Construction of Wheelbarrow
Construction of Wheelbarrow
Construction of Wheelbarrow
BY
KANU NDUBUISI .U
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SAMPLE
First and foremost, my gratitude goes to God Almighty, who has been so merciful and
generous in my life.
I am highly indebted to my parents who have vowed to leave no stone unturned in their
quest to give me formal education. May God bless them.
Last but not the least, when a tedious job has been done, one has to refer back and think who
and who contributed towards the success of the job. As a matter of fact, I must acknowledge
my debt of gratitude to my project supervisor, Mr./Mrs. ……………………………..without
whose diligent guidance and advice this study would not have seen the light of the day.
I also wish to place on record the invaluable help and commitment rendered by my friends
and well-wishers for the moral and financial support given to me throughout the course of
my study.
My sincere thanks go to all those who have assisted me in one way or the other during the
collection of materials and data necessary for the research work who in spite of their
crowded responsibilities still had time to provide me with a good number of relevant
materials for this work.
My prayer is that God will reward those that contributed immensely for me towards this
project directly or indirectly.
DEDICATION SAMPLE
This project is dedicated to Almighty God, the owner and giver of wisdom and
knowledge and to the Holy Spirit, the Great teacher, because man plans his
way but, God directs his steps. May his name be highly glorified. Amen.
LETTER OF TRANSMITAL
Department of Chemical Engineering,
I.M.T. Enugu.
P.M.B 1079
Enugu
Enugu State
July 2005
Dear Sir,
Yours faithfully,
gardeness, and others for transporting loads to heavy by hand it from one place
to another.
However, materials used for construction purpose are bought in standard sizes
wither in long bars or standard sheet sizes. Moreover, depending on the type to
be constructed, the materials are then reduced to smaller and more convenient
sizes. The shapes and forms are changed by filing, drilling, reaming, tapping,
broading etc. Also depending on the size of the workshop, some of these
quality materials were used to contruct the wheel barrow that processes the
required standard.
The medium was tested with some amount of local to know if its ability was
optimum, the machine handle moved freely and smoothly after the handle was
lifted.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Letter of transmittal
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPTER OF ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
WHEELBARROW
3.4 Welding
3.5 Painting
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Costing
4.2 Discussion
4.3 Recommendation
4.4 Conclusion
1.1 INTRODUCTION
two shafts, arrangal in a “V” shape with handles at the spread end and a wheel
and axle at the point. The wheelbarrow at the axle, the serve applied at the
handles and coal or resistance between the two in the body. It is used by
laborers, farmers, gardeners and others for transporting loads too heavy or
men and industrial workers expect that the latter has two wheels. Modern
wheel barrow are made of wood or of a light metal, such as aluminum, and
have a rubber fire on the wheel. A two-wheel vehicle for carrying garden
more especially the need for technological break-through and self reliance,
of this machine that can be used to carry different types of heavy load to any
distance.
The wheelbarrow like any technology in the common place, was a story to tell.
The west was very slow to invent the wheelbarrow. Do the earliest known
cathedral.
But the Chinese have had wheelbarrow for millennia. They celebrate a half-
mythical inventor named K0 Yu. It is not know when he lived but since then,
the advantages of both the wheel and the leveler. The load is centered behind a
single wheel that way, you have to lift only a small part of the load. The two
handles give an intimacy of control you don’t have with a four-wheeled cart. If
you ever had to use a wheel barrow, you know its easy with the load in the
right place. It can be back breaking when the load’s too far behind the wheel.
Chinese armies made the first use of the wheelbarrows. It give them such an
advantage in moving goods that it was kept secret. Early Chinese writings talk
about wheelbarrows in code. K0 Yu, one ancient text tells us built a “wooden
goat” and rode away into the mountains on it. They called a wheelbarrow with
handles in front a “wooden ox” one with handles at the back was a “glinding
horse”
Long ago, the Chinese invented wheelbarrows with sails that were no idle
widespread technology. And the sails were prefect miniatures of the ones used
in junk.
And we, with all our vaunted technology, have yet to build wheelbarrows with
It was not until the seventeenth century, when direct contact was made
between European and China, as a result of trade, each area had it own distinct
serve other needs than those for which they were designed.
1.3 IDENTIFICATION OFFERED
probably eliminate the suffering time, money, cost of man-power and most
especially the need for technological break through and self-reliance which has
been a major concern of the human being. Carrying of load on human head has
been a tiring problem in the society from this commercial especially towards
our loco-parenthesis.
It helps eradicate those problems; this project write up has been delivered into
carrying different types of this machine that can be used in carrying different
carrying loads or is a simple machine that helps us life, pull, increase direction
LITERATURE SURVEY
At a very early stage man released that the means of moving thing about which
loads, he carries the area he could carry them and the speed at which he could
travel. One is right to guess that the physical exertion involved was no more to
carried at far distance, and at high speed than he was capable of attaining and
there was an added advantage than most of the effort was provided by animal,
Heavy loads were dragged upon sledges until an early and unknown engineer
invented the standard barrow. This was made possible because construction
material was made of wood upon which heavier loads could be carried more
easily.
The draw back to the use of this type of standard wheelbarrow was that it could
not carry much heavy loads because of the strength of the materials in which it
was made of. The wheelbarrow can’t absorb shock, which may probably
damage some perishable/breakable good s loaded on it. Above all, it cannot
materials that can withstand shock, carry heavier loads, more in any type of
Other types of wheel activities that can carry load were also developed such as
The origin and development of the wheel holds an important place in the
independents invention. Thus, the wheelbarrow has more than a single source
any, although these probably mere folktale. The mape of the Chinese
spokes. It is set between the shafts at a considerable distance from the front
end of the barrow, while a boxing or wooden frame is built up from the shaft to
encase the upper half of the wheel. Platforms projected from the shaft on both
sides. The goods to be carried are loaded on these platforms and on the upper
surface of the boxing. If the burden are correctly placed not only would its
weight balance on both sides of the wheelbarrow but it would also before and
after the axle of the wheel. The weight of the load is barrow could use his
China, especially in the wet, rice growing area, field boundaries are often no
more than narrow embarkment, the tops of which must also serve as paths.
wheelbarrows and forward placing apart from pusting and balancing has to lift
a large part of the burden. It was totally unsuitable for shifting goods over long
distances.
This until the seventeenth century, when direct contact were made between
Europe and China, as a result of trade, each area had its own distinct form of
WHEELBARROW
the idea of toppling the wheelbarrow over or strenuously lifting the handless to
unload it and are typically equipped with a single wheel in front. While this is
a simple concept, it can lead to out of control loads and accidental spills.
the stability, loading capacity, and ease of use that typical wheelbarrows fall to
frame to hold the transportable contents, which can then be related about its
large amount of cargo safely and efficiently with some success, but with
The capabilities of this basic wheelbarrow can be largely surpassed when the
But problems may arise when the wheelbarrow is loaded heavily. The user
must lift the handle to rotate the load about an axis far from the load’s center of
mass. At times, this means the wheelbarrow cannot be unloaded with a single
a single wheel for support while transporting contents. The wheelbarrow can
easily tip over, especially when the wheelbarrow is heavily evaded to one side,
or being rolled across a slope. This can usually be attributed to a high centre of
DESIGN PARTITION
A junction tree was designed to break up all possible concepts into the required
subsystems. This was done to ensure that all aspects of the wheelbarrow are
taken into consideration and to ease the design process. The tree show the
wheelbarrow subsystems: a tub to contain the materials to be moved, afram and
removing the materials from the tub, and the wheels and axle to move the
materials.
WHEELBARROW
CONCEPTUAL IDEAS
The first two ideas are simple additions to the basic wheelbarrow design. The
“pump and dump” design is based on the basic wheelbarrow, but instead of
lifting the load by the handles, the operator steps on a lever that flips the load
The “Adjustable Handle” design is also based on the basic wheelbarrow, but
the handle used to move and lift the load can slide up and down for increased
leverage while unloading and allows the operator to life using leg muscles
allow the load to fall through to the ground, thereby using the stored potential
emery to unload the contents. The operator simply unlatches the barrel
The “Rolling Barrel” design has a drum that is rotated about its center of mass
The final concept is much like a box on wheels. “Old N0.5 has a door on the
front that opens, and a mechanism to push/pull the contents through the door.
ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
There are two main objectives in these engineering analyses. First, the device
must not fail unclear heavy loading therefore, the maximum stress and
deflection produced in the cross beam of the wheelbarrow from the load of the
drum was investigated. Second, the forces required to unload the wheelbarrow
The density of sand is 2,300kg/m 3. So the total weight of the sand is 1060
pounds. With two cross beams this weight is divided between the two making
Next, the maximum value of the moment in the crossbeam was found. The
force and moments acting on the crossbeam were defined as a downward force
at the center of the beam, and an upward force as well as moment acting on
M = 3PL
8 ------------------ (1)
Where P is the downward force acting on the center, and L is the length of
crossbeam.
The maximum stress occurring in the beam was found from the moment and is:
Ơ = 3PLh
beam.
The maximum deflection of the beam occurs at the center. It is related to the
Ơmax = 5PL
Young’s modules are represented by the variable E. For a solid beam the
I = bh3
12 ------------------ (4)
I = bh3-(b-2t) (h-2t)3
12 ------------------ (5)
For a 2”x2”x28” steel beam the maximum stress is 4ksi. This stress is well
below the yield strength of steel of 36ksi with a safety factor of 9. Also the
stress is 10ksi. The safety factor for the hollow beam is 3.6. The deflection at
Next, the analysis of the force required to turn the barrel is presented. This
analysis is performed for two different designs the first is a simple handle
The handle design consists of a barrel with a simple handle to related the
barrel. The distance from the axis of mation to the handle is the same as the
The force required to pivot the barrel is called Fn the gear design consists of
the barrel with one large gear mounted on the axis of rotation and a smaller
The force required to rotate the barrel is called fg. The ration of the larger gear
By summing the moments about the axis of rotation, the following relationship
between the over all torque, T, required to rotate the barrel and the force, Fn for
2 ------------------ (6)
For the Gear Design, the overall torque, T is a function of the gear ratio, handle
T = Ln Fg ------------------ (7)
By combining equations 6 and 7, a ration of the forces for the two designs
indicates the mechanical advantage of the Gear Design over the Handle
Design.
Fg = W
The distance from the center of mass to the axis of rotation is called d.
d = 2W
3n ------------------ (9)
Again, W is the width of the barrel so, by summing the moments about the axis
Ts = Gd ------------------ (10)
Where G is the gravitational force acting on the center of mass of the barrel
p, the volume of the barrel, v, and the acceleration due to gravity, g, equation
10 becomes:
Ts = pVgd
Substituting for the volume= with the length, L, and width of the barrel, W,
equation 5 becomes
Ts = W3Lpg
12
Next, the dynamic torque required to rotate the barrel was investigated.
Neglecting all friction, the dynamic torque to rotate the barrel, Td, is a function
of the angular acceleration, , and the mass moment of inertia of the load in
the barrel, J.
Td = J ------------------ (11)
J = PLW4
64 ------------------ (12)
2.3 WHEELBARROW AND OTHER CLASSES OF LEVER
The Lever
The simplest machine, and perhaps the one with which we are most familiar, is
balances on the other. You will find that all levers have three basic parts: the
First Class Levers: In the first class lever, the fulcrum is located between
the effort and resistance. As mentioned earlier, the seesaw is a good example
of a first class lever. The amount of weight and the distance from the fulcrum
can be varied to suit the need. An oar is another goal example. The ocerlock is
the fulcrum, and the water is the resistance. In this case, the force is applied
one one side of the fulcrum and the resistance to be overcame is applied to the
opposite side; this is a first class lever. Crowbars shears, and pliers are
Second Class Levers: The second-class lever has the fulcrum at one end,
the effect applied at the other end and the resistance somewhere between these
points. A wheelbarrow is a good example of a second-class lever. If you apply
(wheel), you can lift 200 ponds of weighed 1 foot from the fulcrum. If the load
were placed further away from the wheel, would it be easier or harder of lift?
Levers of the first and second class are commonly used to help in overcoming
Third class levers: Sometimes you will want to speed up the movement
of the resistance even though you have to use a large amount of effort levers
that help you accomplish there are in the third class of levers.
The uses and importance of a wheel barrows are numerous and can not be over
incarnation points; and for short distance, for moving the farm produce
c. It helps reduce the work of man i.e. it helps man to move things around
easily.
would have been best suited for some specific parts, so the material of
have the relative property usefulness and appropriate for the function of that
component parts.
finish.
Spindle or shaft: Mild steel is used to construct the spindle as a result of its
Ball bearing: There are two in number and are made of sintered metal
FABRICATION/CONSTRUCTION OF WHEELBARROW
This talks about the factors that must be considered before the material for the
physical and mechanical properties that are involved in material and process
materials may become unavailable for general industrial use, and the necessity
alternative designs are required to avoid the use of strategic materials as well as
some steels have the descriable property of high ultimate strength coupled with
depend mostly on the deflection of the shaft rigidity depends upon the
modules of elasticity.
“Resistance to fatigue” should be the basis for the design if members that are
stress.
“Resilience” should be considered when the material is subjected to shock
loading. A material with a suitable yield point should be selected and the
and flywheels; but it is undesirable in other cases, such as aircraft parts, where
contact are not satisfactory for friction surfaces, although there are exceptions.
are affected by the materials in contact and the surface finish. Certain
satisfactory results.
3.2 MARKING OUT/CENTRE PUNCHING
This involves the drawing of lines on the metal surface with use of scribers,
metal rule dividers etc indicate the profile or outline of the finished compound
and making the necessary holes in the material. The tool used for centre
4. To mark the lines, which will help the machinist set up the work
correctly on the machine and to serve as a guide that the correct size
and nothing shearing into long strips are usually done with the ciullctine or
manual shearen, while blanking, piercing and not clung are usually done with
punches and die that are mounted in a standard type the set. There should be a
to rolling.
Flat rolling refers to the process of reducing the thickness of a slab to yield a
thinner and longer but only slightly wider product. It is the most important
very high speeds, and thus provides starting material for various secondary
Shape rolling has a long history, beginning with the rolling of channels of lead
for stained glass windows. The largest industrial application is nao in the hot
elements, ranging from the steel gives of railways car wheels to rotating rings
of jet engines and races of ball bearings. After making a hole by any suitable
technique, the thick-walled ring is rolled out by reducing its thickness and
placed between two counter rotating rolls with its axis parallel to the roll axes,
it suffers plastic deformation during its rotation between the rolls. The
The projected length of contact between roll and work piece is regarded as L of
the jerging tool, and the average height is taken as h. when h/l > I, the in
Pr = LWQiƠjm
When h/l < I, friction effects are over-riding and the pressure – intensification
Pr = LW Qp Ơfm
Where W is the width of strip and Ơfm is the mean flow stress, used because
the strip hardens while it is deformed in the roll gap. In hot working, the flow
Em = V in ho
L hi
The torque required to rotate the rolls can be obtained by assuming that the
rolling force acts in the middle of they are of contact. Since there are two rolls
MT = 2PrL =
hp = 2PrLN
33,000
KW = 2PrLN
60,000
lininers, etc) until from pipes and shaped rolled stock (frame structures, trusses,
columns, pillars, etc). Nowadays housings and base members are also made by
welding, including the most massive and stressed parts (for example, the beds
In individual and small lot production welded structures are used instead of
one-piece forgings when the manufacture of dies is not justified by the scale of
less expensive. Low-carbon steel (< 0.25 percent c), low alloy steel with a
small content of c and nickel steel weld very well. High-carbon, medium and
The strength of welds is inferior to that of solid material because of the cost
structure of the welded joints with its deneritic and acicular crystallites typical
of cast metal.
The strength of welds is inferior to that of solid material because of the cost
structure of the welded joints with its deneritic and acicular crystallites typical
of cast metal.
penetration of slay, formation of pores and gas bubbles and also because of
saturated with air nitrogen even in small quantities the weld will lose much of
The mechanical properties of welded joints depend on the welding process and
in manual work on the skill of cause defects impairing the life of the weld and
3.5 PAINTING
This is one of the processes used for the protection of metal surfaces form
corrosion. It is used to coat vast amount of mild steel, not only to protect
corrosion, but also to provide an attractive finish. Optimum results are
obtained by first “phosphate” the surface of the steel. This involves treating it
with a phosphoric avid preparation, which not only dissolves rust, but also
coats the surface of the steel with a dense and slightly rough surface of iron
phosphate. This affords some protection against corrosion, but also acts as an
excellent “key” for the priming paint and the under coat of subsequent paint.
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 COSTING
c. Miscellaneous expenses
= 39 hours
= 2,340:00
= 2x2,340:00
= N4,680:00
Material Cost Analysis
50.8mm
expenses.
= N10, 670:00
4.2 DISCUSSION
Every machine that is contructed today is for a purpose. Hence, the objective
However, lines were drawn on the galvanized metal surface with the use of
the position of holes, to mark out lines that will help the machinist set up the
work correctly, to remove the excess left over of the metal on its sides to
reduce wastage of material. The already marked one galvanized metal was
then folded, inorder to correct some abnormalities during the operation. After
which the galvanized metal sheet was sheared or cut into long strips with
guidline or manual shears. The metal sheet usage also blanked, pierced,
notched with the use of punches and dies that are mounted in a standard type
die set. Then smooth files were also used to polish and to produce smooth
surfaces on the metal. Moreover, drilling hits were used to make holes in the
metal and the holes were also enlarged, inorder for it to be able to house the
required nuts, bolts, etc, and a lot of sacrificial metals were subjected to high
heat which melt it and on looking fuses together the two parent metals to be
joined. This welding process was done continuously, until the required
In addition, using manual smooth files to polish the metal was not easy,
because of lets of bruises made on the palms of the labourers owing to the fact
that they were not wearing hand gloves us a result of lack of automatic filing
Also pumping tyre was used instead of a tubeless tyre because it is easier to
maintain, it hast longer but tubeless tryes once had it can not be repaired. Tiny
bolt & nuts were used instead of galvanized ones because they are more
economical but have shorter life span. In addition, the bowel of the “v” shaped
wheelbarrow was bent and folded instead of press forging for time and energy
sewings and also increase in quality, but due to its non-accountability and high
cost, it was not used. Ball becoming was used instead of sealed bearing which
standards.
4.3 RECOMMENDATION
the time.
project.
We advise that the school management should look into these
the near future, and to increase efficiency and safety of students in the
workshop.
4.4 CONMCLUSION
better tomorrow when our country Nigeria will completely favour the rest of
REFERENCES
Company.
Publishing Company.
Mc Gannin H.F (1971): 0“The Making, Shaping and Treating Steel” United