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Influence of Nd2O3 and Y2O3 dopants on the synthesis and microwave

dielectric attributes of Ba 2Ti9O20 ceramic bodies

Article  in  InterCeram: International Ceramic Review · January 2013

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high-performance ceramics
2010
Trade Fairs &
Conventions
POWTECH 2010, Germany
CERA GLASS 2010, India
QUALICER 2010, Spain
IPB 2009, China

Ceramics Forum
The Glass Industry in the

1
EU Today – a Survey

High-Performance
Ceramics
Composition Modifications
on the Properties of Some Ceramic Bricks Filling
Bioactive Glasses and
Glass Ceramics – Energy Saving
Titanium Nitride Coating
of Cobalt Chromium
Coronary Stents:
a SEM-EDS Analysis
Ceramic Based
Bio-Medical Implants
Preparation of Ca-_/`-
Sialon Powders by Micro-
wave Reaction Nitridation

Building Materials
Effect of Bi2O3 on Cordie-
rite Formation in Cordieri-
te Based Bodies

TILE & BRICK

The Use of Residues in
the Manufacture of
Ceramic Tile Bodies
Hot-Pressed Gres
Porcellanato Body
Effect of Calcite on the
Brick Body Closing
Glossiness and Slipperi-
Tile surface
ness of Polished Porcelain
Stoneware Tiles Polished Porcelain

D.A. Abdel Aziz*

Effect of Diaspore Addition
on Microwave-Assisted Stoneware Tiles
Sintering of Floor Tile

Influence of Nd2O3 and Y2O3 Dopants on

U1_U4_IC_2_10.indd 2 12.04.10 13:54

Intensity (a.u.)
the Synthesis and Microwave Dielectric
Attributes of Ba2Ti9O20 Ceramic Bodies
The auThor absTracT Keywords

The author, Prof. Dr. Doaa A. Abdel Aziz, earned The effects of Nd2O3 and Y2O3 dopants on the phase stability of Ba2Ti9O20 Nd2O3, Y2O3, dopants,
her B.Sc. diploma in Chemistry from the Ain (dibarium nonatitanate oxide, abbreviated “B2T9”) prepared using con- Ba2Ti9O20, microwave
Shams University (1981), her M.Sc. in Inorganic ventional solid-state methods were investigated. The study examined the dielectric properties
Chemistry from Cairo University (1992), and the effects of these dopants on densification, X-ray diffraction patterns, Interceram 62 (2013) [2]
Ph.D. degree in Applied Inorganic Chemistry from microstructure development and the microwave dielectric properties of
Zazieg University (1997). Since 2011 she has Ba2Ti9O20 ceramics. The results reveal that the dopants facilitated forma-
been Professor at the Ceramic, Refractories and tion of pure Ba2Ti9O20 phase sintered at 1300 °C/3 h, compared to the use
Fig. 1 •
Building Materials Dept. of the National Research of pure host materials. Nd2O3 doped B2T9 displayed improved microwave
0.6 ma
Centre, Egypt. She got a scientific grant for 6 dielectric properties, including dielectric constant as high as 39, quality
months at the department of Engineering Mate- factor in the range 12,057–13,299 at ≥7 GHz and temperature coefficient sintere
rials, Sheffield University (UK), where she did frequency of 12–17 ppm/°C. Y2O3 doped B2T9 had dielectric constants
research in the field of microwave dielectric with values up to 37, quality factors = 7,248–10,413 at ≥7 GHz and tem-
ceramic materials. Her research interests include perature coefficient frequencies = 9–13 ppm/°C. The enhanced dielectric
electrical insulators properties of conventional properties of the Nd2O3-doped material may be attributed to its denser
ceramics and dielectric materials based on per- microstructure and formation of predominant B2T9 phase with a small
ovskite structure – especially microwave dielec- amount of BaO·Nd2O3·5TiO3. sinter
tric materials. to 140
E-Mail: [email protected] pellet
metho
cined
lysed
1 Introduction of solid alio- or iso-valence additives, such to ceramic compounds based on the ternary using
Dielectric resonators are a key component as SnO2, ZrO2, SrO, Al2O3, Bi2O3, B2O3, BaO–TiO2–R2O3 system (with rare earth R). from
of microwave subsystems used in commer- Nd2O3, V2O3 and glass are sometimes added The present work aims to clarify the role of were
cial products including satellite receiver to the BaO–TiO2 solution system. These in- Nd2O3 and Y2O3 rare earth dopants in stabi- 90 mi
modules and cellular telephones. Dielectric gredients are essential for the formation of a lizing Ba2Ti9O20 phase. The densification, peratu
ceramics for microwave resonator applica- pure Ba2Ti9O20 phase. In addition, they act microstructural evolution and phase stabil- electr
tions have been intensively studied. Titania- to reduce sintering temperature and im- ity of doped Ba2Ti9O20 were investigated in with
rich compounds in the BaO–TiO2 system prove the microwave dielectric properties of detail. Micro
such as BaTi4O9 and Ba2Ti9O20 are used for the material [5–14]. Jaakola et al. [11] ob- ments
manufacture of miniaturized microwave served that Nd doped Ba2Ti9O20 ceramic 2 Experimental analyz
resonators with high dielectric constants bodies had enhanced densification proper- High purity BaCO3 and TiO2 in appropriate quenc
(εr), high quality factors (Q × f), and low ties (lower porosities) compared with pure stoichiometric ratios (BaO : TiO2 mol ratio
temperature coefficients (τf) [1–2]. The B2T9 due to development of three main = 18.18 : 81.82) were mixed with propan- 3 Re
synthesis of pure Ba2Ti9O20 phase is difficult crystalline phases: BT4, B2T9 and Nd-rich 2-ol and ball milled in polyethylene con- Table
because the BaO–TiO2 binary system con- BaO·1.3Nd2O3·5TiO2, which affected the tainers using zirconia milling media for identi
tains many intermediate phases, including microwave dielectric properties. Huixing et 24 h and dried. The mixed/milled powders fractio
Ba6Ti17O40, BaTi3O7, BaTi4O9, BaTi5O11, al. [15] concluded that addition of 3 mass-% were then calcined at 1150 °C/8 h. The cal- 18.18
Ba4Ti13O30, etc., which are formed more eas- V2O5 to a 2 : 9 (Ba : Ti) molar composition cined powders were lightly hand ground 1300 °
ily than Ba2Ti9O20 [3–7]. The presence of treated at 1150 °C/ 2 h facilitates synthesis of with a mortar and pestle and sieved through [16].
these phases causes significant degradation single-phase Ba2Ti9O20. This is probably due a 200-mesh screen. The resulting powders
to the dielectric properties of ceramic bod- to a vanadium-containing eutectic liquid were separately mixed with 2, 4 and Tabl
ies. Many authors report that small amounts phase which facilitates interdiffusion be- 6 mass-% oxide powders of Nd2O3 and
Sam
tween BT4 and TiO2 and enhances trans- Y2O3 (99.5 % purity). These samples were
formation kinetics. Although considerable re-milled in propan-2-ol for 24 h and then
Calc
work has been done on the formation of pressed into pellets with dimensions 10 mm
* Ceramic Dept., National Research Center, Dokki,
pure Ba2Ti9O20 phase via the addition of in diameter and ~5 mm in thickness under
dopants, very little attention has been given a pressure of 200 MPa. The pellets were Sint
Cairo (Egypt)

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QUALICER 2010, Spain
IPB 2009, China

Ceramics Forum

1 2a
The Glass Industry in the
EU Today – a Survey

B2T9 + 0.2Nd2O3 High-Performance

Ceramics
Composition Modifications
B2T9 + 0.4Nd 2O3
Ceramic Bricks Filling
B2T9 + 0.6Nd2O3
on the Properties of Some
– Energy Saving
4.7
Bioactive Glasses and
Glass Ceramics
Titanium Nitride Coating
of Cobalt Chromium
Coronary Stents:
a SEM-EDS Analysis
Ceramic Based
Bio-Medical Implants

Bulk density / g/cm3

Preparation of Ca-_/`-
Sialon Powders by Micro-

4.5 wave Reaction Nitridation

Building Materials
Effect of Bi2O3 on Cordie-
rite Formation in Cordieri-
te Based Bodies

TILE & BRICK

The Use of Residues in

4.3
the Manufacture of
Ceramic Tile Bodies
Hot-Pressed Gres
Porcellanato Body
Effect of Calcite on the
Brick Body Closing
Glossiness and Slipperi-
Tile surface
ness of Polished Porcelain
Stoneware Tiles Polished Porcelain

4.1
Effect of Diaspore Addition
on Microwave-Assisted Stoneware Tiles
Sintering of Floor Tile

U1_U4_IC_2_10.indd 2 12.04.10 13:54

3.9
Intensity (a.u.)

1200 1250 1300 1350 1400

Sintering temperature / °C

Fig. 2 a • Influence of sintering temperature on the density of Ba2Ti9O20

ceramics doped with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mass-% Nd2O3

2b 5
B2T9 + 0.2Y2O3 B2T9 + 0.4Y2O3 B2T9 + 0.6Y2O3
s
4.5

Bulk density / g/cm3

nts,
ave 4
es
13) [2] 3.5
2 / °
3

Fig. 1 • XRD patterns of pure host B2T9 materials doped with a) 0.2, b) 0.4, c)
2.5
0.6 mass-% Nd2O3 sintered at 1300 °C, and with d) 0.2, e) 0.4, f) 0.6 Y2O3 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450
sintered at 1350 °C Sintering temperature / °C

Fig. 2 b • Influence of sintering temperature on the density of Ba2Ti9O20

ceramics doped with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mass-% Y2O3

sintered at temperatures ranging from 1250 the same BT material with 0.2, 0.4 and
3
to 1400 °C for 3 h. Densities of the sintered 0.6 mass-% Nd2O3 and Y2O3 additives sin-
pellets were measured using the Archimedes tered at 1300 and 1350 °C for 3 h, respec-
method. The crystalline phases of the cal- tively, are shown in Fig. 1. Ba2Ti9O20 appears
cined powder and sintered pellets were ana- as the major phase. A minor amount of
lysed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) BaTi4O9 phase was also formed. This result
rnary using Cu-Kα radiation over 2θ in the range reflects the general difficulty of obtaining
th R). from 20 to 60 °. Selected sintered bodies only isolated Ba2Ti9O20 phase. The study in-
ole of were polished, then thermally etched for dicates that the added Nd2O3 and Y2O3 en-
stabi- 90 min at 150 °C below the sintering tem- hanced the evolution of carbon dioxide and
ation, perature and examined under a scanning could provide more chances for barium and
stabil- electron microscope (SEM, Philips XL30 titanium oxides to react and form Ba2Ti9O20
ted in with EDX) to study their microstructure. phase, compared with pure undoped host Fig. 3 • SEM of pure host B2T9 materials sintered
Microwave dielectric resonance measure- materials. These results are consistent with at 1300 °C/3 h [16]
ments were performed using a network several studies reported in the literature
analyzer (Advantest R3767CH) in the fre- [12, 13, 17, 18]. Yoon et al. [12] reported coefficient value. A small amount of
priate quency range from 40 MHz to 8 GHz. that the addition of 0.3 mol-% BaSnO3 BaO·Nd2O3·5TiO3 phase that was observed
ratio to BT host material is more effective in by SEM in samples containing Nd2O3was
opan- 3 Results and discussion obtaining pure B2T9 ceramics. Yang et al. not detected by X-ray diffraction because
con- Table 1 presents a summary of the phases [18] discovered that Ba2Ti9O20 compound minor phase identification by XRD is ex-
a for identified from semi-quantitative X-ray dif- sintered at 1200 and 1300 °C for 4 h was tremely difficult.
wders fraction (XRD) of pure BT (BaO : TiO2 = stabilized by the addition of 4 mass-% ZrO2. In previous work [16], Abdel Aziz measured
e cal- 18.18 : 81.82) host materials sintered at This resulted in larger unit cell dimensions a density of 3.84 g/cm3 for pure B2T9 ceram-
round 1300 °C/3 h in an earlier study by Abdel Aziz of Ba2Ti9O20, which led to a slightly higher ic bodies sintered at 1300 °C/3 h. The bulk
rough [16]. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of quality factor and lower temperature densities of B2T9 doped with Nd2O3 (B2T9N)
wders
and Table 1 • Semi-quantitative proportion of crystalline phases for pure host B2T9 material sintered at 1300 °C/3 h, detected by XRD [16]
3 and
Samples Soaking time Major phases Minor phases Trace phases
were
Ba2Ti9O20 (23 mass-%)
d then
Calcined BT powder 1150 °C/8 h BaTi4O9 (50 mass-%) Ti7O13 (13.6 mass-%) Ba2TiO4 (3.9 mass-%)
0 mm
TiO2 (9.4 mass-%)
under
were Sintered Bodies 1300 °C/3 h Ba2Ti9O20 (58.7 mass-%) Ba2Ti13O22 (41.3 mass-%) –

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high-performance ceramics
2010
Trade Fairs &
Conventions
POWTECH 2010, Germany
CERA GLASS 2010, India
QUALICER 2010, Spain
IPB 2009, China

Ceramics Forum

4 7
The Glass Industry in the
EU Today – a Survey

High-Performance

a) b) c)
Ceramics
Composition Modifications
on the Properties of Some Ceramic Bricks Filling
Bioactive Glasses and
Glass Ceramics – Energy Saving
Titanium Nitride Coating
of Cobalt Chromium
Coronary Stents:
a SEM-EDS Analysis
Ceramic Based
Bio-Medical Implants
Preparation of Ca-_/`-
Sialon Powders by Micro-
wave Reaction Nitridation

Building Materials
Effect of Bi2O3 on Cordie-
rite Formation in Cordieri-
te Based Bodies

TILE & BRICK

The Use of Residues in
the Manufacture of

(f) / ppm / °C
Ceramic Tile Bodies
Hot-Pressed Gres
Porcellanato Body
Effect of Calcite on the
Brick Body Closing
Glossiness and Slipperi-
Tile surface
ness of Polished Porcelain
Stoneware Tiles Polished Porcelain
Effect of Diaspore Addition
on Microwave-Assisted Stoneware Tiles
Sintering of Floor Tile

U1_U4_IC_2_10.indd 2 12.04.10 13:54

d) e) f)

These
sis. An
sinter
[16].
B2T9Y
Y2O3 c
Fig. 4 • SEM of pure host B2T9 materials doped with a) 0.2, b) 0.4, c) 0.6 mass-% Nd2O3 sintered at 1300 °C and d) 0.2, e) 0.4, f) 0.6 mass-% Y2O3 sintered at
for 3
1350 °C/3 h
mens
prior
5 B2T9 + 0.2Nd2O3 B2T9 + 0.4Nd2O3 B2T9 + 0.6Nd2O3
6 B2T9 + 0.2Y2O3 B2T9 + 0.4Y2O3 B2T9 + 0.6Y2O3 the p
grains
Dielectric constant

Dielectric constant

fully d
shows
elong
tures
ded i
with
≥10 µ
Jaako
Sintering temperature / °C
Nd de
Sintering temperature / °C
struct
white
embe
Quality factor / GHz × 103

B 2T 9Y
Quality factor / GHz × 103

Fig. 4
gate m
size to
show
pores
Figur
dielec
B 2T 9Y
sinter
tween
Sintering temperature / °C Sintering temperature / °C follow
tering
Fig. 5 • Dielectric Constant and Quality Factor of Ba2Ti9O20 ceramics doped Fig. 6 • Dielectric Constant and Quality Factor of Ba2Ti9O20 ceramic doped with of B2
with 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mass-% Nd2O3 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mass-% Y2O3 crease
up to
and Y2O3 (B2T9Y) ceramic bodies as a func- and 4.50 g/cm3, while the densities of B2T9Y ples doped with 0.6 mass-% Y2O3 reached a decrea
tion of sintering temperature are shown in bodies sintered at 1350 °C/3 h ranged from maximum density of 4.43 g/cm3 after sinter- displa
Fig. 2 a–b. The current study shows that 4.26 to 4.43 g/cm3. The Nd2O3 reached ing at 1350 °C. The greater bulk densities of mum
addition of Nd2O3 and Y2O3 (0.2, 0.4 and maximum density at lower sintering tem- the doped samples are due to less liquid and Y
0.6 mass-%) increases density values sig- perature than Y2O3. The peak density value phase, reduced porosity and added grain the di
nificantly. B2T9N ceramic bodies sintered at of 4.50 g/cm3 was obtained with 0.6 mass-% growth compared with pure B2T9 ceramic by the
1300 °C/3 h had density values between 4.28 added Nd2O3 content at 1300 °C, while sam- bodies. values

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2010
Trade Fairs &
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POWTECH 2010, Germany
CERA GLASS 2010, India
QUALICER 2010, Spain
IPB 2009, China

Ceramics Forum

Fig. 7 • Variation of dielectric properties, including dielectric

7
The Glass Industry in the
EU Today – a Survey

High-Performance
Ceramics

B2T9 + Nd2O3 B2T9 + Y2O3 temperature coefficient constant up to 39 in value, quality factors
Composition Modifications
on the Properties of Some Ceramic Bricks Filling
Bioactive Glasses and
Glass Ceramics – Energy Saving
Titanium Nitride Coating
of Cobalt Chromium

frequency of Ba2Ti9O20 ranging between 12,057–13,299 at ≥7 GHz,

Coronary Stents:
a SEM-EDS Analysis
Ceramic Based
Bio-Medical Implants
Preparation of Ca-_/`-

ceramics doped with

Sialon Powders by Micro-

and temperature coefficient frequencies

wave Reaction Nitridation

Building Materials
Effect of Bi2O3 on Cordie-

different mass-% of
rite Formation in Cordieri-
te Based Bodies

from 12–17 ppm/°C.

TILE & BRICK
The Use of Residues in
the Manufacture of
(f) / ppm / °C

Nd2O3 sintered at
Ceramic Tile Bodies
Hot-Pressed Gres
Porcellanato Body
Effect of Calcite on the
Brick Body Closing
Tile surface
1300 °C and Y2O3
Glossiness and Slipperi-
ness of Polished Porcelain
Stoneware Tiles Polished Porcelain
Effect of Diaspore Addition
on Microwave-Assisted Stoneware Tiles

sintered at 1350 °C
Sintering of Floor Tile

U1_U4_IC_2_10.indd 2 References 12.04.10 13:54

[1] Wakino, K., Nishikawa, T., Tamura, H.: Dielectric

Resonator Materials and their Applications for
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[2] Kajfez, K., Guillon, P.: Dielectric Resonators.
. . . . Artech House, Norwood, MA (1986). ISBN-13:
978-0930071042
(Nd2O3; Y2O3) / mass-%
[3] Rase D., Roy, R.: Phase equilibria in the system
BaO–TiO–TiO2. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 38 (1955) 102–
113
[4] Plourde, J.K., Line, D.F., O’Bryan, H.M., Thomson,
J.: Ba2Ti9O20 as a microwave dielectric resonator. J.
These results are supported by SEM analy- ent sintering temperatures are shown in Amer. Ceram. Soc. 58 (1975) 418–420
sis. An image from an undoped B2T9 sample Figs. 5 b and 6 b. With increased sintering [5] O’Bryan, H.M., Thomson, J.: Phase equilibria in the
sintered at1300 °C/3 h is shown in Fig. 3 temperature, Q × f rises to a maximum TiO2-rich region of the system BaO–TiO2. J. Amer.
Ceram. Soc. 57 (1974) 522–526
[16]. The microstructures of the B2T9N and value and then decreases. The maximum [6] Tillmanns, E., Hofmister, W.: Crystal structure of
B2T9Y ceramics as a function of Nd2O3 and Q × f value of 12,057–13,299 (at ≥7 GHz) the microwave dielectric resonator Ba2Ti9O20. J.
Y2O3 content sintered at 1300 and 1350 °C was obtained for Nd2O3 doped B2T9 sintered Amer. Ceram. Soc. 66 (1983) 268–271
d at [7] Cheng, C.M., Yang, C.F., Lo, S.H., Tseng, T.Y.: Sinter-
for 3 h are displayed in Fig. 4 a–f. All speci- at 1300 °C, and reached 7,248–10,413 for ing BaTi4O9/ Ba2Ti9O20-based ceramics by glass ad-
mens were polished and thermally etched Y2O3 doped B2T9 sintered at 1350 °C. Micro- dition. Europ. Ceram. Soc. 20 (2000) 1061
prior to SEM analysis. As shown in Fig. 3, wave dielectric loss is caused not only by [8] Jonker, G.H., Kwestroo, W.: The ternary systems
BaO–TiO2–SnO2 and BaO–TiO2-ZrO2. J. Amer. Ceram.
3 the pure B2T9 sample is porous and the lattice vibrational modes, but also by pores, Soc. 10 (1958) [41] 390–394
grains are loose, indicating that it was not second phases, impurities and lattice defects [9] Cerchez, L., Ciupeiu, A.: Preparation and sintering
fully densified. The B2T9N specimen image [19–20]. Apparent density plays an impor- of Ba2Ti9O20-based ceramics and their properties
for dielectric resonators. Ceram. Internat. 1 (2000)
shows a mixture of Nd-rich, white coloured, tant role in controlling dielectric loss. The [26] 99–103
elongated or columnar second phase struc- reduction of Q × f value of Y2O3 doped B2T9 [10] Nomura, S., Tomaya, K., Kaneta, K.: Effect of Mn
tures with a mean grain size ≥10 µm embed- above 1300 °C is matched by a correspond- doping on the dielectric properties of Ba2Ti9O20 ce-
ramics at microwave frequency. Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 7
ded in an angular B2T9 aggregate matrix ing slight decrease in density value as shown (1983) [22] 1125–1128
with grain sizes ranging between ≤1 and in Fig. 2 b. The dielectric loss of Y2O3 doped [11] JaaKola, T.M., Vusimaki, J., Rantioaho, A., Leppä-
≥10 µm. A similar result was observed by B2T9 ceramics is mainly controlled by its vuari, S.: Preparation of Nd-doped Ba2Ti9O20 ceram-
ics for use in microwave applications. Ceramics In-
Jaakola et al. [11]. B2T9 ceramics doped with density value. ternat. 13 (1987)
Nd developed three main crystalline micro- The temperature coefficients of resonant [12] Yoon, K.H., Kim, J.B., Kim, W.S.: Effect of BaSnO3
structure phases: BT4, B2T9, and columnar frequency of sintered Ba2Ti9O20 ceramics as on the microwave dielectric properties of Ba2Ti9O20.
J. Mater. Res. 11 (1996)
white colour BaO·Nd2O3·5TiO3 (BN2T5) a function of Nd2O3 and Y2O3 are presented [13] Lin, W.Y., Speyer, R.F.: Microwave Properties of
embedded grains. The SEM images of in Fig. 7. For Nd2O3 doped samples, the tem- Ba2Ti9O20 doped with zirconium and tin oxide. J.
B2T9Y ceramic bodies sintered at 1350 °C in perature coefficient increased from 12 to Amer. Ceram. Soc. 5(1999) [82]1207–1211
[14] Wu, J.M., Wang, H.W.: Factors affecting the forma-
Fig. 4 d–f also reveal an angular B2T9 aggre- 17 ppm/°C, while Y2O3 added samples had tion Ba2Ti9O20. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 10 (1988) [71]
gate matrix with similar variations in grain lower τf values that varied between 9 and 868–875
size to the B2T9N bodies. In addition, they 13 ppm/°C. This variation of τf values may [15] Huixing, L., Wei, C., Lan, L.: Effects of V2O5on the
synthesis of Ba2Ti9O20 powders. J. Mater. Res. 20
show the presence of a small number of be related to the type and amount of dopant (2005) [10]
pores. and differences in second phases and pre- [16] Abdel Aziz, D.A.: Effect of heat treatment on phase
Figures 5 a and 6 a display the measured ferred orientations of grains [21]. composition and microwave dielectric resonator
properties of Ba2Ti9O20 dielectric ceramics. Journal
dielectric constants of B2T9N (Nd2O3) and C+CA, ANNO XXXVIII. 1 (2008)
B2T9Y (Y2O3) ceramics as a function of 4 Conclusions [17] Ting, Y. W., Wen, C. J.: Transformation Kinetics of
sintering temperature. The relationship be- • The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) in- Ba2Ti9O20 with ZrO2 Addition. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc.
89 (2006) [12] 3846–3849
tween εr values and sintering temperature dicated that the tested samples consisted [18] Wang, S.F., Yang, T.C.K., Chiang, C.E., Tsai, S.H.Y.:
followed the same trend as density and sin- of mainly Ba2Ti9O20 crystalline phase with Effects of additives in the phases formation and
tering temperature. The dielectric constant BaTi4O9 as a minor phase. microstructural evolution of Ba2Ti9O20 microwave
ceramics. Ceramic Internat. 29 (2003) 77–81
d with of B2T9N and B2T9Y bodies initially in- • Increasing the proportion of dopant [19] Silverman, B.D.: Microwave Absorption in Cubic
creased with greater sintering temperatures (2–6 mass-%) greatly affected density val- Strontium Titanate. Phys. Rev. 125 (1962) [6]
up to 1300 °C and 1350 °C, respectively, and ues. The maximum density (4.50 g/cm3) 1921–30
[20] Ching, F.T., Cheng, L.H.: Low-Dielectric Loss Charac-
hed a decreased thereafter. The dielectric constant was obtained with 6 mass-% Nd2O3 doped teristics of Nd(Co½Ti½ )O3 Ceramics at Microwave
inter- displayed approximately the same maxi- B2T9 ceramics at sintering temperature Frequencies. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 90 (2007) [5]
ties of mum values for Nd2O3 doped B2T9 (~39) of 1300 °C, and with Y2O3 doped bodies 1619–1622
[21] Fan, X.C., Chen, X.M.: Effects of Ca/Ti Cosubstitution
liquid and Y2O3 doped B2T9 (~37), implying that (4.43 g/cm3) sintered at 1350 °C. upon Microwave Dielectric Properties of CaSmAlO4
grain the dielectric constant is mainly controlled • Nd2O3 doped B2T9 bodies containing a Ceramics. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 92 (2009) [2] 433–438
ramic by the density of the sintered bodies. Q × f small amount of BaO·Nd2O3·5TiO3 pos-
values for B2T9N and B2T9Y bodies at differ- sessed beneficially improved microwave Received: 12.11.2012

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