System.Windows.Forms. MaskedTextBox” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.MaskedTextBox” class

• “MaskedTextBox” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “MaskedTextBox” class / control is used to accept a value from the user, based on a
specific pattern (__/__/____). Ex: Date

Steps for development of MaskedTextBox:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o MaskedTextBox referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new MaskedTextBox( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “MaskedTextBox” class:

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Sl. Property Description

No

1 Text Represents text of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Text = "text here";

2 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string FontName,

int FontSize);

3 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

4 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x, int y);

5 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

6 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

7 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

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8 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

9 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by the
user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

10 TextAlign Represents the alignment of the text in the control.

Options: Left | Center | Right

Syntax: referencevariable.TextAlign =
System.Windows.Forms.HorizontalAlignment.Left;

11 Readonly True: The user can’t modify the value of textbox.

False: The user can modify the value of textbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Readonly = true | false;

12 TabIndex Represents tab order. Ex: 1, 2, 3 etc.

Syntax: pointername.TabIndex = any number;

13 Mask Represents mask (format) of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Mask = “any mask”;

14 PromptChar Represents the character, which should be shown to the user in place of a
character.

Syntax: referencevariable.PromptChar = ‘any character’;

Events of “MaskedTextBox” class:

Sl. No Event Description

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1 TextChanged Executes when the user types a character in the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.TextChanged += methodname;

2 Enter Executes when the cursor enters into the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enter += methodname;

3 Leave Executes when the cursor leaves into the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Leave += methodname;

4 Click Executes when the user clicks on the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Click += methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. MaskedTextBox” class -

Example
Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “MaskedTextBoxExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MaskedTextBoxExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace MaskedTextBoxExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create reference variables
Label label1, label2;
MaskedTextBox maskedtextbox1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Text = "MaskedTextBox Example";
this.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(750, 380);

/* creating label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Date: ";
label1.AutoSize = true;

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label1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(50, 50);

this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* creating label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.Text = "Selected date here";
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(50, 120);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* creating maskedtextbox1 */
maskedtextbox1 = new MaskedTextBox();
maskedtextbox1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(200, 30);
maskedtextbox1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(180, 50);
maskedtextbox1.Mask = "00/00/0000";
maskedtextbox1.TextChanged += Maskedtextbox1_TextChanged;
maskedtextbox1.PromptChar = '_';
this.Controls.Add(maskedtextbox1);
}

private void Maskedtextbox1_TextChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
label2.Text = maskedtextbox1.Text;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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It shows mask (__/__/____) in the textbox.

“System.Windows.Forms. CheckBox” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.CheckBox” class

• “CheckBox” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “CheckBox” class / control is used to accept Yes / No type of option to the user. Ex:
Accept license agreement

Steps for development of CheckBox:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o CheckBox referencevariable;

• Create an object:

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o referencevariable = new CheckBox( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable);
Properties of “CheckBox” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Text Represents text of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Text = "text here";

2 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string FontName,

int FontSize);

3 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

4 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x, int y);

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5 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

6 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

7 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

8 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

9 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by the
user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

10 TabIndex Represents tab order. Ex: 1, 2, 3 etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.TabIndex = any number;

11 Checked Represents the current status of the checkbox.

True: The checkbox is currently checked.

False: The checkbox is currently unchecked.

Syntax: referencevariable.Checked = true | false;

Events of “CheckBox” class:

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Sl. Event Description

No

1 CheckedChanged Executes when the user checks / unchecks the checkbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.CheckedChanged += methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. CheckBox” class - Example

Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “CheckBoxExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “CheckBoxExample”. Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

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using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;

namespace CheckBoxExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create reference variables
CheckBox checkbox1;
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Text = "CheckBox Example";
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 25);
this.Size = new Size(750, 480);

/* creating label1 */
checkbox1 = new CheckBox();
checkbox1.Text = "I accept license agreement";
checkbox1.AutoSize = true;
checkbox1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
checkbox1.CheckedChanged += Checkbox1_CheckedChanged;
this.Controls.Add(checkbox1);

/* creating button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "OK";
button1.Size = new Size(150, 50);
button1.Location = new Point(50, 140);
button1.Enabled = false;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

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private void Checkbox1_CheckedChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
if (checkbox1.Checked == true)
button1.Enabled = true;
else
button1.Enabled = false;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

When you check the checkbox, the button will be enabled.

When you uncheck the checkbox, the button will be disabled.

“System.Windows.Forms. RadioButton” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.RadioButton” class

• “RadioButton” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

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• The “RadioButton” class / control is used to display a set of options to the user and allow
the user to select any one of them. Ex: Male, Female.

Steps for development of RadioButton:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o RadioButton referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new RadioButton( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “RadioButton” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Text Represents text of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Text = "text here";

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2 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string FontName,

int FontSize);

3 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

4 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x, int y);

5 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

6 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

7 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

8 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

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9 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by the
user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

10 TabIndex Represents tab order. Ex: 1, 2, 3 etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.TabIndex = any number;

11 Checked Represents the current status of the radio button.

True: The radio button is currently checked.

False: The radio button is currently unchecked.

Syntax: referencevariable.Checked = true | false;

Events of “RadioButton” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

1 CheckedChanged Executes when the user checks / unchecks the radio button.

Syntax: referencevariable.CheckedChanged += methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. RadioButton” class -

Example
Expected Output

Creating Project

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “RadioButtonExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “RadioButtonExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;

namespace RadioButtonExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create reference variables
Label label1, label2;
RadioButton radiobutton1, radiobutton2;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Text = "RadioButton Example";
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(650, 380);

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/* creating label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Gender: ";
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* creating label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.Text = "Selected option here";
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Location = new Point(50, 120);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* creating radiobutton1 */
radiobutton1 = new RadioButton();
radiobutton1.Text = "Male";
radiobutton1.AutoSize = true;
radiobutton1.Location = new Point(180, 50);
radiobutton1.CheckedChanged += Radiobutton1_CheckedChanged;
this.Controls.Add(radiobutton1);

/* creating radiobutton2 */
radiobutton2 = new RadioButton();
radiobutton2.Text = "Female";
radiobutton2.AutoSize = true;
radiobutton2.Location = new Point(280, 50);
radiobutton2.CheckedChanged += Radiobutton2_CheckedChanged;
this.Controls.Add(radiobutton2);
}

private void Radiobutton1_CheckedChanged(object sender, EventArgs

e)
{
if (radiobutton1.Checked == true)
label2.Text = "Male selected";

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 C#.NET 8.0

else
label2.Text = "Female selected";
}

private void Radiobutton2_CheckedChanged(object sender, EventArgs

e)
{
if (radiobutton1.Checked == true)
label2.Text = "Male selected";
else
label2.Text = "Female selected";
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

When you click on “Male” radio button, it shows “Male selected”.

When you click on “Female” radio button, it shows “Female selected”.

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“System.Windows.Forms. ComboBox” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox” class

• “ComboBox” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “ComboBox” class / control is used to display a set of options to the user and allow the
user to select any one of them. Ex: Countries: India, UK, USA etc.

• It occupies less space than radio button.

Steps for development of ComboBox:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o ComboBox referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new ComboBox( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable);

Properties of “ComboBox” class:

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Sl. Property Description

No

1 Text Represents text of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Text = "text here";

2 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string

FontName, int FontSize);

3 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

4 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x,

int y);

5 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor =
System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

6 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

7 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

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8 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

9 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by
the user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

10 TabIndex Represents tab order. Ex: 1, 2, 3 etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.TabIndex = any number;

11 Items Represents the collection of items, that should be appear in the combo
box.

Syntax: referencevariable.Items.AddRange(string array here);

12 DropDownStyle Specifies type of selection in the combo box.

Options: DropDown | DropDownList.

Syntax: referencevariable.DropDownStyle =
System.Windows.Forms.ComboBoxStyle.option here;

13 SelectedItem Represents the currently selected item in “System.Object” data type.

Syntax: referencevariable.SelectedItem = value;

14 SelectedIndex Represents the index of currently selected item in the combo box. Index
starts from 0.

If no item is selected, it returns -1.

Syntax: referencevariable.SelectedIndex= any number;

Events of “ComboBox” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

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1 SelectedIndexChanged Executes when the user selects an item in the combo box.

Syntax: referencevariable.SelectedIndexChanged +=
methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. ComboBox” class - Example

Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “ComboBoxExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ComboBoxExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;

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using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;

namespace ComboBoxExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create reference variables
Label label1, label2, label3;
ComboBox combobox1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Text = "ComboBox Example";
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(550, 300);

/* creating label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Country: ";
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* creating label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.Text = "Selected item here";
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Location = new Point(180, 120);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* creating label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.Text = "Selected index here";

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label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Location = new Point(180, 170);
this.Controls.Add(label3);
/* creating combobox1 */
combobox1 = new ComboBox();
combobox1.Size = new Size(200, 40);
combobox1.Location = new Point(180, 50);
combobox1.DropDownStyle = ComboBoxStyle.DropDownList;
string[] countries = new string[] { "India", "China", "UK", "USA", "Japan"
};
combobox1.Items.AddRange(countries);
combobox1.SelectedIndexChanged +=
Combobox1_SelectedIndexChanged;
this.Controls.Add(combobox1);
}

private void Combobox1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender,

EventArgs e)
{
/* get selected item */
object obj = combobox1.SelectedItem;
string s = Convert.ToString(obj);
label2.Text = s;
/* get selected index */
int n = combobox1.SelectedIndex;
label3.Text = Convert.ToString(n);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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When you select a country, it shows its name and index.

“Cascading ComboBox” - Example

Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “CascadingComboBoxExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “CascadingComboBoxExample”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace CascadingComboBoxExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create reference variables
Label label1, label2;
ComboBox combobox1, combobox2;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Text = "Cascading ComboBox Example";
this.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(550, 280);

/* creating label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Country: ";
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* creating label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.Text = "State: ";
label2.AutoSize = true;

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 C#.NET 8.0

label2.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(50, 120);

this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* creating combobox1 */
combobox1 = new ComboBox();
combobox1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(200, 40);
combobox1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(180, 50);
combobox1.DropDownStyle = ComboBoxStyle.DropDownList;
combobox1.Items.AddRange(new string[] { "India", "UK", "USA" });
combobox1.SelectedIndexChanged +=
Combobox1_SelectedIndexChanged;
this.Controls.Add(combobox1);

/* creating combobox2 */
combobox2 = new ComboBox();
combobox2.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(200, 40);
combobox2.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(180, 120);
combobox2.DropDownStyle = ComboBoxStyle.DropDownList;
this.Controls.Add(combobox2);
}

private void Combobox1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender,

EventArgs e)
{
int n = combobox1.SelectedIndex;
if (n == 0)
{
combobox2.Items.Clear();
combobox2.Items.AddRange(new string[] { "A", "B", "C" });
}
else if (n == 1)
{
combobox2.Items.Clear();
combobox2.Items.AddRange(new string[] { "D", "E", "F" });
}
else if (n == 2)
{

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combobox2.Items.Clear();
combobox2.Items.AddRange(new string[] { "G", "H", "I" });
}
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

When you select a country in the first combo box, it shows its list of states in the second combo
box.

“System.Windows.Forms. ListBox” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.ListBox” class

• “LisBox” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “ListBox” class / control displays a set of options to the user and allow the user to
select one or more them. Ex: Countries: India, UK, USA etc.

• It occupies more space than combo box.

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Steps for development of ListBox:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o ListBox referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new ListBox( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “ListBox” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Text Represents text of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Text = "text here";

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2 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string

FontName, int FontSize);

3 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

4 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x, int

y);

5 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

6 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

7 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

8 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

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9 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by
the user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

10 TabIndex Represents tab order. Ex: 1, 2, 3 etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.TabIndex = any number;

11 Items Represents the collection of items, that should be appear in the listbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Items.AddRange(string array here);

12 SelectedItems Represents the collection of currently selected items.

Syntax: referencevariable.SelectedItems

Events of “ListBox” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

1 SelectedIndexChanged Executes when the user selects an item in the listbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.SelectedIndexChanged +=
methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. ListBox” class - Example

Expected Output

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Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “ListBoxExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ListBoxExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;

namespace ListBoxExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create reference variables

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 C#.NET 8.0

Label label1, label2;

ListBox listbox1, listbox2;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Text = "ListBox Example";
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 18);
this.Size = new Size(750, 380);
/* creating label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Country: ";
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);
/* creating label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.Text = "Selected Countries:";
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Location = new Point(350, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label2);
/* creating listbox1 */
listbox1 = new ListBox();
listbox1.Size = new Size(200, 200);
listbox1.Location = new Point(55, 90);
listbox1.SelectionMode = SelectionMode.MultiSimple;
listbox1.Items.AddRange(new string[] { "India", "China", "Japan", "UK",
"USA" });
listbox1.SelectedIndexChanged += Listbox1_SelectedIndexChanged; ;
this.Controls.Add(listbox1);
/* creating listbox2 */
listbox2 = new ListBox();
listbox2.Size = new Size(200, 200);
listbox2.Location = new Point(360, 90);
this.Controls.Add(listbox2);

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}
private void Listbox1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
listbox2.Items.Clear();
for (int i = 0; i < listbox1.SelectedItems.Count; i++)
{
listbox2.Items.Add(listbox1.SelectedItems[i]);
}
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

When you select any country names in the first listbox, only the selected names will appear in the
second listbox.

“System.Windows.Forms. CheckedListBox” class

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 C#.NET 8.0
The “System.Windows.Forms.CheckedListBox” class

• “CheckedLisBox” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “CheckedListBox” class / control is used to display a set of options to the user and
allow the user to select one or more them. Ex: Countries: India, UK, USA etc. It shows
checkbox for each item.

Steps for development of CheckedListBox:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o CheckedListBox referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new CheckedListBox( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “CheckedListBox” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

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1 Text Represents text of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Text = "text here";

2 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string FontName,

int FontSize);

3 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

4 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x, int y);

5 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

6 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

7 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

8 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

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9 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by the
user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

10 TabIndex Represents tab order. Ex: 1, 2, 3 etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.TabIndex = any number;

11 Items Represents the collection of items, that should be appear in the checked list
box.

Syntax: referencevariable.Items.AddRange(string array here);

12 CheckedItems Represents the collection of currently checked items.

Syntax: referencevariable.CheckedItems

13 CheckOnClick True: The checkbox will be checked when the user clicks on the item.

False: The checkbox will checked when the user only clicks on the actual
checkbox (not item).

Syntax: referencevariable.CheckOnClick = true | false;

Events of “CheckedListBox” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

1 SelectedIndexChanged Executes when the user checks an item in the checked

listbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.SelectedIndexChanged +=
methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. CheckedListBox” class –

Example
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Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “CheckedListBoxExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “CheckedListBoxExample”. Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;

namespace CheckedListBoxExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create reference variables
Label label1, label2;
ListBox listbox1;

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CheckedListBox checkedlistbox1;
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
/* form properties */
this.Text = "CheckedListBox Example";
this.Size = new Size(350, 180);
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 18);
/* creating label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Country: ";
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);
/* creating label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.Text = "Selected Countries:";
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Location = new Point(350, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label2);
/* creating checkedlistbox1 */
checkedlistbox1 = new CheckedListBox();
checkedlistbox1.Size = new Size(200, 200);
checkedlistbox1.Location = new Point(55, 90);
checkedlistbox1.Items.AddRange(new string[] { "India", "China",
"Japan", "UK", "USA" });
checkedlistbox1.CheckOnClick = true;
checkedlistbox1.SelectedIndexChanged +=
Checkedlistbox1_SelectedIndexChanged;
this.Controls.Add(checkedlistbox1);
/* creating listbox1 */
listbox1 = new ListBox();
listbox1.Size = new Size(200, 200);
listbox1.Location = new Point(360, 90);
this.Controls.Add(listbox1);
}

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private void Checkedlistbox1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender,

EventArgs e)
{
listbox1.Items.Clear();
for (int i = 0; i < checkedlistbox1.CheckedItems.Count; i++)
{
listbox1.Items.Add(checkedlistbox1.CheckedItems[i]);
}
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

When you select any country names in the first checked listbox, only the selected names will
appear in the second listbox.

“System.Windows.Forms. TreeView” class

• “TreeView” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

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• The “TreeView” class / control is used to display a set of options in tree structure (parent
and child structure). Ex: Folders and files.

• Each option (item) is called as “Node”. A node can have ‘n’ no. of child nodes.

Steps for development of TreeView:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o TreeView referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new TreeView( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “TreeView” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

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1 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string

FontName, int FontSize);

2 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

3 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x, int

y);

4 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

5 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

6 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

7 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

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8 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by
the user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

8 TabIndex Represents tab order. Ex: 1, 2, 3 etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.TabIndex = any number;

9 Nodes Represents the collection of nodes, that should be appear in the tree view.

Syntax: referencevariable.Nodes.AddRange(node array here);

Syntax: referencevariable.Nodes[index];

10 Checkboxes True: Checkboxes will be shown for every node.

False: Checboxes will not be shown for every node.

Syntax: referencevariable.CheckBoxes = true | false;

Events of “TreeView” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

1 AfterCheck Executes when the user checks a node in the treeview.

Syntax: referencevariable.AfterCheck += methodname;

Properties of “TreeNode” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Text Represents text of the current node.

Syntax: referencevariable.Nodes[index].Text = “string here”;

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2 FullPath Represents full path of the current node.

Syntax: referencevariable.Nodes[index].FullPath

3 Index Represents index of the current node. Index starts from zero (0).

Syntax: referencevariable.Nodes[index].Index

4 Level Represents level of the current node. Index starts from zero (0).

Syntax: referencevariable.Nodes[index].Level

5 Nodes Represents the collection of nodes, that should be appear in the tree view.

Syntax: referencevariable.Nodes.AddRange(node array here);

Syntax: referencevariable.Nodes[index]

6 Checked Represents the current status of the checkbox of current tree node.

True: The node is currently checked.

False: The node is currently unchecked.

Syntax: referencevariable.Nodes[index].Checked = true | false;

7 NodeFont Represents font settings of the current node.

Syntax: referencevariable.Nodes[index].NodeFont = new

System.Drawing.Font(string FontName, int FontSize);

8 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Nodes[index].BackColor =
System.Drawing.Color.Green;

9 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Nodes[index].ForeColor =
System.Drawing.Color.Green;

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10 IsVisible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Nodes[index].IsVisible = true | false;

“System.Windows.Forms. TreeView” class - Example

Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “TreeViewExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “TreeViewExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

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Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;

namespace TreeViewExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
//create reference variables
Label label1, label2;
ListBox listbox1;
TreeView treeview1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Text = "TreeView Example";
this.Size = new Size(400, 270);
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 18);

/* creating label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Products: ";
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* creating label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.Text = "Selected Products:";
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Location = new Point(380, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* creating treeview1 */
treeview1 = new TreeView();
treeview1.Size = new Size(300, 300);
treeview1.Location = new Point(55, 90);
treeview1.Nodes.Add("Mobiles");
treeview1.Nodes.Add("Laptops");
treeview1.Nodes[0].Nodes.Add("Samsung Mobiles");
treeview1.Nodes[0].Nodes.Add("iPhones");
treeview1.Nodes[0].Nodes.Add("Windows Phones");
treeview1.Nodes[1].Nodes.Add("Dell Laptops");
treeview1.Nodes[1].Nodes.Add("Lenovo Laptops");
treeview1.Nodes[1].Nodes.Add("HP Laptops");
treeview1.ExpandAll();
treeview1.CheckBoxes = true;
treeview1.AfterCheck += Treeview1_AfterCheck;
this.Controls.Add(treeview1);

/* creating listbox1 */
listbox1 = new ListBox();
listbox1.Size = new Size(300, 300);
listbox1.Location = new Point(390, 90);
this.Controls.Add(listbox1);
}

private void Treeview1_AfterCheck(object sender, TreeViewEventArgs

e)
{
listbox1.Items.Clear();
for (int i = 0; i < treeview1.Nodes.Count; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < treeview1.Nodes[i].Nodes.Count; j++)
{
if (treeview1.Nodes[i].Nodes[j].Checked == true)
listbox1.Items.Add(treeview1.Nodes[i].Nodes[j].Text);
}
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

When you select any node in the first treeview, only the selected names will appear in the second
listbox.

The “System.Windows.Forms. PictureBox” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.PictureBox” class

• “PictureBox” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “PictureBox” class / control is used to display an image in the windows form.

• Note: You must copy and paste the image into a specific folder. Ex: C:\CSharp

Steps for development of PictureBox:

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o PictureBox referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new PIctureBox( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “PictureBox” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

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 C#.NET 8.0

2 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x, int y);

3 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

4 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

5 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

6 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

7 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by the
user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

8 TabIndex Represents tab order. Ex: 1, 2, 3 etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.TabIndex = any number;

9 Image Represents the image that is to be displayed in the picturebox..

Syntax: referencevariable.Image = System.Drawing.Image.FromFile(“image file

path”);

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10 SizeMode Represents size mode of the image.

Options: Normal | CenterImage | StretchImage | Zoom | AutoSIze

Syntax: referencevariable.SizeMode =
System.Windows.Forms.PictureBoxSizeMode.optionhere;

Events of “PictureBox” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

1 Click Executes when the user clicks on the picturebox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Click += methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. PIctureBox” class - Example

Expected Output

Creating Project

• Create a folder called “CSharp” in “C:\”. Copy and paste “img1.jpg” into “C:\CSharp” folder.

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “PictureBoxExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “PictureBoxExample”. Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace PictureBoxExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
PictureBox pb1;
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.Size = new Size(600, 400);
pb1 = new PictureBox();
pb1.Size = new Size(300, 200);
pb1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
pb1.Image = Image.FromFile(@"C:\CSharp\img1.jpg");
pb1.SizeMode = PictureBoxSizeMode.StretchImage;
this.Controls.Add(pb1);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0
Output

The image appears in the form.

“System.Windows.Forms. PIctureBox” class – Example

2
Expected Output

Creating Project

• Create a folder called “CSharp” in “C:\”. Copy and paste “img1.jpg” to “img10.jpg” into

“C:\CSharp” folder.

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “PictureBoxExample2”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “PictureBoxExample2”. Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace PictureBoxExample2
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
PictureBox pictureBox1;
Button button1, button2;
Label lbl1;
string[] myimages = new string[] { @"C:\CSharp\img1.jpg",
@"C:\CSharp\img2.jpg", @"C:\CSharp\img3.jpg", @"C:\CSharp\img4.jpg",
@"C:\CSharp\img5.jpg", @"C:\CSharp\img6.jpg", @"C:\CSharp\img7.jpg",
@"C:\CSharp\img8.jpg", @"C:\CSharp\img9.jpg", @"C:\CSharp\img10.jpg" };

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(800, 400);

/*picturebox*/
pictureBox1 = new PictureBox();
pictureBox1.Size = new Size(300, 200);
pictureBox1.Location = new Point(200, 50);

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pictureBox1.Image = Image.FromFile(myimages[0]);
pictureBox1.SizeMode = PictureBoxSizeMode.StretchImage;
this.Controls.Add(pictureBox1);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Previous";
button1.Location = new Point(50, 100);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);

/* button2 */
button2 = new Button();
button2.AutoSize = true;
button2.Text = "Next";
button2.Location = new Point(550, 100);
button2.Click += Button2_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button2);

/* lbl1 */
lbl1 = new Label();
lbl1.AutoSize = true;
lbl1.Text = "0";
lbl1.Location = new Point(320, 270);
this.Controls.Add(lbl1);
}
private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
int n = Convert.ToInt32(lbl1.Text);
n--;
if (n < 0)
{
n = 0;
MessageBox.Show("Already at first image");
}
lbl1.Text = Convert.ToString(n);

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 C#.NET 8.0

string imgpath = myimages[n];

Image img = Image.FromFile(imgpath);
pictureBox1.Image = img;
}
private void Button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
int n = Convert.ToInt32(lbl1.Text);
n++;
if (n == myimages.Length)
{
n = myimages.Length - 1;
MessageBox.Show("Already at last image");
}
lbl1.Text = Convert.ToString(n);
string imgpath = myimages[n];
Image img = Image.FromFile(imgpath);
pictureBox1.Image = img;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Click on “Previous” button to go to previous image.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Click on “Next” button to go to next image.

The “System.Windows.Forms. Panel” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.Panel” class

• “Panel” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “Panel” class / control is used to display a container in the windows form. Inside the
panel, you can place any controls.

• We can divide the form as parts. Each part is a panel.

Steps for development of Panel:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a refrence variable:

o Panel referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new Panel( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

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 C#.NET 8.0

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “Panel” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

2 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x, int y);

3 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

4 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

5 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

6 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

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7 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by the
user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

8 TabIndex Represents tab order. Ex: 1, 2, 3 etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.TabIndex = any number;

9 Controls Represents the collection of controls that should be appear inside the panel.

Syntax: referencevariable.Controls.Add(control here);

Syntax: referencevariable.Controls[index]

10 AutoScroll True: Displays scrollbar in the panel, if required.

False: Don’t display scrollbar in the panel.

Syntax: referencevariable.AutoScroll = true | false;

Events of “Panel” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

1 Click Executes when the user clicks on the panel.

Syntax: referencevariable.Click += methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. Panel” class - Example

Expected Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “PanelExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “PanelExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace PanelExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{

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Panel panel1;
Label lbl1;
TextBox txt1;
Button btn1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(800, 400);

/* panel1 */
panel1 = new Panel();
panel1.Size = new Size(600, 70);
panel1.Location = new Point(100, 100);
panel1.BackColor = Color.LightGreen;
this.Controls.Add(panel1);

/* lbl1 */
lbl1 = new Label();
lbl1.AutoSize = true;
lbl1.Text = "Search:";
lbl1.Location = new Point(30, 20);
panel1.Controls.Add(lbl1);

/* txt1 */
txt1 = new TextBox();
txt1.Location = new Point(150, 16);
txt1.Size = new Size(250, 40);
panel1.Controls.Add(txt1);

/* btn1 */
btn1 = new Button();
btn1.Text = "OK";
btn1.Location = new Point(420, 16);

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btn1.Size = new Size(100, 40);

panel1.Controls.Add(btn1);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

It shows panel in the form.

It shows label, textbox and button in the panel.

The “System.Windows.Forms. GroupBox” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.GroupBox” class

• “GroupBox” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “GroupBox” class / control is used to display a container in the windows form. Inside
the groupbox, you can place any controls.

• Groupbox is a “panel”, with a title and border.

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Steps for development of GropBox:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o GroupBox referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new GroupBox( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “GroupBox” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Text Represents title of the groupbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Text = “any text here”;

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2 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: pointername.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int height);

3 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x, int y);

4 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

5 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: pointername.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

6 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

7 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

8 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by the
user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

9 TabIndex Represents tab order. Ex: 1, 2, 3 etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.TabIndex = any number;

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10 Controls Represents the collection of controls that should be appear inside the
groupbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Controls.Add(control here);

Syntax: referencevariable.Controls[index]

Events of “GroupBox” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

1 Click Executes when the user clicks on the groupbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Click += methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. GroupBox” class - Example

Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “GroupBoxExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “GroupBoxExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace GroupBoxExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
GroupBox groupbox1;
TextBox txt1;
Button btn1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(800, 400);

/* panel1 */
groupbox1 = new GroupBox();
groupbox1.Text = "Search";
groupbox1.Size = new Size(600, 100);
groupbox1.Location = new Point(100, 100);
this.Controls.Add(groupbox1);

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/* txt1 */
txt1 = new TextBox();
txt1.Location = new Point(20, 40);
txt1.Size = new Size(450, 44);
groupbox1.Controls.Add(txt1);

/* btn1 */
btn1 = new Button();
btn1.Text = "OK";
btn1.Location = new Point(480, 36);
btn1.Size = new Size(100, 48);
groupbox1.Controls.Add(btn1);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

It shows groupbox in the form.

It shows textbox and button in the groupbox.

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The “System.Windows.Forms. SplitContainer” class

• “SplitContainer” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “SplitContainer” class / control is used to divide the form as two parts and allow the
user two resize the parts.

• Inside the SplitContainer two panels (panel1 and panel2) will be created automatically; you
can place any controls in panel1 or panel2.

Steps for development of SplitContainer:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o SplitContainer referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new SplitContainer( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “SplitContainer” class:

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Sl. Property Description

No

1 Panel1 Represents first panel (left side panel) in the splitcontainer.

Syntax: referencevariable.Panel1

2 Panel2 Represents second panel (right side panel) in the splitcontainer.

Syntax: referencevariable.Panel2

3 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

4 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x, int

y);

5 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

6 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

7 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

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8 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

9 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by
the user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

10 TabIndex Represents tab order. Ex: 1, 2, 3 etc.

Syntax: pointername.TabIndex = any number;

11 Controls Represents the collection of controls that should be appear inside the
groupbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Controls.Add(control here);

Syntax: referencevariable.Controls[index]

12 Dock Displays the splitcontainer at most top / right / bottom / left side / full
screen of the form.

Options: None | Fill | Top | Right | Bottom | Left

Syntax: referencevariable.Dock = System.Windows.Forms.DockStyle.option

here;

Events of “SplitContainer” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

1 Click Executes when the user clicks on the splitcontainer.

Syntax: referencevariable.Click += methodname;

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“System.Windows.Forms. SplitContainer” class -

Example
Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “SplitContainerExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “SplitContainerExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace SplitContainerExample

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{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
SplitContainer splitcontainer1;
Label lbl1, lbl2;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(800, 400);

/* panel1 */
splitcontainer1 = new SplitContainer();
splitcontainer1.Size = new Size(600, 100);
splitcontainer1.Location = new Point(100, 100);
splitcontainer1.Panel1.BackColor = Color.LightBlue;
splitcontainer1.Panel2.BackColor = Color.LightGreen;
splitcontainer1.Panel1.AutoScroll = true;
splitcontainer1.Panel2.AutoScroll = true;
splitcontainer1.Dock = DockStyle.Fill;
this.Controls.Add(splitcontainer1);

/* lbl1 */
lbl1 = new Label();
lbl1.AutoSize = true;
lbl1.Text = "Label1 in Panel1";
lbl1.Location = new Point(20, 20);
splitcontainer1.Panel1.Controls.Add(lbl1);

/* lbl2 */
lbl2 = new Label();
lbl2.AutoSize = true;
lbl2.Text = "Label2 in Panel1";
lbl2.Location = new Point(20, 20);

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splitcontainer1.Panel2.Controls.Add(lbl2);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

The form is divided as two panels (parts).

We can resize the panels, by dragging in the middle of splitcontainer.

The “System.Windows.Forms. TabControl” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.TabControl” class

• “TabControl” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “TabControl” class / control is used to divide the form as two tabs and displays only
one tab at-a-time on the screen.

• TabControl is a collection of tabpages. An object of tabpage represents one tab.

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Steps for development of TabControl:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o TabControl referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new TabControl( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “TabControl” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int height);

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2 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x, int y);

3 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

4 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

5 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by the
user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

6 TabIndex Represents tab order. Ex: 1, 2, 3 etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.TabIndex = any number;

7 Controls Represents the collection of controls that should be appear inside the
tabcontrol.

Syntax: referencevariable.Controls.Add(control here);

Syntax: referencevariable.Controls[index]

8 Dock Displays the tabcontrol at most top / right / bottom / left side / full screen of
the form.

Options: None | Fill | Top | Right | Bottom | Left

Syntax: referencevariable.Dock = System.Windows.Forms.DockStyle.option here;

Events of “TabControl” class:

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Sl. Event Description

No

1 Click Executes when the user clicks on the tabcontrol.

Syntax: referencevariable.Click += methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. TabControl” class - Example

Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “TabControlExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “TabControlExample”.

• Click on OK.

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• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace TabControlExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
TabControl tabcontrol1;
TabPage tabpage1, tabpage2, tabpage3;
Label lbl1, lbl2, lbl3;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(700, 450);

/* tabcontrol1 */
tabcontrol1 = new TabControl();
tabcontrol1.Dock = DockStyle.Fill;
this.Controls.Add(tabcontrol1);

/* tabpage1 */
tabpage1 = new TabPage();
tabpage1.Text = "Home";
tabcontrol1.Controls.Add(tabpage1);

/* tabpage2 */
tabpage2 = new TabPage();

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tabpage2.Text = "About";
tabcontrol1.Controls.Add(tabpage2);

/* tabpage3 */
tabpage3 = new TabPage();
tabpage3.Text = "Contact";
tabcontrol1.Controls.Add(tabpage3);

/* lbl1 */
lbl1 = new Label();
lbl1.Text = "Home content here";
lbl1.AutoSize = true;
tabpage1.Controls.Add(lbl1);

/* lbl2 */
lbl2 = new Label();
lbl2.Text = "About content here";
lbl2.AutoSize = true;
tabpage2.Controls.Add(lbl2);

/* lbl3 */
lbl3 = new Label();
lbl3.Text = "Contact content here";
lbl3.AutoSize = true;
tabpage3.Controls.Add(lbl3);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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The form is divided as 3 tabs.

If you click on “Home”, it shows “Home content here”.
If you click on “About”, it shows “About content here”.
If you click on “Contact”, it shows “Contact content here”.

The “System.Windows.Forms. FlowLayoutPanel” class

• “FlowLayoutPanel” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “FlowLayoutPanel” class / control is same as panel, but it arranges the controls side-
by-side automatically. When a row is over, it automatically moves the control to the next
line.

Steps for development of FlowLayoutPanel:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o FlowLayoutPanel referencevariable;

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• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new FlowLayoutPanel( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “FlowLayoutPanel” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

2 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x, int

y);

3 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

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4 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

5 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by
the user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

6 TabIndex Represents tab order. Ex: 1, 2, 3 etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.TabIndex = any number;

7 Controls Represents the collection of controls that should be appear inside the
tabcontrol.

Syntax: referencevariable.Controls.Add(control here);

Syntax: referencevariable.Controls[index]

8 Dock Displays the tabcontrol at most top / right / bottom / left side / full screen
of the form.

Options: None | Fill | Top | Right | Bottom | Left

Syntax: referencevariable.Dock = System.Windows.Forms.DockStyle.option

here;

9 FlowDirection Represents the direction of controls in the flowlayoutpanel.

Options: LeftToRight | RightToLeft | TopDown | BottomUp

Syntax: referencevariable.FlowDirection =
System.Windows.Forms.FlowDirection.option here;

Events of “FlowLayoutPanel” class:

Sl. Event Description
No

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1 Click Executes when the user clicks on the flowlayoutpanel.

Syntax: referencevariable.Click += methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. FlowLayoutPanel” class -

Example
Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FlowLayoutPanelExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FlowLayoutPanelExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

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using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FlowLayoutPanelExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
FlowLayoutPanel flowlayoutpanel1;
Label lbl1, lbl2, lbl3;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(700, 450);

/* flowlayoutpanel1 */
flowlayoutpanel1 = new FlowLayoutPanel();
flowlayoutpanel1.BackColor = Color.LightBlue;
flowlayoutpanel1.Size = new Size(600, 300);
flowlayoutpanel1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
flowlayoutpanel1.FlowDirection = FlowDirection.LeftToRight;
this.Controls.Add(flowlayoutpanel1);

/* lbl1 */
lbl1 = new Label();
lbl1.Text = "Label1";
lbl1.AutoSize = true;
flowlayoutpanel1.Controls.Add(lbl1);

/* lbl2 */
lbl2 = new Label();
lbl2.Text = "Label2";
lbl2.AutoSize = true;

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flowlayoutpanel1.Controls.Add(lbl2);

/* lbl3 */
lbl3 = new Label();
lbl3.Text = "Label3";
lbl3.AutoSize = true;
flowlayoutpanel1.Controls.Add(lbl3);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

The flowlayoutpanel appears in the form.

There are 3 controls called label1, label2, label3 in the flowlayoutpanel.

“System.Windows.Forms. LinkLabel” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.LinkLabel” class

• “LinkLabel” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

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• The “LinkLabel” class / control is used to display a clickable hyperlink.

• LinkLabel executes “LinkClicked” event, when the user clicks it.

Steps for development of LinkLabel:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o LinkLabel referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new LinkLabel( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “LinkLabel” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

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1 Text Represents text of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Text = "text here";

2 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string

FontName, int FontSize);

3 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width,

int height);

4 AutoSize True: The control will take the essential size automatically.

False: The control will not take the size automatically; we need to set
the size manually.

Syntax: referencevariable.AutoSize = true | false;

5 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x,

int y);

6 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor =
System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

7 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

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8 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

9 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

10 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used
by the user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

Events of “LinkLabel” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

1 LinkClicked Executes when the user clicks on the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.LinkClicked += methodname;

2 MouseEnter Executes when the user moves the mouse pointer from outside to
inside the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.MouseEnter += methodname;

3 MouseLeave Executes when the user moves the mouse pointer from inside to
outside the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.MouseLeave += methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. LinkLabel” class - Example

Expected Output

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Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “LinkLabelExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “LinkLabelExample”. Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace LinkLabelExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
LinkLabel linklabel1;
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

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/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(600, 350);

/* linklabel1 */
linklabel1 = new LinkLabel();
linklabel1.Text = "Click me";
linklabel1.AutoSize = true;
linklabel1.Location = new Point(200, 100);
linklabel1.LinkClicked += Linklabel1_LinkClicked;
this.Controls.Add(linklabel1);
}
private void Linklabel1_LinkClicked(object sender,
LinkLabelLinkClickedEventArgs e)
{
linklabel1.Text = "Clicked";
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

It shows “Click me” linklabel.

When you click on the linklabel, it will be changed as “Clicked”.

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“System.Windows.Forms. WebBrowser” class

• “WebBrowser” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “WebBrowser” class / control is used to display a web page in the form.

• It uses “Internet Explorer” internally. It requires internet connection.

Steps for development of WebBrowser:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o WebBrowser referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new WebBrowser( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

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• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “WebBrowser” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Url Represents url (website address) of the webbrowser.

Syntax: referencevariable.url = new Uri(“url here”);

2 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

3 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x, int y);

4 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

Methods of “WebBrowser” class:

Sl. Method Description

No

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1 Navigate() It navigates to the specified url.

Syntax: referencevariable.Navigate(“url”)

2 GoBack() Navigates to the prevous page.

Syntax: referencevariable.GoBack()

3 GoForward() Navigates to the forward page.

Syntax: referencevariable.GoForward()

“System.Windows.Forms. WebBrowser” class -

Example
Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

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• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “WebBrowserExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “WebBrowser”. Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace WebBrowserExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button btn1, btn2;
WebBrowser webbrowser1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(1000, 700);

/* btn1 */
btn1 = new Button();
btn1.Text = "Google";
btn1.AutoSize = true;
btn1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
btn1.Click += Btn1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(btn1);

/* btn2 */

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btn2 = new Button();

btn2.Text = "Facebook";
btn2.AutoSize = true;
btn2.Location = new Point(180, 50);
btn2.Click += Btn2_Click;
this.Controls.Add(btn2);

/* webbrowser1 */
webbrowser1 = new WebBrowser();
webbrowser1.Navigate("http://www.google.com");
webbrowser1.Size = new Size(900, 500);
webbrowser1.Location = new Point(50, 130);
this.Controls.Add(webbrowser1);
}

private void Btn1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
string s = "http://www.google.com";
webbrowser1.Navigate(s);
}

private void Btn2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
string s = "http://www.facebook.com";
webbrowser1.Navigate(s);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

If you click on “Google”, it shows google web site.

If you click on “Facebook”, it shows facebook web site.

“System.Windows.Forms.Timer” class
The “System.Windows.Forms.Timer” class

• “Timer” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “Timer” class / control is used to execute the code repeatedly for every ‘n’ no. of milli
seconds..

• 1000 milli seconds = 1 second

Steps for development of Timer:

• Import the namespace:

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o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o Timer referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new Timer( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

Properties of “Timer” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Interval Represents no. of milli seconds, based on which the timer’s code should
execute.

Syntax: referencevariable.Interval = any number;

2 Enabled True: Timer is actived. It calls Tick event at the specified milli seconds.

False: Timer is deactivated. It doesn’t call Tick event at the specified milli
seconds.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

Events of “Timer” class:

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Sl. Event Description

No

1 Tick Executes for every completion of specified milli seconds.

Syntax: referencevariable.Tick += methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. Timer” class - Example

Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “TimerExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “TimerExample”.

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• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace TimerExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Timer timer1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(600, 350);

/* timer1 */
timer1 = new Timer();
timer1.Enabled = true;
timer1.Interval = 3000;
timer1.Tick += Timer1_Tick;
}

private void Timer1_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
MessageBox.Show("Hello");
}
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

For every 3 seconds, it shows “Hello” message box.

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“System.Windows.Forms.Timer” class – with Time -

Example
Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “TimerWithTimeExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “TimerWithTimeExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace TimerWithTimeExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form

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{
Timer timer1;
Label lbl1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(800, 350);

/* lbl1 */
lbl1 = new Label();
lbl1.AutoSize = true;
lbl1.Text = "Time appears here";
lbl1.Location = new Point(100, 100);
lbl1.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 40);
this.Controls.Add(lbl1);

/* timer1 */
timer1 = new Timer();
timer1.Enabled = true;
timer1.Interval = 1000;
timer1.Tick += Timer1_Tick;
}

private void Timer1_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
lbl1.Text = DateTime.Now.ToString();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

It shows the system date and time in the label. It automatically updates for every second-by-
second.

“System.Windows.Forms.Timer” class – with Counter -

Example
Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “TimerWithCounterExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “TimerWithCounterExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace TimerWithCounterExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Timer timer1;
Label lbl1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(800, 350);

/* lbl1 */
lbl1 = new Label();
lbl1.AutoSize = true;
lbl1.Text = "1";
lbl1.Location = new Point(100, 100);
lbl1.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 40);
this.Controls.Add(lbl1);

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/* timer1 */
timer1 = new Timer();
timer1.Enabled = true;
timer1.Interval = 100;
timer1.Tick += Timer1_Tick;
}

private void Timer1_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
lbl1.Text = Convert.ToString(Convert.ToInt32(lbl1.Text) + 1);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

It automatically increments the number in the label, for every 100 milli seconds.

“System.Windows.Forms.Timer” class – with Slide

Show - Example
Expected Output

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Creating Project

• Copy and paste “img1.jpg”, “img2.jpg”, … “img10.jpg” into “C:\CSharp” folder.

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “TimerSlideShowExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “TimerSlideShowExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace TimerSlideShowExample
{

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public partial class Form1 : Form

{
Timer timer1;
Label lbl1;
PictureBox picturebox1;

List<string> MyImages = new List<string>() { @"C:\CSharp\img1.jpg",

@"C:\CSharp\img2.jpg", @"C:\CSharp\img3.jpg", @"C:\CSharp\img4.jpg",
@"C:\CSharp\img5.jpg", @"C:\CSharp\img6.jpg", @"C:\CSharp\img7.jpg",
@"C:\CSharp\img8.jpg", @"C:\CSharp\img9.jpg", @"C:\CSharp\img10.jpg" };

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(700, 450);

/* lbl1 */
lbl1 = new Label();
lbl1.AutoSize = true;
lbl1.Text = "0";
lbl1.Location = new Point(100, 50);
lbl1.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 40);
this.Controls.Add(lbl1);

/* timer1 */
timer1 = new Timer();
timer1.Enabled = true;
timer1.Interval = 1000;
timer1.Tick += Timer1_Tick;

/* picturebox1 */
picturebox1 = new PictureBox();
picturebox1.Size = new Size(300, 230);
picturebox1.Location = new Point(100, 130);

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picturebox1.SizeMode = PictureBoxSizeMode.StretchImage;
picturebox1.Image = Image.FromFile(MyImages[0]);
this.Controls.Add(picturebox1);
}

private void Timer1_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
int n = Convert.ToInt32(lbl1.Text);
n++;

if (n == MyImages.Count)
{
timer1.Enabled = false;
MessageBox.Show("Done");
return;
}

Image img = Image.FromFile(MyImages[n]);

picturebox1.Image = img;
lbl1.Text = Convert.ToString(n);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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It shows image slide show, for every 3 seconds.

“System.Windows.Forms. ProgressBar” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.ProgressBar” class

• “ProgressBar” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “ProgressBar” class / control is used to display a progress of a task.

• Look and feel depends on the operating system. Ex: Windows 7, Windows 8.1, Windows 10
etc.

Steps for development of ProgressBar:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

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• Create a reference variable:

o ProgressBar referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new ProgressBar( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “ProgressBar” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Value Represents current value of the progress bar.

Syntax: referencevariable.Value = any number;

2 Minimum Represents minimum value of the progress bar.

Syntax: referencevariable.Minimum = any number;

3 Maximum Represents maximum value of the progress bar.

Syntax: referencevariable.Maximum = any number;

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4 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string FontName,

int FontSize);

5 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int height);

6 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x, int y);

7 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

8 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

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Events of “ProgressBar” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

1 Click Executes when the user clicks on the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Click += methodname;

2 MouseEnter Executes when the user moves the mouse pointer from outside to inside
the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.MouseEnter += methodname;

3 MouseLeave Executes when the user moves the mouse pointer from inside to outside
the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.MouseLeave += methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. ProgressBar” class -

Example
Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “ProgressBarExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ProgressBarExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace ProgressBarExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
ProgressBar progressbar1;
Timer timer1;
Label lbl1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(600, 350);

/* lbl1 */
lbl1 = new Label();
lbl1.AutoSize = true;
lbl1.Text = "0";

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lbl1.Location = new Point(100, 100);

this.Controls.Add(lbl1);
/* progressbar1 */
progressbar1 = new ProgressBar();
progressbar1.Minimum = 0;
progressbar1.Maximum = 100;
progressbar1.Size = new Size(300, 30);
progressbar1.Location = new Point(100, 200);
this.Controls.Add(progressbar1);
/* timer1 */
timer1 = new Timer();
timer1.Enabled = true;
timer1.Interval = 100;
timer1.Tick += Timer1_Tick;
}
private void Timer1_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
progressbar1.Value++;
lbl1.Text = Convert.ToString(progressbar1.Value);

if (progressbar1.Value >= progressbar1.Maximum)

{
timer1.Enabled = false;
MessageBox.Show("Done");
}
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

It increments progress bar automatically.

When the progress bar reaches to 100%, it shows “Done”.

“System.Windows.Forms. NotifyIcon” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.NotifyIcon” class

• “NotifyIcon” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “NotifyIcon” class / control is used to display an icon in the windows taskbar, while the
form is running.

• This requires a “.ico” file.

Steps for development of NotifyIcon:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a referemce variable:

o NotifyIcon referencevariable;

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• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new NotifyIcon( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

Properties of “NotifyIcon” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Icon Represents the icon that should be appear in the windows taskbar.

Syntax: referencevariable.Icon = new System.Drawing.Icon(“icon file path”);

2 Visible True: The control appears on the windows taskbar.

False: The control will disappear on the windows taskbar.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

Methods of “NotifyIcon” class:

Sl. Method Description

No

1 ShowBalloonTip Shows a balloon tip message from the icon at windows taskbar.

Syntax: referencevariable.ShowBalloonTip(int milliseconds, string

title, string message, System.Windows.Forms.ToolTipIcon.Info |
Warning | Error);

Events of “NotifyIcon” class:

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Sl. Event Description

No

1 Click Executes when the user clicks on the icon at windows taskbar.

Syntax: referencevariable.Click += methodname;

2 BalloonTipClicked Executes when the user clicks on the balloon tip message at
windows taskbar.

Syntax: referencevariable.BalloonTipClicked += methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. NotifyIcon” class - Example

Expected Output

Creating Project

• Copy and paste “Sample.ico” file into “C:\CSharp” folder.

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

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• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “NotifyIconExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “NotifyIconExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace NotifyIconExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1;
NotifyIcon notifyicon1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(600, 350);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Show Notification";
button1.Location = new Point(100, 100);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;

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this.Controls.Add(button1);

/* notifyicon1 */
notifyicon1 = new NotifyIcon();
notifyicon1.Icon = new Icon(@"C:\CSharp\Sample.ico");
notifyicon1.Visible = true;
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
notifyicon1.ShowBalloonTip(5000, "Title here", "Message here",
ToolTipIcon.Info);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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It shows icon in the windows taskbar.

When the user clicks on the button, it shows tooltip message from the icon.

Popup Boxes
To display popup boxes:

• Create a new windows forms application.

• It automatically creates “Form1”.

• Add “Form2” to the project.

• Set essential properties to the form such as “MinimizeBox”, “MaximizeBox” etc., to the
Form2.

• Create object for “Form2” class and call “ShowDialog()” method.

• To exchange data between Form1 and Form2, use a static class called “Common”.

PopupBoxes - Example
Expected Output

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Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “PopupBoxesExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “PopupBoxesExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

• Open solution explorer. Right click on the project name (PopupBoxesExample) and click on

“Add” – “New Item”. Click on “Windows Forms” – “Windows Form”. Enter the form name as

“Form2.cs”. Click on “Add”.

• Open solution explorer. Right click on the project name (PopupBoxesExample) and click on

“Add” – “New Item”. Click on “Code” – “Class”. Enter the form name as “Common.cs”. Click

on “Add”.

Common.cs

using System;

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namespace PopupWindowsExample
{
static class Common
{
public static string Username { get; set; }
}
}

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace PopupWindowsExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1;
Label label1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(500, 300);
/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Open Popup window";
button1.Location = new Point(100, 100);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Name appears here";

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label1.Location = new Point(100, 300);

this.Controls.Add(label1);
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
Form2 f = new Form2();
if (f.ShowDialog() == DialogResult.OK)
{
label1.Text = Common.Username;
}
else
{
label1.Text = "";
}
}
}
}

Form2.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace PopupWindowsExample
{
public partial class Form2 : Form
{
Label label1;
TextBox textbox1;
Button button1, button2;

public Form2()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */

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this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);

this.Size = new Size(700, 400);
this.Text = "Form2 (popup window)";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.FormBorderStyle = FormBorderStyle.FixedSingle;
this.ShowInTaskbar = false;
this.MinimizeBox = false;
this.MaximizeBox = false;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Name: ";
label1.Location = new Point(100, 100);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 30);
textbox1.Location = new Point(220, 97);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "OK";
button1.Location = new Point(220, 150);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
button1.DialogResult = DialogResult.OK;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
this.AcceptButton = button1;

/* button2 */
button2 = new Button();
button2.AutoSize = true;
button2.Text = "Cancel";
button2.Location = new Point(320, 150);

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button2.Click += Button2_Click;
button2.DialogResult = DialogResult.Cancel;
this.Controls.Add(button2);
this.CancelButton = button2;
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
Common.Username = textbox1.Text;
this.Close();
}

private void Button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
this.Close();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Click on “Open Popup Window”.

Type the any name and click on OK.

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“System.Windows.Forms. ColorDialog” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.ColorDialog” class

• “ColorDialog” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “ColorDialog” class / control is used to display a color dialogbox (popupbox) on the
form, which allows the user to select a color.

• The look and feel of the color dialog is pre-defined.

Steps for development of ColorDialog:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o ColorDialog referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new ColorDialog( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Call methods:

o referencevariable.method ();

Properties of “ColorDialog” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

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1 Color Represents currently selected color of the color dialogbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Color = System.Drawing.Color.colorname;

Methods of “ColorDialog” class:

Sl. Method Description

No

1 ShowDialog() Displays the color dialogbox on the form. It returns the clicked button
name (OK or Cancel) as “DialogResult”.

Syntax: referencevariable.ShowDialog()

2 Reset() Resets all the settings of color dialog.

Syntax: referencevariable.Reset();

“System.Windows.Forms. ColorDialog” class -

Example
Expected Output

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Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “ColorDialogExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ColorDialogExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace ColorDialogExample
{

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public partial class Form1 : Form

{
TextBox textbox1;
Button button1, button2;
ColorDialog colordialog1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(700, 400);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Text = "Text here";
textbox1.Size = new Size(500, 30);
textbox1.Location = new Point(100, 50);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Back color";
button1.Location = new Point(100, 150);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);

/* button2 */
button2 = new Button();
button2.AutoSize = true;
button2.Text = "Fore color";
button2.Location = new Point(320, 150);
button2.Click += Button2_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button2);

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/* colordialog1 */
colordialog1 = new ColorDialog();
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
colordialog1.Color = textbox1.BackColor;
if (colordialog1.ShowDialog() == DialogResult.OK)
{
textbox1.BackColor = colordialog1.Color;
}
}

private void Button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
colordialog1.Color = textbox1.ForeColor;
if (colordialog1.ShowDialog() == DialogResult.OK)
{
textbox1.ForeColor = colordialog1.Color;
}
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Click on “Back color” and “Fore Color”.

“System.Windows.Forms. FontDialog” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.FontDialog” class

• “FontDialog” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “FontDialog” class / control is used to display a font dialogbox (popupbox) on the
form, which allows the user to select a font.

• The look and feel of the font dialog is pre-defined.

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Steps for development of FontDialog:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o FontDialog referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new FontDialog( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Call methods:

o referencevariable.method ();

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Properties of “FontDialog” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Font Represents currently selected font of the font dialogbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(“Font name”,

font size);

Methods of “FontDialog” class:

Sl. Method Description

No

1 ShowDialog() Displays the font dialogbox on the form. It returns the clicked button
name (OK or Cancel) as “DialogResult”.

Syntax: referencevariable.ShowDialog()

2 Reset() Resets all the settings of font dialog.

Syntax: referencevariable.Reset();

“System.Windows.Forms. FontDialog” class - Example

Expected Output

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Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FontDialogExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FontDialogExample”. Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FontDialogExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{

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TextBox textbox1;
Button button1;
FontDialog fontdialog1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(900, 400);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Text = "Text here";
textbox1.Size = new Size(500, 30);
textbox1.Location = new Point(100, 50);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Font";
button1.Location = new Point(100, 250);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);

/* fontdialog1 */
fontdialog1 = new FontDialog();
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
fontdialog1.Font = textbox1.Font;
if (fontdialog1.ShowDialog() == DialogResult.OK)
{
textbox1.Font = fontdialog1.Font;

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}
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Click on “Font”, select any font and click on OK.

“System.Windows.Forms. FolderBrowserDialog” class

• “FolderBrowserDialog” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

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• The “FolderBrowserDIalog” class / control is used to display a folder browser dialogbox

(popupbox) on the form, which allows the user to select a folder.

• The look and feel of the folder browser dialog is pre-defined.

Steps for development of FolderBrowserDialog:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o FolderBrowserDialog referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new FolderBrowserDialog( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Call methods:

o referencevariable.method ();

Properties of “FolderBrowserDialog” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 SelectedPath Represents currently selected path of the folder browser dialogbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.SelectedPath = “any folder path”;

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Methods of “FolderBrowserDialog” class:

Sl. Method Description

No

1 ShowDialog() Displays the folder browser dialogbox on the form. It returns the
clicked button name (OK or Cancel) as “DialogResult”.

Syntax: referencevariable.ShowDialog()

2 Reset() Resets all the settings of folder browser dialog.

Syntax: referencevariable.Reset();

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“System.Windows.Forms. FolderBrowserDialog” class

- Example
Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FolderBrowserDialogExample”.

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• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FolderBrowserDialogExample”. Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FolderBrowserDialogExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label label1;
Button button1;
FolderBrowserDialog folderbrowserdialog1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 16);
this.Size = new Size(900, 400);

/* textbox1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Selected folder path here";
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(100, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;

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button1.Text = "Select a folder";

button1.Location = new Point(100, 150);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);

/* folderbrowserdialog1 */
folderbrowserdialog1 = new FolderBrowserDialog();
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
if (folderbrowserdialog1.ShowDialog() == DialogResult.OK)
{
label1.Text = folderbrowserdialog1.SelectedPath;
}
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Click on “Select a folder” and select any folder and click on OK.

“System.Windows.Forms. OpenFileDialog” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.OpenFileDialog” class

• “OpenFileDialog” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “OpenFileDialog” class / control is used to display a open file dialogbox (popupbox) on
the form, which allows the user to select an existing file.

• The look and feel of the open file dialog is pre-defined.

Steps for development of OpenFileDialog:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

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o OpenFileDialog referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new OpenFileDialog( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Call methods:

o referencevariable.method ();

Properties of “OpenFileDialog” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 FileName Represents currently selected file name of the open file dialogbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.FileName = “any file path”;

2 FileNames Represents currently selected file names of the open file dialogbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.FileName = “any file path”;

3 Filter Represents the filters list of the open file dialogbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Filter = “any filter here”;

4 MultiSelect True/False

True: The user can select multiple files.

False: The user can select only one file.

Methods of “OpenFileDialog” class:

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Sl. Method Description

No

1 ShowDialog() Displays the open file dialogbox on the form. It returns the clicked
button name (OK or Cancel) as “DialogResult”.

Syntax: referencevariable.ShowDialog()

2 Reset() Resets all the settings of open file dialog.

Syntax: referencevariable.Reset();

“System.Windows.Forms. OpenFileDialog” class -

Example
Expected Output

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Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “OpenFileDialogExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “OpenFileDialogExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;

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using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace OpenFileDialogExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label label1;
Button button1;
OpenFileDialog openfiledialog1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 16);
this.Size = new Size(900, 400);

/* textbox1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.Text = "Selected file path here";
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(100, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Open (Select an existing file)";
button1.Location = new Point(100, 150);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);

/* openfiledialog1 */
openfiledialog1 = new OpenFileDialog();
openfiledialog1.Multiselect = false;
openfiledialog1.Filter = "All Files|*.*|Text Files|*.txt";

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}
private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (openfiledialog1.ShowDialog() == DialogResult.OK)
{
label1.Text = openfiledialog1.FileName;
}
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Click on “Open (Select an existing file)”.

Select any existing file and click on Open.

Selected file name appears in the label.

“System.Windows.Forms. SaveFileDialog” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.SaveFileDialog” class

• “SaveFileDialog” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “SaveFileDialog” class / control is used to display a save file dialogbox (popupbox) on
the form, which allows the user to select a new file.

• The look and feel of the save file dialog is pre-defined.

Steps for development of SaveFileDialog:

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• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o SaveFileDialog referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new SaveFileDialog( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Call methods:

o referencevariable.method ();

Properties of “SaveFileDialog” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 FileName Represents currently selected file name of the save file dialogbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.FileName = “any file path”;

2 Filter Represents the filters list of the save file dialogbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Filter = “any filter here”;

Methods of “SaveFileDialog” class:

Sl. Method Description

No

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1 ShowDialog() Displays the save file dialogbox on the form. It returns the clicked
button name (OK or Cancel) as “DialogResult”.

Syntax: referencevariable.ShowDialog()

2 Reset() Resets all the settings of save file dialog.

Syntax: referencevariable.Reset();

“System.Windows.Forms. SaveFileDialog” class -

Example
Expected Output

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Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “SaveFileDialogExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “SaveFileDialogExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace SaveFileDialogExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label label1;
Button button1;
SaveFileDialog savefiledialog1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 16);
this.Size = new Size(900, 400);

/* textbox1 */

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label1 = new Label();

label1.Text = "Selected file path here";
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(100, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Save (Select a new file)";
button1.Location = new Point(100, 150);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);

/* savefiledialog1 */
savefiledialog1 = new SaveFileDialog();
savefiledialog1.Filter = "All Files|*.*|Text Files|*.txt";
}
private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (savefiledialog1.ShowDialog() == DialogResult.OK)
{
label1.Text = savefiledialog1.FileName;
}
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Click on “Save (Select a new file)”.

Type any new file name and click on “Save”. The specified file name appears in the label.

“System.Windows.Forms. MenuStrip” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.MenuStrip” class

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• “MenuStrip” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “MenuStrip” class / control is used to display a menu bar at the top of the form.

• A menu can contain menu items, textboxes, buttons etc.

Steps for development of MenuStrip:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o MenuStrip referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new MenuStrip( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Call methods:

o referencevariable.method ();

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “MenuStrip” class:

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Sl. Property Description

No

1 Dock Displays the control at most top / left / right / bottom side of the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Dock =
System.Windows.Forms.DockStyle.Optionhere;

2 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string FontName,

int FontSize);

3 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

4 Items Represents the parent menu items in the menubar.

Syntax: referencevariable.Items.Add(toolstrip menu item here);

5 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x, int y);

6 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

7 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

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8 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

9 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

10 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by the
user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

11 TabIndex Represents tab order. Ex: 1, 2, 3 etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.TabIndex = any number;

Events of “MenuStrip” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

1 ItemClicked Executes when the user clicks any item in the menubar.

Syntax: referencevariable.ItemClicked += methodname;

Properties of “ToolStripMenuItem” class:

The “ToolStripMenuItem” class’s object represents a menu item in the menubar.

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Text Represents text of the menu item.

Syntax: referencevariable.Text = “string here”;

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2 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string

FontName, int FontSize);

3 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

4 DropDownItems Represents the child menu items in the menu item.

Syntax: referencevariable.DropDownItems.Add(toolstrip menu item

here);

5 ShortCutKeys Represents shortcut keys of the menu item.

Options: All alphabets, digits, special keys, function keys.

Syntax: referencevariable.ShortCutKeys = Keys.your option here;

6 Image Represents icon image of the menu item.

Syntax: referencevariable.Image =
System.Drawing.Image.FromFile(“image file path here”);

7 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

8 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

9 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

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10 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by
the user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

11 Checked True / False.

True: Checkbox of the menu item is checked.

False: Checkbox of the menu item is unchecked.

Syntax: referencevariable.Checked = true | false;

Events of “ToolStripMenuItem” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

1 Click Executes when the user clicks on the menu item.

Syntax: referencevariable.Click += methodname;

2 MouseEnter Executes when the user places the mouse pointer on the menu item.

Syntax: referencevariable.Click += methodname;

3 MouseLeave Executes when the user moves the mouse pointer out of the menu item.

Syntax: referencevariable.MouseLeave += methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. MenuStrip” class - Example

Expected Output

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Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “MenuStripExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MenuStripExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace MenuStripExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form

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{
MenuStrip menustrip1;
ToolStripMenuItem parentmenuitem1, menuitem1, menuitem2,
menuitem3, menuitem4;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(900, 400);

/* menustrip1 */
menustrip1 = new MenuStrip();
menustrip1.Dock = DockStyle.Top;
menustrip1.BackColor = Color.LightGreen;
this.Controls.Add(menustrip1);

/* parentmenuitem1 */
parentmenuitem1 = new ToolStripMenuItem();
parentmenuitem1.Text = "Background color";
menustrip1.Items.Add(parentmenuitem1);

/* menuitem1 */
menuitem1 = new ToolStripMenuItem();
menuitem1.Text = "Red";
menuitem1.ShortcutKeys = (Keys)(Keys.Control | Keys.R);
menuitem1.ForeColor = Color.Red;
menuitem1.Click += Menuitem1_Click;
parentmenuitem1.DropDownItems.Add(menuitem1);

/* menuitem2 */
menuitem2 = new ToolStripMenuItem();
menuitem2.Text = "Green";
menuitem2.ShortcutKeys = (Keys)(Keys.Control | Keys.G);
menuitem2.ForeColor = Color.Green;

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menuitem2.Click += Menuitem2_Click;
parentmenuitem1.DropDownItems.Add(menuitem2);

/* menuitem3 */
menuitem3 = new ToolStripMenuItem();
menuitem3.Text = "Blue";
menuitem3.ShortcutKeys = (Keys)(Keys.Control | Keys.B);
menuitem3.ForeColor = Color.Blue;
menuitem3.Click += Menuitem3_Click;
parentmenuitem1.DropDownItems.Add(menuitem3);

/* menuitem4 */
menuitem4 = new ToolStripMenuItem();
menuitem4.Text = "Exit";
menuitem4.ShortcutKeys = Keys.F7;
menuitem4.Click += Menuitem4_Click;
parentmenuitem1.DropDownItems.Add(menuitem4);
}

private void Menuitem1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
this.BackColor = Color.Red;
}

private void Menuitem2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
this.BackColor = Color.Green;
}

private void Menuitem3_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
this.BackColor = Color.Blue;
}

private void Menuitem4_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
this.Close();

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}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Go to “Background color” menu and click on “Red”, “Green”, “Blue” and “Exit” options.

“System.Windows.Forms. ContextMenuStrip” class

• “ContextMenuStrip” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “ContextMenuStrip” class / control is used to display a right click menu for a form or
any control.

• A context menu can contain menu items, textboxes, buttons etc.

Steps for development of ContextMenuStrip:

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• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o ContextMenuStrip referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new ContextMenuStrip( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

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Properties of “ContextMenuStrip” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string

FontName, int FontSize);

2 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

3 Items Represents the parent menu items in the context menu.

Syntax: referencevariable.Items.Add(toolstrip menu item here);

4 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

5 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

6 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

7 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

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8 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by the
user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

Events of “ContextMenuStrip” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

1 ItemClicked Executes when the user clicks any item in the context menu.

Syntax: referencevariable.ItemClicked += methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. ContextMenuStrip” class -

Example
Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

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• Type the project name as “ContextMenuStripExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ContextMenuStripExample”. Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace ContextMenuStripExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
TextBox textbox1;
ContextMenuStrip contextmenustrip1;
ToolStripMenuItem menuitem1, menuitem2, menuitem3, menuitem4;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(700, 400);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 40);
textbox1.Location = new Point(200, 100);
textbox1.Text = "Hello";
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* contextmenustrip1 */

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contextmenustrip1 = new ContextMenuStrip();

textbox1.ContextMenuStrip = contextmenustrip1;

/* menuitem1 */
menuitem1 = new ToolStripMenuItem();
menuitem1.Text = "Cut";
menuitem1.ShortcutKeys = (Keys)(Keys.Control | Keys.X);
menuitem1.Click += Menuitem1_Click;
contextmenustrip1.Items.Add(menuitem1);

/* menuitem2 */
menuitem2 = new ToolStripMenuItem();
menuitem2.Text = "Copy";
menuitem2.ShortcutKeys = (Keys)(Keys.Control | Keys.C);
menuitem2.Click += Menuitem2_Click;
contextmenustrip1.Items.Add(menuitem2);

/* menuitem3 */
menuitem3 = new ToolStripMenuItem();
menuitem3.Text = "Paste";
menuitem3.ShortcutKeys = (Keys)(Keys.Control | Keys.V);
menuitem3.Click += Menuitem3_Click;
contextmenustrip1.Items.Add(menuitem3);

/* menuitem4 */
menuitem4 = new ToolStripMenuItem();
menuitem4.Text = "Clear";
menuitem4.Click += Menuitem4_Click;
contextmenustrip1.Items.Add(menuitem4);
}

private void Menuitem1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
textbox1.Cut();
}
private void Menuitem2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{

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textbox1.Copy();
}
private void Menuitem3_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
textbox1.Paste();
}
private void Menuitem4_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
textbox1.Clear();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Type some text and right click on the textbox. Click on “Cut”, “Copy”, “Paste”, “Clear”.

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“System.Windows.Forms. ToolStrip” class

• “ToolStrip” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “ToolStrip” class / control is used to display a toolbar at the top of the form.

• A toolbar can contain textboxes, buttons, progress bars etc.

Steps for development of ToolStrip:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o ToolStrip referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new ToolStrip( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “ToolStrip” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

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1 Dock Displays the control at most top / left / right / bottom side of the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Dock =
System.Windows.Forms.DockStyle.Optionhere;

2 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string FontName,

int FontSize);

3 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

4 Items Represents the buttons / textboxes / progressbars in the toolbar.

Syntax: referencevariable.Items.Add(toolstrip button here);

5 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x, int y);

6 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

7 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

8 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

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9 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

10 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by the
user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

11 TabIndex Represents tab order. Ex: 1, 2, 3 etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.TabIndex = any number;

Events of “ToolStrip” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

1 ItemClicked Executes when the user clicks any item in the toolbar.

Syntax: referencevariable.ItemClicked += methodname;

Properties of “ToolStripButton” class:

The “ToolStripButton” class’s object represents a button in the toolbar.

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Text Represents text of the tool strip button.

Syntax: referencevariable.Text = “string here”;

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2 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string

FontName, int FontSize);

3 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

4 Image Represents icon image of the menu item.

Syntax: referencevariable.Image =
System.Drawing.Image.FromFile(“image file path here”);

5 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

6 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

7 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

8 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by
the user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

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9 Checked True / False.

True: Checkbox of the toolstrip button is checked.

False: Checkbox of the toolstrip button is unchecked.

Syntax: referencevariable.Checked = true | false;

Events of “ToolStripButton” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

1 Click Executes when the user clicks on the toolstrip button.

Syntax: referencevariable.Click += methodname;

2 MouseEnter Executes when the user places the mouse pointer on the toolstrip
button.

Syntax: referencevariable.MouseEnter += methodname;

3 MouseLeave Executes when the user moves the mouse pointer out of the toolstrip
button.

Syntax: referencevariable.MouseLeave += methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. ToolStrip” class - Example

Expected Output

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Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “ToolStripExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ToolStripExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace ToolStripExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form

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{
TextBox textbox1;
ToolStrip toolstrip1;
ToolStripButton menuitem1, menuitem2, menuitem3;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(900, 400);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 40);
textbox1.Location = new Point(200, 100);
textbox1.Text = "Your text here";
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* toolstrip1 */
toolstrip1 = new ToolStrip();
toolstrip1.Dock = DockStyle.Top;
toolstrip1.BackColor = Color.LightGreen;
this.Controls.Add(toolstrip1);

/* menuitem1 */
menuitem1 = new ToolStripButton();
menuitem1.Text = "Bold";
menuitem1.Image = Image.FromFile(@"C:\CSharp\b.png");
menuitem1.Click += Menuitem1_Click;
toolstrip1.Items.Add(menuitem1);

/* menuitem2 */
menuitem2 = new ToolStripButton();
menuitem2.Text = "Italic";
menuitem2.Image = Image.FromFile(@"C:\CSharp\i.png");

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menuitem2.Click += Menuitem2_Click;
toolstrip1.Items.Add(menuitem2);

/* menuitem3 */
menuitem3 = new ToolStripButton();
menuitem3.Text = "Underline";
menuitem3.Image = Image.FromFile(@"C:\CSharp\u.png");
menuitem3.Click += Menuitem3_Click;
toolstrip1.Items.Add(menuitem3);
}
private void Menuitem1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
textbox1.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20, FontStyle.Bold);
}
private void Menuitem2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
textbox1.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20, FontStyle.Italic);
}
private void Menuitem3_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
textbox1.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20, FontStyle.Underline);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Try to click on “Bold”, “Italic”, “Underline” options in the toolbar.

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“System.Windows.Forms. StatusStrip” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.StatusStrip” class

• “StatusStrip” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “StatusStrip” class / control is used to display a statusbar at the top of the form.

• A statusbar can contain labels, progress bars etc.

Steps for development of StatusStrip:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o StatusStrip referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new StatusStrip( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “StatusStrip” class:

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Sl. Property Description

No

1 Dock Displays the control at most top / left / right / bottom side of the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Dock =
System.Windows.Forms.DockStyle.Optionhere;

2 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string FontName,

int FontSize);

3 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

4 Items Represents the buttons / textboxes / progressbars in the statusbar.

Syntax: referencevariable.Items.Add(toolstrip status label here);

5 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x, int y);

6 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

7 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

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8 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

9 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

10 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by the
user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

11 TabIndex Represents tab order. Ex: 1, 2, 3 etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.TabIndex = any number;

Events of “StatusStrip” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

1 ItemClicked Executes when the user clicks any item in the statusbar.

Syntax: referencevariable.ItemClicked += methodname;

Properties of “ToolStripStatusLabel” class:

The “ToolStripStatusLabel” class’s object represents a label in the statusbar.

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Text Represents text of the toolstrip status label.

Syntax: referencevariable.Text = “string here”;

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2 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string

FontName, int FontSize);

3 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width, int

height);

4 Image Represents icon image of the toolstrip status label.

Syntax: referencevariable.Image =
System.Drawing.Image.FromFile(“image file path here”);

5 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

6 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

7 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

8 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used by
the user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

Events of “ToolStripStatusLabel” class:

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Sl. Event Description

No

1 Click Executes when the user clicks on the toolstrip status label.

Syntax: referencevariable.Click += methodname;

2 MouseEnter Executes when the user places the mouse pointer on the toolstrip
status label.

Syntax: referencevariable.MouseEnter += methodname;

3 MouseLeave Executes when the user moves the mouse pointer out of the toolstrip
status label.

Syntax: referencevariable.MouseLeave += methodname;

“System.Windows.Forms. StatusStrip” class - Example

Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

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• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “StatusStripExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “StatusStripExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace StatusStripExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
TextBox textbox1;
StatusStrip statusstrip1;
ToolStripStatusLabel toolstripstatuslabel1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(900, 400);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 40);
textbox1.Location = new Point(200, 100);

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textbox1.Text = "Your text here";

textbox1.TextChanged += Textbox1_TextChanged;
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* statusstrip1 */
statusstrip1 = new StatusStrip();
statusstrip1.Dock = DockStyle.Bottom;
statusstrip1.BackColor = Color.LightGreen;
statusstrip1.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 14);
this.Controls.Add(statusstrip1);

/* toolstripstatuslabel1 */
toolstripstatuslabel1 = new ToolStripStatusLabel();
toolstripstatuslabel1.Text = "Ready";
statusstrip1.Items.Add(toolstripstatuslabel1);
}

private void Textbox1_TextChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
toolstripstatuslabel1.Text = "You entered: " + textbox1.Text;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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Type something in the textbox, it shows the same in the status bar.

“System.Windows.Forms. RichTextBox” class

The “System.Windows.Forms.RichTextBox” class

• “RichTextBox” is a class; “System.Windows.Forms” is a namespace.

• The “RichTextBox” class / control is used to create a text editor application such as
“Wordpad”.

• RichTextBox supports “rtf” (Rich Text Format).

Steps for development of RichTextBox:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Windows.Forms;

• Create a reference variable:

o RichTextBox referencevariable;

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• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new RichTextBox( );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Add event:

o referencevariable.event += method ;

• Add control to the form:

o this.Controls.Add( referencevariable );

Properties of “RichTextBox” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Text Represents text of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Text = "text here";

2 Font Represents font settings of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Font = new System.Drawing.Font(string

FontName, int FontSize);

3 Size Represents size (width and height) of the control.

Options: pixels.

Syntax: referencevariable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(int width,

int height);

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4 MaxLength Represents the maximum number of characters that can be entered

in the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.MaxLength = int number;

5 Location Represents position (X and Y) of the control on the form.

Options: pixels

Syntax: referencevariable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(int x,

int y);

6 Cursor Represents mouse cursor of the control.

Options: Arrow | Hand etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cursor =
System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;

7 BackColor Represents background color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

8 ForeColor Represents foreground color of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Green;

9 Visible True: The control appears on the form.

False: The control will disappear on the form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Visible = true | false;

10 Enabled True: The control works.

False: The control doesn’t work. That means, the control can’t be used
by the user.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enabled = true | false;

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11 Readonly True: The user can’t modify the value of textbox.

False: The user can modify the value of textbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Readonly = true | false;

12 TabIndex Represents tab order. Ex: 1, 2, 3 etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.TabIndex = any number;

13 Dock Displays the control at most top / left / right / bottom side of the
form.

Syntax: referencevariable.Dock =
System.Windows.Forms.DockStyle.Optionhere;

14 SelectionFont Represents font settings of the selected text in the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.SelectionFont = new

System.Drawing.Font(string FontName, int FontSize);

15 SelectedText Represents the selected text of the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.SelectedText = "text here";

16 SelectionBackColor Represents background color of the selected text of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.SelectionBackColor =
System.Drawing.Color.Green;

17 SelectionColor Represents foreground color of the selected text of the control.

Options: Green | Red | Blue etc.

Syntax: referencevariable.SelectionColor =
System.Drawing.Color.Green;

Events of “RichTextBox” class:

Sl. Event Description

No

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1 TextChanged Executes when the user types a character in the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.TextChanged += methodname;

2 Enter Executes when the cursor enters into the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Enter += methodname;

3 Leave Executes when the cursor leaves into the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Leave += methodname;

4 Click Executes when the user clicks on the control.

Syntax: referencevariable.Click += methodname;

5 KeyPress Executes when the user presses any key on the keyboard (before
accepting the character into the textbox).

Syntax: referencevariable.KeyPress += methodname;

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Methods of “RichTextBox” class:

Sl. Method Description

No

1 Clear() Clears all text in the textbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Clear();

2 SelectAll() Selects all text in the textbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.SelectAll();

3 Cut() Cuts the selected text in the textbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Cut();

4 Copy() Copies the selected text in the textbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Copy();

5 Paste() Pastes the cut / copied text in the textbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Paste()

6 Undo() Undos the previous action in the textbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Undo()

7 Redo() Redos the previous undo action in the textbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.Undo()

8 LoadFile() Opens an existing rtf file and displays the text in the richtextbox.

Syntax: referencevariable.LoadFile(“file path”)

9 SaveFile() Saves the text of the richtextbox into an rtf file.

Syntax: referencevariable.SaveFile(“file path”)

“System.Windows.Forms. RichTextBox” class -

Example
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Expected Output

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Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “RichTextBoxExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “RichTextBoxExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;

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using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace RichTextBoxExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
string filename = "Untitled";

RichTextBox richtextbox1;
MenuStrip menustrip1;
ToolStripMenuItem filetoolstripmenuitem, newtoolstripmenuitem,
opentoolstripmenuitem, savetoolstripmenuitem, exittoolstripmenuitem,
edittoolstripmenuitem, undotoolstripmenuitem, redotoolstripmenuitem,
cuttoolstripmenuitem, copytoolstripmenuitem, pastetoolstripmenuitem,
selectalltoolstripmenuitem, formattoolstripmenuitem,
fonttoolstripmenuitem, backgroundcolortoolstripmenuitem,
foregroundcolortoolstripmenuitem;
OpenFileDialog openfiledialog1;
SaveFileDialog savefiledialog1;
FontDialog fontdialog1;
ColorDialog colordialog1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.WindowState = FormWindowState.Maximized;
this.Text = filename;
this.FormClosing += Form1_FormClosing;

/* richtextbox */
richtextbox1 = new RichTextBox();
richtextbox1.Dock = DockStyle.Fill;
richtextbox1.TextChanged += Richtextbox1_TextChanged;

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this.Controls.Add(richtextbox1);

/* menustrip1 */
menustrip1 = new MenuStrip();
this.Controls.Add(menustrip1);

/* filetoolstripmenuitem */
filetoolstripmenuitem = new ToolStripMenuItem();
filetoolstripmenuitem.Text = "&File";
menustrip1.Items.Add(filetoolstripmenuitem);

/* edittoolstripmenuitem */
edittoolstripmenuitem = new ToolStripMenuItem();
edittoolstripmenuitem.Text = "&Edit";
menustrip1.Items.Add(edittoolstripmenuitem);

/* formattoolstripmenuitem */
formattoolstripmenuitem = new ToolStripMenuItem();
formattoolstripmenuitem.Text = "F&ormat";
menustrip1.Items.Add(formattoolstripmenuitem);

/* newtoolstripmenuitem */
newtoolstripmenuitem = new ToolStripMenuItem();
newtoolstripmenuitem.Text = "&New";
newtoolstripmenuitem.ShortcutKeys = (Keys)(Keys.Control | Keys.N);
newtoolstripmenuitem.Click += Newtoolstripmenuitem_Click;
filetoolstripmenuitem.DropDownItems.Add(newtoolstripmenuitem);

/* opentoolstripmenuitem */
opentoolstripmenuitem = new ToolStripMenuItem();
opentoolstripmenuitem.Text = "&Open";
opentoolstripmenuitem.ShortcutKeys = (Keys)(Keys.Control |
Keys.O);
opentoolstripmenuitem.Click += Opentoolstripmenuitem_Click;

filetoolstripmenuitem.DropDownItems.Add(opentoolstripmenuitem);

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* savetoolstripmenuitem */
savetoolstripmenuitem = new ToolStripMenuItem();
savetoolstripmenuitem.Text = "&Save";
savetoolstripmenuitem.ShortcutKeys = (Keys)(Keys.Control | Keys.S);
savetoolstripmenuitem.Click += Savetoolstripmenuitem_Click;
filetoolstripmenuitem.DropDownItems.Add(savetoolstripmenuitem);

/* exittoolstripmenuitem */
exittoolstripmenuitem = new ToolStripMenuItem();
exittoolstripmenuitem.Text = "E&xit";
exittoolstripmenuitem.Click += Exittoolstripmenuitem_Click;
filetoolstripmenuitem.DropDownItems.Add(exittoolstripmenuitem);

/* undotoolstripmenuitem */
undotoolstripmenuitem = new ToolStripMenuItem();
undotoolstripmenuitem.Text = "&Undo";
undotoolstripmenuitem.ShortcutKeys = (Keys)(Keys.Control |
Keys.Z);
undotoolstripmenuitem.Click += Undotoolstripmenuitem_Click;

edittoolstripmenuitem.DropDownItems.Add(undotoolstripmenuitem);

/* redotoolstripmenuitem */
redotoolstripmenuitem = new ToolStripMenuItem();
redotoolstripmenuitem.Text = "&Redo";
redotoolstripmenuitem.ShortcutKeys = (Keys)(Keys.Control | Keys.Y);
redotoolstripmenuitem.Click += Redotoolstripmenuitem_Click;

edittoolstripmenuitem.DropDownItems.Add(redotoolstripmenuitem);

/* cuttoolstripmenuitem */
cuttoolstripmenuitem = new ToolStripMenuItem();
cuttoolstripmenuitem.Text = "Cu&t";
cuttoolstripmenuitem.ShortcutKeys = (Keys)(Keys.Control | Keys.X);
cuttoolstripmenuitem.Click += Cuttoolstripmenuitem_Click;
edittoolstripmenuitem.DropDownItems.Add(cuttoolstripmenuitem);

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* copytoolstripmenuitem */
copytoolstripmenuitem = new ToolStripMenuItem();
copytoolstripmenuitem.Text = "&Copy";
copytoolstripmenuitem.ShortcutKeys = (Keys)(Keys.Control | Keys.C);
copytoolstripmenuitem.Click += Copytoolstripmenuitem_Click;

edittoolstripmenuitem.DropDownItems.Add(copytoolstripmenuitem);

/* pastetoolstripmenuitem */
pastetoolstripmenuitem = new ToolStripMenuItem();
pastetoolstripmenuitem.Text = "&Paste";
pastetoolstripmenuitem.ShortcutKeys = (Keys)(Keys.Control |
Keys.V);
pastetoolstripmenuitem.Click += Pastetoolstripmenuitem_Click;

edittoolstripmenuitem.DropDownItems.Add(pastetoolstripmenuitem);

/* selectalltoolstripmenuitem */
selectalltoolstripmenuitem = new ToolStripMenuItem();
selectalltoolstripmenuitem.Text = "Select &All";
selectalltoolstripmenuitem.ShortcutKeys = (Keys)(Keys.Control |
Keys.A);
selectalltoolstripmenuitem.Click += Selectalltoolstripmenuitem_Click;

edittoolstripmenuitem.DropDownItems.Add(selectalltoolstripmenuitem);

/* fonttoolstripmenuitem */
fonttoolstripmenuitem = new ToolStripMenuItem();
fonttoolstripmenuitem.Text = "&Font";
fonttoolstripmenuitem.ShortcutKeys = (Keys)(Keys.Control | Keys.F);
fonttoolstripmenuitem.Click += Fonttoolstripmenuitem_Click;

formattoolstripmenuitem.DropDownItems.Add(fonttoolstripmenuitem);

/* backgroundcolortoolstripmenuitem */
backgroundcolortoolstripmenuitem = new ToolStripMenuItem();
backgroundcolortoolstripmenuitem.Text = "&Background Color";

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 C#.NET 8.0

backgroundcolortoolstripmenuitem.Click +=
Backgroundcolortoolstripmenuitem_Click;

formattoolstripmenuitem.DropDownItems.Add(backgroundcolortoolstrip
menuitem);

/* foregroundcolortoolstripmenuitem */
foregroundcolortoolstripmenuitem = new ToolStripMenuItem();
foregroundcolortoolstripmenuitem.Text = "&Foreground Color";
foregroundcolortoolstripmenuitem.Click +=
Foregroundcolortoolstripmenuitem_Click;

formattoolstripmenuitem.DropDownItems.Add(foregroundcolortoolstrip
menuitem);

/* openfiledialog1 */
openfiledialog1 = new OpenFileDialog();
openfiledialog1.Filter = "Rich Text Files|*.rtf|Text Files|*.txt";
openfiledialog1.FilterIndex = 0;

/* savefiledialog1 */
savefiledialog1 = new SaveFileDialog();
savefiledialog1.Filter = "Rich Text Files|*.rtf|Text Files|*.txt";
savefiledialog1.FilterIndex = 0;

/* fontdialog1 */
fontdialog1 = new FontDialog();

/* colordialog1 */
colordialog1 = new ColorDialog();
}

private void Form1_FormClosing(object sender, FormClosingEventArgs

e)
{
if (this.Text.EndsWith("*") == true)
{

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 C#.NET 8.0

DialogResult dr = MessageBox.Show("Do you want to save

changes?", "RichTextBox Example", MessageBoxButtons.YesNoCancel);
if (dr == DialogResult.Yes)
{
save();
}
else if (dr == DialogResult.No)
{
//empty
}
else if (dr == DialogResult.Cancel)
{
e.Cancel = true;
}
}
}

private void Richtextbox1_TextChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
this.Text = filename + " *";
}

private void save()

{
if (filename == "Untitled")
{
DialogResult dr = savefiledialog1.ShowDialog();
if (dr == DialogResult.OK)
{
richtextbox1.SaveFile(savefiledialog1.FileName);
}
}
else
{
richtextbox1.SaveFile(filename);
this.Text = filename;
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

private void Newtoolstripmenuitem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
if (this.Text.EndsWith("*") == true)
{
DialogResult dr = MessageBox.Show("Do you want to save
changes?", "RichTextBox Example", MessageBoxButtons.YesNoCancel);
if (dr == DialogResult.Yes)
{
save();

richtextbox1.Clear();
filename = "Untitled";
this.Text = filename;
}
else if (dr == DialogResult.No)
{
richtextbox1.Clear();
filename = "Untitled";
this.Text = filename;
}
else if (dr == DialogResult.Cancel)
{
//empty
}
}
else
{
richtextbox1.Clear();
filename = "Untitled";
this.Text = filename;
}
}
private void Opentoolstripmenuitem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (this.Text.EndsWith("*") == true)

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
DialogResult dr = MessageBox.Show("Do you want to save
changes?", "RichTextBox Example", MessageBoxButtons.YesNoCancel);
if (dr == DialogResult.Yes)
{
save();

DialogResult dr2 = openfiledialog1.ShowDialog();

if (dr2 == DialogResult.OK)
{
richtextbox1.LoadFile(openfiledialog1.FileName);
filename = openfiledialog1.FileName;
this.Text = filename;
}
}
else if (dr == DialogResult.No)
{
DialogResult dr2 = openfiledialog1.ShowDialog();
if (dr2 == DialogResult.OK)
{
richtextbox1.LoadFile(openfiledialog1.FileName);
filename = openfiledialog1.FileName;
this.Text = filename;
}
}
else if (dr == DialogResult.Cancel)
{
//empty
}
}
else
{
DialogResult dr2 = openfiledialog1.ShowDialog();
if (dr2 == DialogResult.OK)
{
richtextbox1.LoadFile(openfiledialog1.FileName);
filename = openfiledialog1.FileName;

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 C#.NET 8.0

this.Text = filename;
}
}
}
private void Savetoolstripmenuitem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
save();
}

private void Exittoolstripmenuitem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
this.Close();
}
private void Undotoolstripmenuitem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
richtextbox1.Undo();
this.Text = filename + " *";
}
private void Redotoolstripmenuitem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
richtextbox1.Redo();
this.Text = filename + " *";
}
private void Cuttoolstripmenuitem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
richtextbox1.Cut();
this.Text = filename + " *";
}
private void Copytoolstripmenuitem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
richtextbox1.Copy();
this.Text = filename + " *";
}
private void Pastetoolstripmenuitem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
richtextbox1.Paste();
this.Text = filename + " *";

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 C#.NET 8.0

}
private void Selectalltoolstripmenuitem_Click(object sender,
EventArgs e)
{
richtextbox1.SelectAll();
}

private void Fonttoolstripmenuitem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
fontdialog1.Font = richtextbox1.SelectionFont;
if (fontdialog1.ShowDialog() == DialogResult.OK)
{
richtextbox1.SelectionFont = fontdialog1.Font;
this.Text = filename + " *";
}
}
private void Backgroundcolortoolstripmenuitem_Click(object sender,
EventArgs e)
{
colordialog1.Color = richtextbox1.SelectionBackColor;
if (colordialog1.ShowDialog() == DialogResult.OK)
{
richtextbox1.SelectionBackColor = colordialog1.Color;
this.Text = filename + " *";
}
}

private void Foregroundcolortoolstripmenuitem_Click(object sender,

EventArgs e)
{
colordialog1.Color = richtextbox1.SelectionColor;
if (colordialog1.ShowDialog() == DialogResult.OK)
{
richtextbox1.SelectionColor = colordialog1.Color;
this.Text = filename + " *";
}
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Try to click on all the options in “File”, “Edit”, “Format” menus.

User Controls
UserControls

• .NET provides a set of pre-defined controls, which are enough for most of the regular
application development. In large-scale applications, we may want to customize the
existing controls. Then we will create child classes for existing control classes such as
Label, TextBox, ComboBox.

• The UserControls are child classes that are created based on existing control classes such
as Label, TextBox, ComboBox etc.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• In the user controls, we can define additional properties, methods, events and also override
existing properties and methods.

Steps for development of UserControl:

• Create a user control class:

class childclassname : controlclassname

{
public childclassname()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
Additional properties, methods and events
Override existing properties, methods
}

• Create an object for the user control class:

childclassname referencevariable = new childclassname();

User Controls - Example

Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “UserControlsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “UserControlsExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

• Open solution explorer. Right click on the project name (UserControlsExample) and click

on “Add” – “New Item” – “Windows Forms” – “User Control”. Type the file name as

“AlphabeticTextBox.cs”. Click on “Add”. Right click on the user control and click on “View

Code”.

AlphabeticTextBox.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace UserControlsExample
{
public partial class AlphabeticTextBox : TextBox
{
public AlphabeticTextBox()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.KeyPress += AlphabeticTextBox_KeyPress;
}

private void AlphabeticTextBox_KeyPress(object sender,

KeyPressEventArgs e)
{

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 C#.NET 8.0

if ((e.KeyChar >= 65 && e.KeyChar <= 90) || (e.KeyChar >= 97 &&

e.KeyChar <= 122) || (e.KeyChar == 32) || (e.KeyChar == 8) || (e.KeyChar == 0))
e.Handled = false;
else
e.Handled = true;
}
}
}

AlphabeticTextBox.Designer.cs

• Open solution explorer. Expand “AlphabeticTextBox.cs” and double click on

“AlphabeticTextBox.Designer.cs”.

namespace UserControlsExample
{
partial class AlphabeticTextBox
{
/// <summary>
/// Required designer variable.
/// </summary>
private System.ComponentModel.IContainer components = null;

/// <summary>
/// Clean up any resources being used.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="disposing">true if managed resources should be
disposed; otherwise, false.</param>
protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
{
if (disposing && (components != null))
{
components.Dispose();
}
base.Dispose(disposing);
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

#region Component Designer generated code

/// <summary>
/// Required method for Designer support - do not modify
/// the contents of this method with the code editor.
/// </summary>
private void InitializeComponent()
{
components = new System.ComponentModel.Container();
//this.AutoScaleMode =
System.Windows.Forms.AutoScaleMode.Font;
}

#endregion
}
}

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace UserControlsExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label label1;
AlphabeticTextBox alphabetictextbox1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(750, 400);

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Location = new Point(100, 100);
label1.Text = "Alphabets only: ";
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* alphabetictextbox1 */
alphabetictextbox1 = new AlphabeticTextBox();
alphabetictextbox1.Location = new Point(330, 100);
alphabetictextbox1.Size = new Size(300, 100);
this.Controls.Add(alphabetictextbox1);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

You can type only alphabets in the textbox.

Windows Forms Control Library

Windows Forms Control Library

• “Windows Forms Control Library” is a collection of user controls, which can be used in

many windows forms applications.

• Windows Forms Control Library is a “project template” in visual studio.

• Windows Forms Control Library will be compiled into a dll file. We can add the reference of

the dll (Dynamic Link Library) file into the windows forms applications & call all the user

controls that are created in the windows forms control library.

Windows Forms Control Library - Example

Expected Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Creating Windows Forms Control Library

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#” – “Windows” – “Classic Desktop”.

• Select “Windows Forms Control Library”.

• Type the project name as “WindowsFormsControlLibrary1”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “WindowsFormsControlLibrary1”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

• Open solution explorer. Right click on the user control file (UserControl1.cs) and click on

“Rename”. Type the file name as “YearComboBox.cs” and press Enter. Right click on the

user control and click on “View Code”.

YearComboBox.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;

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 C#.NET 8.0

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace WindowsFormsControlLibrary1
{
public partial class YearComboBox: ComboBox
{
public YearComboBox()
{
InitializeComponent();

List<object> years = new List<object>();

for (int i = DateTime.Now.Year; i >= DateTime.Now.Year - 100; i--)
{
years.Add(i);
}

this.Items.AddRange(years.ToArray());
}
}
}

YearComboBox.Designer.cs

• Open solution explorer. Expand “YearComboBox.cs” and double click on

“YearComboBox.Designer.cs”.

namespace WindowsFormsControlLibrary1
{
partial class YearComboBox
{
/// <summary>
/// Required designer variable.
/// </summary>
private System.ComponentModel.IContainer components = null;

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 C#.NET 8.0

/// <summary>
/// Clean up any resources being used.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="disposing">true if managed resources should be
disposed; otherwise, false.</param>
protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
{
if (disposing && (components != null))
{
components.Dispose();
}
base.Dispose(disposing);
}

#region Component Designer generated code

/// <summary>
/// Required method for Designer support - do not modify
/// the contents of this method with the code editor.
/// </summary>
private void InitializeComponent()
{
components = new System.ComponentModel.Container();
//this.AutoScaleMode =
System.Windows.Forms.AutoScaleMode.Font;
}

#endregion
}
}

Compiling the windows forms control library:

• Go to “Build” menu – “Build solution”.

• It generates the dll file at the following location:

C:\CSharp\WindowsFormsControlLibrary1\WindowsFormsControlLibrary1\bin\

Debug\WindowsFormsControlLibrary1.dll

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 C#.NET 8.0

Creating Windows Forms Application

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “WindowsFormsApplication1”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “WindowsFormsApplication1”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

• Open solution explorer. Right click on the project name (WindowsFormsApplication1) and

click on “Add” – “Reference”. Click on “Browse”. Select the dll file

“C:\CSharp\WindowsFormsControlLibrary1\WindowsFormsControlLibrary1\bin\Debug\

WindowsFormsControlLibrary1.dll”. Click on “Add”. Click on “OK”. It adds

“WindowsFormsControlLibrary1” in the “References” list in the solution explorer.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using WindowsFormsControlLibrary1;

namespace WindowsFormsApplication1
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
YearComboBox yearcombobox;

public Form1()

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
InitializeComponent();

this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 10);

this.Size = new Size(450, 300);

/* yearcombobox1 */
yearcombobox = new YearComboBox();
yearcombobox.DropDownStyle = ComboBoxStyle.DropDownList;
yearcombobox.Location = new Point(50, 50);
yearcombobox.Size = new Size(100, 50);

this.Controls.Add(yearcombobox);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Years are automatically added in the combobox.

“System.Net.Mail.SmtpClient” class
The “System.Net.Mail.SmtpClient” class

• The “SmtpClient” is a class, which is a member of “System.Net.Mail” namespace.

• This class is used to send an email to any mail.

Properties of “SmtpClient” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 EnableSsl Enables “Security Socket Layer (SSL)”, that means “HTTPS” (HTTP with
Security).

Syntax: referencevariable.Ssl = true;

2 Host Represents mail server name.

Syntax: referencevariable.Host = “host name”;

3 Port Represents mail server port number.

Syntax: referencevariable.Port = any port ;

4 Credientials Represents an object of “NetworkCredential” class, which represents

username and password.

Syntax: referencevariable.Credentials = new NetworkCredential(username,

password );

Methods of “SmtpClient” class:

Sl. Method Description

No

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 C#.NET 8.0

1 Send Send a mail to the specified address.

Syntax: referencevariable.Send(string from, string to, string subject,

string body );

“System.Net.Mail.SmtpClient” class - Example

Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “SmtpExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “SmtpExample”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Net.Mail;
using System.Net;

namespace SmtpExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label labelFromEmail, labelFromPassword, labelToEmail, labelSubject,
labelBody;
TextBox textboxFromEmail, textboxFromPassword, textboxToEmail,
textboxSubject, textboxBody;
Button buttonSend;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 15);

this.Size = new Size(800, 650);
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* labelFromEmail */
labelFromEmail = new Label();
labelFromEmail.Text = "From Email:";
labelFromEmail.AutoSize = true;
labelFromEmail.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(labelFromEmail);

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* labelFromPassword */
labelFromPassword = new Label();
labelFromPassword.Text = "From Password:";
labelFromPassword.AutoSize = true;
labelFromPassword.Location = new Point(50, 120);
this.Controls.Add(labelFromPassword);

/* labelToEmail */
labelToEmail = new Label();
labelToEmail.Text = "To Email:";
labelToEmail.AutoSize = true;
labelToEmail.Location = new Point(50, 190);
this.Controls.Add(labelToEmail);

/* labelSubject */
labelSubject = new Label();
labelSubject.Text = "Subject:";
labelSubject.AutoSize = true;
labelSubject.Location = new Point(50, 260);
this.Controls.Add(labelSubject);

/* labelBody */
labelBody = new Label();
labelBody.Text = "Body:";
labelBody.AutoSize = true;
labelBody.Location = new Point(50, 330);
this.Controls.Add(labelBody);

/* textboxFromEmail */
textboxFromEmail = new TextBox();
textboxFromEmail.Size = new Size(400, 50);
textboxFromEmail.Location = new Point(300, 50);
this.Controls.Add(textboxFromEmail);

/* textboxFromPassword */
textboxFromPassword = new TextBox();
textboxFromPassword.Size = new Size(400, 50);

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 C#.NET 8.0

textboxFromPassword.Location = new Point(300, 120);

this.Controls.Add(textboxFromPassword);

/* textboxToEmail */
textboxToEmail = new TextBox();
textboxToEmail.Size = new Size(400, 50);
textboxToEmail.Location = new Point(300, 190);
this.Controls.Add(textboxToEmail);

/* textboxSubject */
textboxSubject = new TextBox();
textboxSubject.Size = new Size(400, 50);
textboxSubject.Location = new Point(300, 260);
this.Controls.Add(textboxSubject);

/* textboxBody */
textboxBody = new TextBox();
textboxBody.Size = new Size(400, 150);
textboxBody.Location = new Point(300, 330);
textboxBody.Multiline = true;
textboxBody.ScrollBars = ScrollBars.Vertical;
this.Controls.Add(textboxBody);

/* buttonSend */
buttonSend = new Button();
buttonSend.Text = "Send";
buttonSend.Size = new Size(200, 50);
buttonSend.Location = new Point(300, 500);
buttonSend.Click += ButtonSend_Click;
this.Controls.Add(buttonSend);
}

private void ButtonSend_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
SmtpClient sc = new SmtpClient();
sc.EnableSsl = true;
sc.Host = "smtp.gmail.com";

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sc.Port = 587;
sc.Credentials = new NetworkCredential(textboxFromEmail.Text,
textboxFromPassword.Text);
sc.Send(textboxFromEmail.Text, textboxToEmail.Text,
textboxSubject.Text, textboxBody.Text);
MessageBox.Show("Sent");
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Type the details and click on “Send”.

Multi-Threading
Multi Threading

• Thread = Process = Task = Some work

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 C#.NET 8.0

• A “thread” represents a method, that can be executed in background, without effecting the

main process (UI) of the application.

• That means “multi-threading” means “executing multiple threads” in background.

• Example 1: Calculating folder size in the folder properties dialog box in windows explorer.

• Example 2: Reading many records from database.

The “System.Threading.Thread” class

• “Thread” is a class, which is a member of “System.Threading” namespace.

• “Thread” class’s object represents a thread.

• “Thread” class provides a set of methods to manipulate threads at run time.

Steps for development of Multi Threading:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Threading;

• Create a reference variable:

o Thread referencevariable;

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• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new Thread( threadmethodname );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Call method:

o referencevariable.methodname ();

Properties of “Thread” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 IsBackground Specifies that the thread is a background thread or not. The

background threads run in background.

Syntax: referencevariable.IsBackground = true | false;

2 CurrentCulture Represents current culture of the current thread. This is useful for
“Internationalization” only.

Syntax: referencevariable.CurrentCulture;

3 CurrentUICulture Represents current culture of the current thread, for resource

management. This is useful for “Internationalization” only.

Syntax: referencevariable.CurrentUICulture

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4 Priority Represents priority of the current thread.

Syntax: Lowest | BelowNormal | Normal | AboveNormal | Highest

Syntax: referencevariable.Priority =
System.Threading.ThreadPriority.OptionHere;

Methods of “Thread” class:

Sl. Method Description

No

1 Start() Starts the thread.

Syntax: referencevariable.Start();

2 Suspend() Pauses the thread.

Syntax: referencevariable.Suspend();

3 Resume() Resumes the thread.

Syntax: referencevariable.Resume();

4 Abort() Stops the thread.

Syntax: referencevariable.Stop();

5 Sleep() Pauses the thread for specified mille seconds.

Syntax: Thread.Sleep(int milliseconds);

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Multi Threading - Example

Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “MultiThreadingExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MultiThreadingExample”. Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Threading;
using System.Drawing;
namespace MultiThreadingExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Thread th;
Label lbl;

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public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 30);
this.Size = new Size(800, 400);
this.Load += Form1_Load;
/* label1 */
lbl = new Label();
lbl.Text = "1";
lbl.AutoSize = true;
lbl.Location = new Point(100, 100);
lbl.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 40);
this.Controls.Add(lbl);
}
private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
/* multi threading */
th = new Thread(mymethod);
th.IsBackground = true;
th.Start();
}

delegate void mydelegatetype();

public void mymethod()
{
while (true)
{
try
{
if (IsDisposed == false)
{
this.Invoke(new mydelegatetype(mymethod2));
}
Thread.Sleep(50);
}
catch

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
}
}
}
public void mymethod2()
{
int n = Convert.ToInt32(lbl.Text);
n++;
lbl.Text = Convert.ToString(n);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

It increases the counter automatically in background.

Task Parallel Library

• Task = Process = Thread = Some work

• “Task Parallel Library” is used to perform multiple processes parallelly (simultaneously) in

background.

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• “Task Parallel Library” is similar to “Multi Threading”; but “TPL” gives best performance in

“Multi-Core” processors such as Dual Core, Core2Duo, i3, i5, i7 etc.

• Example 1: Calculating folder size in the folder properties dialog box in windows explorer.

• Example 2: Reading many records from database.

The “System.Threading.Tasks.Task” class

• “Task” is a class, which is a member of “System.Threading.Tasks” namespace.

• “Task” class’s object represents a task.

• “Task” class provides a set of methods to manipulate threads at run time.

Steps for development of Task Parallel Library:

• Import the namespace:

o using System.Threading.Tasks;

• Create a reference variable:

o Task referencevariable;

• Create an object:

o referencevariable = new Task( taskmethodname );

• Set properties:

o referencevariable.property = value ;

• Call method:

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 C#.NET 8.0

o referencevariable.methodname ();

Properties of “Task” class:

Sl. Property Description

No

1 Status Represents current status of the task.

Syntax: referencevariable.Task

Methods of “Task” class:

Sl. Method Description

No

1 Start() Starts the task execution. That means it calls the method that is associated
with the task.

Syntax: referencevariable.Start()

Task Parallel Library - Example

Expected Output

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “TplExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “TplExample”. Click on OK.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace TplExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Task t;
Label lbl;
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 30);
this.Size = new Size(800, 400);
this.Load += Form1_Load;
/* label1 */
lbl = new Label();
lbl.Text = "1";
lbl.AutoSize = true;
lbl.Location = new Point(100, 100);
lbl.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 40);
this.Controls.Add(lbl);
}

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private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* multi threading */
t = new Task(mymethod);
t.Start();
}

delegate void mydelegatetype();

public void mymethod()
{
while (true)
{
try
{
if (IsDisposed == false)
{
this.Invoke(new mydelegatetype(mymethod2));
}
System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(50);
}
catch
{
}
}
}
public void mymethod2()
{
int n = Convert.ToInt32(lbl.Text);
n++;
lbl.Text = Convert.ToString(n);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

It increases the counter automatically in background.

Windows Services
• Windows Services are non-gui background applications that run in background, even

though there is no windows-form is running.

• Windows services are two types that “starts automatically” and “starts manually”.

o The first type of windows services starts automatically along with windows

operating system every time, we switch on the system.

o The other type of windows services will be started manually going to Control Panel

– System and Security – Administrative Tools – Services and right click on the

desired windows service and click on “Start” option.

• Windows services are used to perform any continuous work such as sending e-mails for

every few minutes, continuous database updates etc.

• Windows services are supported only in windows operating system.

• Examples of built-in windows services: Anti-virus programs, windows time, windows audio,

plug and play, team viewer etc.

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• In .net, a windows service is represented as a class that inherits from

“System.ServiceProcess.ServiceBase” class.

• The “ServiceBase” class provides two virtual methods that can be implemented in the child
class:

1. OnStart(): This method executes when the user starts the windows service
automatically / manually.

2. OnStop(): This method executes when the user stops the windows service
automatically / manually.

Windows Services - Example

Expected Output

An automatic email has to be sent automatically, for every 30 seconds.

Creating Windows Service Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#” – “Windows” – “Classic Desktop”.

• Select “Windows Service”.

• Type the project name as “WindowsService1”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “WindowsService1”.

• Click on OK.

• It shows “Service1.cs [Design]”.

• Right click on the form and click on “View Code”.

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Service1.cs

using System;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Mail;
using System.ServiceProcess;
using System.Threading;

namespace WindowsService1
{
public partial class Service1 : ServiceBase
{
public Service1()
{
InitializeComponent();
}

private void SendEmail()

{
string FromEmailID =
"[email protected]";
string FromEmailPassword = "training123#";
string ToEmailID = "[email protected]";
string Subject = "Hai, this is test mail";
string MessageBody = "The current system time is " +
DateTime.Now;

SmtpClient client = new SmtpClient();

client.Host = "smtp.gmail.com";
client.Port = 587;
client.Credentials = new NetworkCredential(FromEmailID,
FromEmailPassword);
client.EnableSsl = true;
client.Send(FromEmailID, ToEmailID, Subject, MessageBody); //send
mail
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

private void Method1()

{
while(true)
{
this.SendEmail();
Thread.Sleep(60000); //delay 60 sec (1 min)
}
}

Thread th1;

protected override void OnStart(string[] args)

{
th1 = new Thread(Method1);
th1.IsBackground = true;
th1.Start();
}

protected override void OnStop()

{
th1.Abort();
}
}
}

Adding “ProjectInstaller.cs”

• Go to “Service1.cs [Design]”.

• Right click on the empty area and click on “Add Installer”. It automatically creates

“ProjectInstaller.cs” file.

• The “ProjectInstaller.cs” file contains two components:

o serviceInstaller1

o serviceProcessInstaller1

• Right click on “serviceInstaller1” and click on “Properties”. Set the following properties:

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 C#.NET 8.0

o ServiceName = Automatic Emails Service

o StartType = Manual

• Right click on “serviceProcessInstaller1” and click on “Properties”. Set the following

properties:

o Account = LocalSystem

Installing the windows service

• Go to “Build” menu and click on “Build Solution”.

o It automatically generates the “EXE” file in the following location:

C:\CSharp\WindowsService1\WindowsService1\bin\Debug\WindowsService1.exe

• Go to “Start” – “All Programs” – “Visual Studio 2015” – Right click on “Developer

Command Prompt for VS 2015” and click on “Run as administrator”. Click on “Yes”.

• Type the following command in the console window:

installutil " C:\CSharp\WindowsService1\WindowsService1\bin\Debug\WindowsService1.exe"

o Press Enter.

o It shows the following message:

The transacted install has completed.

Starting the windows service

• Go to “Start” – “Control Panel” – “System and Security” – “Administrative Tools” –

“Services”.

• It shows “Automatic Emails Service”. Right click on the “Automatic Emails Service”

windows service and click on “Start”. The windows service will be started within few

seconds.

• To check whether it is working correctly or not:

o Open gmail with following gmail id and password:

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 C#.NET 8.0

▪ Gmail id: [email protected]

▪ Password: training123#

o Check the inbox. It gets a mail for every 30 seconds.

Stopping the windows service

• Go to “Start” – “Control Panel” – “System and Security” – “Administrative Tools” –

“Services”.

• It shows “Automatic Emails Service”. Right click on the “Automatic Emails Service”

windows service and click on “Stop”. The windows service will be stopped within few

seconds.

Un-installing the windows service

• Go to “Start” – “All Programs” – “Visual Studio 2015” – Right click on “Developer

Command Prompt for VS 2015” and click on “Run as administrator”. Click on “Yes”.

• Type the following command in the console window:

installutil/u " C:\CSharp\WindowsService1\WindowsService1\bin\Debug\WindowsService1.exe"

o Press Enter.

o It shows the following message:

The uninstall has completed.

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C#.NET – WinForms –
System.IO Namespace

The “System.IO.FileInfo” class - Example

Creating Project

• Create the following folders and files:

o C:\CSharp

▪ Sample.pdf

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FileInfoExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FileInfoExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.IO;

namespace FileInfoExample
{

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public partial class Form1 : Form

{
Label label1, label2, label3, label4, label5, label6, label7, label8, label9,
label10, label11;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.WindowState = FormWindowState.Maximized;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "label1";
label1.Location = new Point(100, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = "label2";
label2.Location = new Point(100, 100);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = "label3";
label3.Location = new Point(100, 150);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* label4 */
label4 = new Label();
label4.AutoSize = true;

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 C#.NET 8.0

label4.Text = "label4";
label4.Location = new Point(100, 200);
this.Controls.Add(label4);

/* label5 */
label5 = new Label();
label5.AutoSize = true;
label5.Text = "label5";
label5.Location = new Point(100, 250);
this.Controls.Add(label5);

/* label6 */
label6 = new Label();
label6.AutoSize = true;
label6.Text = "label6";
label6.Location = new Point(100, 300);
this.Controls.Add(label6);

/* label7 */
label7 = new Label();
label7.AutoSize = true;
label7.Text = "label7";
label7.Location = new Point(100, 350);
this.Controls.Add(label7);

/* label8 */
label8 = new Label();
label8.AutoSize = true;
label8.Text = "label8";
label8.Location = new Point(100, 400);
this.Controls.Add(label8);

/* label9 */
label9 = new Label();
label9.AutoSize = true;
label9.Text = "label9";
label9.Location = new Point(100, 450);

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 C#.NET 8.0

this.Controls.Add(label9);

/* label10 */
label10 = new Label();
label10.AutoSize = true;
label10.Text = "label10";
label10.Location = new Point(100, 500);
this.Controls.Add(label10);

/* label11 */
label11 = new Label();
label11.AutoSize = true;
label11.Text = "label11";
label11.Location = new Point(100, 550);
this.Controls.Add(label11);

/* FileInfo */
FileInfo finfo = new FileInfo(@"C:\CSharp\Sample.pdf");
string a = finfo.DirectoryName;
string b = finfo.Name;
string c = finfo.Extension;
string d = finfo.FullName;
bool e = finfo.Exists;
long f = finfo.Length;
DateTime g = finfo.CreationTime;
DateTime h = finfo.LastAccessTime;
DateTime i = finfo.LastWriteTime;
string j = finfo.Attributes.ToString();
bool k = finfo.IsReadOnly;

/* display output in labels */

label1.Text = "Directory name: " + a;
label2.Text = "Name: " + b;
label3.Text = "Extension: " + c;
label4.Text = "Full Name: " + d;
label5.Text = "Exists: " + Convert.ToString(e);
label6.Text = "Length: " + Convert.ToString(f) + " bytes";

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 C#.NET 8.0

label7.Text = "Creation date and time: " + Convert.ToString(g);

label8.Text = "Last Access date and time: " + Convert.ToString(h);
label9.Text = "Last Write date and time: " + Convert.ToString(i);
label10.Text = "Attributes: " + j;
label11.Text = "ReadOnly: " + Convert.ToString(k);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

It shows the file details as above.

The “System.IO.DirectoryInfo” class - Example

Creating Project

• Create the following folders and files:

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 C#.NET 8.0

o C:\CSharp

▪ sample

• firstfolder (folder)

• secondfolder (folder)

• thirdfolder (folder)

• New Text Document.txt

• New Microsoft Word Document.docx

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “DirectoryInfoExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DirectoryInfoExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.IO;

namespace DirectoryInfoExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{

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 C#.NET 8.0

Label label1, label2, label3, label4, label5, label6, label7, label8, label9,
label10, label11;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.WindowState = FormWindowState.Maximized;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "label1";
label1.Location = new Point(100, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = "label2";
label2.Location = new Point(100, 100);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = "label3";
label3.Location = new Point(100, 150);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* label4 */
label4 = new Label();
label4.AutoSize = true;
label4.Text = "label4";
label4.Location = new Point(100, 200);

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 C#.NET 8.0

this.Controls.Add(label4);

/* label5 */
label5 = new Label();
label5.AutoSize = true;
label5.Text = "label5";
label5.Location = new Point(100, 250);
this.Controls.Add(label5);

/* label6 */
label6 = new Label();
label6.AutoSize = true;
label6.Text = "label6";
label6.Location = new Point(100, 300);
this.Controls.Add(label6);

/* label7 */
label7 = new Label();
label7.AutoSize = true;
label7.Text = "label7";
label7.Location = new Point(100, 350);
this.Controls.Add(label7);

/* label8 */
label8 = new Label();
label8.AutoSize = true;
label8.Text = "label8";
label8.Location = new Point(100, 400);
this.Controls.Add(label8);

/* label9 */
label9 = new Label();
label9.AutoSize = true;
label9.Text = "label9";
label9.Location = new Point(100, 450);
this.Controls.Add(label9);

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* label10 */
label10 = new Label();
label10.AutoSize = true;
label10.Text = "label10";
label10.Location = new Point(100, 500);
this.Controls.Add(label10);

/* label11 */
label11 = new Label();
label11.AutoSize = true;
label11.Text = "label11";
label11.Location = new Point(100, 550);
this.Controls.Add(label11);

/* DirectoryInfo */
DirectoryInfo dinfo = new DirectoryInfo(@"C:\CSharp\myfolder");
string a = dinfo.Parent.FullName;
string b = dinfo.Name;
string c = dinfo.FullName;
string d = dinfo.Root.FullName;
bool e = dinfo.Exists;
DateTime f = dinfo.CreationTime;
DateTime g = dinfo.LastAccessTime;
DateTime h = dinfo.LastWriteTime;
string i = dinfo.Attributes.ToString();
string temp1 = "", temp2 = "";
FileInfo[] files = dinfo.GetFiles();
DirectoryInfo[] directories = dinfo.GetDirectories();
foreach (FileInfo file in files)
{
temp1 = temp1 + file.Name + ", ";
}
foreach (DirectoryInfo directory in directories)
{
temp2 = temp2 + directory.Name + ", ";
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* display output in labels */

label1.Text = "Directory name: " + a;
label2.Text = "Name: " + b;
label3.Text = "Extension: " + c;
label4.Text = "Full Name: " + d;
label5.Text = "Exists: " + Convert.ToString(e);
label6.Text = "Creation date and time: " + Convert.ToString(f);
label7.Text = "Last Access date and time: " + Convert.ToString(g);
label8.Text = "Last Write date and time: " + Convert.ToString(h);
label9.Text = "Attributes: " + i;
label10.Text = "Files: " + temp1;
label11.Text = "Sub directories: " + temp2;
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

It shows the folder details as above.

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 C#.NET 8.0

The “System.IO.Directory” class - Example

Creating Project

• Create the following folders:

o C:\CSharp

▪ Sample (folder)

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “DirectoryExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DirectoryExample”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.IO;

namespace DirectoryExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1, button2, button3;
string folderpath = @"C:\CSharp\Sample";

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 C#.NET 8.0

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(700, 400);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Create";
button1.Location = new Point(50, 150);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);

/* button2 */
button2 = new Button();
button2.AutoSize = true;
button2.Text = "Delete";
button2.Location = new Point(200, 150);
button2.Click += Button2_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button2);

/* button3 */
button3 = new Button();
button3.AutoSize = true;
button3.Text = "Move";
button3.Location = new Point(350, 150);
button3.Click += Button3_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button3);
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* Create Folder */

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 C#.NET 8.0

if (Directory.Exists(folderpath) == true)
{
MessageBox.Show("Folder already exists");
}
else
{
Directory.CreateDirectory(folderpath);
MessageBox.Show("Folder created");
}
}

private void Button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* Delete Folder */
if (Directory.Exists(folderpath) == true)
{
Directory.Delete(folderpath, true);
MessageBox.Show("Folder deleted");
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show("Folder not exists. Create the folder first.");
}
}

private void Button3_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* Move Folder */
if (Directory.Exists(folderpath) == true)
{
if (Directory.Exists(@"C:\CSharp\folder2") == false)
{
Directory.CreateDirectory(@"C:\CSharp\folder2");
}
if (Directory.Exists(@"C:\CSharp\folder2\sample") == true)
{
Directory.Delete(@"C:\CSharp\folder2\sample");

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}
Directory.Move(folderpath, @"C:\CSharp\folder2\sample");
MessageBox.Show("Folder moved");
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show("Folder not exists. Create the Folder first.");
}
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Click on “Create”, “Delete”, “Move” buttons.

The “System.IO.File” class - Example

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Creating Project

• Create the following folders and files:

o C:\CSharp

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FileExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “FileExample”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.IO;

namespace FileExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1, button2, button3, button4;
string filepath = @"C:\CSharp\Sample.txt";

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(700, 400);
/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();

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 C#.NET 8.0

button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Create";
button1.Location = new Point(50, 150);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
/* button2 */
button2 = new Button();
button2.AutoSize = true;
button2.Text = "Delete";
button2.Location = new Point(200, 150);
button2.Click += Button2_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button2);
/* button3 */
button3 = new Button();
button3.AutoSize = true;
button3.Text = "Move";
button3.Location = new Point(350, 150);
button3.Click += Button3_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button3);
/* button4 */
button4 = new Button();
button4.AutoSize = true;
button4.Text = "Copy";
button4.Location = new Point(500, 150);
button4.Click += Button4_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button4);
}
private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
/* Create File */
if (File.Exists(filepath) == true)
{
MessageBox.Show("File already exists");
}
else
{
FileStream fs = File.Create(filepath);

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 C#.NET 8.0

fs.Close();
MessageBox.Show("File created");
}
}
private void Button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
/* Delete File */
if (File.Exists(filepath) == true)
{
File.Delete(filepath);
MessageBox.Show("File deleted");
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show("File not exists. Create the file first.");
}
}
private void Button3_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
/* Move File */
if (File.Exists(filepath) == true)
{
if (Directory.Exists(@"C:\CSharp\folder2") == false)
{
Directory.CreateDirectory(@"C:\CSharp\folder2");
}
if (File.Exists(@"C:\CSharp\folder2\sample.txt") == true)
{
File.Delete(@"C:\CSharp\folder2\sample.txt");
}
File.Move(filepath, @"C:\CSharp\folder2\sample.txt");
MessageBox.Show("File moved");
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show("File not exists. Create the file first.");
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

}
private void Button4_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
/* Copy File */
if (File.Exists(filepath) == true)
{
if (Directory.Exists(@"C:\CSharp\folder2") == false)
{
Directory.CreateDirectory(@"C:\CSharp\folder2");
}
if (File.Exists(@"C:\CSharp\folder2\sample.txt") == true)
{
File.Delete(@"C:\CSharp\folder2\sample.txt");
}
File.Copy(filepath, @"C:\CSharp\folder2\sample.txt");
MessageBox.Show("File copied");
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show("File not exists. Create the file first.");
}
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Click on “Create”, “Delete”, “Move” and “Copy” buttons.

The “System.IO.StreamWriter” class - Example

Creating Project

• Create the following folder:

o C:\CSharp

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “StreamWriterExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “StreamWriterExample”.

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• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.IO;

namespace StreamWriterExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label label1;
TextBox textbox1;
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(900, 600);

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Enter your file content here:";
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(800, 340);
textbox1.Location = new Point(50, 100);

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 C#.NET 8.0

textbox1.Multiline = true;
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "Save";
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Location = new Point(50, 480);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}
private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
string filepath = @"C:\CSharp\sample.txt";
FileInfo finfo = new FileInfo(filepath);
if (finfo.Exists == true)
{
finfo.Delete();
}
FileStream fs = new FileStream(filepath, FileMode.Create,
FileAccess.Write);
StreamWriter sw = new StreamWriter(fs);
sw.Write(textbox1.Text);
sw.Close();
MessageBox.Show("Saved");
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Type some content and click on “Save”.

The “System.IO.StreamReader” class - Example

Creating Project

• Create the following folder:

o C:\CSharp

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “StreamReaderExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “StreamReaderExample”.

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• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.IO;

namespace StreamReaderExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label label1;
TextBox textbox1;
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(900, 600);

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Enter your file content appears here:";
label1.Location = new Point(50, 100);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(800, 340);
textbox1.Location = new Point(50, 150);

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 C#.NET 8.0

textbox1.Multiline = true;
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "Open";
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Location = new Point(50, 20);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
string filepath = @"C:\CSharp\sample.txt";
FileInfo finfo = new FileInfo(filepath);
if (finfo.Exists == true)
{
FileStream fs = new FileStream(filepath, FileMode.Open,
FileAccess.Read);
StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(fs);
string s = sr.ReadToEnd(); ;
textbox1.Text = s;
sr.Close();
MessageBox.Show("Data loaded from the file successfully.");
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show("File not found");
}
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

Click on “Open”. It shows content from “C:\CSharp\sample.txt” file.

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 C#.NET 8.0

C#.NET – WinForms – ADO.NET

SqlConnection – Windows Authentication – Example

Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “WindowsAuthExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “WindowsAuthExample”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace WindowsAuthExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(500, 300);
this.Text = "SqlConnection - Windows Authentication";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "Connect to SQL Server";
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Location = new Point(100, 100);

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button1.Click += button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//create reference variable
SqlConnection cn;

//create object
cn = new SqlConnection();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";

//calling methods
MessageBox.Show(cn.State.ToString()); //Output: Closed
cn.Open();
MessageBox.Show(cn.State.ToString()); //Output: Open
cn.Close();
MessageBox.Show(cn.State.ToString()); //Output: Closed
}
}
}
Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Click on “Connect to SQL Server”.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

SqlConnection – SQL Server Authentication – Example

Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

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 C#.NET 8.0

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)

insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

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 C#.NET 8.0
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “SqlServerAuthExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “SqlServerAuthExample”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace SqlServerAuthExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(500, 300);
this.Text = "SqlConnection - SqlServer Authentication";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "Connect to SQL Server";

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 C#.NET 8.0

button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Location = new Point(100, 100);
button1.Click += button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//create reference variable
SqlConnection cn;

//create object
cn = new SqlConnection();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; user id=sa;
password=123; initial catalog=company";

//calling methods
MessageBox.Show(cn.State.ToString()); //Output: Closed
cn.Open();
MessageBox.Show(cn.State.ToString()); //Output: Open
cn.Close();
MessageBox.Show(cn.State.ToString()); //Output: Closed
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Click on “Connect to SQL Server”.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

SqlCommand – ExecuteScalar – Example

Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

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 C#.NET 8.0

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “ExecuteScalarExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ExecuteScalarExample”. Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace ExecuteScalarExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1;
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);

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 C#.NET 8.0

this.Size = new Size(500, 300);

this.Text = "Execute Scalar";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "Execute Scalar";
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Location = new Point(130, 100);
button1.Click += button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select EmpName from Employees where
EmpID=1";
cmd.Connection = cn;

/* call methods */
cn.Open();
object obj = cmd.ExecuteScalar();
cn.Close();
string n = Convert.ToString(obj);
string msg = "Emp Name: " + n;
MessageBox.Show(msg);
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Click on “Execute Scalar”.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

SqlCommand – ExecuteScalar – Example 2

Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

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 C#.NET 8.0

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “ExecuteScalarExample2”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ExecuteScalarExample2”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

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 C#.NET 8.0

using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace ExecuteScalarExample2
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1;
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(500, 300);
this.Text = "Execute Scalar";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "Execute Scalar";
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Location = new Point(130, 100);
button1.Click += button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* create pointers */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();

/* call properties */

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 C#.NET 8.0

cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated

security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select count(*) from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;

/* call methods */
cn.Open();
object obj = cmd.ExecuteScalar();
cn.Close();
string n = Convert.ToString(obj);
string msg = "Emps Count: " + n;
MessageBox.Show(msg);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Click on “Execute Scalar”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Connection Oriented Model – Single Record

– Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

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• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “COMSingleRecordExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “COMSingleRecordExample”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace COMSingleRecordExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(550, 300);

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this.Text = "Connection Oriented Model - Single Record";

this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.Load += Form1_Load;
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataReader dr;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees where empid=1";
cmd.Connection = cn;

/* call methods */
cn.Open();
dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
if (dr.Read())
{
object obj1, obj2, obj3;

obj1 = dr["EmpID"];
obj2 = dr["EmpName"];
obj3 = dr["Salary"];

int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;

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 C#.NET 8.0

eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);

MessageBox.Show("EmpID: " + eid + "\nEmpName: " + ename +

"\nSalary: " + sal);
}

cn.Close();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Click on OK.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Connection Oriented Model – Multiple

Records – Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)

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 C#.NET 8.0

go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

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 C#.NET 8.0
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “COMMultipleRecordsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “COMMultipleRecordsExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
namespace COMMultipleRecordsExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(500, 300);
this.Text = "Connection Oriented Model - Multiple Records";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* button1 */

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button1 = new Button();

button1.Text = "Connection Oriented Model";
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Location = new Point(70, 100);
button1.Click += button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}
private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataReader dr;
/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
/* call methods */
cn.Open();
dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
while (dr.Read())
{
object obj1, obj2, obj3;
obj1 = dr["EmpID"];
obj2 = dr["EmpName"];
obj3 = dr["Salary"];
int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;
eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);
string msg = "EmpID: " + eid + "\nEmpName: " + ename + "\nSalary: " + sal;

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MessageBox.Show(msg);
}
cn.Close();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Click on “Connection Oriented Model”.

Click on OK.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Click on OK.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Connection Oriented Model – Multiple

Records - Label – Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go

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 C#.NET 8.0

use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “COMMultipleRecordsLabelExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “COMMultipleRecordsLabelExample”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

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 C#.NET 8.0

namespace COMMultipleRecordsLabelExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(550, 300);
this.Text = "Connection Oriented Model";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.AutoScroll = true;
this.Load += Form1_Load;
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataReader dr;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;

/* call methods */
cn.Open();

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 C#.NET 8.0

dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
int n = 50;
while (dr.Read())
{
object obj1, obj2, obj3;

obj1 = dr["EmpID"];
obj2 = dr["EmpName"];
obj3 = dr["Salary"];

int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;
eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);
Label label1, label2, label3;
/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = Convert.ToString(eid);
label1.Location = new Point(50, n);
this.Controls.Add(label1);
/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = ename;
label2.Location = new Point(150, n);
this.Controls.Add(label2);
/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = Convert.ToString(sal);
label3.Location = new Point(350, n);
this.Controls.Add(label3);
/* go to next row */
n += 50;

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}
cn.Close();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Connection Oriented Model – SqlParameter

– Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

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 C#.NET 8.0

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “COMSqlParameterExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “COMSqlParameterExample”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace COMSqlParameterExample

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label label1, label2, label3;
TextBox textbox1, textbox2, textbox3;
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(600, 470);
this.Text = "Connection Oriented Model - with SqlParameter";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Emp ID: ";
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = "Emp Name: ";
label2.Location = new Point(50, 200);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = "Salary: ";
label3.Location = new Point(50, 300);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(200, 50);
textbox1.Location = new Point(250, 50);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "OK";
button1.Location = new Point(250, 100);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.AcceptButton = button1;
this.Controls.Add(button1);

/* textbox2 */
textbox2 = new TextBox();
textbox2.Size = new Size(200, 50);
textbox2.Location = new Point(250, 200);
textbox2.ReadOnly = true;
this.Controls.Add(textbox2);

/* textbox3 */
textbox3 = new TextBox();
textbox3.Size = new Size(200, 50);
textbox3.Location = new Point(250, 300);
textbox3.ReadOnly = true;
this.Controls.Add(textbox3);
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1;

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 C#.NET 8.0

SqlDataReader dr;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees where
empid=@EmpID";
cmd.Connection = cn;
p1.ParameterName = "@EmpID";
p1.Value = textbox1.Text;
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);

/* call methods */
cn.Open();
dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
if (dr.Read())
{
object obj1, obj2;
obj1 = dr["EmpName"];
obj2 = dr["Salary"];
string ename;
decimal sal;
ename = Convert.ToString(obj1);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj2);
textbox2.Text = ename;
textbox3.Text = Convert.ToString(sal);
}
else
{
textbox2.Text = "";
textbox3.Text = "";
MessageBox.Show("No data found");

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 C#.NET 8.0

}
cn.Close();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Enter EmpID as “1” and Click on OK.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Connection Oriented Model – SqlParameter

– ComboBox – Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “COMWithComboBoxExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “COMWithComboBoxExample”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

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 C#.NET 8.0

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace COMWithComboBoxExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label label1, label2, label3;
ComboBox combobox1;
TextBox textbox1, textbox2;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(600, 470);
this.Text = "Connection Oriented Model - with SqlParameter";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.Load += Form1_Load;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Emp ID: ";
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = "Emp Name: ";
label2.Location = new Point(50, 150);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = "Salary: ";
label3.Location = new Point(50, 250);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* combobox1 */
combobox1 = new ComboBox();
combobox1.Size = new Size(200, 50);
combobox1.Location = new Point(250, 50);
combobox1.DropDownStyle = ComboBoxStyle.DropDownList;
combobox1.SelectedIndexChanged +=
Combobox1_SelectedIndexChanged;
this.Controls.Add(combobox1);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(200, 50);
textbox1.ReadOnly = true;
textbox1.Location = new Point(250, 150);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* textbox2 */
textbox2 = new TextBox();
textbox2.Size = new Size(200, 50);
textbox2.Location = new Point(250, 250);
textbox2.ReadOnly = true;
this.Controls.Add(textbox2);
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;

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SqlDataReader dr;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;

/* call methods */
cn.Open();
dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
while (dr.Read())
{
object obj1;
obj1 = dr["EmpID"];
int eid;
eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
combobox1.Items.Add(eid);
}
cn.Close();
}

private void Combobox1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender,

EventArgs e)
{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1;
SqlDataReader dr;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();

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cmd = new SqlCommand();

p1 = new SqlParameter();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees where
empid=@EmpID";
cmd.Connection = cn;
p1.ParameterName = "@EmpID";
p1.Value = combobox1.SelectedItem;
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);

/* call methods */
cn.Open();
dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
if (dr.Read())
{
object obj1, obj2;

obj1 = dr["EmpName"];
obj2 = dr["Salary"];

string ename;
decimal sal;

ename = Convert.ToString(obj1);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj2);

textbox1.Text = ename;
textbox2.Text = Convert.ToString(sal);
}
else
{
textbox1.Text = "";
textbox2.Text = "";
MessageBox.Show("No data found");

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cn.Close();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

All the EmpID’s appear in the ComboBox.

Select EmpID and it shows EmpName and Salary.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

DataSet - Example
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the project name as “DisconnectedModelExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DisconnectedModelExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

/* Expected data:

Categories:
CategoryID CategoryName
1 ab
2 cd

Products:
ProductID ProductName Cost
101 prod1 400
102 prod2 500
103 prd3 600
*/

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data;

namespace DataSetExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1;
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
/* form properties */

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 C#.NET 8.0

this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);

this.Size = new Size(500, 300);
this.Text = "DataSet";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "Create DataSet";
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Location = new Point(140, 100);
button1.Click += button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}
private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
//creating dataset
DataSet ds = new DataSet();

//creating 2 tables
DataTable dt1 = new DataTable() { TableName = "Categories" };
DataTable dt2 = new DataTable() { TableName = "Products" };

//creating 2 columns for table1

DataColumn col1 = new DataColumn() { ColumnName = "CategoryID",
DataType = typeof(int) };
DataColumn col2 = new DataColumn() { ColumnName =
"CategoryName", DataType = typeof(string) };

//creating 3 columns for table2

DataColumn col3 = new DataColumn() { ColumnName = "ProductID",
DataType = typeof(int) };
DataColumn col4 = new DataColumn() { ColumnName =
"ProductName", DataType = typeof(string) };
DataColumn col5 = new DataColumn() { ColumnName = "Cost",
DataType = typeof(decimal) };

//adding columns to table1

dt1.Columns.Add(col1);

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dt1.Columns.Add(col2);

//adding columns to table2

dt2.Columns.Add(col3);
dt2.Columns.Add(col4);
dt2.Columns.Add(col5);

//creating 2 rows for table1

DataRow drow1 = dt1.NewRow();
DataRow drow2 = dt1.NewRow();

//creating 3 rows for table2

DataRow drow3 = dt2.NewRow();
DataRow drow4 = dt2.NewRow();
DataRow drow5 = dt2.NewRow();

//adding rows to table1

dt1.Rows.Add(drow1);
dt1.Rows.Add(drow2);

//adding rows to table2

dt2.Rows.Add(drow3);
dt2.Rows.Add(drow4);
dt2.Rows.Add(drow5);

//adding tables to dataset

ds.Tables.Add(dt1);
ds.Tables.Add(dt2);

/************* setting data **************/

//setting data in table1

dt1.Rows[0]["CategoryID"] = 1;
dt1.Rows[0]["CategoryName"] = "ab";
dt1.Rows[1]["CategoryID"] = 2;
dt1.Rows[1]["CategoryName"] = "cd";

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//setting data in table2

dt2.Rows[0]["ProductID"] = 101;
dt2.Rows[0]["ProductName"] = "prod1";
dt2.Rows[0]["Cost"] = 400;
dt2.Rows[1]["ProductID"] = 102;
dt2.Rows[1]["ProductName"] = "prod2";
dt2.Rows[1]["Cost"] = 500;
dt2.Rows[2]["ProductID"] = 103;
dt2.Rows[2]["ProductName"] = "prod3";
dt2.Rows[2]["Cost"] = 600;

//getting data from table1

MessageBox.Show(dt1.TableName + ": ");
for (int i = 0; i < dt1.Rows.Count; i++)
{
MessageBox.Show(dt1.Rows[i]["CategoryID"] + ", " +
dt1.Rows[i]["CategoryName"]);
}

//getting data from table2

MessageBox.Show(dt2.TableName + ": ");
for (int i = 0; i < dt2.Rows.Count; i++)
{
MessageBox.Show(dt2.Rows[i]["ProductID"] + ", " +
dt2.Rows[i]["ProductName"] + ", " + dt2.Rows[i]["Cost"]);
}
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Click on “Create DataSet”.

It shows data:

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET Disconnected Model – Example

Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “DisconnectedModelExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DisconnectedModelExample”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

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 C#.NET 8.0

using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace DisconnectedModelExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(550, 300);
this.Text = "Disconnected Model";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.AutoScroll = true;
this.Load += Form1_Load;
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];
int n = 50;
for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];

object obj1, obj2, obj3;

obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];
obj3 = drow["Salary"];

int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;

eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);

Label label1, label2, label3;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = Convert.ToString(eid);
label1.Location = new Point(50, n);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = ename;
label2.Location = new Point(150, n);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = Convert.ToString(sal);
label3.Location = new Point(350, n);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* go to next row */
n += 50;
}
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET Disconnected Model – Multiple Tables -

Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “departmentsandemployeesdatabase” database

already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database departmentsandemployeesdatabase

go

use departmentsandemployeesdatabase
go

create table Departments(

DeptNo int primary key,
DeptName nvarchar(max),
Loc nvarchar(max))
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName varchar(max),
Salary decimal,
DeptNo int references Departments(DeptNo))
go

insert into Departments values(10, 'Acounting', 'New York')

insert into Departments values(20, 'Operations', 'New Delhi')
insert into Departments values(30, 'Sales', 'New Jersy')

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 3000, 10)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 6500, 10)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 4577, 20)

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 C#.NET 8.0

insert into Employees values(4, 'James', 9500, 20)

insert into Employees values(5, 'Smith', 3345, 30)
insert into Employees values(6, 'Harry', 2500, 30)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “MultipleTablesExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MultipleTablesExample”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace MultipleTablesExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{

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 C#.NET 8.0

InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(700, 500);
this.Text = "Disconnected Model";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.AutoScroll = true;
this.Load += Form1_Load;
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt1, dt2;
DataRow drow;
/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();
/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=departmentsandemployeesdatabase";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Departments select * from
Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;
/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
/* departments */
dt1 = ds.Tables[0];
int n = 50;

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 C#.NET 8.0

for (int i = 0; i < dt1.Rows.Count; i++)

{
drow = dt1.Rows[i];
object obj1, obj2, obj3;
obj1 = drow["DeptNo"];
obj2 = drow["DeptName"];
obj3 = drow["Loc"];
int dno;
string dname;
string loc;
dno = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
dname = Convert.ToString(obj2);
loc = Convert.ToString(obj3);
Label label1, label2, label3;
/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = Convert.ToString(dno);
label1.Location = new Point(50, n);
this.Controls.Add(label1);
/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = dname;
label2.Location = new Point(150, n);
this.Controls.Add(label2);
/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = Convert.ToString(loc);
label3.Location = new Point(350, n);
this.Controls.Add(label3);
/* go to next row */
n += 50;
}

/* employees */

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 C#.NET 8.0

dt2 = ds.Tables[1];
n += 100;
for (int i = 0; i < dt2.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt2.Rows[i];
object obj1, obj2, obj3, obj4;
obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];
obj3 = drow["Salary"];
obj4 = drow["DeptNo"];
int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;
int dno;
eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);
dno = Convert.ToInt32(obj4);

Label label1, label2, label3, label4;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = Convert.ToString(eid);
label1.Location = new Point(50, n);
this.Controls.Add(label1);
/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = ename;
label2.Location = new Point(150, n);
this.Controls.Add(label2);
/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = Convert.ToString(sal);
label3.Location = new Point(350, n);

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 C#.NET 8.0

this.Controls.Add(label3);
/* label4 */
label4 = new Label();
label4.AutoSize = true;
label4.Text = Convert.ToString(dno);
label4.Location = new Point(450, n);
this.Controls.Add(label4);

/* go to next row */
n += 50;
}
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET Disconnected Model – Joins - Example

Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “departmentsandemployeesdatabase” database

already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database departmentsandemployeesdatabase

go

use departmentsandemployeesdatabase
go

create table Departments(

DeptNo int primary key,
DeptName nvarchar(max),
Loc nvarchar(max))
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName varchar(max),
Salary decimal,
DeptNo int references Departments(DeptNo))
go

insert into Departments values(10, 'Acounting', 'New York')

insert into Departments values(20, 'Operations', 'New Delhi')
insert into Departments values(30, 'Sales', 'New Jersy')

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 C#.NET 8.0

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 3000, 10)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 6500, 10)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 4577, 20)
insert into Employees values(4, 'James', 9500, 20)
insert into Employees values(5, 'Smith', 3345, 30)
insert into Employees values(6, 'Harry', 2500, 30)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “JoinsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “JoinsExample”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace JoinsExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{

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 C#.NET 8.0

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(950, 500);
this.Text = "Disconnected Model";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.AutoScroll = true;
this.Load += Form1_Load;
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=departmentsandemployeesdatabase";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from employees inner join
departments on employees.deptno=departments.deptno";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];
int n = 50;
for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];

object obj1, obj2, obj3, obj4, obj5, obj6;

obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];
obj3 = drow["Salary"];
obj4 = drow["DeptNo"];
obj5 = drow["DeptName"];
obj6 = drow["Loc"];

int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;
int dno;
string dname;
string loc;

eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);
dno = Convert.ToInt32(obj4);
dname = Convert.ToString(obj5);
loc = Convert.ToString(obj6);

Label label1, label2, label3, label4, label5, label6;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = Convert.ToString(eid);
label1.Location = new Point(50, n);

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 C#.NET 8.0

this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = ename;
label2.Location = new Point(150, n);
this.Controls.Add(label2);
/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = Convert.ToString(sal);
label3.Location = new Point(350, n);
this.Controls.Add(label3);
/* label4 */
label4 = new Label();
label4.AutoSize = true;
label4.Text = Convert.ToString(dno);
label4.Location = new Point(450, n);
this.Controls.Add(label4);
/* label5 */
label5 = new Label();
label5.AutoSize = true;
label5.Text = Convert.ToString(dname);
label5.Location = new Point(550, n);
this.Controls.Add(label5);

/* label6 */
label6 = new Label();
label6.AutoSize = true;
label6.Text = Convert.ToString(loc);
label6.Location = new Point(750, n);
this.Controls.Add(label6);
/* go to next row */
n += 50;
}
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Disconnected Model – Record Navigations -

Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1327 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “RecordNavigationsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “RecordNavigationsExample”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace RecordNavigationsExample

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1328 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;
Label label1, label2, label3, label4;
TextBox textbox1, textbox2, textbox3, textbox4;
Button button1, button2, button3, button4;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(650, 400);
this.Text = "Disconnected Model";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.Load += Form1_Load;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Record No: ";
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = "Emp ID: ";
label2.Location = new Point(50, 100);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;

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 C#.NET 8.0

label3.Text = "Emp Name:";

label3.Location = new Point(50, 150);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* label4 */
label4 = new Label();
label4.AutoSize = true;
label4.Text = "Salary:";
label4.Location = new Point(50, 200);
this.Controls.Add(label4);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox1.ReadOnly = true;
textbox1.Location = new Point(250, 50);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* textbox2 */
textbox2 = new TextBox();
textbox2.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox2.ReadOnly = true;
textbox2.Location = new Point(250, 100);
this.Controls.Add(textbox2);

/* textbox3 */
textbox3 = new TextBox();
textbox3.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox3.ReadOnly = true;
textbox3.Location = new Point(250, 150);
this.Controls.Add(textbox3);

/* textbox4 */
textbox4 = new TextBox();
textbox4.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox4.ReadOnly = true;
textbox4.Location = new Point(250, 200);

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 C#.NET 8.0

this.Controls.Add(textbox4);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "First";
button1.Location = new Point(50, 280);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);

/* button2 */
button2 = new Button();
button2.AutoSize = true;
button2.Text = "Previous";
button2.Location = new Point(170, 280);
button2.Click += Button2_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button2);

/* button3 */
button3 = new Button();
button3.AutoSize = true;
button3.Text = "Next";
button3.Location = new Point(350, 280);
button3.Click += Button3_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button3);

/* button4 */
button4 = new Button();
button4.AutoSize = true;
button4.Text = "Last";
button4.Location = new Point(475, 280);
button4.Click += Button4_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button4);
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* create reference variables */

SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];

//display record
textbox1.Text = "0";
int n = Convert.ToInt32(textbox1.Text);
drow = dt.Rows[n];
textbox2.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpID"]);
textbox3.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpName"]);
textbox4.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["Salary"]);
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//first
int n = 0;
textbox1.Text = Convert.ToString(n);

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1332 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

drow = dt.Rows[n];
textbox2.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpID"]);
textbox3.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpName"]);
textbox4.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["Salary"]);
}

private void Button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//previous
int n = Convert.ToInt32(textbox1.Text);
n--;
if (n ==-1)
{
n = 0;
MessageBox.Show("Already at first record");
}
textbox1.Text = Convert.ToString(n);
drow = dt.Rows[n];
textbox2.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpID"]);
textbox3.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpName"]);
textbox4.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["Salary"]);
}

private void Button3_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//next
int n = Convert.ToInt32(textbox1.Text);
n++;
if (n == dt.Rows.Count)
{
n = dt.Rows.Count - 1;
MessageBox.Show("Already at last record");
}
textbox1.Text = Convert.ToString(n);
drow = dt.Rows[n];
textbox2.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpID"]);
textbox3.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpName"]);

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 C#.NET 8.0

textbox4.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["Salary"]);
}

private void Button4_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//last
int n = dt.Rows.Count - 1;
textbox1.Text = Convert.ToString(n);
drow = dt.Rows[n];
textbox2.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpID"]);
textbox3.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpName"]);
textbox4.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["Salary"]);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

First record appears automatically. Click on “First”, “Previous”, “Next” and “Last” buttons.
Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Disconnected Model – ComboBox - Example

Creating Database

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1334 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1335 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “ComboBoxExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ComboBoxExample”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace ComboBoxExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;
Label label1, label2, label3;
TextBox textbox1, textbox2;
ComboBox combobox1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(650, 400);

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 C#.NET 8.0

this.Text = "Disconnected Model";

this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.Load += Form1_Load;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Emp ID: ";
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = "Emp Name: ";
label2.Location = new Point(50, 100);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = "Salary:";
label3.Location = new Point(50, 150);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* combobox1 */
combobox1 = new ComboBox();
combobox1.Size = new Size(300, 50);
combobox1.DropDownStyle = ComboBoxStyle.DropDownList;
combobox1.Location = new Point(250, 50);
combobox1.SelectedIndexChanged +=
Combobox1_SelectedIndexChanged;
this.Controls.Add(combobox1);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 100);

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 C#.NET 8.0

textbox1.ReadOnly = true;
textbox1.Location = new Point(250, 100);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* textbox2 */
textbox2 = new TextBox();
textbox2.Size = new Size(300, 150);
textbox2.ReadOnly = true;
textbox2.Location = new Point(250, 150);
this.Controls.Add(textbox2);
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* load empid's into combobox1 */

for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];
combobox1.Items.Add(drow["EmpID"]);
}
}

private void Combobox1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender,

EventArgs e)
{
int currentempid = Convert.ToInt32(combobox1.SelectedItem);

/* create reference variables */

SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
SqlParameter p1;
DataSet ds;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select empname, salary from Employees where
empid=@empid";
cmd.Connection = cn;
p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p1.Value = currentempid;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];

/* display selected emp details in textboxes */

drow = dt.Rows[0];
textbox1.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["empname"]);
textbox2.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["salary"]);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

All the EmpID’s appear in the ComboBox. When the user selects an item in the ComboBox, it shows
corresponding EmpName and Salary.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Disconnected Model – ComboBox -

DataSource - Example
Creating Database

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1340 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “DataSourceExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DataSourceExample”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1341 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace DataSourceExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;
Label label1, label2, label3;
TextBox textbox1, textbox2;
ComboBox combobox1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(650, 400);
this.Text = "Disconnected Model";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.Load += Form1_Load;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Emp ID: ";
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* label2 */

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 C#.NET 8.0

label2 = new Label();

label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = "Emp Name: ";
label2.Location = new Point(50, 100);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = "Salary:";
label3.Location = new Point(50, 150);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* combobox1 */
combobox1 = new ComboBox();
combobox1.Size = new Size(300, 50);
combobox1.DropDownStyle = ComboBoxStyle.DropDownList;
combobox1.Location = new Point(250, 50);
combobox1.SelectedIndexChanged +=
Combobox1_SelectedIndexChanged;
this.Controls.Add(combobox1);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 100);
textbox1.ReadOnly = true;
textbox1.Location = new Point(250, 100);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* textbox2 */
textbox2 = new TextBox();
textbox2.Size = new Size(300, 150);
textbox2.ReadOnly = true;
textbox2.Location = new Point(250, 150);
this.Controls.Add(textbox2);
}

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private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];

/*bind data to combobox1*/

combobox1.DataSource = dt;
combobox1.DisplayMember = "EmpID";
}

private void Combobox1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender,

EventArgs e)
{
object si = combobox1.SelectedItem;
DataRowView view = (DataRowView)si;
object eid = view["EmpID"];
int currentempid = Convert.ToInt32(eid);

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* create reference variables */

SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
SqlParameter p1;
DataSet ds;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select empname, salary from Employees where
empid=@empid";
cmd.Connection = cn;
p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p1.Value = currentempid;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];

/* display selected emp details in textboxes */

drow = dt.Rows[0];
textbox1.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["empname"]);
textbox2.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["salary"]);
}
}
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

All the EmpID’s appear in the ComboBox. When the user selects an item in the ComboBox, it shows
corresponding EmpName and Salary.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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ADO.NET Disconnected Model – DataGridView -

Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “DataGridViewExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the solution name as “DataGridViewExample”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace DataGridViewExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
DataGridView datagridview1;
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(650, 400);
this.Text = "Disconnected Model";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.Load += Form1_Load;
/* datagridview1 */
datagridview1 = new DataGridView();
datagridview1.Size = new Size(500, 300);
datagridview1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
datagridview1.AutoSizeRowsMode =
DataGridViewAutoSizeRowsMode.AllCells;
datagridview1.AutoSizeColumnsMode =
DataGridViewAutoSizeColumnsMode.AllCells;
this.Controls.Add(datagridview1);
}
private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* create reference variables */

SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();
/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];

/* load employees table into datagridview1 */

datagridview1.DataSource = dt;
datagridview1.AutoResizeColumnHeadersHeight();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

All the employees data appear in the DataGridView.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Disconnected Model – DataGridView -

SqlCommandBuilder - Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”. Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

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 C#.NET 8.0

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “DataGridViewExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DataGridViewExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace SqlCommandBuilderExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
SqlDataAdapter adp;

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 C#.NET 8.0

DataTable dt;
DataGridView datagridview1;
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(650, 400);
this.Text = "Disconnected Model";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.Load += Form1_Load;

/* datagridview1 */
datagridview1 = new DataGridView();
datagridview1.Size = new Size(500, 200);
datagridview1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
datagridview1.AutoSizeRowsMode =
DataGridViewAutoSizeRowsMode.AllCells;
datagridview1.AutoSizeColumnsMode =
DataGridViewAutoSizeColumnsMode.AllCells;
this.Controls.Add(datagridview1);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Save";
button1.Location = new Point(470, 280);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* create reference variables */

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 C#.NET 8.0

SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlCommandBuilder cmb;
DataSet ds;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();
cmb = new SqlCommandBuilder();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;
cmb.DataAdapter = adp;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];

/* load employees table into datagridview1 */

datagridview1.DataSource = dt;
datagridview1.AutoResizeColumnHeadersHeight();
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
adp.Update(dt);
MessageBox.Show("Saved");
}
}
}

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 C#.NET 8.0
Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

All the employees data appear in the DataGridView.

Make some insertion, deletion and updation in the DataGridView, and click on “Save” button. The
changes will be saved in the database.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Disconnected Model – Master – Child –

Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “departmentsandemployeesdatabase” database

already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

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 C#.NET 8.0

create database departmentsandemployeesdatabase

go

use departmentsandemployeesdatabase
go

create table Departments(

DeptNo int primary key,
DeptName nvarchar(max),
Loc nvarchar(max))
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName varchar(max),
Salary decimal,
DeptNo int references Departments(DeptNo))
go

insert into Departments values(10, 'Acounting', 'New York')

insert into Departments values(20, 'Operations', 'New Delhi')
insert into Departments values(30, 'Sales', 'New Jersy')

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 3000, 10)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 6500, 10)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 4577, 20)
insert into Employees values(4, 'James', 9500, 20)
insert into Employees values(5, 'Smith', 3345, 30)
insert into Employees values(6, 'Harry', 2500, 30)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “MasterChildExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MasterChildExample”. Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace MasterChildExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
DataTable dt;
DataGridView datagridview1;
Label label1;
ComboBox combobox1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(750, 400);
this.Text = "Disconnected Model";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

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 C#.NET 8.0

this.Load += Form1_Load;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Dept No: ";
label1.Location = new Point(105, 52);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* combobox1 */
combobox1 = new ComboBox();
combobox1.Size = new Size(300, 50);
combobox1.DropDownStyle = ComboBoxStyle.DropDownList;
combobox1.Location = new Point(250, 50);
combobox1.SelectedIndexChanged +=
Combobox1_SelectedIndexChanged;
this.Controls.Add(combobox1);

/* datagridview1 */
datagridview1 = new DataGridView();
datagridview1.Size = new Size(600, 200);
datagridview1.Location = new Point(50, 120);
datagridview1.AutoSizeRowsMode =
DataGridViewAutoSizeRowsMode.AllCells;
datagridview1.AutoSizeColumnsMode =
DataGridViewAutoSizeColumnsMode.AllCells;
this.Controls.Add(datagridview1);
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=departmentsandemployeesdatabase";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Departments";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];

/*bind data to comboBox1*/

combobox1.DataSource = dt;
combobox1.DisplayMember = "DeptName";
combobox1.ValueMember = "DeptNo";
}

private void Combobox1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender,

EventArgs e)
{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
SqlParameter p1;
DataSet ds;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();

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 C#.NET 8.0

p1 = new SqlParameter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=departmentsandemployeesdatabase";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees where
DeptNo=@DeptNo";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;
p1.ParameterName = "@DeptNo";
p1.Value = ((DataRowView)combobox1.SelectedItem)["DeptNo"];
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];

/* load employees table into datagridview1 */

datagridview1.DataSource = dt;
datagridview1.AutoResizeColumnHeadersHeight();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

It shows all the department names in the ComboBox.

When the user selects a department name, it shows all the corresponding employees in the
DataGridView.
Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Disconnected Model – Cascading ComboBox

– Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “CountriesAndStatesDatabase” database

already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database CountriesAndStatesDatabase

go

use CountriesAndStatesDatabase
go

create table Countries(

CountryID int primary key,

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 C#.NET 8.0

CountryName nvarchar(max))
go

create table States(

StateID int primary key,
StateName varchar(max),
CountryID int references Countries(CountryID))
go

insert into Countries values(1, 'India')

insert into Countries values(2, 'USA')
insert into Countries values(3, 'UK')

insert into States values(1, 'Tamilnadu', 1)

insert into States values(2, 'Maharashtra', 1)
insert into States values(3, 'Karnataka', 1)
insert into States values(4, 'Kerala', 1)

insert into States values(5, 'Washington', 2)

insert into States values(6, 'New Jersey', 2)
insert into States values(7, 'New York', 2)
insert into States values(8, 'Texas', 2)

insert into States values(9, 'Moray', 3)

insert into States values(10, 'Norfolk', 3)
insert into States values(11, 'Bolton', 3)
insert into States values(12, 'Newport', 3)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “CascadingComboBoxExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “CascadingComboBoxExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace CascadingComboBoxExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label label1, label2;
ComboBox combobox1, combobox2;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(750, 400);
this.Text = "Disconnected Model";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.Load += Form1_Load;

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/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Country: ";
label1.Location = new Point(105, 52);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = "State: ";
label2.Location = new Point(105, 132);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* combobox1 */
combobox1 = new ComboBox();
combobox1.Size = new Size(300, 50);
combobox1.DropDownStyle = ComboBoxStyle.DropDownList;
combobox1.Location = new Point(250, 50);
combobox1.SelectedIndexChanged +=
Combobox1_SelectedIndexChanged;
this.Controls.Add(combobox1);

/* combobox2 */
combobox2 = new ComboBox();
combobox2.Size = new Size(300, 50);
combobox2.DropDownStyle = ComboBoxStyle.DropDownList;
combobox2.Location = new Point(250, 130);
this.Controls.Add(combobox2);
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;

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 C#.NET 8.0

DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();
/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=CountriesAndStatesDatabase";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Countries";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;
/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];
/*bind data to combobox1*/
combobox1.DataSource = dt;
combobox1.DisplayMember = "CountryName";
combobox1.ValueMember = "CountryID";
}
private void Combobox1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender,
EventArgs e)
{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
SqlParameter p1;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
ds = new DataSet();

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=CountriesAndStatesDatabase";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from States where
CountryID=@CountryID";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;
p1.ParameterName = "@CountryID";
p1.Value = ((DataRowView)combobox1.SelectedItem)["CountryID"];
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];
/*bind data to combobox2*/
combobox2.DataSource = dt;
combobox2.DisplayMember = "StateName";
combobox2.ValueMember = "StateID";
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

It shows all the country names in the first ComboBox.

When the user selects a country name, it shows all the corresponding states in the second
ComboBox.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Non Query - Insertion – Example

Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “InsertionExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “InsertionExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace InsertionExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(500, 300);
this.Text = "ADO.NET NonQuery";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "Insert";

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 C#.NET 8.0

button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Location = new Point(170, 100);
button1.Click += button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "insert into Employees values(10, 'qwerty',
4500)";
cmd.Connection = cn;
//calling methods
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

string msg = n + " rows inserted";

MessageBox.Show(msg);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Click on “Insert”.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Non Query - Updation – Example

Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,

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 C#.NET 8.0

EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “UpdationExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “UpdationExample”. Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace UpdationExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1;

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 C#.NET 8.0

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(500, 300);
this.Text = "ADO.NET NonQuery";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "Update";
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Location = new Point(170, 100);
button1.Click += button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "update Employees set EmpName='asdf',
Salary=8900 where EmpID=1";
cmd.Connection = cn;
//calling methods
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

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 C#.NET 8.0

string msg = n + " rows updated";

MessageBox.Show(msg);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Click on “Update”.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Non Query - Deletion – Example

Creating Database

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “DeletionExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DeletionExample”. Click on OK.

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• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace DeletionExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(500, 300);
this.Text = "ADO.NET NonQuery";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "Delete";
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Location = new Point(170, 100);
button1.Click += button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//create reference variables

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 C#.NET 8.0

SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "delete from Employees where EmpID=3";
cmd.Connection = cn;
//calling methods
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();
string msg = n + " rows deleted";
MessageBox.Show(msg);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Click on “Delete”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Non Query – Insertion – With SqlParameter

– Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “InsertionSqlParameterExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “InsertionSqlParameterExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace InsertionSqlParameterExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label label1, label2, label3;
TextBox textbox1, textbox2, textbox3;
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(650, 400);
this.Text = "ADO.NET NonQuery - Insertion";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Emp ID: ";
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = "Emp Name: ";
label2.Location = new Point(50, 100);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = "Salary:";
label3.Location = new Point(50, 150);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox1.Location = new Point(250, 50);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* textbox2 */
textbox2 = new TextBox();
textbox2.Size = new Size(300, 50);

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 C#.NET 8.0

textbox2.Location = new Point(250, 100);

this.Controls.Add(textbox2);

/* textbox3 */
textbox3 = new TextBox();
textbox3.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox3.Location = new Point(250, 150);
this.Controls.Add(textbox3);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Insert";
button1.Location = new Point(250, 200);
this.AcceptButton = button1;
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1, p2, p3;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
p2 = new SqlParameter();
p3 = new SqlParameter();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";

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 C#.NET 8.0

cmd.CommandText = "insert into Employees values(@empid,

@empname, @salary)";
cmd.Connection = cn;
p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p2.ParameterName = "@empname";
p3.ParameterName = "@salary";
p1.Value = textbox1.Text;
p2.Value = textbox2.Text;
p3.Value = textbox3.Text;
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p2);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p3);

//calling methods
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

string msg = n + " rows inserted";

MessageBox.Show(msg);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Type some employee details and click on “Insert”.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Non Query – Updation – With SqlParameter

– Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

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 C#.NET 8.0

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “UpdationSqlParameterExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “UpdationSqlParameterExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

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 C#.NET 8.0

namespace UpdationSqlParameterExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label label1, label2, label3;
TextBox textbox1, textbox2, textbox3;
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(650, 400);
this.Text = "ADO.NET NonQuery - Updation";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Existing Emp ID: ";
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = "Emp Name: ";
label2.Location = new Point(50, 100);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = "Salary:";
label3.Location = new Point(50, 150);

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 C#.NET 8.0

this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox1.Location = new Point(300, 50);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* textbox2 */
textbox2 = new TextBox();
textbox2.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox2.Location = new Point(300, 100);
this.Controls.Add(textbox2);

/* textbox3 */
textbox3 = new TextBox();
textbox3.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox3.Location = new Point(300, 150);
this.Controls.Add(textbox3);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Update";
button1.Location = new Point(300, 200);
this.AcceptButton = button1;
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1, p2, p3;

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 C#.NET 8.0

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
p2 = new SqlParameter();
p3 = new SqlParameter();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "update Employees set empname=@empname,
salary=@salary where empid=@empid";
cmd.Connection = cn;
p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p2.ParameterName = "@empname";
p3.ParameterName = "@salary";
p1.Value = textbox1.Text;
p2.Value = textbox2.Text;
p3.Value = textbox3.Text;
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p2);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p3);

//calling methods
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

string msg = n + " rows updated";

MessageBox.Show(msg);
}
}
}
Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Enter some existing emp id, new emp name, new salary and click on “Update”.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Non Query – Deletion – With SqlParameter

– Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

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 C#.NET 8.0

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “DeletionSqlParameterExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DeletionSqlParameterExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

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 C#.NET 8.0

namespace DeletionSqlParameterExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label label1;
TextBox textbox1;
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(650, 300);
this.Text = "ADO.NET NonQuery - Deletion";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Existing Emp ID: ";
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(200, 50);
textbox1.Location = new Point(300, 50);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Delete";
button1.Location = new Point(300, 120);
this.AcceptButton = button1;

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 C#.NET 8.0

button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "delete from Employees where empid=@empid";
cmd.Connection = cn;
p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p1.Value = textbox1.Text;
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);

//calling methods
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

string msg = n + " rows deleted";

MessageBox.Show(msg);
}
}
}

Running the Project

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Enter some existing employee ID and click on “Delete”.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Non Query – Insertion – With Stored

Procedures – Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1390 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

create procedure InsertEmployee(

@EmpID int,
@EmpName nvarchar(max),
@Salary decimal
)
as begin
insert into Employees values(@EmpID, @EmpName, @Salary)
end
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “InsertionWithSPExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the solution name as “InsertionWithSPExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace InsertionWithSPExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label label1, label2, label3;
TextBox textbox1, textbox2, textbox3;
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(650, 400);
this.Text = "ADO.NET NonQuery - Insertion - Stored Procedure";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Emp ID: ";
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = "Emp Name: ";
label2.Location = new Point(50, 100);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = "Salary:";
label3.Location = new Point(50, 150);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox1.Location = new Point(250, 50);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* textbox2 */
textbox2 = new TextBox();
textbox2.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox2.Location = new Point(250, 100);
this.Controls.Add(textbox2);

/* textbox3 */
textbox3 = new TextBox();
textbox3.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox3.Location = new Point(250, 150);
this.Controls.Add(textbox3);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Insert";
button1.Location = new Point(250, 200);

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 C#.NET 8.0

this.AcceptButton = button1;
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}
private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1, p2, p3;
//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
p2 = new SqlParameter();
p3 = new SqlParameter();
//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "InsertEmployee";
cmd.Connection = cn;
cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p2.ParameterName = "@empname";
p3.ParameterName = "@salary";
p1.Value = textbox1.Text;
p2.Value = textbox2.Text;
p3.Value = textbox3.Text;
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p2);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p3);
//calling methods
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();
MessageBox.Show(n + " rows inserted");
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Enter some emp id, ename, salary and click on “Insert”.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Non Query – Updation – With Stored

Procedures – Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1395 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

create database company

go

use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

create procedure UpdateEmployee(

@EmpID int,
@EmpName nvarchar(max),
@Salary decimal
)
as begin
update Employees set EmpName=@EmpName, Salary=@Salary
where EmpID=@EmpID
end
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1396 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “UpdationWithSPExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “UpdationWithSPExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace UpdationWithSPExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label label1, label2, label3;
TextBox textbox1, textbox2, textbox3;
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(650, 400);
this.Text = "ADO.NET NonQuery - Updation - Stored Procedure";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* label1 */

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 C#.NET 8.0

label1 = new Label();

label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Existing Emp ID: ";
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = "Emp Name: ";
label2.Location = new Point(50, 100);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = "Salary:";
label3.Location = new Point(50, 150);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox1.Location = new Point(300, 50);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* textbox2 */
textbox2 = new TextBox();
textbox2.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox2.Location = new Point(300, 100);
this.Controls.Add(textbox2);

/* textbox3 */
textbox3 = new TextBox();
textbox3.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox3.Location = new Point(300, 150);
this.Controls.Add(textbox3);

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Update";
button1.Location = new Point(300, 200);
this.AcceptButton = button1;
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1, p2, p3;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
p2 = new SqlParameter();
p3 = new SqlParameter();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "UpdateEmployee";
cmd.Connection = cn;
cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p2.ParameterName = "@empname";
p3.ParameterName = "@salary";
p1.Value = textbox1.Text;
p2.Value = textbox2.Text;
p3.Value = textbox3.Text;

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cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p2);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p3);

//calling methods
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

MessageBox.Show(n + " rows updated");

}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Enter some existing emp id, new emp name, new salary and click on “Update”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Non Query – Deletion – With Stored

Procedures – Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go

use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

create procedure DeleteEmployee(

@EmpID int
)
as begin

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 C#.NET 8.0

delete from Employees

where EmpID=@EmpID
end
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “DeletionWithSPExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DeletionWithSPExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace DeletionWithSPExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label label1;

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 C#.NET 8.0

TextBox textbox1;
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(650, 300);
this.Text = "ADO.NET NonQuery - Deletion - Stored Procedure";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Existing Emp ID: ";
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox1.Location = new Point(300, 50);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Delete";
button1.Location = new Point(300, 100);
this.AcceptButton = button1;
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "DeleteEmployee";
cmd.Connection = cn;
cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p1.Value = textbox1.Text;
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);

//calling methods
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

MessageBox.Show(n + " rows deleted");

}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Enter some existing emp id and click on “Delete”.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Disconnected Model – ComboBox – Stored

Procedures – Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(40),
Salary decimal

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 C#.NET 8.0

)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6500)
insert into Employees values(4, 'James', 7000)
go

create procedure GetEmployees

as begin
select * from Employees
end
go

create procedure GetEmployeeByID(

@EmpID int
)
as begin
select * from Employees where EmpID=@EmpID
end
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “ComboBoxWithSPExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the solution name as “ComboBoxWithSPExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace ComboBoxWithSPExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;
Label label1, label2, label3;
TextBox textbox1, textbox2;
ComboBox combobox1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(650, 400);
this.Text = "ADO.NET Stored Procedures - ComboBox";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.Load += Form1_Load;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Emp ID: ";

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 C#.NET 8.0

label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);

this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = "Emp Name: ";
label2.Location = new Point(50, 100);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = "Salary:";
label3.Location = new Point(50, 150);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* combobox1 */
combobox1 = new ComboBox();
combobox1.Size = new Size(300, 50);
combobox1.DropDownStyle = ComboBoxStyle.DropDownList;
combobox1.Location = new Point(250, 50);
combobox1.SelectedIndexChanged +=
Combobox1_SelectedIndexChanged;
this.Controls.Add(combobox1);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 100);
textbox1.ReadOnly = true;
textbox1.Location = new Point(250, 100);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* textbox2 */
textbox2 = new TextBox();
textbox2.Size = new Size(300, 150);
textbox2.ReadOnly = true;

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 C#.NET 8.0

textbox2.Location = new Point(250, 150);

this.Controls.Add(textbox2);
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "GetEmployees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];

/* load empid's into combobox1 */

for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];
combobox1.Items.Add(drow["EmpID"]);
}
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

private void Combobox1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender,

EventArgs e)
{
int currentempid = Convert.ToInt32(combobox1.SelectedItem);

/* create reference variables */

SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
SqlParameter p1;
DataSet ds;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "GetEmployeeByID";
cmd.Connection = cn;
cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p1.Value = currentempid;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];

/* display selected emp details in textboxes */

drow = dt.Rows[0];

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 C#.NET 8.0

textbox1.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["empname"]);
textbox2.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["salary"]);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

All the existing EmpID’s appear in the combobox. Select an EmpID, then it shows corresponding
EmpName and Salary.
Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET Disconnected Model – Updation with

ComboBox - Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1411 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

• Click on “New Query”. Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(40),
Salary decimal
)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6500)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “UpdationWithComboBoxExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “UpdationWithComboBoxExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1412 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace UpdationWithComboBoxExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;
Label label1, label2, label3;
TextBox textbox1, textbox2;
ComboBox combobox1;
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(650, 400);
this.Text = "Updation with ComboBox Example";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.Load += Form1_Load;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Emp ID: ";
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = "Emp Name: ";
label2.Location = new Point(50, 100);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = "Salary:";
label3.Location = new Point(50, 150);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* combobox1 */
combobox1 = new ComboBox();
combobox1.Size = new Size(300, 50);
combobox1.DropDownStyle = ComboBoxStyle.DropDownList;
combobox1.Location = new Point(250, 50);
combobox1.SelectedIndexChanged +=
Combobox1_SelectedIndexChanged;
this.Controls.Add(combobox1);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 100);
textbox1.Location = new Point(250, 100);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* textbox2 */
textbox2 = new TextBox();
textbox2.Size = new Size(300, 150);
textbox2.Location = new Point(250, 150);
this.Controls.Add(textbox2);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();

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 C#.NET 8.0

button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Update";
button1.Location = new Point(250, 200);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];

/* load empid's into combobox1 */

for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];
combobox1.Items.Add(drow["EmpID"]);

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 C#.NET 8.0

}
}

private void Combobox1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender,

EventArgs e)
{
int currentempid = Convert.ToInt32(combobox1.SelectedItem);

/* create reference variables */

SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
SqlParameter p1;
DataSet ds;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select empname, salary from Employees where
empid=@empid";
cmd.Connection = cn;
p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p1.Value = currentempid;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* display selected emp details in textboxes */

drow = dt.Rows[0];
textbox1.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["empname"]);
textbox2.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["salary"]);
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
int currentempid = Convert.ToInt32(combobox1.SelectedItem);

//create reference variables

SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1, p2, p3;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
p2 = new SqlParameter();
p3 = new SqlParameter();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "update employees set empname=@empname,
salary=@salary where empid=@empid";
cmd.Connection = cn;
p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p2.ParameterName = "@empname";
p3.ParameterName = "@salary";
p1.Value = currentempid;
p2.Value = textbox1.Text;
p3.Value = textbox2.Text;

//calling methods
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);

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 C#.NET 8.0

cmd.Parameters.Add(p2);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p3);
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

string msg = n + " rows updated";

MessageBox.Show(msg);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

All the existing EmpID’s appear in the combobox. Select an EmpID, then it shows corresponding
EmpName and Salary.
Change the values of EmpName and Salary and then click on “Update”.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET – CRUD (Create, Retrieve, Update, Delete) -

Example
Creating Database

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”. Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(40),
Salary decimal
)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6500)
go
• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “CRUDExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “CRUDExample”.

• Click on OK.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace CRUDExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;
Label label1, label2, label3, label4;
TextBox textbox1, textbox2, textbox3, textbox4;
Button button1, button2, button3, button4, button5, button6, button7,
button8;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(650, 450);
this.Text = "Disconnected Model";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.Load += Form1_Load;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Record No: ";
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);

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 C#.NET 8.0

this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = "Emp ID: ";
label2.Location = new Point(50, 100);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = "Emp Name:";
label3.Location = new Point(50, 150);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* label4 */
label4 = new Label();
label4.AutoSize = true;
label4.Text = "Salary:";
label4.Location = new Point(50, 200);
this.Controls.Add(label4);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox1.Location = new Point(250, 50);
textbox1.ReadOnly = true;
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* textbox2 */
textbox2 = new TextBox();
textbox2.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox2.Location = new Point(250, 100);
textbox2.ReadOnly = true;
this.Controls.Add(textbox2);

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* textbox3 */
textbox3 = new TextBox();
textbox3.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox3.Location = new Point(250, 150);
this.Controls.Add(textbox3);

/* textbox4 */
textbox4 = new TextBox();
textbox4.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox4.Location = new Point(250, 200);
this.Controls.Add(textbox4);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "First";
button1.Location = new Point(50, 280);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);

/* button2 */
button2 = new Button();
button2.AutoSize = true;
button2.Text = "Previous";
button2.Location = new Point(170, 280);
button2.Click += Button2_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button2);

/* button3 */
button3 = new Button();
button3.AutoSize = true;
button3.Text = "Next";
button3.Location = new Point(350, 280);
button3.Click += Button3_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button3);

/* button4 */

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 C#.NET 8.0

button4 = new Button();

button4.AutoSize = true;
button4.Text = "Last";
button4.Location = new Point(475, 280);
button4.Click += Button4_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button4);

/* button5 */
button5 = new Button();
button5.AutoSize = true;
button5.Text = "Create";
button5.Location = new Point(50, 340);
button5.Click += Button5_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button5);

/* button6 */
button6 = new Button();
button6.AutoSize = true;
button6.Text = "Insert";
button6.Location = new Point(170, 340);
button6.Visible = false;
button6.Click += Button6_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button6);

/* button7 */
button7 = new Button();
button7.AutoSize = true;
button7.Text = "Update";
button7.Location = new Point(350, 340);
button7.Click += Button7_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button7);

/* button8 */
button8 = new Button();
button8.AutoSize = true;
button8.Text = "Delete";
button8.Location = new Point(475, 340);

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 C#.NET 8.0

button8.Click += Button8_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button8);
}

private void loaddata()

{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;

/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
loaddata();

//display record
textbox1.Text = "0";
int n = Convert.ToInt32(textbox1.Text);

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 C#.NET 8.0

drow = dt.Rows[n];
textbox2.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpID"]);
textbox3.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpName"]);
textbox4.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["Salary"]);
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//first
int n = 0;
textbox1.Text = Convert.ToString(n);
drow = dt.Rows[n];
textbox2.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpID"]);
textbox3.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpName"]);
textbox4.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["Salary"]);
}

private void Button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//previous
int n = Convert.ToInt32(textbox1.Text);
n--;
if (n == -1)
{
n = 0;
MessageBox.Show("Already at first record");
}
textbox1.Text = Convert.ToString(n);
drow = dt.Rows[n];
textbox2.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpID"]);
textbox3.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpName"]);
textbox4.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["Salary"]);
}

private void Button3_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//next

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 C#.NET 8.0

int n = Convert.ToInt32(textbox1.Text);
n++;
if (n == dt.Rows.Count)
{
n = dt.Rows.Count - 1;
MessageBox.Show("Already at last record");
}
textbox1.Text = Convert.ToString(n);
drow = dt.Rows[n];
textbox2.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpID"]);
textbox3.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpName"]);
textbox4.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["Salary"]);
}

private void Button4_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//last
int n = dt.Rows.Count - 1;
textbox1.Text = Convert.ToString(n);
drow = dt.Rows[n];
textbox2.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpID"]);
textbox3.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpName"]);
textbox4.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["Salary"]);
}

private void Button5_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
textbox1.Text = "";
textbox2.Text = "";
textbox3.Text = "";
textbox4.Text = "";
button5.Visible = false;
button6.Visible = true;
textbox2.ReadOnly = false;
textbox2.Focus();
}

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private void Button6_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1, p2, p3;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
p2 = new SqlParameter();
p3 = new SqlParameter();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "insert into Employees values(@empid,
@empname, @salary)";
cmd.Connection = cn;
p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p2.ParameterName = "@empname";
p3.ParameterName = "@salary";
p1.Value = textbox2.Text;
p2.Value = textbox3.Text;
p3.Value = textbox4.Text;

//calling methods
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p2);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p3);
cn.Open();
int m = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

textbox2.ReadOnly = true;
string msg = m + " rows inserted";

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 C#.NET 8.0

MessageBox.Show(msg);

loaddata();

//show inserted record

for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];
if (Convert.ToString(drow["empid"]) == textbox2.Text)
{
textbox1.Text = Convert.ToString(i);
textbox2.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpID"]);
textbox3.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpName"]);
textbox4.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["Salary"]);
}
}

button5.Visible = true;
button6.Visible = false;
}

private void Button7_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1, p2, p3;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
p2 = new SqlParameter();
p3 = new SqlParameter();

//calling properties

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 C#.NET 8.0

cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated

security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "update Employees set empname=@empname,
salary=@salary where empid=@empid";
cmd.Connection = cn;
p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p2.ParameterName = "@empname";
p3.ParameterName = "@salary";
p1.Value = textbox2.Text;
p2.Value = textbox3.Text;
p3.Value = textbox4.Text;

//calling methods
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p2);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p3);
cn.Open();
int m = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

string msg = m + " rows updated";

MessageBox.Show(msg);

loaddata();

//show updated record

for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];
if (Convert.ToString(drow["empid"]) == textbox2.Text)
{
textbox1.Text = Convert.ToString(i);
textbox2.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpID"]);
textbox3.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpName"]);
textbox4.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["Salary"]);
}
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

button5.Visible = true;
button6.Visible = false;
}

private void Button8_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "delete from Employees where empid=@empid";
cmd.Connection = cn;
p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p1.Value = textbox2.Text;

//calling methods
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
cn.Open();
int m = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

string msg = m + " rows deleted";

MessageBox.Show(msg);

loaddata();

//previous

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 C#.NET 8.0

int n = Convert.ToInt32(textbox1.Text);
n--;
if (n == -1)
{
n = 0;
MessageBox.Show("Already at first record");
}
textbox1.Text = Convert.ToString(n);
drow = dt.Rows[n];
textbox2.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpID"]);
textbox3.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["EmpName"]);
textbox4.Text = Convert.ToString(drow["Salary"]);
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0
Output

Try to use all the buttons.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET – Registration Form - Example

Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “useraccountsdatabase” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database useraccountsdatabase

go
use useraccountsdatabase
go

create table Users(

userid int primary key identity(1,1),
username nvarchar(max),
password nvarchar(max),

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1432 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

email nvarchar(max))
go

insert into Users values('scott', 'scott123', '[email protected]')

insert into Users values('john', 'john123', '[email protected]')
insert into Users values('jones', 'jones123', '[email protected]')
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “RegistrationFormExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “RegistrationFormExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace RegistrationFormExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{

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 C#.NET 8.0

Label label1, label2, label3, label4;

TextBox textbox1, textbox2, textbox3, textbox4;
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(650, 400);
this.Text = "Registration Form";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Username: ";
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = "Password: ";
label2.Location = new Point(50, 100);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = "Confirm Password:";
label3.Location = new Point(50, 150);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* label4 */
label4 = new Label();

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 C#.NET 8.0

label4.AutoSize = true;
label4.Text = "Email:";
label4.Location = new Point(50, 200);
this.Controls.Add(label4);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox1.Location = new Point(300, 50);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* textbox2 */
textbox2 = new TextBox();
textbox2.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox2.Location = new Point(300, 100);
textbox2.PasswordChar = '*';
this.Controls.Add(textbox2);

/* textbox3 */
textbox3 = new TextBox();
textbox3.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox3.Location = new Point(300, 150);
textbox3.PasswordChar = '*';
this.Controls.Add(textbox3);

/* textbox4 */
textbox4 = new TextBox();
textbox4.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox4.Location = new Point(300, 200);
this.Controls.Add(textbox4);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Register";
button1.Location = new Point(300, 250);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;

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 C#.NET 8.0

this.AcceptButton = button1;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
if (textbox1.Text == "" || textbox2.Text == "" || textbox3.Text == "" ||
textbox4.Text == "")
{
MessageBox.Show("Field can't be blank.");
}
else if (textbox2.Text != textbox3.Text)
{
MessageBox.Show("Password and confirm password do not
match.");
}
else
{
try
{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1, p2, p3;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
p2 = new SqlParameter();
p3 = new SqlParameter();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=useraccountsdatabase";
cmd.CommandText = "insert into Users values(@username,
@password, @email)";

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 C#.NET 8.0

cmd.Connection = cn;
p1.ParameterName = "@username";
p2.ParameterName = "@password";
p3.ParameterName = "@email";
p1.Value = textbox1.Text;
p2.Value = textbox2.Text;
p3.Value = textbox4.Text;

//calling methods
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p2);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p3);
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();
string msg;
if (n == 1)
msg = "Successfully Registered";
else
msg = "Registration failed";
MessageBox.Show(msg);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
MessageBox.Show(ex.Message);
}
}
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Enter some user details and click on “Register”. The data will be saved in the database.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET – Login Form - Example

Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “useraccountsdatabase” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database useraccountsdatabase

go

use useraccountsdatabase
go

create table Users(

userid int primary key identity(1,1),
username nvarchar(max),
password nvarchar(max),
email nvarchar(max))
go

insert into Users values('scott', 'scott123', '[email protected]')

insert into Users values('john', 'john123', '[email protected]')
insert into Users values('jones', 'jones123', '[email protected]')
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the project name as “LoginExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “LoginExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Open Solution Explorer. Right click on the project (LoginExample) and click on “Add” –

“New Item” – “Windows Forms” – “Windows Form”. Type the file name as “Form2.cs”. Click

on “Add”.

• Open Solution Explorer. Right click on the project (LoginExample) and click on “Add” –

“New Item” – “Code” – “Class”. Type the file name as “Common.cs”. Click on “Add”.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace LoginExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label label1, label2;
TextBox textbox1, textbox2;
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);

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 C#.NET 8.0

this.Size = new Size(680, 300);

this.Text = "Login Form";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Username: ";
label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = "Password: ";
label2.Location = new Point(50, 100);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox1.Location = new Point(300, 50);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* textbox2 */
textbox2 = new TextBox();
textbox2.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox2.Location = new Point(300, 100);
textbox2.PasswordChar = '*';
this.Controls.Add(textbox2);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Login";
button1.Location = new Point(300, 150);
button1.Click += Button1_Click;

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 C#.NET 8.0

this.AcceptButton = button1;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
try
{
//get values from textboxes
string uname = textbox1.Text;
string pwd = textbox2.Text;

//create reference variables

SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1, p2;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
p2 = new SqlParameter();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

//call properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=useraccountsdatabase";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from users where
username=@username and password=@password";
cmd.Connection = cn;
p1.ParameterName = "@username";
p1.Value = uname;

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 C#.NET 8.0

p2.ParameterName = "@password";
p2.Value = pwd;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

//call methods
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p2);
adp.Fill(ds);

//read data
dt = ds.Tables[0];

if (dt.Rows.Count == 1)
{
object obj1;
drow = dt.Rows[0];
obj1 = drow["email"];
string email = Convert.ToString(obj1);

Common.CurrentEmail = email;

Form2 f = new Form2();

f.Show();
this.Hide();
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show("Invalid username or password, please try
again!");
}
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
MessageBox.Show(ex.Message);
}
}
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

Form2.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace LoginExample
{
public partial class Form2 : Form
{
public Form2()
{
InitializeComponent();
}

private void Form2_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
string msg = "Welcome to " + Common.CurrentEmail;
//label1.Text = msg;
}

private void Form2_FormClosing(object sender,

FormClosingEventArgs e)
{
Environment.Exit(0);
}
}
}

Common.cs

using System;

namespace LoginExample
{
static class Common
{
public static string CurrentEmail { get; set; }

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1444 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Enter “scott” and “scott123” as username and password and click on “Login”.

ADO.NET – Transactions - Example

Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “transactionsdatabase” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database transactionsdatabase

go

use transactionsdatabase
go

CREATE TABLE AccountsTable(

AccountNo int primary key,
AccountHolderName nvarchar(40),

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 C#.NET 8.0

Balance decimal)
GO

INSERT INTO AccountsTable VALUES (101, 'scott', 10000)

INSERT INTO AccountsTable VALUES (102, 'allen', 5000)
GO

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “TransactionsExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “TransactionsExample”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace TransactionsExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1;

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1446 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(500, 300);
this.Text = "ADO.NET Transactions";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "Start Transaction";
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Location = new Point(130, 100);
button1.Click += button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlTransaction transaction;
SqlCommand cmd1, cmd2;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd1 = new SqlCommand();
cmd2 = new SqlCommand();

//call properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=transactionsdatabase";
cmd1.CommandText = "update AccountsTable set Balance=Balance-
1000 where AccountNo=101";

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 C#.NET 8.0

cmd2.CommandText = "update AccountsTable set

Balance=Balance+1000 were AccountNo=102";
cmd1.Connection = cn;
cmd2.Connection = cn;

//call methods
cn.Open();
transaction = cn.BeginTransaction();
cmd1.Transaction = transaction;
cmd2.Transaction = transaction;

try
{
cmd1.ExecuteNonQuery();
MessageBox.Show("First operation done.");

cmd2.ExecuteNonQuery();
MessageBox.Show("Second operation done.");
transaction.Commit(); //save data

MessageBox.Show("Transaction Complete");
}
catch (Exception)
{
transaction.Rollback(); //first operation will be rollback
MessageBox.Show("Rollback done!");
}

cn.Close();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Click on “Start Transaction”.

Click on OK.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET – Oracle - Example

Installing Oracle Database 11g Expression Edition

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have installed “Oracle 11g Express” already.

• You can download Oracle 11g Express Edition at:

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/database-technologies/express-
edition/downloads/index.html

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Open “Oracle 11g Express” folder.

• Double click on “setup.exe”.

• Click on “Yes”.

• Please wait while it loads…

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Click on “Next”.

• Click on “I accept the terms in the license agreement”.

• Click on “Next”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Click on “Next”.

• Enter the password as “123”.

• Enter the confirm password “123”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Click on “Next”.

• Click on “Install”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Installation may take around 10 minutes.

o Click on OK if it shows one or two errors while installing.

• Click on “Finish”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Restart the PC.

Creating table in Oracle

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “employees” table in Oracle already.

• Go to “Start” – “Oracle 11g Express Edition” – “Run SQL Command Line”.

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1455 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the following script and press Enter.

connect system/123;

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName varchar2(40),
Salary decimal);

insert into Employees values(1, 'scott', 1040);

insert into Employees values(2, 'james', 9821);
insert into Employees values(3, 'jones', 7721);

commit;

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 C#.NET 8.0

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1457 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “OracleExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “OracleExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.OleDb;
using System.Data;

namespace OracleExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(550, 300);
this.Text = "Oracle";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.AutoScroll = true;
this.Load += Form1_Load;
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1458 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

/* create reference variables */

OleDbConnection cn;
OleDbCommand cmd;
OleDbDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

/* create objects */
cn = new OleDbConnection();
cmd = new OleDbCommand();
adp = new OleDbDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "user id=system; password=123;
provider=msdaora.1";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];
int n = 50;
for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];

object obj1, obj2, obj3;

obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];
obj3 = drow["Salary"];

int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1459 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);

Label label1, label2, label3;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = Convert.ToString(eid);
label1.Location = new Point(50, n);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = ename;
label2.Location = new Point(150, n);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = Convert.ToString(sal);
label3.Location = new Point(350, n);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* go to next row */
n += 50;
}
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET – MS Access - Example

Installing Access Database Engine

• Install MS Office 2007 or 2010 or 2013 or 2016. You can download MS Office 2016 at:
https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Download-and-install-or-reinstall-Office-365-
Office-2016-or-Office-2013-on-your-PC-or-Mac-4414eaaf-0478-48be-9c42-
23adc4716658?ui=en-US&rs=en-US&ad=US

• Additionally, we have to install “Access Database Engine”.

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have installed “Access Database Engine” already.

• You can download “MS Access Database Engine” at: https://www.microsoft.com/en-

in/download/details.aspx?id=13255

• To install “Access Database Engine”, go to “Access Database Engine” folder.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Double click on “AccessDatabaseEngine”.

• Click on “Yes”.

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• Check the checkbox “I accept the terms in the License Agreement”.

• Click on “Next”.

• Click on “Install”.

• Installation may take around 1 or 2 minutes.

• Click on OK.

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 C#.NET 8.0

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Creating table in MS Access

• Go to “Start” – “Access 2016”.

• Click on “Blank desktop database”.

• Type the file name as “Database1.accdb”.

• Click on the folder icon and select “C:\CSharp” folder.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Click on OK.

• Click on “Create”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Right click on “Table1” and click on “Design View”.

• Type the table name as “Employees”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Click on OK.

• Type the table structure as follows:

• Right click “Employees” and click on “Open”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Click on “Yes”.

• Type the data as follows:

• Save the file.

• Close “Microsoft Access 2016”.

• Make sure “Database1.accdb” file exist in “C:\CSharp” folder.

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Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “MSAccessExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MSAccessExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

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 C#.NET 8.0

using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.OleDb;
using System.Data;

namespace MSAccessExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(550, 300);
this.Text = "MS Access";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.AutoScroll = true;
this.Load += Form1_Load;
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* create reference variables */
OleDbConnection cn;
OleDbCommand cmd;
OleDbDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

/* create objects */
cn = new OleDbConnection();
cmd = new OleDbCommand();
adp = new OleDbDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = @"provider=Microsoft.Ace.Oledb.12.0; data
source=C:\CSharp\Database1.accdb";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];
int n = 50;
for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];

object obj1, obj2, obj3;

obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];
obj3 = drow["Salary"];

int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;

eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);

Label label1, label2, label3;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = Convert.ToString(eid);
label1.Location = new Point(50, n);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = ename;
label2.Location = new Point(150, n);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = Convert.ToString(sal);
label3.Location = new Point(350, n);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* go to next row */
n += 50;
}
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET – MS Excel - Example

Installing Access Database Engine

• Install MS Office 2007 or 2010 or 2013 or 2016. You can download MS Office 2016 at:
https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Download-and-install-or-reinstall-Office-365-
Office-2016-or-Office-2013-on-your-PC-or-Mac-4414eaaf-0478-48be-9c42-
23adc4716658?ui=en-US&rs=en-US&ad=US

• Additionally, we have to install “Access Database Engine”.

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have installed “Access Database Engine” already.

• You can download “MS Access Database Engine” at: https://www.microsoft.com/en-

in/download/details.aspx?id=13255

• To install “Access Database Engine”, go to “Access Database Engine” folder.

• Double click on “AccessDatabaseEngine”.

• Click on “Yes”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Check the checkbox “I accept the terms in the License Agreement”.

• Click on “Next”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Click on “Install”.

• Installation may take around 1 or 2 minutes.

• Click on OK.

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Creating work book in MS Excel

• Go to “Start” – “Excel 2016”.

• Click on “Blank Workbook”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the data as follows:

• Go to “File” – “Save” – “This PC” – “Browse”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select the folder as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the filename as “Book1.xlsx”.

• Click on “Save”.

• Close “Microsoft Excel 2016”.

• Make sure “Book1.xlsx” file exist in “C:\CSharp” folder.

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Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “MSExcelExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “MSExcelExample”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.OleDb;
using System.Data;

namespace MSExcelExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(550, 300);
this.Text = "MS Excel";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.AutoScroll = true;
this.Load += Form1_Load;

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 C#.NET 8.0

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* create reference variables */
OleDbConnection cn;
OleDbCommand cmd;
OleDbDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

/* create objects */
cn = new OleDbConnection();
cmd = new OleDbCommand();
adp = new OleDbDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = @"Provider=Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0; Data
Source=C:\CSharp\Book1.xlsx; Extended Properties='Excel
12.0;HDR=Yes;IMEX=1' ";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from [Sheet1$]";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];
int n = 50;
for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];

object obj1, obj2, obj3;

obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];

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obj3 = drow["Salary"];

int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;

eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);

Label label1, label2, label3;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = Convert.ToString(eid);
label1.Location = new Point(50, n);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = ename;
label2.Location = new Point(150, n);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = Convert.ToString(sal);
label3.Location = new Point(350, n);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* go to next row */
n += 50;
}
}

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}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

ADO.NET – SQL Server to Oracle - Example

Creating SQL Server Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database in SQL Server, already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

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 C#.NET 8.0

EmpID int primary key,

EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Installing Oracle Database 11g Expression Edition

• Install “Oracle 11g Express” as shown in the previous example.

• You can download Oracle 11g Express Edition at:

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/database-technologies/express-
edition/downloads/index.html

Creating table in Oracle

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “employees2” table in Oracle already.

• Go to “Start” – “Oracle 11g Express Edition” – “Run SQL Command Line”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the following script and press Enter.

connect system/123;

create table Employees2(

EmpID int,
EmpName varchar2(40),
Salary decimal);

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 C#.NET 8.0

commit;

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “SqlServerToOracleExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “SqlServerToOracleExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

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Form1.cs

//Copy data from "SqlServer" to "Oracle"

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data.OleDb;
using System.Data;

namespace SqlServerToOracleExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(550, 300);
this.Text = "SqlServer to Oracle";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "SqlServer to Oracle";
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Location = new Point(150, 100);
button1.Click += button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* create reference variables */

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 C#.NET 8.0

SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;
/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();
/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees2";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];
for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];
object obj1, obj2, obj3;
obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];
obj3 = drow["Salary"];

int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;
eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);
InsertIntoOracle(eid, ename, sal);
}

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MessageBox.Show("Done");
}
private void InsertIntoOracle(int eid, string ename, decimal sal)
{
//create reference variables
OleDbConnection cn;
OleDbCommand cmd;
//create objects
cn = new OleDbConnection();
cmd = new OleDbCommand();
//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "user id=system; password=123;
provider=msdaora.1";
cmd.CommandText = string.Format("insert into Employees2
values({0}, '{1}', {2})", eid, ename, sal);
cmd.Connection = cn;
//calling methods
cn.Open();
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0
Output

Click on “SqlServer to Oracle” button.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

Check the data in “Oracle”:

ADO.NET – SQL Server to MS Excel - Example

Creating SQL Server Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database in SQL Server, already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go

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 C#.NET 8.0

use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Installing Access Database Engine

• Install MS Office 2007 or 2010 or 2013 or 2016. You can download MS Office 2016 at:
https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Download-and-install-or-reinstall-Office-365-
Office-2016-or-Office-2013-on-your-PC-or-Mac-4414eaaf-0478-48be-9c42-
23adc4716658?ui=en-US&rs=en-US&ad=US

• Additionally, we have to install “Access Database Engine”, based on the steps explained in
the previous examples.

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have installed “Access Database Engine” already.

• You can download “MS Access Database Engine” at: https://www.microsoft.com/en-

in/download/details.aspx?id=13255

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Creating work book in MS Excel

• Go to “Start” – “Excel 2016”.

• Click on “Blank Workbook”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the data as follows:

• Go to “File” – “Save” – “This PC” – “Browse”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select the folder as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the filename as “Book2.xlsx”.

• Click on “Save”.

• Close “Microsoft Excel 2016”.

• Make sure “Book2.xlsx” file exist in “C:\CSharp” folder.

Creating Project

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “SqlServerToExcelExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “SqlServerToExcelExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

//Copy data from "SqlServer" to "Excel"

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data.OleDb;
using System.Data;

namespace SqlServerToExcelExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(550, 300);

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 C#.NET 8.0

this.Text = "SqlServer to Excel";

this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "SqlServer to Excel";
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Location = new Point(150, 100);
button1.Click += button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* create reference variables */
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;
/* create objects */
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();
/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees2";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;
/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];
for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{

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 C#.NET 8.0

drow = dt.Rows[i];
object obj1, obj2, obj3;
obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];
obj3 = drow["Salary"];
int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;
eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);

InsertIntoExcel(eid, ename, sal);

}
MessageBox.Show("Done");
}
private void InsertIntoExcel(int eid, string ename, decimal sal)
{
//create reference variables
OleDbConnection cn;
OleDbCommand cmd;

//create objects
cn = new OleDbConnection();
cmd = new OleDbCommand();

//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = @"Provider=Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0; Data
Source=C:\CSharp\Book1.xlsx; Extended Properties='Excel
12.0;HDR=Yes;IMEX=3' ";
cmd.CommandText = string.Format("insert into [Sheet1$] values('{0}',
'{1}', '{2}')", eid, ename, sal);
cmd.Connection = cn;
//calling methods
cn.Open();
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

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 C#.NET 8.0

}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Click on “SqlServer to Excel” button.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1499 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

• Check the data in “C:\CSharp\Book2.xlsx” file.

ADO.NET – Oracle to SQL Server - Example

Creating SQL Server Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database with “Employees2” table in
SQL Server, already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1500 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

go

use company
go

create table Employees2(

EmpID int,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Installing Oracle Database 11g Expression Edition

• Install “Oracle 11g Express” as shown in the previous example.

• You can download Oracle 11g Express Edition at:

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/database-technologies/express-
edition/downloads/index.html

Creating table in Oracle

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “employees2” table in Oracle already.

• Go to “Start” – “Oracle 11g Express Edition” – “Run SQL Command Line”.

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1501 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the following script and press Enter.

connect system/123;

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1502 | 1583

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create table Employees2(

EmpID int,
EmpName varchar2(40),
Salary decimal);

insert into Employees2 values(1, 'scott', 1040);

insert into Employees2 values(2, 'james', 9821);
insert into Employees2 values(3, 'jones', 7721);

commit;

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “OracleToSqlServerExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “OracleToSqlServerExample”. Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

//Copy data from "Oracle" to "SqlServer"

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data.OleDb;
using System.Data;

namespace OracleToSqlServerExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(550, 300);
this.Text = "Oracle to SqlServer";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "Oracle to SqlServer";

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 C#.NET 8.0

button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Location = new Point(150, 100);
button1.Click += button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/* create reference variables */
OleDbConnection cn;
OleDbCommand cmd;
OleDbDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

/* create objects */
cn = new OleDbConnection();
cmd = new OleDbCommand();
adp = new OleDbDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();

/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = "user id=system; password=123;
provider=msdaora.1";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees2";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;
/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];
for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];
object obj1, obj2, obj3;
obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];

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obj3 = drow["Salary"];

int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;
eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);
InsertIntoSqlServer(eid, ename, sal);
}
MessageBox.Show("Done");
}
private void InsertIntoSqlServer(int eid, string ename, decimal sal)
{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
//calling properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = string.Format("insert into Employees2
values({0}, '{1}', {2})", eid, ename, sal);
cmd.Connection = cn;
//calling methods
cn.Open();
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

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 C#.NET 8.0
Output

Click on “Oracle to SqlServer” button.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

Check the data in “SQL Server”:

ADO.NET – Excel to SQL Server - Example

Creating SQL Server Database

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database with “Employees2” table in
SQL Server, already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go

use company
go

create table Employees2(

EmpID int,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Installing Access Database Engine

• Install MS Office 2007 or 2010 or 2013 or 2016. You can download MS Office 2016 at:
https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Download-and-install-or-reinstall-Office-365-
Office-2016-or-Office-2013-on-your-PC-or-Mac-4414eaaf-0478-48be-9c42-
23adc4716658?ui=en-US&rs=en-US&ad=US

• Additionally, we have to install “Access Database Engine”, based on the steps explained in
the previous examples.

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have installed “Access Database Engine” already.

• You can download “MS Access Database Engine” at: https://www.microsoft.com/en-

in/download/details.aspx?id=13255

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Creating Workbook in “Excel”:

• Go to “Start” – “Excel 2016”.

• Click on “Blank Workbook”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the data as follows:

• Go to “File” – “Save” – “This PC” – “Browse”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select the folder as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the filename as “Book1.xlsx”.

• Click on “Save”. Close “Microsoft Excel 2016”.

• Make sure “Book1.xlsx” file exist in “C:\CSharp” folder.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “ExcelToSqlServerExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “ExcelToSqlServerExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

//Copy data from "Excel" to "SqlServer"

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data.OleDb;
using System.Data;

namespace ExcelToSqlServerExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1;
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(550, 300);
this.Text = "Excel to SqlServer";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();

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 C#.NET 8.0

button1.Text = "Excel to SqlServer";

button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Location = new Point(150, 100);
button1.Click += button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}
private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
/* create reference variables */
OleDbConnection cn;
OleDbCommand cmd;
OleDbDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;
/* create objects */
cn = new OleDbConnection();
cmd = new OleDbCommand();
adp = new OleDbDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();
/* call properties */
cn.ConnectionString = @"Provider=Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0; Data
Source=C:\CSharp\Book1.xlsx; Extended Properties='Excel
12.0;HDR=Yes;IMEX=1' ";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from [Sheet1$]";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;
/* call methods */
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];
for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
drow = dt.Rows[i];
object obj1, obj2, obj3;
obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];
obj3 = drow["Salary"];

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 C#.NET 8.0

int eid;
string ename;
decimal sal;
eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);
ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
sal = Convert.ToDecimal(obj3);
InsertIntoSqlServer(eid, ename, sal);
}
MessageBox.Show("Done");
}

private void InsertIntoSqlServer(int eid, string ename, decimal sal)

{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = string.Format("insert into Employees2
values({0}, '{1}', {2})", eid, ename, sal);
cmd.Connection = cn;
cn.Open();
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Click on “Excel to SqlServer” button.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

Check the data in “SQL Server”:

ADO.NET – SQL Server to File - Example

Creating SQL Server Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database with “Employees2” table in
SQL Server, already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees2(

EmpID int,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “SqlServerToFileExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “SqlServerToFileExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

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 C#.NET 8.0

//Copy data from "SqlServer" to "File"

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;

namespace SqlServerToFileExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(550, 300);
this.Text = "SqlServer to File";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "SqlServer to File";
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Location = new Point(150, 100);
button1.Click += button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//create directory if not exists

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 C#.NET 8.0

if (Directory.Exists(@"C:\CSharp") == false)
{
Directory.CreateDirectory(@"C:\CSharp");
}

//create reference variables

SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;
FileInfo finfo;
FileStream fs;
StreamWriter sw;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
ds = new DataSet();
finfo = new FileInfo(@"C:\CSharp\Employees.txt");

//delete the file if already exists

if (finfo.Exists == true)
finfo.Delete();

//create objects
fs = new FileStream(@"C:\CSharp\Employees.txt", FileMode.Create,
FileAccess.Write);
sw = new StreamWriter(fs);

//call properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees2";
cmd.Connection = cn;

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adp.SelectCommand = cmd;

//call methods
adp.Fill(ds);

//read data
dt = ds.Tables[0];

//read data from database record-by-record

for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)
{
//get values
object obj1, obj2, obj3;
drow = dt.Rows[i];
obj1 = drow["EmpID"];
obj2 = drow["EmpName"];
obj3 = drow["Salary"];

int eid = Convert.ToInt32(obj1);

string ename = Convert.ToString(obj2);
double sal = Convert.ToDouble(obj3);
string msg = eid + "," + ename + "," + sal;
//write data to the file
sw.WriteLine(msg);
}

//close the file

sw.Close();

MessageBox.Show("Data has been written to the following file

successfully.\nC:\\CSharp\\Employees.txt");

//open the file in notepad

Process.Start(@"C:\Windows\System32\notepad.exe",
@"C:\CSharp\Employees.txt");
}
}

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Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Click on “SqlServer to File”.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET – File to SQL Server - Example

Creating SQL Server Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database with “Employees2” table in
SQL Server, already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees2(

EmpID int,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “FileToSqlServerExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the solution name as “FileToSqlServerExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

//Copy data from "File" to "SqlServer"

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.IO;

namespace FileToSqlServerExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(550, 300);
this.Text = "File to SqlServer";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "File to SqlServer";
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Location = new Point(150, 100);
button1.Click += button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
FileInfo finfo;
FileStream fs;
StreamReader sr;
SqlParameter p1, p2, p3;
//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
p2 = new SqlParameter();
p3 = new SqlParameter();
finfo = new FileInfo(@"C:\CSharp\Employees.txt");
//check whether the file already exists or not
if (finfo.Exists == false)
{
MessageBox.Show("File not exists.");
return;
}
//create objects
fs = new FileStream(@"C:\CSharp\Employees.txt", FileMode.Open,
FileAccess.Read);
sr = new StreamReader(fs);
//call properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "insert into Employees2 values(@empid,
@empname, @salary)";
cmd.Connection = cn;
//call methods
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p2);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p3);

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//read all lines from the file

while (true)
{
//get a line from the file
string line = sr.ReadLine();
string[] values;
values = line.Split(',');
int eid = Convert.ToInt32(values[0]);
string ename = Convert.ToString(values[1]);
double sal = Convert.ToDouble(values[2]);
//set data into parameters
p1.ParameterName = "@empid";
p1.Value = eid;
p2.ParameterName = "@empname";
p2.Value = ename;
p3.ParameterName = "@salary";
p3.Value = sal;
//insert into database
cn.Open();
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();
if (sr.EndOfStream == true)
break;
}
//close the file
sr.Close();
MessageBox.Show("Data stored into database");
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Click on “File to SqlServer”.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

Check the data in “SQL Server”:

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 C#.NET 8.0

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1527 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET – SqlCommandBuilder – DataSet – Insertion

- Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the project name as “DataSetInsertionExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DataSetInsertionExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace DataSetInsertionExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label label1, label2, label3;
TextBox textbox1, textbox2, textbox3;
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(650, 400);
this.Text = "DataSet - Insertion";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Emp ID: ";

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 C#.NET 8.0

label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);

this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = "Emp Name: ";
label2.Location = new Point(50, 100);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = "Salary:";
label3.Location = new Point(50, 150);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox1.Location = new Point(250, 50);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* textbox2 */
textbox2 = new TextBox();
textbox2.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox2.Location = new Point(250, 100);
this.Controls.Add(textbox2);

/* textbox3 */
textbox3 = new TextBox();
textbox3.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox3.Location = new Point(250, 150);
this.Controls.Add(textbox3);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();

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 C#.NET 8.0

button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Insert";
button1.Location = new Point(250, 200);
this.AcceptButton = button1;
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
SqlCommandBuilder cmb;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
cmb = new SqlCommandBuilder();
ds = new DataSet();

//call properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;
cmb.DataAdapter = adp;

//call methods
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];

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 C#.NET 8.0

//create a new data row

drow = dt.NewRow();
drow["empid"] = textbox1.Text;
drow["empname"] = textbox2.Text;
drow["salary"] = textbox3.Text;

//add row to the table

dt.Rows.Add(drow);

//save changes back to the database

adp.Update(ds);

MessageBox.Show("Inserted");
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Enter some emp id, emp name and salary and click on “Insert”.
Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET – SqlCommandBuilder – DataSet – Updation

- Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “DataSetUpdationExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DataSetUpdationExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace DataSetUpdationExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label label1, label2, label3;
TextBox textbox1, textbox2, textbox3;
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(650, 400);
this.Text = "DataSet - Updation";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;

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 C#.NET 8.0

label1.Text = "Existing Emp ID: ";

label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* label2 */
label2 = new Label();
label2.AutoSize = true;
label2.Text = "Emp Name: ";
label2.Location = new Point(50, 100);
this.Controls.Add(label2);

/* label3 */
label3 = new Label();
label3.AutoSize = true;
label3.Text = "Salary:";
label3.Location = new Point(50, 150);
this.Controls.Add(label3);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox1.Location = new Point(300, 50);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* textbox2 */
textbox2 = new TextBox();
textbox2.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox2.Location = new Point(300, 100);
this.Controls.Add(textbox2);

/* textbox3 */
textbox3 = new TextBox();
textbox3.Size = new Size(300, 50);
textbox3.Location = new Point(300, 150);
this.Controls.Add(textbox3);

/* button1 */

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 C#.NET 8.0

button1 = new Button();

button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Update";
button1.Location = new Point(300, 200);
this.AcceptButton = button1;
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
SqlCommandBuilder cmb;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
cmb = new SqlCommandBuilder();
ds = new DataSet();

//call properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;
cmb.DataAdapter = adp;

//call methods
adp.Fill(ds);

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 C#.NET 8.0

dt = ds.Tables[0];

//get datarow based on empid

int n = Convert.ToInt32(textbox1.Text);
string condition = "empid=" + n;
drow = dt.Select(condition)[0];

//update
drow["empname"] = textbox2.Text;
drow["salary"] = textbox3.Text;

//save changes back to the database

adp.Update(ds);

MessageBox.Show("Updated");
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Type some existing emp id, new emp name and new salary and click on “Update”.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

ADO.NET – SqlCommandBuilder – DataSet – Deletion

- Example
Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Type the project name as “DataSetDeletionExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “DataSetDeletionExample”.

• Click on OK.

• Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace DataSetDeletionExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label label1;
TextBox textbox1;
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(650, 300);
this.Text = "ADO.NET NonQuery - Deletion";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* label1 */
label1 = new Label();
label1.AutoSize = true;
label1.Text = "Existing Emp ID: ";

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 C#.NET 8.0

label1.Location = new Point(50, 50);

this.Controls.Add(label1);

/* textbox1 */
textbox1 = new TextBox();
textbox1.Size = new Size(200, 50);
textbox1.Location = new Point(300, 50);
this.Controls.Add(textbox1);

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Text = "Delete";
button1.Location = new Point(300, 120);
this.AcceptButton = button1;
button1.Click += Button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//create reference variables
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlDataAdapter adp;
SqlCommandBuilder cmb;
DataSet ds;
DataTable dt;
DataRow drow;

//create objects
cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
adp = new SqlDataAdapter();
cmb = new SqlCommandBuilder();
ds = new DataSet();

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 C#.NET 8.0

//call properties
cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated
security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Employees";
cmd.Connection = cn;
adp.SelectCommand = cmd;
cmb.DataAdapter = adp;

//call methods
adp.Fill(ds);
dt = ds.Tables[0];

//get datarow based on empid

int n = Convert.ToInt32(textbox1.Text);
string condition = "empid=" + n;
drow = dt.Select(condition)[0];
//delete the row
drow.Delete();
//save changes back to the database
adp.Update(ds);
MessageBox.Show("Deleted");
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Enter Existing EmpID and click on “Delete”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

N-Tier Architecture - Example

Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Solution

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “Other Project Types” – “Visual Studio Solutions”.

• Select “Blank Solution”.

• Type the name as “CompanySolution”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Click on OK.

Creating Data Access Layer

• Open Solution Explorer.

• Right click on the solution (CompanySolution) and click on “Add” – “New Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#” – “Class Library”.

• Type the name as “CompanyDataAccess”.

• Click on OK.

Creating Business Logic Layer

• Open Solution Explorer.

• Right click on the solution (CompanySolution) and click on “Add” – “New Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#” – “Class Library”.

• Type the name as “CompanyBusinessLogic”.

• Click on OK.

Creating Presentation Logic

• Open Solution Explorer.

• Right click on the solution (CompanySolution) and click on “Add” – “New Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#” – “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the name as “CompanyPresentationLogic”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Click on OK.

Adding references:

• Open Solution Explorer.

• Right click on “CompanyBusinessLogic” project and click on “Add” – “Reference” –

“Projects” – Check the checkbox “CompanyDataAccess” – OK.

• Right click on “CompanyPresentationLogic” project and click on “Add” – “Reference” –

“Projects” – Check the checkbox “CompanyBusinessLogic” – OK.

Setting the Startup Project

• Open Solution Explorer.

• Right click on “CompanyPresentationLogic” project and click on “Set as Startup Project”.

CompanyDataAccess\Class1.cs

//Data Access Logic

using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace CompanyDataAccess
{
public class EmployeesDataAccess
{
public int InsertEmployee(int EmpID, string EmpName, decimal Salary)
{
SqlConnection cn;
SqlCommand cmd;
SqlParameter p1, p2, p3;

cn = new SqlConnection();
cmd = new SqlCommand();
p1 = new SqlParameter();
p2 = new SqlParameter();
p3 = new SqlParameter();

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 C#.NET 8.0

cn.ConnectionString = "data source=localhost; integrated

security=yes; initial catalog=company";
cmd.CommandText = "insert into Employees values(@a, @b, @c)";
cmd.Connection = cn;
p1.ParameterName = "@a";
p2.ParameterName = "@b";
p3.ParameterName = "@c";
p1.Value = EmpID;
p2.Value = EmpName;
p3.Value = Salary;
cmd.Parameters.Add(p1);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p2);
cmd.Parameters.Add(p3);
cn.Open();
int n = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cn.Close();

return n;
}
}
}

CompanyBusinessLogic\Class1.cs

//Business Logic
using System;
using CompanyDataAccess;

namespace CompanyBusinessLogic
{
public class EmployeesBusinessLogic
{
private int _empid;
private string _empname;
private decimal _salary;

public int EmpID

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
set
{
if (value >= 0)
{
_empid = value;
}
}
get
{
return _empid;
}
}

public string EmpName

{
set
{
if (value.Length <= 40)
{
_empname = value;
}
}
get
{
return _empname;
}
}

public decimal Salary

{
set
{
if (value >= 1000 && value <= 5000)
{
_salary = value;
}

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 C#.NET 8.0

}
get
{
return _salary;
}
}

public string Insert()

{
EmployeesDataAccess da = new EmployeesDataAccess();
int result = da.InsertEmployee(this.EmpID, this.EmpName,
this.Salary);
if (result == 1)
{
return "Inserted";
}
else
{
return "Error in insertion";
}
}
}
}

CompanyPresentationLogic\Form1.cs

//Presentation Logic
using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using CompanyBusinessLogic;

namespace CompanyPresentation
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label lblHeading, lblEmployeeID, lblEmployeeName, lblSalary;
TextBox txtEmployeeID, txtEmployeeName, txtSalary;

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 C#.NET 8.0

Button btnInsert;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
/* form properties */
this.Text = "N-Tier Architecture";
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(600, 500);
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
/* lblHeading */
lblHeading = new Label();
lblHeading.Text = "New Employee";
lblHeading.Font = new Font("Comic Sans MS", 30);
lblHeading.AutoSize = true;
lblHeading.BackColor = Color.Gold;
lblHeading.Location = new Point(150, 50);
this.Controls.Add(lblHeading);
/* lblEmployeeID */
lblEmployeeID = new Label();
lblEmployeeID.Text = "Employee ID: ";
lblEmployeeID.AutoSize = true;
lblEmployeeID.Location = new Point(50, 150);
this.Controls.Add(lblEmployeeID);
/* lblEmployeeName */
lblEmployeeName = new Label();
lblEmployeeName.Text = "Employee Name: ";
lblEmployeeName.AutoSize = true;
lblEmployeeName.Location = new Point(50, 220);
this.Controls.Add(lblEmployeeName);
/* lblSalary */
lblSalary = new Label();
lblSalary.Text = "Salary: ";
lblSalary.AutoSize = true;
lblSalary.Location = new Point(50, 290);
this.Controls.Add(lblSalary);
/* txtEmployeeID */

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 C#.NET 8.0

txtEmployeeID = new TextBox();

txtEmployeeID.Size = new Size(200, 40);
txtEmployeeID.Location = new Point(300, 150);
this.Controls.Add(txtEmployeeID);
/* txtEmployeeName */
txtEmployeeName = new TextBox();
txtEmployeeName.Size = new Size(200, 40);
txtEmployeeName.Location = new Point(300, 220);
this.Controls.Add(txtEmployeeName);
/* txtSalary */
txtSalary = new TextBox();
txtSalary.Size = new Size(200, 40);
txtSalary.Location = new Point(300, 290);
this.Controls.Add(txtSalary);
/* btnInsert */
btnInsert = new Button();
btnInsert.AutoSize = true;
btnInsert.Location = new Point(300, 360);
btnInsert.Text = "Insert";
btnInsert.Click += BtnInsert_Click;
this.Controls.Add(btnInsert);
this.AcceptButton = btnInsert;
}

private void BtnInsert_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
EmployeesBusinessLogic b = new EmployeesBusinessLogic();
b.EmpID = Convert.ToInt32(txtEmployeeID.Text);
b.EmpName = txtEmployeeName.Text;
b.Salary = Convert.ToDecimal(txtSalary.Text);
string msg = b.Insert();
MessageBox.Show(msg);
}
}
}

Running the Project

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0
Output

Enter some new emp id, emp name and salary and click on “Insert”.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

LINQ to SQL - Example

Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),

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 C#.NET 8.0

Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

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 C#.NET 8.0
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “LinqToSqlExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “LinqToSqlExample”.

• Click on OK.

Creating “DBML” file:

• Open Solution Explorer.

• Right click on the project (LinqToSqlExample) and click on “Add” – “New Item” – “Data” –
“LINQ to SQL Classes”.

• Type the name as “DataClasses1.dbml” (Database Markup Language).

• Click on “Add”.

• Go to “View” menu – “Server Explorer”.

• Right click on “Data Connections” and click on “Add Connection”.

• Type the server name as “localhost”.

• Select the authentication as “Windows Authentication”.

• Select the database name as “company”.

• Click on OK.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Expand “company.dbo” – “Tables” – “Employees”.

• Drag and drop “Employees” table from Server Explorer into “Object Relational Designer” of
“DataClasses1.dbml” file.

• It generate two classes called “DataClasses1DataContext” and “Employee”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Go to “Build” menu – “Build Solution”.

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace LinqToSqlExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);

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 C#.NET 8.0

this.Size = new Size(500, 300);

this.Text = "LINQ to SQL";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "Get Data";
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Location = new Point(170, 100);
button1.Click += button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//create reference variables
DataClasses1DataContext db;

//create objects
db = new DataClasses1DataContext();

//LINQ query
List<Employee> emps = db.Employees.ToList();

//read data row-by-row

for (int i = 0; i < emps.Count; i++)
{
Employee emp = emps[i];
MessageBox.Show(emp.EmpID + ", " + emp.EmpName + ", " +
emp.Salary);
}
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Output

Click on “Get Data”.

Click on OK.

Click on OK.

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 C#.NET 8.0

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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 C#.NET 8.0

C#.NET – WinForms – Entity

Framework

Entity Framework - Example

Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “EntityFrameworkExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “EntityFrameworkExample”.

• Open Solution Explorer. Right click on the project (EntityFrameworkExample) and click on

“Add” – “New Item” – “Code” – “Class”. Type the filename as “Employee.cs”. Click on “Add”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

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 C#.NET 8.0
Installing “EntityFramework” NuGet Package

• Go to “Tools” menu – “NuGet Package Manager” - “Package Manager Console”.

• Type the command and press Enter.

Install-package EntityFramework

Adding “ConnectionString” in “App.Config”:

• Go to “App.Config” (If exists already).

• Scroll down to end of “App.Config” file and add “ConnectionStrings” as follows:

<connectionStrings>
<add name="CompanyDbContext" connectionString="data
source=localhost; integrated security=yes; initial
catalog=company" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />
</connectionStrings>

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1561 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

Employee.cs

using System;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.Data.Entity;

namespace EntityFrameworkExample
{
public class Employee
{
[Key]
public int EmpID { get; set; }
public string EmpName { get; set; }
public decimal Salary { get; set; }
}

public class CompanyDbContext : DbContext

{
public DbSet<Employee> Employees { get; set; }
}
}

Form1.cs

D. Harsha Vardhan (.NET Expert) P a g e 1562 | 1583

 C#.NET 8.0

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace EntityFrameworkExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Button button1;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(500, 300);
this.Text = "ADO.NET Entity Framework";
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

/* button1 */
button1 = new Button();
button1.Text = "Get Data";
button1.AutoSize = true;
button1.Location = new Point(170, 100);
button1.Click += button1_Click;
this.Controls.Add(button1);
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//create reference variables

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 C#.NET 8.0

CompanyDbContext db;

//create objects
db = new CompanyDbContext();

//LINQ query
//List<Employee> emps = db.Employees.ToList();
//List<Employee> emps = db.Employees.Where(temp => temp.Salary
>= 2000).ToList();
List<Employee> emps = db.Employees.OrderBy(temp =>
temp.Salary).ToList();

//read data row-by-row

for (int i = 0; i < emps.Count; i++)
{
Employee emp = emps[i];
MessageBox.Show(emp.EmpID + ", " + emp.EmpName + ", " +
emp.Salary);
}
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Click on “Get Data”. It shows all records one-by-one.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

Entity Framework – Insertion - Example

Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go
create table Employees(
EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go
insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)
insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “EfInsertionExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “EfInsertionExample”.

• Open Solution Explorer. Right click on the project (EfInsertionExample) and click on “Add”

– “New Item” – “Code” – “Class”. Type the filename as “Employee.cs”. Click on “Add”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Installing “EntityFramework” NuGet Package

• Go to “Tools” menu – “NuGet Package Manager” - “Package Manager Console”.

• Type the command and press Enter.

Install-package EntityFramework

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 C#.NET 8.0
Adding “ConnectionString” in “App.Config”:

• Go to “App.Config” (If exists already).

• Scroll down to end of “App.Config” file and add “ConnectionStrings” as follows:

<connectionStrings>
<add name="CompanyDbContext" connectionString="data
source=localhost; integrated security=yes; initial
catalog=company" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />
</connectionStrings>

Employee.cs

using System;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;
using System.Data.Entity;

namespace EfInsertionExample
{
public class Employee
{
[Key]
[DatabaseGenerated(DatabaseGeneratedOption.None)]

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 C#.NET 8.0

public int EmpID { get; set; }

public string EmpName { get; set; }
public decimal Salary { get; set; }
}

public class CompanyDbContext : DbContext

{
public DbSet<Employee> Employees { get; set; }
}
}

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace EfInsertionExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label lblEmpID, lblEmpName, lblSalary;
TextBox txtEmpID, txtEmpName, txtSalary;
Button btnOK;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 20);
this.Size = new Size(600, 400);
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.Text = "ADO.NET Entity Framework - Insertion";

/* lblEmpID */

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 C#.NET 8.0

lblEmpID = new Label();

lblEmpID.Text = "Emp ID: ";
lblEmpID.AutoSize = true;
lblEmpID.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(lblEmpID);

/* lblEmpName */
lblEmpName = new Label();
lblEmpName.Text = "Emp Name: ";
lblEmpName.AutoSize = true;
lblEmpName.Location = new Point(50, 120);
this.Controls.Add(lblEmpName);

/* lblSalary */
lblSalary = new Label();
lblSalary.Text = "Salary: ";
lblSalary.AutoSize = true;
lblSalary.Location = new Point(50, 190);
this.Controls.Add(lblSalary);

/* txtEmpID */
txtEmpID = new TextBox();
txtEmpID.Size = new Size(200, 50);
txtEmpID.Location = new Point(270, 50);
this.Controls.Add(txtEmpID);

/* txtEmpName */
txtEmpName = new TextBox();
txtEmpName.Size = new Size(200, 50);
txtEmpName.Location = new Point(270, 120);
this.Controls.Add(txtEmpName);

/* txtSalary */
txtSalary = new TextBox();
txtSalary.Size = new Size(200, 50);
txtSalary.Location = new Point(270, 190);
this.Controls.Add(txtSalary);

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 C#.NET 8.0

/* btnOK */
btnOK = new Button();
btnOK.Size = new Size(200, 50);
btnOK.Text = "Insert";
btnOK.Location = new Point(270, 270);
this.AcceptButton = btnOK;
btnOK.Click += BtnOK_Click;
this.Controls.Add(btnOK);
}

private void BtnOK_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
//insertion
CompanyDbContext db = new CompanyDbContext();
Employee emp = new Employee();
emp.EmpID = Convert.ToInt32(txtEmpID.Text);
emp.EmpName = txtEmpName.Text;
emp.Salary = Convert.ToDecimal(txtSalary.Text);
db.Employees.Add(emp);
db.SaveChanges();

MessageBox.Show("Inserted");
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

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 C#.NET 8.0

Enter some emp id, emp name and salary and click on “Insert”.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

Entity Framework – Updation - Example

Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

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 C#.NET 8.0

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)

insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.
Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019. Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”. Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “EfUpdationExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “EfUpdationExample”.

• Open Solution Explorer. Right click on the project (EfUpdationExample) and click on “Add”

– “New Item” – “Code” – “Class”. Type the filename as “Employee.cs”. Click on “Add”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Installing “EntityFramework” NuGet Package

• Go to “Tools” menu – “NuGet Package Manager” - “Package Manager Console”.

• Type the command and press Enter.

Install-package EntityFramework

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Adding “ConnectionString” in “App.Config”:

• Go to “App.Config” (If exists already).

• Scroll down to end of “App.Config” file and add “ConnectionStrings” as follows:

<connectionStrings>
<add name="CompanyDbContext" connectionString="data
source=localhost; integrated security=yes; initial
catalog=company" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />
</connectionStrings>

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 C#.NET 8.0

Employee.cs

using System;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;
using System.Data.Entity;

namespace EfUpdationExample
{
public class Employee
{
[Key]
[DatabaseGenerated(DatabaseGeneratedOption.None)]
public int EmpID { get; set; }
public string EmpName { get; set; }
public decimal Salary { get; set; }
}

public class CompanyDbContext : DbContext

{
public DbSet<Employee> Employees { get; set; }
}
}

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Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace EfUpdationExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label lblEmpID, lblEmpName, lblSalary;
TextBox txtEmpID, txtEmpName, txtSalary;
Button btnOK;

public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 17);
this.Size = new Size(600, 400);
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.Text = "ADO.NET Entity Framework - Updation";
/* lblEmpID */
lblEmpID = new Label();
lblEmpID.Text = "Existing Emp ID: ";
lblEmpID.AutoSize = true;
lblEmpID.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(lblEmpID);
/* lblEmpName */
lblEmpName = new Label();
lblEmpName.Text = "Emp Name: ";
lblEmpName.AutoSize = true;
lblEmpName.Location = new Point(50, 120);
this.Controls.Add(lblEmpName);

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/* lblSalary */
lblSalary = new Label();
lblSalary.Text = "Salary: ";
lblSalary.AutoSize = true;
lblSalary.Location = new Point(50, 190);
this.Controls.Add(lblSalary);
/* txtEmpID */
txtEmpID = new TextBox();
txtEmpID.Size = new Size(200, 50);
txtEmpID.Location = new Point(270, 50);
this.Controls.Add(txtEmpID);
/* txtEmpName */
txtEmpName = new TextBox();
txtEmpName.Size = new Size(200, 50);
txtEmpName.Location = new Point(270, 120);
this.Controls.Add(txtEmpName);
/* txtSalary */
txtSalary = new TextBox();
txtSalary.Size = new Size(200, 50);
txtSalary.Location = new Point(270, 190);
this.Controls.Add(txtSalary);
/* btnOK */
btnOK = new Button();
btnOK.Size = new Size(200, 50);
btnOK.Text = "Update";
btnOK.Location = new Point(270, 270);
this.AcceptButton = btnOK;
btnOK.Click += BtnOK_Click;
this.Controls.Add(btnOK);
}
private void BtnOK_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
//updation
CompanyDbContext db = new CompanyDbContext();
int n = Convert.ToInt32(txtEmpID.Text);
Employee emp = db.Employees.Where(temp => temp.EmpID ==
n).FirstOrDefault();

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 C#.NET 8.0

emp.EmpName = txtEmpName.Text;
emp.Salary = Convert.ToDecimal(txtSalary.Text);
db.SaveChanges();
MessageBox.Show("Updated");
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Enter some existing emp id, new emp name and new salary and click on “Update”.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

Entity Framework – Deletion - Example

Creating Database

• Note: Ignore this step, if you have created “company” database already.

• Open SQL Server Management Studio. Click on “Connect”.

• Click on “New Query”.

• Type the following code:

create database company

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 C#.NET 8.0

go
use company
go

create table Employees(

EmpID int primary key,
EmpName nvarchar(max),
Salary decimal)
go

insert into Employees values(1, 'Scott', 4000)

insert into Employees values(2, 'Allen', 5000)
insert into Employees values(3, 'Jones', 6000)
go

• Click on “Execute” button. It shows “Query executed successfully” in the status bar.

Creating Project

• Open Visual Studio 2019.

• Go to “File” – “New” – “Project”.

• Select “.NET Framework 4.8”.

• Select “Visual C#”.

• Select “Windows Forms Application”.

• Type the project name as “EfDeletionExample”.

• Type the location as “C:\CSharp”.

• Type the solution name as “EfDeletionExample”.

• Open Solution Explorer. Right click on the project (EfDeletionExample) and click on “Add”

– “New Item” – “Code” – “Class”. Type the filename as “Employee.cs”. Click on “Add”.

• Click on OK. Right click on Form1 and click on “View Code”.

Installing “EntityFramework” NuGet Package

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 C#.NET 8.0

• Go to “Tools” menu – “NuGet Package Manager” - “Package Manager Console”.

• Type the command and press Enter.

Install-package EntityFramework

Adding “ConnectionString” in “App.Config”:

• Go to “App.Config” (If exists already).

• Scroll down to end of “App.Config” file and add “ConnectionStrings” as follows:

<connectionStrings>
<add name="CompanyDbContext" connectionString="data
source=localhost; integrated security=yes; initial
catalog=company" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />
</connectionStrings>

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 C#.NET 8.0

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 C#.NET 8.0
Employee.cs

using System;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;
using System.Data.Entity;

namespace EfDeletionExample
{
public class Employee
{
[Key]
[DatabaseGenerated(DatabaseGeneratedOption.None)]
public int EmpID { get; set; }
public string EmpName { get; set; }
public decimal Salary { get; set; }
}
public class CompanyDbContext : DbContext
{
public DbSet<Employee> Employees { get; set; }
}
}

Form1.cs

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace EfDeletionExample
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
Label lblEmpID;
TextBox txtEmpID;
Button btnOK;
public Form1()

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 C#.NET 8.0

{
InitializeComponent();

/* form properties */
this.Font = new Font("Tahoma", 17);
this.Size = new Size(600, 250);
this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
this.Text = "ADO.NET Entity Framework - Deletion";
/* lblEmpID */
lblEmpID = new Label();
lblEmpID.Text = "Existing Emp ID: ";
lblEmpID.AutoSize = true;
lblEmpID.Location = new Point(50, 50);
this.Controls.Add(lblEmpID);
/* txtEmpID */
txtEmpID = new TextBox();
txtEmpID.Size = new Size(200, 50);
txtEmpID.Location = new Point(270, 50);
this.Controls.Add(txtEmpID);
/* btnOK */
btnOK = new Button();
btnOK.Size = new Size(200, 50);
btnOK.Text = "Delete";
btnOK.Location = new Point(270, 100);
this.AcceptButton = btnOK;
btnOK.Click += BtnOK_Click;
this.Controls.Add(btnOK);
}
private void BtnOK_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
//updation
CompanyDbContext db = new CompanyDbContext();
int n = Convert.ToInt32(txtEmpID.Text);
Employee emp = db.Employees.Where(temp => temp.EmpID ==
n).FirstOrDefault();
db.Employees.Remove(emp);
db.SaveChanges();

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 C#.NET 8.0

MessageBox.Show("Deleted");
}
}
}

Running the Project

• Go to “Debug” menu and click on “Start Debugging”.

Output

Enter some existing emp id and click on “Delete”.

Note: If any database connection problem, it shows exception (run time error).

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