Enhancing The Hydrolysis of Africa Pear Seed Oil
Enhancing The Hydrolysis of Africa Pear Seed Oil
Enhancing The Hydrolysis of Africa Pear Seed Oil
Abstract:- Recent trend in terms of waste seed oil detergents, greases, cosmetics, and a variety of other things
application has shown vast industrial relevance. [11].
Therefore, the high fatty acid concentration of African
Pear (Dacryodes edulis) Seed-oil (APSO) is the reason for One of the most important steps in the manufacturing of
its utilization, thereby according it the possible potential seed oil is extraction as reported [12]. Therefore pretreatment
as feedstock for industrial applications. However, of the oil extract is key to its functionality as feedstock in
pretreatment of the oil extract is key to its functionality as industrial processes. Therefore, these pretreatment practices;
feedstock in industrial processes. Therefore the process of enzyme digestion, ultrasonication, microvaving, pulse
hydrolysis as a pretreatment route based on the types of electric fields etc., have been reported and grouped based on
catalysts, and a variety of reaction circumstances, chemical, physical, physicochemical and biological as
including concentration, temperature as well as reaction captured in figure 1.
time was adopted and characterization was affirmed with
FTIR and GC-MS analytical methods. The results showed
that the highest percentage Free Fatty Acid (% FFA)
hydrolysis was obtained at optimum concentration (2 M),
temperature (60 oC) and reaction time (2 hrs). Rapid
hydrolysis was observed at 1.5 M for both ethanolic KOH
and NaOH, thereby reporting a percentage yield of 70.58
% and 63.37 % of the % FFA for KOH and NaOH
respectively. Further characterization findings by GC-
MS confirmed a positive identification of % FFA
composition. Likewise the FTIR analysis also exhibited
high carboxylic acid peak absorption for NaOH and KOH
catalyst at 1781 cm-1 and 1179 cm-1 respectively.
Therefore, the result is a pointer that catalyst and the
choice of a suitable reaction condition has the potential to
influence the rate of hydrolysis in oil. Fig 1 Pretreatment techniques of oil [5, 13]
Keywords:- Hydrolysis, Fatty Acids, Pretreatment, Catalyst, In seed oil processing, physicochemical properties are
Physicochemical. essential quality criteria that has the potential to enhance
oxidative stability and functional components of seed oil
I. INTRODUCTION thereby improving its commercial value and shelf life [5, 14,
15]. Although pretreatment of seeds has been shown to have
The continuous search for an alternative industrial raw a considerable impact on factors such as oil output and colour
material for sustainable green practices, has unveiled several [5, 16, 17 18].
quest towards the use of waste sources [1]. The rapid global
growth in the area of industrialization and modernization has The alkaline hydrolysis of triacylglycerol is known as
triggered the high dependence on synthetic products that has saponification as described in Figure 2. Most oleo-chemical
created more cause of concern in the ecosystem. Evidence in productions begin with FFA, which are produced by these
this practices is a reflection in the dwindling petroleum processes. To maximize the economics of large-scale
reserves and numerous environmental pollution challenges production, reaction pathways and conditions with effective
occasioned by emission of greenhouse gases. Adopting glycerol recovery are necessary [8, 19]. Nowadays,
Africa Pear Seed-oil (APSO) as a potential feedstock for researchers employ a one-way rather than reversible alkaline
industrial application is based on the high oil yield as well as saponification as the catalytic route to the hydrolysis of esters
important FFA content [2]. It also contains bioactive based on the ease via which the product is separated. [11].
chemicals with a variety of functional qualities, including furthermore, it has been reported that FFA hydrolysis is
antioxidant and anti-cancer effects, antiinflammatory, etc. [3, affected by the type of catalysts, as well as the oil type [11,
4, 5]. These functional properties have revealed new potential 20, 21]. It is also affected by variables such as temperature
application in pharmaceuticals and foods [5, 6]. and time to accomplish 100 percent hydrolysis. Findings from
research using NaOH and KOH revealed that when methanol
The extraction of FAs and glycerol from oils is critical, and NaOH were used, the experiment was carried out with
particularly in the oleo-chemical industry [7]. This reaction the best molar ratio (6:1). However, when KOH was used, the
can be catalyzed via acid, base, or enzymatic route [8, 9]. experiment was carried out with the best molar ratio (8:1)
These techniques is employed in food, cosmetics, and while maintaining the catalyst concentration (1 percent
pharmaceutical industries [8, 10], as well as soap, synthetic
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Table 1 FTIR wavelengths of functional groups of APSO before and after hydrolysis
Wavelengths Functional group
S/N Fresh oil Hydrolyzed oil sample Hydrolyzed oil sample
sample with KOH with NaOH
1 3468 cm-1 - 3468 cm-1 The vibration of O-H stretching
2 2917 cm-1 2912 cm-1 2917 cm-1 Unsaturated C-H stretching of carbon chain
3 2851 cm-1 2849 cm-1 2851 cm-1 Saturated carbon chain C-H stretching vibration
3 1736 cm-1 1738 cm-1 1734 cm-1 C=O stretching
4 1472 cm-1 1472 cm-1 1472 cm-1 Bending symmetric vibration of CH2 (methylene)
groups' C–H bonds
5 1179 cm-1 1179 cm-1 1181 cm-1 The stretching vibration peak of C-O in triglyceride
6 723 cm-1 - 723 cm-1 Carbon skeleton vibration peak
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7 718 cm-1 718 cm-1 716 cm-1 The out-of-plane vibration of the cis –HC=CH
group of disubstituted olefins overlaps with the
rocking vibration of CH2
The comparison between APSO hydrolyzed by KOH stretching asymmetric was observed for NaOH with no
and NaOH as captured in table 1 reveal the spectra and key change observed for KOH. The result also indicated the
peaks, as well as the functional groupings to which they absence of ester functional groups at 1746 cm-1 for both
belong. Peaks for carboxylic acid carbonyl functional groups catalyst. Other peaks at 2912 cm-1 and 2917 cm-1 denote the
(C = O) were found at 1733 cm-1 for KOH while there was presence of CH2 and CH3 scissoring for both catalyst. The
increased intensity with NaOH at 1734 cm-1. Absorption absorption bands for (C-H) group vibration in the NaOH
bands of hydrolysis at 1472 cm-1 for stretching vibration was catalyst were also seen in the FTIR spectrum at 7233 cm -1.
same for both catalyst. A higher intensity at 1181 cm-1 for
Further characterization study by GC-MS as captured in hampered as seen in the case of increase in reaction time and
table 2, confirmed a positive identification of FFA temperature.
composition. Fatty acids identified from this study for KOH
catalyst include the following: palmitic acid (9.37 %) Conflict of Interest. The author declare that he has no
Palmitoleic acid (3.62 %), Stearic acid (14.35 %), Oleic acid conflict of interest.
(51.32 %), Linoleic acid (9.65 %) and Linolenic acid (2.76
%). While for NaOH, the follow percentage of fatty acids REFERENCES
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