TCN 2

TRANSCULTURAL NURSING
SHEILA MARIA G. BATOON

[email protected]
09069708585
Standards of Transcultural Nursing
1. Social Justice
2. Critical Reflection
3. Knowledge of Culture
4. Culturally Competent Practice
5. Cultural Competence in Health Care System
and Organization
6. Patient Advocacy and Empowerment
7. Multicultural Workforce
8. Education and Training in Cultural Competent
Care
9. Cross-cultural Communication
10. Cross-cultural Leadership
11. Policy Development
12. Evidenced-based Practice and Research
1. Social Justice
Professional nurses shall promote social justice for all. The
applied principles of social justice guide nurses’ decisions
related to the patient, family, community, and other health
care professionals. Nurses will develop leadership skills to
advocate for socially just policies.
2. Critical Reflection
Nurses shall engage in critical reflection of their own
values, beliefs, and cultural heritage to have an
awareness of how these qualities and issues can affect
culturally congruent nursing care.
3. Knowledge of Culture
 Nurses shall gain an understanding of the perspectives,
traditions, values, practices, and family systems of culturally
diverse individuals, families, communities, and populations
they care for, as well as a knowledge of the complex variables
that affect the achievement of health and well-being.
4. Culturally Competent Practice
 Nurses shall use cross-cultural knowledge and culturally
sensitive skills in implementing culturally congruent nursing
care.
5. Cultural Competence in Health Care System and

Organization
 Health care organizations should provide the structure and
resources necessary to evaluate and meet the cultural and
language needs of their diverse clients.
6. Patient Advocacy and Empowerment
 Nurses shall recognize the effect of health care policies, delivery
systems, and resources on their patient populations and shall
empower and advocate for their patients as indicated
 Nurses shall advocate for the inclusion of their patient’s cultural
beliefs and practices in all dimensions of their health care.
7. Multicultural Workforce
 Nurses shall actively engage in the effort to ensure a
multicultural workforce in health care settings. One
measure to achieve a multicultural workforce is through
strengthening of recruitment and retention effort in the
hospital and academic setting.
8. Education and Training in Cultural Competent

Care
 Nurses shall be educationally prepared to promote and
provide culturally congruent health care. Knowledge and
skills necessary for assuring that nursing care is culturally
congruent shall be included in global health care agendas
that mandate formal education and clinical training, as
well as required ongoing, continuing education for all
practicing nurses.
9. Cross-cultural Communication
 Nurses shall use culturally competent verbal and
nonverbal communication skills to identify client’s values,
beliefs, practices, perceptions, and unique health care
needs.
10. Cross-cultural Leadership
 Nurses shall have the ability to influence individuals,
groups, and systems to achieve outcomes of culturally
competent care for diverse populations.
11. Policy Development

 Nurses shall have the knowledge and skills to work with
public and private organizations, professional associations,
and communities to establish policies and standards for
comprehensive implementation and evaluation of culturally
competent care
12. Evidenced-based Practice and Research
 Nurses shall base their practice on interventions that have
been systematically tested and shown to be the most
effective for the culturally diverse populations that they serve
To help develop, test and organize the emerging
body of knowledge in Transcultural Nursing, it is
necessary to have a conceptual framework from
which various theoritical statements can emerge.
⚫ Leininger’s Sunrise Model
⚫ Purnell’s Model for Cultural Competence
⚫ The Giger and Davidhizar: ‘Transcultural
Assessment Model
⚫ Cultural Assessment Model (Campinha Bacote)
⚫ Andrews & Boyle’s Transcultural Assessment Guide
THE
SUNRISE
MODEL
depicts the
Inter-
relationships
of Culture
Care,
Diversity &
Universality
Theory
The Sunrise Model depicts human beings as
inseparable from their cultural background and social
structure, worldview, history and environmental context
as a basic tenet of Leininger’s theory. Gender, race, age
and class are embedded in social structure factors and are
studied.
Biological, emotional and other dimensions are

studied from a holistic view and not fragmented or
separate.
UNIVERSALITY
THEORY
The upper half of the circle represents a part of the

whole socio-cultural structure and world view factors.
These factors influence the care, patterns and
expressions towards health and well-being of an
individual, families, groups and institutions through
language and environment. The same factors also
influence folk and professional
nursing.
Madeleine Leininger was born in Sutton, Nebraska on
July 13, 1925
She received her diploma in nursing from St.
Anthony’s School of Nursing in Denver, Colorado in
1948
In 1950, she earned her Bachelor of Science from St.

Scholastica (Benedictine College) in Atchison, Kansas
In 1954 earned an M.S. in psychiatric and mental

health nursing from the Catholic University of
America in Washington, D.C.
She received her Ph.D. in Cultural and Social

Anthropology from the University of Washington in
1965
Dr. Leininger is the founder of Transcultural
Nursing/Culture Care Diversity and Universality
Theory; Initiated this field of nursing in the mid-
1950s.
She developed the concept of transcultural nursing

and the ethnonursing research model
Her Culture Care Diversity & Universality theory

was one of the earliest nursing theories and it
remains the only theory focused specifically on
transcultural nursing with a culture care focus
• TRANSCULTURAL NURSING - is a
comparative study of cultures to understand
similarities (culture universal) and difference
(culture- specific) across human groups
(Leininger, 1991).
The Culture Care Diversity and
Universality theory
According to Dr. Leininger, focuses on describing, explaining and
predicting nursing similarities and differences focused primarily
on human care and caring in human cultures.
The Culture Care Diversity & Universality theory does not focus
on medical symptoms, disease entities or treatments.
It is instead focused on those methods of approach to care that

means something to the people to whom the care is given
Modes to guide nursing judgments, decisions, and
actions in order to provide culturally congruent
care that is beneficial, satisfying, and meaningful to
the people served by nurses
These modes are care-centered and based on use of

the client’s care knowledge:
☼Cultural preservation or ☼Cultural care

maintenance accommodation or negotiation
☼Cultural care restructuring or

repatterning
3 Nursing Decisions
To provide Culturally Congruent Nursing care
•refers to nursing care activities that help people of particular

cultures to retain and use core cultural care values related to
Cultural Care health concerns or conditions.
Preservation .
or
Maintenance
• refers to creative nursing actions that help people of a

particular culture adapt to or negotiate with others in the
Cultural Care healthcare community in an effort to attain the shared goal of
Accomodation an optimal health outcome for client(s) of a designated
or Negotiation
culture.
• refers to therapeutic actions taken by culturally competent

nurse(s) or family. These actions enable or assist a client to
Cultural Care
Repatterning modify personal health behaviors towards beneficial outcomes
or while respecting the client’s cultural values.
Restructuring
ASSUMPTIONS
Human caring is a universal phenomenon, but the expressions,
processes, structural forms, and patterns of caring vary among
cultures.
Caring acts and processes are essential for human birth,

development, growth, survival, and peaceful death
Care has a biophysical, cultural, psychological, social and

environmental dimension, and the concept of culture provides
the broadest means to know and understand care
Nursing is a transcultural phenomenon as nurses interact with

clients, staff, and other groups, and requires that nurses identify
and use intercultural nurse-client and system data.
Care behaviors, goals, and functions vary transculturally because
of the social structure, worldview, and cultural values of people
from different cultures.
Self and other care practices vary in different cultures and in

different folk and professional care systems.
The identification of universal and non universal folk and

professional caring behaviors, beliefs and practices is essential to
discover the epistemological and ontological base of nursing care
knowledge.
Care is largely culturally derived and requires culturally based

knowledge and skills for satisfying and efficacious nursing
practices.
There can be no curing without caring but there can be caring

without curing
CRITICAL POINTS OF THE MODEL
Simplicity – simple; truly transcultural, global in scope, and

highly complex; holistic and comprehensive
Generality – general; qualitatively-oriented theory that is

broad, comprehensive, and worldwide in scope; useful and
applicable to groups and individuals with the goal of
rendering culture- specific nursing care
Empirical Precision – researchable; qualitative research

has been the primary paradigm to discover largely unknown
phenomena of care and health in diverse cultures
PRACTICAL USE IN ANY
HEALTH CARE SETTING
It can be utilized with individuals, families, groups, communities
and institutions in diverse health systems It can be used in
different nursing fields of specialization
It focuses on the nurses’ approach to care- cultural care
It views man holistically-concern on different factors affecting

man’s health
It fosters respect, trust, and good compliance to treatment

PRACTICAL USE IN ANY
HEALTH CARE SETTING
It creates good interpersonal relationship
skills
It presents the world in different aspects
Provides holistic, culture-specific

assessment tool
Provides wide selection of research

problems
T
h
a
n
k
y
o
u
Caring is an aging process
To rediscover Self

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What are the standards of transcultural nursing?

What are the standards of transcultural nursing?

What are the assumptions of Leininger's Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality?

What are the assumptions of Leininger's Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality?

TRANSCULTURAL NURSING

SHEILA MARIA G. BATOON

5. Cultural Competence in Health Care System and

8. Education and Training in Cultural Competent

11. Policy Development

Biological, emotional and other dimensions are

The upper half of the circle represents a part of the

In 1950, she earned her Bachelor of Science from St.

In 1954 earned an M.S. in psychiatric and mental

She received her Ph.D. in Cultural and Social

She developed the concept of transcultural nursing

Her Culture Care Diversity & Universality theory

It is instead focused on those methods of approach to care that

These modes are care-centered and based on use of

☼Cultural preservation or ☼Cultural care

☼Cultural care restructuring or

•refers to nursing care activities that help people of particular

• refers to creative nursing actions that help people of a

• refers to therapeutic actions taken by culturally competent

Caring acts and processes are essential for human birth,

Care has a biophysical, cultural, psychological, social and

Nursing is a transcultural phenomenon as nurses interact with

Self and other care practices vary in different cultures and in

The identification of universal and non universal folk and

Care is largely culturally derived and requires culturally based

There can be no curing without caring but there can be caring

Simplicity – simple; truly transcultural, global in scope, and

Generality – general; qualitatively-oriented theory that is

Empirical Precision – researchable; qualitative research

It focuses on the nurses’ approach to care- cultural care

It views man holistically-concern on different factors affecting

It fosters respect, trust, and good compliance to treatment

It presents the world in different aspects

Provides holistic, culture-specific

Provides wide selection of research

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