Instruction Manual
Instruction Manual
Instruction Manual
Section 3 - Installation 8
3.1 - Mounting in the line 8
3.2 - Electrical 8
3.2.1 - Cabling and Connections 8
3.2.2 - Power and Wiring 8
Section 4 - Commissioning 10
Section 5 - Operation 10
Section 6 - Parameterization 10
6.1 - Settings using the MPI-200 programming adapter 12
6.1.1 - Setting of customer-specific concentration curve via PC software 15
6.2 - Settings using the User Interface 16
6.2.1 - Setting the Range of the Analog Output 18
6.2.2 - Setting the Units of Measure for Temperature 19
6.2.3 - Setting the Temperature Compensation Factor 20
Section 7 - Troubleshooting 22
Section 8 - Maintenance and Cleaning 22
Section 9 - Service and Calibration 23
9.1 - Service 23
9.2 - Calibration 23
Section 1 - General
1.1 - Description
The ILM-4 conductivity sensor has been specifically designed for placement in Dairy, Food and Beverage
applications where conductivity measurement is required. The ILM uses an inductive system that measures the
electrical conductivity of a liquid. The sensor takes this measurement and calculates the result in a variety of units
ranging from siemens down to micro siemens depending on actual liquid conductivity. The calculated value is
then displayed along with the creation of analog outputs representing the measurement based on an internally
selected range. In addition to the display and analog outputs, the ILM also offers an optional digital input that can
be used to change the internal range selection of the analog outputs. The resulting output signals may be interfaced
with Anderson Digital Indicators, Anderson recording devices or Customer supplied instrumentation including
programmable logic controllers. Multiple sizes are available to allow adapting a variety of piping sizes. The ILM-4
is 3-A authorized with all wetted parts are constructed of 316L stainless steel and PEEK plastic. Two keys allow for
programming changes that can affect the analog and display operation.
1.2 - Specifications
Process Connection: G1”,1.5”, 2”, 2.5”, 3”
Materials Connection Head: 1.4305 (303 Stainless)
Fitting: 1.4404 (316L)
Toroid: PEEK
Window Material: PMMA/Acrylic
Temperature Ranges
Ambient: -10-70 °C (14-158°F)
Process: 0-130 °C (32-266°F)
CIP/SIP-Cleaning: up to 150°C (300°F) for up to 60 minutes
Operating Pressure: 10bar (150 psi) maximum
Measurement Principle: Inductive conductivity
Ranges: 0.5 to 999mS/cm, Freely programmable
Repeatability: within < 1% of measured value
Response Time temperature: T90 15…60sec
Display: backlit LCD, 5 lines
Electrical Connection: 1-2 x M12 plug-in (SS 316), (1) 4 pin, (1) 5 pin
Supply Voltage: 24 (18-35 VDC)@ 190 mA
Input Range Switching: E1=24 (18-35 VDC) Galvanically Isolated
Analog outputs: 4-20 mA active
Short Circuit Proof: DC decoupled
Weight: approx. 1300g. (2.7lbs.)
Environmental Protection: Designed and factory tested to IP69K;intended for use in wet environments at
up to 100% relative humidity
Approvals:
Conforms to UL Std 61010-1 3rd Ed
Certified to CSA Std C22.2 61010-1 3rd Ed
PAGE 5
1.3 - General Safety
The electric connection may only be carried out by qualified persons who have the necessary electrical knowledge and have
been authorized by the owner to do so.The wiring of the voltage supply and the inputs and outputs of the control circuits
has to be carried out professionally in consideration of current electrical design and regulation. Also refer to chapter 3
“Installation”/”Electrical” for more information.
• Safety instructions
1. All persons who are involved in the installation, commissioning, operation, service, and maintenance of the sensor have to
be qualified accordingly.
2. This instruction manual has to be strictly observed. The user of the sensor has to assured that the personnel concerned
has read and fully understood the instruction manual.
3. All work done must be carried out by authorized and trained personnel only.
4. The instruction manual should be kept in close proximity to the device for reference to the operators.
5. Before starting any cleaning, conversion, service or maintenance work, the measuring device has to be switched off and
disconnected from the power. This requires a device for separating all live wires, e.g. a 2-pole main switch in the control
cabinet. The associated device has to be protected against unauthorized switching-on.
6. Before starting any service and maintenance work, the system has to be flushed with water and emptied. If the sensor has
to be removed from the pipe system, all pipelines will have to be emptied prior to removal and protected by a maintaining
an opening to atmosphere or a shut-off method to prevent refilling.
7. Never remove or put out of action any safety devices through modification of the sensor.
8. Do not touch any part of the sensor while the measuring instrument is cleaned as there is a risk of getting burned!
9. To minimize the danger of injury, the working area around the sensor should have sufficient free space.
10. The technical data according to the instruction manual, nameplate needs to be considered against the requirements of the
application.
Dangers not resulting from the functionality of the device, but from the ambient and operating conditions present at the place of
application, have to be referred to in appropriate instructions to the operators and by the use of danger signs. The user of the
device is exclusively responsible for the compliance with these instructions!
PAGE 6
1.4 - Intended use
The ILM-4 conductivity sensor is only to be used for the application that it has been designed, dimensioned and
built. The electrical connection must be made to a direct current network (see the nameplate).
The intended purpose of the conductivity sensor is the measurement of liquid electrical conductivity in the food
processing, beverage, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. This sensor is not suitable for the measurement
of hazardous, explosive, and combustible liquids of PED group.
Any modifications to the measuring device that might have an influence on the function and the safety devices of
the sensor are only allowed to be carried out by authorized persons of Anderson Instrument Company. Possible
misuse including any use in contradiction to the above-mentioned application is an indication of misuse of the
measuring instrument!
In such a case Anderson does not assume any responsibility for safety.
The sensor has to be installed in the product line with power supplied for operation. When selecting the place
for the installation of the sensor you should ensure that the housing can be opened for service work whenever
needed and that the sensor can be simply removed, if necessary. In order to protect the electronics from
damage, select an installation location so that:
Warning! Do not subject this sensor to pressure that exceeds the specified upper range limit. Over-pressure
may cause premature failure, incorrect output signal, or possible human injury.
Caution: Do not expose the sensor to process or ambient temperatures that exceed the rated specifications.
Physical damage, incorrect output signal, or premature failure may result.
Correct installation:
• Install the sensor in or in front of ascending pipes also making sure to align the measurement
hole in the toroid to the path of the liquid flow
Wrong installation:
PAGE 8
Section 3 - Installation
3.1 - Mounting in the line
Caution: Handle with care during installation to avoid damage to the sensor. Physical damage, especially to the
PEEK sensing surfaces can cause incorrect output signal or premature failure.
The ILM does not require a supported pipeline.
Caution: For proper mounting of this sensor, verify that the fitting connection type, size, gasket or seal, and
holding ring or clamp match the process connection it is being mounted to. Improper mounting can cause process
leakage, reduced pressure ratings, and/or contamination issues.
3.2 - Electrical
Anderson recommends the use molded five wire molded cord sets to provide the best protection is wet
environments. Wire should be 18-24 AWG, 4 conductor cable to power the ILM-4 and provide a return for the
analog output signal. In addition, it should be foil shielded with a continuous drain wire. The ILM is provided with
M12 quick disconnect electrical connectors that will prevent moisture from entering the electronics housing. The
drain (ground) wire should be attached to ground at only the receiving device end.
WARNING: To prevent signal interference, do not run signal cable closer than 12” to AC wiring.
Warning! This unit accepts DC voltage only, connection to AC voltage can cause failure of the sensor
and/or risk of electrocution
The ILM requires 24 (18-35 VDC) at 190A current for proper operation. The source should be regulated at
limited to 4.2A. The diagrams below illustrate the pin assignments for the M12 connectors used on the ILM.
1: Conductivity -
2: Conductivity +
3: Power supply +24 V DC
4: Power supply -
1: Output temperature +
2: Not assigned
3: Not assigned
4: Output temperature -
5: Digital input E1
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1: Output 1 +
2: Output 2 +
3: Output 2 -
4: Output 1 -
Section 4 - Commissioning
Following mounting and electrical connections the device can now be turned on for use. With an empty
measurement pipe the signal will not be expected to read “0”. This reading is not a concern as the sensor have
been designed for the measurement of liquids not gasses. Once filled with clear liquid the signal should stabilize
to a reading representative of the liquids conductivity and the configuration of the sensor. The ILM-4 is factory
calibrated and ready to use once installed. If a check of performance is desired it is recommended a check using
reference calibration solutions be performed.
Section 5 - Operation
Once commissioned there is no further need to interact with the ILM other than reading the display to view the
conductivity measurement as the measurement is continuous and automatic. The response of the ILM to various
liquids is dependent on the free ion content of the liquid.
Section 6 - Parameterization
The ILM-4 inductive conductivity sensor is set to operate without requiring special adaptations. In isolated
instances, some parameters may need to be adjusted. The parameterization may be changed using the PC-
based MPI-200 programming adapter or the Simple User Interface directly on the sensor. This can be performed
either directly on location or in the office in a dry simulation.
When setting the parameters, please note that a hierarchy of authorization levels exists (0 Monitoring, 1
Adjustment, 2 Setup 3 Calibration and 4 Factory). It is not possible to change the ILM-4 sensor parameters in the
lowest “Monitoring” level. The parameters can be set/adjusted beginning with the “Adjustment” level. The farther
up you move in the hierarchy, the more parameters can be changed at the customer site, although it
should be noted that the upper levels, “Calibration” and “Factory”, are password-protected and access is only
possible on request.
Setting can be made regarding the sensor signal output (4...20 mA signal) and the measurement of conductivity,
concentration and temperature. The 2 analog outputs of the sensor for conductivity, concentration and
temperature are freely configurable.
Conductivity: Two different conductivities can be set independently of each other. The upper range limit can be
freely selected. The temperature compensation and damping can also be set by the customer.
Concentration: The concentration can be select from 2 predefined ranges for common CIP media (NaOH or
HNO3). In addition, up to 8 customer-specific support points (each for conductivity and concentration) can be
entered. To define a range, at least 2 points must be entered, and their values must both be > 0. Users can enter
these support points in the “Setup” level and higher. The temperature compensation, damping and upper range
limit can also be set.
Temperature: Output of the temperature of the medium measured at the tip of the PEEK part on the sensor. The
temperature unit and response time can be adjusted.
The table below shows the conductivity sensor settings by authorization level:
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Parameter Settings in the "Adjustment" Settings in the "Setup" level Adjustable range
level
Conductivity measurement
Conductivity 1
Temperature Compensation Temperature Compensation Freely adjustable from 0…100%/K
Damping 1 Selectable: inactive, 2.5 s, 5 s, 10 s,
20 s
Upper Range Value Upper Range Value Freely adjustable from 0.5…1000 mS/
cm (in increments of 0.5)
Concentration
Temperature Compensation Temperature Compensation Freely adjustable from 0…100%/K
Damping C Selectable: inactive, 2.5 s, 5 s, 10 s,
20 s
Media Concentr. Range Media Concentr. Range NaOH 0…10%, HNO3 0…20% or
customer-specific points (beginning
with "Setup" level)
Upper Range Value Upper Range Value Freely adjustable from 1…100%
(+) Customer-specific points, Up to 8 support points for conductivity
concentration and concentration
Conductivity 2
Temperature Compensation Temperature Compensation Freely adjustable from 0…100%/K
Damping 2 Selectable: inactive, 2.5 s, 5 s, 10 s,
20 s
Upper Range Value Upper Range Value Freely adjustable from 0.5…1000 mS/
cm (in increments of 0.5)
Temperature
Unit Temperature °C or °F
Response Time Normal or rapid
Both the PC/MPI-200 and Simple User Interface software is based on a tree structure.
In addition to the advanced options in the Conductivity Measurement branch, the “Setup” level also enables access to the
Signaling Interface branch. The following parameters for the sensor output signals can be changed in this branch:
• Signal selection for the 4…20 mA signal: Selection between conductivity 1 or 2, concentration and tem- perature
• Set value for 4 or 20 mA signal: By default, the lower range limit is used for the 4 mA signal and the upper range limit
for the 20 mA signal. This can be adjusted as necessary.
• “No Media” warning signal: Current loop signal when the sensor is not immersed in a medium — dry running.
• “Outside Spec.” warning signal: Current loop signal if an operating state is outside of the specified range. The
measurement accuracy can no longer be guaranteed.
• “Global Failure” error signal: Current loop signal if a malfunction occurs, for example if the device fails.
• Signal limit for underrange and overrange: Lower or upper limit of the current loop signal that is still valid and linear
when output below 4 mA or above 20 mA.
• “Underflow/overflow” error signal: Current loop signal is below or above the underrange or overrange limit
• Signaling Simulation: Simulates the current loop signal, where the source value is briefly replaced by the en- tered
parameter value.
• LED configuration: These two LEDs can be configured as required. The procedure is described in section 6.3.
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A list of the parameters set in the conductivity sensor is included with the delivery. These parameter values, as
well as those changed by the users themselves, can be printed out using the MPI-200 programming adapter via
File — Parameter Data — Print and can also be exported as a file to the PC (via File — Parameter Data — Export
Data File (*.xml)).
When making the settings, note the help texts in the MPI software for each parameter. They provide useful
information on changing the selected parameter.
The MPI-200 programming adapter is connected to the ILM-4 conductivity sensor via the external MPI-200-F
adapter piece. It must be ensured that the ILM-4 conductivity sensor is permanently connected to the supply
voltage while the parameters are being set.
1
1: Connection for M12 connector
2 3
2: USB port for connecting to a PC
After the sensor is connected to the PC and the user software is opened, the following window appears:
Note:
For further settings, please see also the description in the MPI-200 product information.
To set or change parameters directly in the sensor (see section 6.2 “Settings using the Simple User Interface”), you need
the ID codes contained in the table below. This table only lists the most important ID codes.
Further ID codes can be found in the user software. To view these, right-click on “Info” by the parameter name. An info box
appears with the respective ID (see graphic below):
Because the search number must have 6 digits, an additional digit is always added in front of the five-digit ID (30034 in the
graphic above). This digit depends on the node as follows:
Because the signal selection is located in the single interface node, the ID code for the “Signal selection” example above is:
330034.
A list of all ID codes can be printed out via the PC user interface. To do so, click on File — Parameter Data — Print to open the
corresponding window and print out the complete list of ID codes.
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List of important ID codes:
Access/setup
Search
Parameter/ parameter mode (must be
number (ID Node/ module Value name
name set before the
number)
change is made)
Display
Contrast User Interface 2 Setup 451020 4 Display (#)
Backlight 2 Setup 451030 4 Display (#)
Screensaver delay time 2 Setup 451050 4 Display (#)
Signaling interface
Current Loop Signal
Signal Selection 2 Setup 330031 3 Signal Int X45a current loop signal
4-mA Setpoint 2 Setup 330111 3 Signal Int X45a current loop signal
20-mA Setpoint 2 Setup 330191 3 Signal Int X45a current loop signal
Underrange Limit 2 Setup 330141 3 Signal Int X45a current loop signal
Overrange Limit 2 Setup 330211 3 Signal Int X45a current loop signal
LED 1 digital output
Signal Selection 2 Setup 330034 3 Signal Int LED 1 digital output
Warn-S: no Media 2 Setup 331191 3 Signal Int LED 1 digital output
Warn-S: Outside Spec. 2 Setup 331201 3 Signal Int LED 1 digital output
Fehler-S: Global Failure 2 Setup 331231 3 Signal Int LED 1 digital output
Signal-Auswahl 2 Setup 330035 3 Signal Int LED 2 digital output
LED 2 Digital Output
Signal Selection 2 Setup 330035 3 Signal Int LED 2 digital output
Warn-S: no Media 2 Setup 331192 3 Signal Int LED 2 digital output
Warn-S: Outside Spec. 2 Setup 331202 3 Signal Int LED 2 digital output
Fehler-S: Global Failure 2 Setup 331232 3 Signal Int LED 2 digital output
Conductivity Measurement
Unit of Temperature Comp 2 Setup 013021 0 Measure (#)
Conductivity 1
Temp. Compensation 1 2 Setup 013031 0 Measure Conductivity 1
Damping 1 2 Setup 013041 0 Measure Conductivity 1
Upper Range Value 1 2 Setup 013091 0 Measure Conductivity 1
Concentration
Temp. Compensation C 2 Setup 013032 0 Measure Concentration C
Damping C 2 Setup 013042 0 Measure Concentration C
Media Concentr. Range 2 Setup 013061 0 Measure Concentration C
Upper Range Value C 2 Setup 013092 0 Measure Concentration C
Conductivity 2
Temp. Compensation 2 2 Setup 013033 0 Measure Conductivity 2
Damping 2 2 Setup 013043 0 Measure Conductivity 2
Upper Range Value 2 2 Setup 013093 0 Measure Conductivity 2
Temperature
Unit Temperature 2 Setup 013144 0 Measure Temperature
Response Time 2 Setup 013145 0 Measure Temperature
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Navigation of the display is done using the two Buttons below the screen.
The buttons have different operation depending on whether they are pressed quickly or held longer (>1 sec).
Their function is described below:
From the operational display screen press and hold the right button until the display changes to the Menu Screen.
Quick Setup should be highlighted and you will now press and hold the right button again to change to the Quick Setup
screen. If Quick Setup is not highlighted, short presses of the left button will scroll upward to the desired choice.
Unit TComp should be highlighted. If yes, short press the right button to scroll to highlight Range Cd 1. Hold the right button
once more to change to the Conducty 1 screen. If Range Cd 1 is not found, short presses of the left button will scroll upward to
Range CD1 then continue with a long press of the right button.
On the bottom of this screen the maximum range value should be displayed (mS/cm). To change the value, again press and
hold the right button until the bottom line is highlighted. You can now scroll thru the digits of the value using short presses of
the right or left buttons.
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For each digit that you wish to change, press and hold the right button until that digit is Highlighted. Now use the left or right
buttons in short presses to increment to the desired value. When done entering the value, long press the right button until
the digit is no longer highlighted. Using short presses of the left or right buttons select the next digit to modify by moving the
underline to the digit and change as needed. Continue this until the complete desired value is displayed. When done entering
the complete value, short press the right button until the entire selection is highlighted.
Once the units you desire are shown, press and hold the right button until you are prompted to save the choice. Press the right
button to save your choice or the left button to reject the choice. Responding No will return to the units selection screen. If you
saved the choice the display will return to the operation screen.
From the operational display screen press and hold the right button until the display changes to the Menu Screen.
Quick Setup should be highlighted and you will now short press the right button again to highlight Setup. Once highlighted,
press and hold the right button to change to the setup screen.
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Sensor should be highlighted. If Sensor is not highlighted, short press of the left button will scroll upward to Sensor. Once
selected, hold the right button once more to change to the Sensor screen
From the Sensor screen, short press the right button to scroll to the “Temperatur” parameter
Long press the right button to change to the “Temperatur” screen With the Unit Temp. value highlighted, press and hold the
right button to change the screen to the Unit Temp. screen.
Press and hold the right button to highlight the Unit value. To change, short presses of the left buttons to scroll to the °F unit.
Alternately use the right button to change from °F to °C.
PAGE 21
Once the desired unit is selected, press and hold the right button until you are prompted to save the choice. Press the right
button to save your choice or the left button to reject the choice. Responding No will return to the Unit value screen. If you
saved the choice the display will return to the operation screen.
From the operational display screen press and hold the right button until the display changes to the Menu Screen.
Quick Setup should be highlighted and you will now press and hold the right button again to change to the Quick Setup
screen. If Quick Setup is not highlighted, short presses of the left button will scroll upward to the desired choice.
Unit TComp should be highlighted. If not, short press the right button to move to the Temp Comp1 value. Then long press the
right button to switch to the Temp Comp1 screen
On the bottom of this screen the current Temperature Compensation value is displayed in % / °K. To change the value, again
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press and hold the right button until the bottom line is highlighted. You can now scroll thru the digits of the value using
short presses of the right or left buttons.
For each digit that you wish to change, press and hold the right button until that digit is highlighted. Now use the left
or right buttons in short presses to increment to the desired value. When done entering the value, long press the right
button until the digit is no longer highlighted. Using short presses of the left or right buttons select the next digit to modify
by moving the underline to the digit and change as needed. Continue this until the complete desired value is displayed.
When done entering the complete value, short press the right button until the entire selection is highlighted.
Once the units you desire are shown, press and hold the right button until you are prompted to save the choice. Press
the right button to save your choice or the left button to reject the choice. Responding No will return to the units selection
screen. If you saved the choice the display will return to the operation screen.
Section 7 - Troubleshooting
Switched output does not operate -Set point is incorrectly set -Adjust set point to correct value
mA output stays at >21mA but Range selection is too low Reconfigure range for a higher
display indicates measurement value
Reading on display and output are Air/gasses are being introduced into Find and correct source for air/gas
different when flowing than when the process liquid entrainment
flow is stopped
Caution: Attempting to disconnect or change wiring to this sensor during process operation can cause loss of
signal to the control system!
Warning! Do not remove this sensor from the process while it is operating. Removal while the process is operating can
contaminate the process and could cause human injury.
Caution: Improper replacement of components during service can result in process leakage, reduced pressure rating, system
clean ability issues, incorrect output signal, or error code(s).
There are no serviceable electronic components in the ILM. All required repairs require returning the device to the factory.
9.2 - Calibration
Although a full calibration of the ILM requires the device to be returned to the factory it is possible to check the
ILMs performance against known liquids.
The conductivity sensor described here is maintenance-free. However, if it should become necessary to calibrate the sensor, the
offset (zero point) and the span of the sensor can be set in the “Calibration “ mode (via the software). For this purpose, navigate
to the following window via the user interface (for example, for conductivity 1): “Conductivity Measurement — Conductivity 1 —
Offset Conductivity 1” (for offset) or “Conductivity Measurement — Conductivity 1 — Slope Conductivity” (for span). For the offset,
the set value is added to the calibrated conductivity value set at the factory. For the span, the set factor is multiplied with the
calibrated conductivity value set at the factory. This method can also be applied to concentration, conductivity 2 and temperature
(offset only).
The setting can also be made via the User Interface directly on the sensor using the ID codes 013071 for the zero-point
conductivity and 013081 for the conductivity slope.
Note: We recommend always using a known reference solution and/or reference device for a calibration.
I L M- 4
INSERTION LENGTH
L20 N/C
L50 $50
PROCESS CONNECTION
S01 CLEANadapt G1” hygienic
TC1 1-1/2” Tri-Clamp
TC2 2” Tri-Clamp
T25 2-1/2” Tri-Clamp
TC3 3” Tri-Clamp
V25 Varivent type F, DN25
V40 Varivent type N, DN40/50
ENCLOSURE ORIENTATION
V Vertical
H Horizontal
OUTPUT
A42 1x 4...20 mA conductivity only, prepared for display
A62 2x 4...20 mA LW/T selectable, no external range
switching, prepared for display
A63 2x 4...20 mA LW/T selectable, external range
switching, prepared for display
ELECTRICAL CONNECTION
P Single cable gland M16x1,5 (only available with Output option A42)
D 2 x cable gland M16x1,5 (only avail. with Output options A62 or A63)
M M12 plug 5 pin (only available with Output option A42)
N 2 x M12 plug standard (only avail. with Output options A62 or A63)
A 2x M12 plug, 4 pin power/output,
5 pin output/input (only avail. with Output options A62 or A63)
INTERFACE/DISPLAY
X Without Interface
S Simple User Interface with Display
L Large User Interface
ENCLOSURE
X Plastic cap without window
P Plastic cap with window
M Stainless steel cap without window
W Stainless steel cap with window
PARAMETER CONFIGURATION
X Standard
PAGE 25
Warranty
These products are warranted to be free from functional defects in materials and workman-
ship at the time the products leave the Anderson factory and to conform at that time to the
specifications set forth in the relevant Anderson instruction manual or manuals, sheet or
sheets, for such products for a period of one year.
Limitations
Anderson shall not be liable for any incidental damages, consequential damages, special
damages, or any other damages, costs or expenses excepting only the cost or expense of
repair or replacement as described above.
Products must be installed and maintained in accordance with Anderson instructions. Users
are responsible for the suitability of the products to their application. There is no warranty
against damage resulting from corrosion, misapplication, improper specifications or other
operating condition beyond our control. Claims against carriers for damage in transit must be
filed by the buyer.
This warranty is void if the purchaser uses non-factory approved replacement parts and sup-
plies or if the purchaser attempts to repair the product themselves or through a third party
without Anderson authorization.
Returns
Anderson’s sole and exclusive obligation and buyer’s sole and exclusive remedy under the
above warranty is limited to repairing or replacing (at Anderson’s option), free of charge, the
products which are reported in writing to Anderson at its main office indicated below.
Anderson is to be advised of return requests during normal business hours and such returns
are to include a statement of the observed deficiency. The buyer shall pre-pay shipping
charges for products returned and Anderson or its representative shall pay for the return of
the products to the buyer.
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