INDIRA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PANDUR, THIRUVALLUR – 631 203

HS8581 – PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION

COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

SEMESTER-VI
2022– 2023 (ODD)
 INDIRA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY
Pandur, Thiruvallur – 631 203

University Register No:

CERTIFICATE

Certified to be bonafide record of work done by

……………………………………………………………… of VI Semester B.E.
(COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING) in the Professional Communication
Lab during the academic year 2022– 2023

STAFF – IN – CHARGE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Submitted for the University Practical Examination held on

………………………………

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 INDEX

S.no Date CAREER LAB Page no signature

1. RESUME WRITING

2. REPORT WRITING

3. INTERVIEW SKILLS

4. TECHNICAL PRESENTATION

5. NON - TECHNICAL PRESENTATION

6. GROUP DISCUSSION
CARRER LABORATORY
RESUME WRITING
 Resume Writing
RESUME:

Resume writing is intimidating for most people, so don't worry, you're not alone! The
difficulty for most people when writing their resume is knowing what to include, what not to,
what to highlight, etc. Below are some of the things you should consider when writing your
resume.

An effective resume can be written going through the following steps-

 Personal details

 Educationaldetails.

 Skills and trainings

 Career History

 Interest and Activities

 Reference

 Declaration
 JOB APPLICATION LETTER

December 30, 2021

Thiruvallur

GOKUL .R
122/2, main road, THHIRUVALLUR village & post,
Thiruvallur-631203.

Respected madam/sir,

I would like to be considered for the position of engineer which you advertised in Deccan Herald
dated 02 March 2020. As I am interested in web design field, I promise to meet each and every
norm of the organization and prove to be an asset to the company. The main reason to apply for
this job is that I have interest in designing field and it will be very grateful in working with your
organization. The opportunity provided by your company is exceptional and I assure that I will
work for the best of my ability. Kindly see my resume for more information. I look forward to
speaking with you about this job opportunity.

I have enclosed my resume for your kind consideration, so I request to consider my application
and resume and do the needful.

Thanking You

Yours faithfully

RESUME

GOKUL .R

122/2, main road, THHIRUVALLUR village & post,

Thiruvallur-631203.

Emailid:[email protected]
 Contact No:6382102204
Career objective

To have a growth oriented and challenging career, where I can contribute my knowledge
and skills to the organization and enhance my experience through continuous learning and
teamwork.Academic Qualification
University/ Year of Percentage/
Course Institute
Board passing CGPA

B.E-Computer AnnaUniver Indira Institute Of Engineering

2023
science sity And Technology.

Higher Govt higher secondary school

2019 72
Secondary Govt

Jaya Matric.hr.sec.school
SSLC 2017 84
Govt

Software proficiency

 Software known: AutoCAD,Stat-Designing building

 Java, c++

Area of Interest

Designing field

Main Project

 Project Area: Artificial Intelligence

 Project Title: Highway
 Project Role: Team Leader
 Software used for Designing: Orange, Anaconda

Industrial visits

 WISEN IT Solutions Pvt.Ltd

 Pantech Pvt. Ltd

Hobbies

 Painting
  Playing
 Craft Making

Personal Trait

 Creative and logical

 Problem solving ability

Personal Profile
Date of Birth : 25/07/2002
Gender : male
Marital status : Single
Languages Known : Tamil,English (Read &Write)
Permanent Address : 122/2, main road, THHIRUVALLUR village & post, 631203

REFERENCES
1. Dr.N.. velvizhi,
Principal,
Indira Institute of Engineering and Technology
Phone:27650364

2. P.Thanigasen
HOD of computer science engineering
Indira Institute of Engineering and Technology phone:044-27650364

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that all the details furnished here are true to the best of my knowledge.

DATE: 30 December 2021

PLACE: Thiruvallur

( GOKUL .R )
 REPORT WRITING

Report Writing
A report can be defined as a testimonial or account of some happening. It is purely based on
observation and analysis. A report gives an explanation of any circumstance. In today’s
corporate world, reports play a crucial role. They are a strong base for planning and control in an
organization, i.e., reports give information which can be utilized by the management team in an
organization for making plans and for solving complex issues in the organization.

A report discusses a particular problem in detail. It brings significant and reliable information
to the limelight of top management in an organization. Hence, on the basis of such information,
the management can make strong decisions. Reports are required for judging the performances of
various departments in an organization.

An effective report can be written going through the following steps-

 Determine the objective of the report, i.e., identify the problem.

 Collect the required material (facts) for the report.
 Study and examine the facts gathered.
 Plan the facts for the report.
 Prepare an outline for the report, i.e., draft the report.
 Edit the drafted report.

REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL VISIT AT PANTECH IT SOLUTIONS

T.NAGAR
 Prepared By

GOKUL .R
Indira Institute Of Engineering And Technology

Pandur

Submitted to
The Head of the Department

Department of computer science engineering

Indira Institute of Engineering And Technology

Pandur

Date of Submission:

REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL VISIT

GOKUL .R
Indira Institute Of Engineering And Technology

Pandur.

21-August-2021
The Head of the Department

Department of Computerscience Engineering

Indira Institute Of Engineering And Technology

Pandur.

Respected Sir/Madam,

Sub: Report on the One – Day industrial visit

On receiving the letter of permission from ‘Pantech IT Solution, 7 students with two faculty
members (Mr.Dhamodharan and Ms.Vanitha) went on an industrial visit to the workshop on
21/12/2021.We all assembled at the college at 8 a.m. and left the college in a bus. We reached
the workshop at 10 o’clock. An engineer-in-charge of production received us at the entrance and
gave a brief introduction about their process. Then he took us around from one section to the
next and explained the process involved in the transmitting program, editing. The workers were
doing the work concentrated. Live programs in news are learned. The visit came to an end at
3.00p.m.

We left the premises at 3.30p.m.It was an informative, interesting and a successful visit. As
students of Computer Science Engineering, We learned a few applications of Networking. We
express our thanks to the Principal who permitted us to go on the visit, the faculty members who
accompanied us and the officials who explained the various departments. Behalf the students I
request you to arrange more industrial visit for students which can practically train the students.

Thanking you yours faithfully

 INTERVIEW SKILLS

INTERVIEW SKILLS
INTRODUCTION

There are some easy steps that you can take that will increase your chances of success at
interviews. First, remember that job interviews should be a process of two-way communication.
Not only are they a tool for employers to use to evaluate you, but they are also an opportunity for
you to assess the job, the organization, and to see if there is a "fit." The keys to a successful
interview are preparation and practice. The following suggestions will help you prepare for an
interview: Self-evaluation It is important for you to think about yourself and your past
experiences in order to be ready to articulate what you have to offer an employer
How your present and past experience relate to the position. . Consider the following
topics:
  Your current and future career goals

 What skills and expertise you have to offer

 The skills that you would like to develop or improve

 Kinds of people and environments you prefer

 Past experiences you want to highlight such as volunteer work, hobbies, travel

Tips Before Attending An Interview:

1. Learn about the organization.

2. Refresh on your chosen subject.

3. Refresh on your experience.

4. Identify what you have to offer.

5. Consider your potential as an identity.

6. Practice frequently asked questions.

7. Know the name of the interviewer.

8. Keep your documents ready.

9. Practice makes perfect.

10. Make a trip to the side of interview place in advance.

11. Review your resume.

12. Prepare checklist.

Research the Company - A company's website is an excellent place to begin. It usually

gives you information on whether it is international or domestic, what its revenues are, how
many locations it has, and the nature of its major products. Most companies are very proud of
their websites. Don't be surprised if one of the first questions interviewers ask when you arrive
is, "Have you have had a chance to look at our website?" Practice interviews - Write down a list
of possible questions that you think may be asked, then have a friend act as an interviewer and
direct them to you in a practice interview situation. Don't stop until you feel comfortable
answering each question. Practicing beforehand will make you feel more comfortable and
relaxed during the interview

Dress Professionally - In today's environment, wearing a suit isn't always necessary.

Contact the HR Manager of the company or your recruiter, and find out what the dress code is
for the company at which you are going to interview. Then dress one level above. For instance, if
it is business casual, men can wear dress pants, dress shirt, and sport coat. Women can wear a
pantsuit, dress, or a skirt and blouse. Visual impressions are very important. Therefore, if in
doubt, always dress on the conservative side. Arrival - Try to arrive at the interview location a
little early. This gives you time to determine where you need to go, and will give you a few
minutes to collect your thoughts. DO NOT arrive late. Nothing destroys your chance at
impressing an employer more than arriving late and offering no explanation. If you learn at the
last minute that you are going to be arriving late at the interview, call and let the
interviewerknow. Interviewers understand that things can come up suddenly. You are never
considered late if you call and make them aware of the fact.

During the Interview:

First impressions - First impressions take only thirty seconds. Establishing rapport, direct
and sustained eye contact, a firm handshake, a warm smile, good posture, and introducing
yourself in a confident manner are important ingredients. A well-groomed, professional
appearance is critical. Greet the interviewer with a firm handshake, whether it is a woman or a
man. (No one likes a weak handshake.) Always maintain eye contact while shaking hands.
Smile- A smile denotes confidence in a candidate. Try to smile often. Also, don't be afraid to use
some hand animation while answering questions. This suggests enthusiasm in a candidate. Body
Language - Use good posture, and look the interviewer right in the eye. Sit up straight.

Never slouch. Speak Clearly - Don't mumble. It portrays a lack of confidence. Speak with
assurance.

This indicates confidence. Listen Before Answering - Allow the employer to begin the
interview, but be prepared with some opening statements or questions such as, "I understand that
this position involves…," or "What are you looking for in a job candidate?" Make sure you
understand the question. If not, ask the interviewer to clarify it. Don't be afraid to take some time
to think before answering. Interviewers are impressed with someone who thinks out an answer
before speaking.

Give Brief Answers - Make your answer concise and to the point. Rambling tends to
suggest that you really don't have the answer to the question(s) asked. Previous Employers -
Never, ever say anything negative about your present or previous employers. No matter how
much you may have disliked someone, find a way to give your experiences a positive spin. Be

Truthful - Don't lie when asked about something you haven't done. The next question will be
"tell us about it." Know Your Resume - Be prepared to talk about every fact that is on your
resume. Many people embellish their accomplishments on their resumes. Avoid this, since the
only point of reference an interviewer has about you is the resume you provide to him/her
beforehand. Keep things at a professional level - Sometimes near the end of an interview, the two
parties start feeling comfortable with each other. Don't let this comfortable feeling lead you to
telling them something about yourself that they really shouldn't know. Always keep things at a
professional level. Look for something in Common - This is something that has given us an edge
in the past. Try to find a common bond between yourself and your interviewer. If you are being
interviewed in an office, look at how the office is decorated. Look for something you can
identify with. Is his/her college diploma hanging on the wall? Did you attend a nearby school, or
perhaps one in the same Division? If so, make a quick comment about it: "Did you attend

Penn State? I attended the University of Michigan. What a great football conference."
Interviewers sometimes feel more comfortable with people with whom they have something in
common. This approach has helped several candidates obtain a position over other qualified
candidates. Above all, be sincere.

After the Interview:

Back in Touch - Ask the interviewer when s/he expects to get back to you on her/his
decision. Get Everyone's Business Card - Before you leave, be sure to get the business cards of
all of the people with whom you visited. If you cannot do that, as a secretary for their names and
e-mail addresses. Thank the Interviewer - Verbally thank the interviewer for taking the time to
interview you, before leaving. Within a day, send thank-you letters to all of the interviewers with
whom you spoke. This does not need to consist of a written letter sent via snail mail; an e-mailed
thank-you works just as well. Do not give up - Sometimes, within ten minutes of the start of an
interview; you will know that the job is not one you want to pursue. If you begin to feel this way,
don't give up on the interview. Continue to interview as if the job was the most important thing
in the world. This provides you with practice for your next interview, which may be for your
dream job! Not all interviews will lead to offers of employment, but, if you approach every
interview as if it's the most important interview you ever had, you will come out a winner!

Additional Tips:

 Focus on presenting a positive, enthusiastic tone.

 If you are asked to describe a weakness, mention lessons learned, and steer away
from negative descriptions. Think about three or four key points that you want to
make about your personal characteristics, skills you have learned, and relevant
experiences that demonstrate that you could perform the job well.

 Find specific, rather than general, examples from your experience that illustrate
important points about yourself.

 When answering questions, focus on experiences that demonstrate flexibility,

adaptability, responsibility, progress, achievement, creativity, initiative, and
leadership. If the employer signals the end of the interview and asks you for
questions, and you haven't discussed some key points, say: "There are a couple of
points I would like to mention."

After the interview, write a brief thank you letter. Express your appreciation for the
opportunity to interview and learn about the organization, re-confirm your interest, and re-
emphasize how your background and skills might be of interest to the organization.

INTERVIEW STRATEGIES:

 Look your best.

 Dress formally.
 Prepare your person.
  Relax.
 Speak carefully.
 Speak clearly.
 Speak confidently.
 Speak slowly.
 Appropriate answers.
 Show good manners (positive attitude).
 Be polite.
 Be flexible.
 Be careful.
 Be tactful.
 Don’t argue.
 Control your nervous.

Some Interview Questions:

You can expect to be asked some of the following types of questions in an interview. Case
Questions are often used by consulting companies to assess analytical and problem solving skills.
The interviewer presents a situation and asks you to discuss possible solutions. A sample case
question is, "Describe a managed care company that you think is successful and explains why.
What do they do that works? What are their potential problems? What is your outlook for their
future? What suggestions do you have for their future?" Behavioral or situational questions are
used to assess how you would behave in different circumstances and to predict your behavior in
future, similar situations. An interviewer may ask, "Tell me about a time when a team you were
working on was unable to proceed due to some interpersonal conflict. How did you respond, and
what role did you play on the team?" Role-play questions entail the interviewer asking you to put
yourself in another role and decide how you would handle a specific problem. Industry-specific
questions are questions regarding the latest trends or issues in the industry. An interviewer may
ask, "If you were a CEO of Microsoft’s main competitor, what actions would you take in the on-
line services market?" Brainteasers are quick questions where the obvious answer is not
necessarily the right answer such as, "Which would you rather receive: fifty thousand pennies or
a 10x10x10 room filled with pennies?"

General questions:
 Tell me about yourself.

 What are your key experiences and accomplishments?

 How would you rank your achievements?

 What are your strengths and weaknesses?

 How would your friends describe you?

 Explain your reason for leaving your current job.

 How would you describe your management style?

 What appeals to you about this job and organization?

 Describe the ideal position in our company.

 What qualities do you think make someone successful in our industry?

 What would you like me to know most that is not on your resume?

 Why are you qualified for this position?

 Give an example of a situation where you demonstrated leadership.

 What questions do you have about the organization?

Questions for the interviewer are queries that usually focus on the culture or mission of
the organization, and job responsibilities. This is not the time to bring up questions about salary,
benefits, and vacation about which you can inquire after you have been offered the job.

The Phone Interview:

 Due to a company's geographic location, travel costs, and divergent schedules, a phone
interview may often be your initial contact with a prospective employer. Therefore, we're
offering some phone interview tips.

Objective - The idea behind a phone interview is to gain an invitation for a personal
interview, and to gather more information for future steps in the process. Preparation - Have a
pad, pen, and a copy of your resume near the phone. Use a phone in a quiet area. Avoid any
background noise. Also avoid using a cordless phone, because they tend to transmit poorly.

Speaking:
a. Smile and be enthusiastic. Your enthusiasm will carry through to the interviewer.

b. Speak in a conversational manner, and be sure to speak loudly enough to be heard. Speak
with some inflection and tone.

SOURCES OF INFORMATION

www.prospects.ac.uk/links/interviews
www.gowales.co.uk
www.skill.org.uk
PRESENTATION
 TECHNICAL PRESENTATION

Surveying
This article is about measuring positions on Earth. For other uses, see Survey
(disambiguation) and Surveyor (disambiguation).
A surveyor at work with an infrared reflector used for distance measurement.

Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, and science of determining the

terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances and angles between them. A
land surveying professional is called a land surveyor. These points are usually on the surface of
the Earth, and they are often used to establish land maps and boundaries forownership, locations
like building corners or the surface location of subsurface features, or other purposes required by
government or civil law, such as property sales.

Surveyors work with elements of geometry, trigonometry, regression

analysis, physics, engineering, metrology, programming languages and the law. They use
equipment like total stations, robotic total stations, GPS receivers, retroreflectors, 3D scanners,
radios, handheld tablets, digital levels, drones, GIS and surveying software.

Surveying has been an element in the development of the human environment since the
beginning of recorded history. The planning and execution of most forms of construction require
it. It is also used in transport, communications, mapping, and the definition of legal boundaries
for land ownership. It is an important tool for research in many other scientific disciplines.

Definitions

ACSM

The American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (ACSM), defines surveying as the science

and art of making all essential measurements to determine the relative position of points or
physical and cultural details above, on, or beneath the surface of the Earth, and to depict them in
a usable form, or to establish the position of points or details.[citation needed]

Also per ACSM, the type of surveying known as "land surveying" is the detailed study or
inspection, as by gathering information through observations, measurements in the field,
questionnaires, or research of legal instruments, and data analysis in the support of planning,
designing, and establishing of property boundaries. It involves the re-establishment
of cadastral surveys and land boundaries based on documents of record and historical evidence,
as well as certifying surveys (as required by statute or local ordinance) of subdivision plats or
maps, registered land surveys, judicial surveys, and space delineation. Land surveying can
include associated services such as mapping and related data accumulation, construction layout
surveys, precision measurements of length, angle, elevation, area, and volume, as well as
horizontal and vertical control surveys, and the analysis and utilization of land survey data.

FIG

The International Federation of Surveyors defines the function of surveying as:[1]

A surveyor is a professional person with the academic qualifications and technical expertise to
conduct one, or more, of the following activities;

 to determine, measure and represent land, three-dimensional objects, point-fields and

trajectories;
 to assemble and interpret land and geographically related information,

 to use that information for the planning and efficient administration of the land, the sea
and any structures thereon; and,

 to conduct research into the above practices and to develop them.

History

See also: Cadastre § History, Cartography § History, and Topographic mapping § History

Ancient surveying
A plumb rule from the book Cassells' Carpentry and Joinery

Basic surveyance has occurred since humans built the first large structures. The prehistoric
monument at Stonehenge (c. 2500 BC) was set out by prehistoric surveyors using peg and rope
geometry.[2]

In ancient Egypt, a rope stretcher would use simple geometry to re-establish boundaries after the
annual floods of the Nile River. The almost perfect squareness and north-south orientation of
the Great Pyramid of Giza, built c. 2700 BC, affirm the Egyptians' command of surveying.
The Groma instrument originated in Mesopotamia (early 1st millennium BC).[3]

The mathematician Liu Hui described ways of measuring distant objects in his

work Haidaosuanjing or The Sea Island Mathematical Manual, published in 263 AD.

The Romans recognized land surveyors as a profession. They established the basic
measurements under which the Roman Empire was divided, such as a tax register of conquered
lands (300 AD).[4] Roman surveyors were known as Gromatici.

In medieval Europe, beating the bounds maintained the boundaries of a village or parish. This

was the practice of gathering a group of residents and walking around the parish or village to
establish a communal memory of the boundaries. Young boys were included to ensure the
memory lasted as long as possible.

In England, William the Conqueror commissioned the Domesday Book in 1086. It recorded the

names of all the land owners, the area of land they owned, the quality of the land, and specific
information of the area's content and inhabitants. It did not include maps showing exact
locations.

Modern surveying

Abel Foullon described a plane table in 1551, but it is thought that the instrument was in use
earlier as his description is of a developed instrument.

Gunter's chain was introduced in 1620 by English mathematician Edmund Gunter. It enabled

plots of land to be accurately surveyed and plotted for legal and commercial purposes.

Table of Surveying, 1728Cyclopaedia

Leonard Digges described a Theodolite that measured horizontal angles in his book A geometric

practice named Pantometria (1571). Joshua Habermel (de:ErasmusHabermehl) created a
theodolite with a compass and tripod in 1576. JohnathonSission was the first to incorporate a
telescope on a theodolite in 1725.[5]

In the 18th century, modern techniques and instruments for surveying began to be used. Jesse
Ramsden introduced the first precisiontheodolite in 1787. It was an instrument for
measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes. He created his great theodolite using an
accurate dividing engine of his own design. Ramsden's theodolite represented a great step
forward in the instrument's accuracy.William Gascoigne invented an instrument that used
a telescope with an installed crosshair as a target device, in 1640. James Wattdeveloped an
optical meter for the measuring of distance in 1771; it measured the parallactic angle from which
the distance to a point could be deduced.
Dutch mathematician WillebrordSnellius (a.k.a. Snell) introduced the modern systematic use
of triangulation. In 1615 he surveyed the distance from Alkmaar to Bergen op Zoom,
approximately 70 miles (110 kilometres). The survey was a chain of quadrangles containing 33
triangles in all. Snell showed how planar formulae could be corrected to allow for the curvature
of the earth. He also showed how toresection, or calculate, the position of a point inside a
triangle using the angles cast between the vertices at the unknown point. These could be
measured more accurately than bearings of the vertices, which depended on a compass. His work
established the idea of surveying a primary network of control points, and locating subsidiary
points inside the primary network later. Between 1733 and 1740,Jacques Cassini and his
son César undertook the first triangulation of France. They included a re-surveying of
the meridian arc, leading to the publication in 1745 of the first map of France constructed on
rigorous principles. By this time, triangulation methods were by then well established for local
map-making.

A map of India showing the Great Trigonometrical Survey, produced in 1870

It was only towards the end of the 18th century that detailed triangulation network surveys
mapped whole countries. In 1784, a team from General William Roy's Ordnance Survey of Great
Britain began the Principal Triangulation of Britain. The first Ramsden theodolite was built for
this survey. The survey was finally completed in 1853. The Great Trigonometric Survey of India
began in 1801. The Indian survey had an enormous scientific impact. It was responsible for one
of the first accurate measurements of a section of an arc of longitude, and for measurements of
the geodesic anomaly. It named and mapped Mount Everest and the other Himalayan peaks.
Surveying became a professional occupation in high demand at the turn of the 19th century with
the onset of the Industrial Revolution. The profession developed more accurate instruments to
aid its work. Industrial infrastructure projects used surveyors to lay out canals, roads and rail.

In the US, the Land Ordinance of 1785 created the Public Land Survey System. It formed the
basis for dividing the western territories into sections to allow the sale of land. The PLSS divided
states into township grids which were further divided into sections and fractions of sections.

Napoleon Bonaparte founded continental Europe's first cadastre in 1808. This gathered data on

the number of parcels of land, their value, land usage, and names. This system soon spread
around Europe.

A railroad surveying party at Russel's Tank, Arizona in the 1860s

Robert Torrens introduced the Torrens system in South Australia in 1858. Torrens intended to

simplify land transactions and provide reliable titles via a centralized register of land. The
Torrens system was adopted in several other nations of the English-speaking world. Surveying
became increasingly important with the arrival of railroads in the 1800s. Surveying was
necessary so that railroads could plan technologically and financially viable routes.

20th century

A German engineer surveying during the First World War, 1918

At the beginning of the century surveyors had improved the older chains and ropes, but still
faced the problem of accurate measurement of long distances. Dr Trevor Lloyd
Wadley developed theTellurometer during the 1950s. It measures long distances using two
microwave transmitter/receivers. During the late 1950s Geodimeter introduced electronic
distance measurement (EDM) equipment.[7] EDM units use a multi frequency phase shift of light
waves to find a distance. These instruments saved the need for days or weeks of chain
measurement by measuring between points kilometers apart in one go.

Advances in electronics allowed miniaturization of EDM. In the 1970s the first instruments
combining angle and distance measurement appeared, becoming known as total stations.
Manufacturers added more equipment by degrees, bringing improvements in accuracy and speed
of measurement. Major advances include tilt compensators, data recorders, and on-board
calculation programs.

The first Satellite positioning system was the US Navy TRANSIT system. The first successful
launch took place in 1960. The system's main purpose was to provide position information
to Polaris missile submarines. Surveyors found they could use field receivers to determine the
location of a point. Sparse satellite cover and large equipment made observations laborious, and
inaccurate. The main use was establishing benchmarks in remote locations.

The US Air Force launched the first prototype satellites of the Global Positioning System (GPS)
in 1978. GPS used a larger constellation of satellites and improved signal transmission to provide
more accuracy. Early GPS observations required several hours of observations by a static
receiver to reach survey accuracy requirements. Recent improvements to both satellites and
receivers allow Real Time Kinematic (RTK) surveying. RTK surveys get high-accuracy
measurements by using a fixed base station and a second roving antenna. The position of the
roving antenna can be tracked.

21st century

The theodolite, total station, and RTK GPS survey remain the primary methods in use.

Remote sensing and satellite imagery continue to improve and become cheaper, allowing more
commonplace use. Prominent new technologies include three-dimensional (3D) scanning and use
of lidar for topographical surveys. UAV technology along with photogrammetric image
processing is also appearing.

Surveying equipment

Further information: List of surveying instruments

Hardware

Surveying Equipment. Clockwise from upper left: Optical Theodolite, Robotic total
station, RTK GPS Base station, Optical level.

The main surveying instruments in use around the world are the theodolite, measuring tape, total
station, 3D scanners,GPS/GNSS, level and rod. Most instruments screw onto a tripod when in
use. Tape measures are often used for measurement of smaller distances. 3D scanners and
various forms of aerial imagery are also used.

The Theodolite is an instrument for the measurement of angles. It uses two

separate circles, protractors or alidades to measure angles in the horizontal and the vertical plane.
A telescope mounted on trunnions is aligned vertically with the target object. The whole upper
section rotates for horizontal alignment. The vertical circle measures the angle that the telescope
makes against the vertical, known as the vertical angle. The horizontal circle uses an upper and
lower plate. When beginning the survey, the surveyor points the instrument in a known direction
(bearing), and clamps the lower plate in place. The instrument can then rotate to measure the
bearing to other objects. If no bearing is known or direct angle measurement is wanted, the
instrument can be set to zero during the initial sight. It will then read the angle between the initial
object, the theodolite itself, and the item that the telescope aligns with.

The Gyrotheodolite is a form of theodolite that uses a gyroscope to orient itself in the absence of
reference marks. It is used in underground applications.

The total station is a development of the theodolite with an electronic distance measurement

device (EDM). A total station can be used for leveling when set to the horizontal plane. Since
their introduction, total stations have shifted from optical-mechanical to fully electronic devices.

Modern top-of-the-line total stations no longer need a reflector or prism to return the light pulses
used for distance measurements. They are fully robotic, and can even e-mail point data to a
remote computer and connect to satellite positioning systems, such as Global Positioning
System. Real Time Kinematic GPS systems have increased the speed of surveying, but they are
still only horizontally accurate to about 20 mm and vertically to 30–40 mm.[9]

GPS surveying differs from other GPS uses in the equipment and methods used. Static GPS uses
two receivers placed in position for a considerable length of time. The long span of time lets the
receiver compare measurements as the satellites orbit. The changes as the satellites orbit also
provide the measurement network with well conditioned geometry. This produces an accurate
baseline that can be over 20 km long. RTK surveying uses one static antenna and one roving
antenna. The static antenna tracks changes in the satellite positions and atmospheric conditions.
The surveyor uses the roving antenna to measure the points needed for the survey. The two
antennas use a radio link that allows the static antenna to send corrections to the roving antenna.
The roving antenna then applies those corrections to the GPS signals it is receiving to calculate
its own position. RTK surveying covers smaller distances than static methods. This is because
divergent conditions further away from the base reduce accuracy.

Surveying instruments have characteristics that make them suitable for certain uses. Theodolites
and levels are often used by constructors rather than surveyors in first world countries. The
constructor can perform simple survey tasks using a relatively cheap instrument. Total stations
are workhorses for many professional surveyors because they are versatile and reliable in all
conditions. The productivity improvements from a GPS on large scale surveys makes them
popular for major infrastructure or data gathering projects. One-person robotic-guided total
stations allow surveyors to measure without extra workers to aim the telescope or record data. A
fast but expensive way to measure large areas is with a helicopter, using a GPS to record the
location of the helicopter and a laser scanner to measure the ground. To increase precision,
surveyors place beacons on the ground (about 20 km (12 mi) apart). This method reaches
precisions between 5–40 cm (depending on flight height).

Surveyors use ancillary equipment such as: tripods and instrument stands; staves and beacons
used for sighting purposes; PPE; vegetation clearing equipment; digging implements for finding
survey markers buried over time; hammers for placements of markers in various surfaces and
structures; and portable radios for communication over long lines of sight.

Software

Land surveyors, construction professionals and civil engineers using total station, GPS, 3D

scanners and other collector data use Land Surveying Software to increase efficiency, accuracy
and productivity. Land Surveying Software is a staple of contemporary land surveying.[11]

Surveying techniques

A standard Brunton Geo compass, still used commonly today by geographers, geologists and
surveyors for field-based measurements

Surveyors determine the position of objects by measuring angles and distances. The factors that
can affect the accuracy of their observations are also measured. They then use this data to create
vectors, bearings, co-ordinates, elevations, areas, volumes, plans and maps. Measurements are
often split into horizontal and vertical components to simplify calculation. GPS and astronomic
measurements also need measurement of a time component.
Distance measurement

Example of modern equipment for surveying (Field-Map technology):GPS, laser rangefinder and

field computer allows surveying as well ascartography (creation of map in real-time) and field
data collection.

Before EDM devices, distances were measured using a variety of means. These included chains
having links of a known length such as a Gunter's chain, or measuring tapes made
of steel orinvar. To measure horizontal distances, these chains or tapes were pulled taut to reduce
sagging and slack. The distance had to be adjusted for heat expansion. Attempts to hold the
measuring instrument level would also be made. When measuring up a slope, the surveyor might
have to "break" (break chain) the measurement- use an increment less than the total length of the
chain.Perambulators, or measuring wheels, were used to measure longer distances but not to a
high level of accuracy. Tacheometry is the science of measuring distances by measuring the
angle between two ends of an object with a known size. It was sometimes used before to the
invention of EDM where rough ground made chain measurement impractical.

Angle measurement

Historically, horizontal angles were measured by using a compass to provide a magnetic bearing.
The deflection from the bearing was recorded. Later, more precise scribed discs later improved
better angular resolution. Mounting telescopes with reticles atop the disc allowed more precise
sighting. (see theodolite). Levels and calibrated circles allowed measurement of vertical
angles. verniers allowed measurement to a fraction of a degree, such as with a turn-of-the-
century transit.

The Plane table provided a graphical method of recording and measuring angles, which reduced
the amount of mathematics required. In 1829 Francis Ronalds invented a reflecting
instrument for recording angles graphically by modifying the octant.[12]

By observing the bearing from every vertex in a figure, a surveyor can measure around the
figure. The final observation will be between the two points first observed, except with a 180°
difference. This is called a close. If the first and last bearings are different, this shows the error in
the survey, called the angular misclose. The surveyor can use this information to prove that the
work meets the expected standards.

Levelling
Main article: Levelling

Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services staff member conducts tide station
leveling in support of the US Army Corp of Engineers in Richmond, Maine.

The simplest method for measuring height is with an altimeter using air pressure to find height.
When more precise measurements are needed, means like precise levels (also known as
differential leveling) are used. When precise leveling, a series of measurements between two
points are taken using an instrument and a measuring rod. Differences in height between the
measurements are added and subtracted in a series to get the net difference in elevation between
the two endpoints. With the Global Positioning System (GPS), elevation can be measured with
satellite receivers. Usually GPS is somewhat less accurate than traditional precise leveling, but
may be similar over long distances.

When using an optical level, the endpoint may be out of the effective range of the instrument.
There may be obstructions or large changes of elevation between the endpoints. In these
situations, extra setups are needed. Turning is a term used when referring to moving the level to
take an elevation shot from a different location. To "turn" the level, one must first take a reading
and record the elevation of the point the rod is located on. While the rod is being kept in exactly
the same location, the level is moved to a new location where the rod is still visible. A reading is
taken from the new location of the level and the height difference is used to find the new
elevation of the level gun. This is repeated until the series of measurements is completed. The
level must be horizontal to get a valid measurement. Because of this, if the horizontal crosshair
of the instrument is lower than the base of the rod, the surveyor will not be able to sight the rod
and get a reading. The rod can usually be raised up to 25 feet high, allowing the level to be set
much higher than the base of the rod.

Determining position

The primary way of determining one's position on the earth's surface when no known positions
are nearby is by astronomic observations. Observations to the sun, moon and stars could all be
made using navigational techniques. Once the instrument's position and bearing to a star is
determined, the bearing can be transferred to a reference point on the earth. The point can then
be used as a base for further observations. Survey-accurate astronomic positions were difficult to
observe and calculate and so tended to be a base off which many other measurements were
made. Since the advent of the GPS system, astronomic observations are rare as GPS allows
adequate positions to be determined over most of the surface of the earth.

Reference networks
Main article: Geodetic network

A survey using traverse and offset measurements to record the location of the shoreline shown in
blue. Black dashed lines are traverse measurements between reference points (black circles). The
red lines are offsets measured at right angles to the traverse lines.

Few survey positions are derived from first principles. Instead, most surveys points are measured
relative to previous measured points. This forms a reference or control network where each point
can be used by a surveyor to determine their own position when beginning a new survey.

Survey points are usually marked on the earth's surface by objects ranging from small nails
driven into the ground to large beacons that can be seen from long distances. The surveyors can
set up their instruments on this position and measure to nearby objects. Sometimes a tall,
distinctive feature such as a steeple or radio aerial has its position calculated as a reference point
that angles can be measured against.

Triangulation is a method of horizontal location favoured in the days before EDM and GPS
measurement. It can determine distances, elevations and directions between distant objects. Since
the early days of surveying, this was the primary method of determining accurate positions of
objects for topographic maps of large areas. A surveyor first needs to know the horizontal
distance between two of the objects, known as the baseline. Then the heights, distances and
angular position of other objects can be derived, as long as they are visible from one of the
original objects. High-accuracy transits or theodolites were used, and angle measurements
repeated for increased accuracy. See also Triangulation in three dimensions.

Offsetting is an alternate method of determining position of objects, and was often used to
measure imprecise features such as riverbanks. The surveyor would mark and measure two
known positions on the ground roughly parallel to the feature, and mark out a baseline between
them. At regular intervals, a distance was measured at right angles from the first line to the
feature. The measurements could then be plotted on a plan or map, and the points at the ends of
the offset lines could be joined to show the feature.

Traversing is a common method of surveying smaller areas. The surveyor starts from an old
reference mark or known position and places a network of reference marks covering the survey
area. They then measure bearings and distances between the reference marks, and to the target
features. Most traverses form a loop pattern or link between two prior reference marks to allow
the surveyor to check their measurements are correct.

Datum and coordinate systems

Many surveys do not calculate positions on the surface of the earth, but instead measure the
relative positions of objects. However, often the surveyed items need to be compared to outside
data, such as boundary lines or previous surveys objects. The oldest way of describing a position
is via latitude and longitude, and often a height above sea level. As the surveying profession
grew it created Cartesian coordinate systems to simplify the mathematics for surveys over small
parts of the earth. The simplest coordinate systems assume that the earth is flat and measure from
an arbitrary point, known as a 'datum' (singular form of data). The coordinate system allows easy
calculation of the distances and direction between objects over small areas. Large areas distort
due to the earth's curvature. North is often defined as true north at the datum.

For larger regions, it is necessary to model the shape of the earth using an ellipsoid or a geoid.
Many countries have created coordinate-grids customized to lessen error in their area of the
earth.

Errors and accuracy

A basic tenet of surveying is that no measurement is perfect, and that there will always be a
small amount of error.[13] There are three classes of survey errors:

 Gross errors or blunders: Errors made by the surveyor during the survey. Upsetting the
instrument, misaiming a target, or writing down a wrong measurement are all gross errors. A
large gross error may reduce the accuracy to an unacceptable level. Therefore, surveyors use
redundant measurements and independent checks to detect these errors early in the survey.
 Systematic: Errors that follow a consistent pattern. Examples include effects of
temperature on a chain or EDM measurement, or a poorly adjusted spirit-level causing a
tilted instrument or target pole. Systematic errors that have known effects can be
compensated or corrected.

 Random: Random errors are small unavoidable fluctuations. They are caused by

imperfections in measuring equipment, eyesight, and conditions. They can be minimized by
redundancy of measurement and avoiding unstable conditions. Random errors tend to cancel
each other out, but checks must be made to ensure they are not propagating from one
measurement to the next.

Surveyors avoid these errors by regular checks on their equipment, using consistent methods,
and by good design of their reference network. Redundancy of measurements allows the use of
averaging and allows outlier measurements to be discarded. Independent checks like measuring a
point from two or more locations or using two different methods are used. Errors can be detected
by comparing the results of the two measurements.

Once the surveyor has calculated the level of the errors in his work, it is adjusted. This is the
process of distributing the error between all measurements. Each observation is weighted
according to how much of the total error it is likely to have caused and part of that error is
allocated to it in a proportional way. The most common methods of adjustment are
the Bowditch method, also known as the compass rule, and the Principle of least squares method.

The Surveyor must be able to distinguish between accuracy and precision. In the United States,
surveyors and civil engineers use units of feet wherein a survey foot breaks down into 10ths and
100ths. Many deed descriptions containing distances are often expressed using these units
(125.25 ft). On the subject of accuracy, surveyors are often held to a standard of one one-
hundredth of a foot; about 1/8 inch. Calculation and mapping tolerances are much smaller
wherein achieving near-perfect closures are desired. Though tolerances will vary from project to
project, in the field and day to day usage beyond a 100th of a foot is often impractical.

Types of surveys

See also: Survey (disambiguation) and Survey (disambiguation) § Earth sciences

Local professional organisation or regulatory bodies classify specializations of surveying in

different ways. Broad groups are:

 As-built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of
a construction project. Asbuilt surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and
payment purposes. An as-built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built
surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with
design information.
 Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re-establishes boundaries of
a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or
markers at the corners or along the lines of the parcel. These take the form
of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt.
The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title
Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements
of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey.

 Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions
for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying.
 Construction surveying

 Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or

moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to
pass and the positions are then re-measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the
two sets of positions is made.

 Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on an non-level

surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like-for-
like basis. The advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to
conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off-shore industry, as not
all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement.

 Engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as-built surveys associated with

engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering
practice.

 Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has
been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the
location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan.

 Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and
bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes.

 Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given
elevation.

 LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from
a SFHA special flood hazard area.

 Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may
be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction
process.
 Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and
galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the
restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages.

 Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that

delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building
setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a
precondition for a mortgage loan.

 Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to
allow aerial photographs to be rectified.

 Stakeout, Layout or Setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or
proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent.
This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying.

 Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and
structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in
good repair.

 Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller
properties.

 Topographic survey: a survey that measures the elevation of points on a particular piece
of land, and presents them as contour lines on a plot.

Plane and geodetic surveying

Based on the considerations and true shape of the earth, surveying is broadly classified into two
types.

Plane surveying assumes the earth is flat. Curvature and spheroidal shape of the earth is
neglected. In this type of surveying all triangles formed by joining survey lines are considered as
plane triangles. It is employed for small survey works where errors due to the earth's shape are
too small to matter.[14]
In geodetic surveying the curvature of the earth is taken into account while calculating reduced
levels, angles, bearings and distances. This type of surveying is usually employed for large
survey works. Survey works up to 100 square miles (260 square kilometers ) are treated as plane
and beyond that are treated as geodetic.[15] In geodetic surveying necessary corrections are
applied to reduced levels, bearings and other observations.[16]

NON TECHNICAL PRESENTATION

 BERMUDA TRIANGLE
"Devil's Triangle" redirects here. For other uses, see Devil's Triangle (disambiguation).

Coordinates:  25°N 71°W

Bermuda Triangle

Devil's Triangle
 One version of the Bermuda Triangle area

The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devil's Triangle, is a loosely-defined region in the

western part of the NorthAtlantic Ocean, where a number of aircraft and ships are said to have
disappeared under mysterious circumstances. The vicinity of the Bermuda Triangle is one of the
most heavily traveled shipping lanes in the world, with ships frequently crossing through it for
ports in the Americas, Europe, and the Caribbean islands. Cruise ships and pleasure craft
regularly sail through the region, and commercial and private aircraft routinely fly over it.

According to the US Navy, the triangle does not exist,[1] and the name is not recognized by
the US Board on Geographic Names. Popular culture has attributed various disappearances to
the paranormal or activity by extraterrestrial beings. Documented evidence indicates that a
significant percentage of the incidents were spurious, inaccurately reported, or embellished by
later authors.

Triangle area

In 1964, Vincent Gaddis wrote in the pulp magazine Argosy of the boundaries of the Bermuda

Triangle:[2] three vertices, in Miami, Florida peninsula, in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and in the mid-
Atlantic island of Bermuda. Subsequent writers did not necessarily follow this definition. [1] Some
writers gave different boundaries and vertices to the triangle, with the total area varying from
1,300,000 to 3,900,000 km2 (500,000 to 1,510,000 sq mi).[1] Consequently, the determination of
which accidents occurred inside the triangle depends on which writer reported them.
 The United States Board on Geographic Names does not recognize the Bermuda Triangle, and
[1]

it is not given on any map drawn by US government agencies.[1]

Origins

The earliest suggestion of unusual disappearances in the Bermuda area appeared in a September
17, 1950 article published in The Miami Herald (Associated Press)[3] by Edward Van Winkle
Jones.[4] Two years later, Fate magazine published "Sea Mystery at Our Back Door", [5] a short
article by George X. Sand covering the loss of several planes and ships, including the loss
of Flight 19, a group of five U.S. Navy Grumman TBM Avenger torpedo bombers on a training
mission. Sand's article was the first to lay out the now-familiar triangular area where the losses
took place. Flight 19 alone would be covered again in the April 1962 issue of American
Legion magazine.[6] In it, author Allan W. Eckertwrote that the flight leader had been heard
saying, "We are entering white water, nothing seems right. We don't know where we are, the
water is green, no white." He also wrote that officials at the Navy board of inquiry stated that the
planes "flew off to Mars."[7] Sand's article was the first to suggest a supernatural element to the
Flight 19 incident. In the February 1964 issue of Argosy, Vincent Gaddis' article "The Deadly
Bermuda Triangle" argued that Flight 19 and other disappearances were part of a pattern of
strange events in the region.[2] The next year, Gaddis expanded this article into a book, Invisible
Horizons.[8]

Others would follow with their own works, elaborating on Gaddis' ideas: John Wallace Spencer
(Limbo of the Lost, 1969, repr. 1973);[9] Charles Berlitz (The Bermuda Triangle, 1974);
 Richard Winer (The Devil's Triangle, 1974),[11] and many others, all keeping to some of the
[10]

same supernatural elements outlined by Eckert

Criticism of the concept

Larry Kusche

Lawrence David Kusche, author of The Bermuda Triangle Mystery: Solved (1975)[13] argued that
many claims of Gaddis and subsequent writers were often exaggerated, dubious or unverifiable.
Kusche's research revealed a number of inaccuracies and inconsistencies between Berlitz's
accounts and statements from eyewitnesses, participants, and others involved in the initial
incidents. Kusche noted cases where pertinent information went unreported, such as the
disappearance of round-the-world yachtsman Donald Crowhurst, which Berlitz had presented as
a mystery, despite clear evidence to the contrary. Another example was the ore-carrier recounted
by Berlitz as lost without trace three days out of an Atlantic port when it had been lost three days
out of a port with the same name in the Pacific Ocean. Kusche also argued that a large
percentage of the incidents that sparked allegations of the Triangle's mysterious influence
actually occurred well outside it. Often his research was simple: he would review period
newspapers of the dates of reported incidents and find reports on possibly relevant events like
unusual weather that were never mentioned in the disappearance stories.

Kusche concluded that:

 The number of ships and aircraft reported missing in the area was not significantly
greater, proportionally speaking, than in any other part of the ocean.
 In an area frequented by tropical cyclones, the number of disappearances that did occur
were, for the most part, neither disproportionate, unlikely, nor mysterious.

 Furthermore, Berlitz and other writers would often fail to mention such storms or even
represent the disappearance as having happened in calm conditions when meteorological
records clearly contradict this.

 The numbers themselves had been exaggerated by sloppy research. A boat's

disappearance, for example, would be reported, but its eventual (if belated) return to port
may not have been.

 Some disappearances had, in fact, never happened. One plane crash was said to have
taken place in 1937 off Daytona Beach, Florida, in front of hundreds of witnesses; a check of
the local papers revealed nothing.[citation needed]

 The legend of the Bermuda Triangle is a manufactured mystery, perpetuated by writers

who either purposely or unknowingly made use of misconceptions, faulty reasoning, and
sensationalism.[13]

In a 2013 study, the World Wide Fund for Nature identified the world’s 10 most dangerous
waters for shipping, but the Bermuda Triangle was not among them.[14][15]

Further responses

When the UK Channel 4 television program The Bermuda Triangle (1992)[16] was being

produced by John Simmons of Geofilms for the Equinox series, the marine insurance
market Lloyd's of London was asked if an unusually large number of ships had sunk in the
Bermuda Triangle area. Lloyd's determined that large numbers of ships had not sunk
there. Lloyd's does not charge higher rates for passing through this area. United States Coast
Guard records confirm their conclusion. In fact, the number of supposed disappearances is
relatively insignificant considering the number of ships and aircraft that pass through on a
regular basis.

The Coast Guard is also officially skeptical of the Triangle, noting that they collect and publish,
through their inquiries, much documentation contradicting many of the incidents written about
by the Triangle authors. In one such incident involving the 1972 explosion and sinking of the
tanker SS V. A. Fogg, the Coast Guard photographed the wreck and recovered several bodies, in
contrast with one Triangle author's claim that all the bodies had vanished, with the exception of
the captain, who was found sitting in his cabin at his desk, clutching a coffee cup. In addition, V.
A. Fogg sank off the coast of Texas, nowhere near the commonly accepted boundaries of the
Triangle.

The NOVA/Horizon episode The Case of the Bermuda Triangle, aired on June 27, 1976, was
highly critical, stating that "When we've gone back to the original sources or the people involved,
the mystery evaporates. Science does not have to answer questions about the Triangle because
those questions are not valid in the first place ... Ships and planes behave in the Triangle the
same way they behave everywhere else in the world."

Skeptical researchers, such as Ernest Taves and Barry Singer,] have noted how mysteries and the
paranormal are very popular and profitable. This has led to the production of vast amounts of
material on topics such as the Bermuda Triangle. They were able to show that some of the pro-
paranormal material is often misleading or inaccurate, but its producers continue to market it.
Accordingly, they have claimed that the market is biased in favor of books, TV specials, and
other media that support the Triangle mystery, and against well-researched material if it espouses
a skeptical viewpoint.

Explanation attempts

Persons accepting the Bermuda Triangle as a real phenomenon have offered a number of
explanatory approaches.

Paranormal explanations
Triangle writers have used a number of supernatural concepts to explain the events. One
explanation pins the blame on leftover technology from the mythical lost continent ofAtlantis.
Sometimes connected to the Atlantis story is the submerged rock formation known as the Bimini
Road off the island of Bimini in the Bahamas, which is in the Triangle by some definitions.
Followers of the purported psychic Edgar Cayce take his prediction that evidence of Atlantis
would be found in 1968 as referring to the discovery of the Bimini Road. Believers describe the
formation as a road, wall, or other structure, but the Bimini Road is of natural origin.[22]

Other writers attribute the events to UFOs.[23][24] This idea was used by Steven Spielberg for
his science fiction film Close Encounters of the Third Kind, which features the lost Flight 19
aircrews as alien abductees.

Charles Berlitz, author of various books on anomalous phenomena, lists several theories
attributing the losses in the Triangle to anomalous or unexplained forces.[10]

Natural explanations
Compass variations

Compass problems are one of the cited phrases in many Triangle incidents. While some have
theorized that unusual local magnetic anomalies may exist in the area, [25] such anomalies have
not been found. Compasses have natural magnetic variations in relation to the magnetic poles, a
fact which navigators have known for centuries. Magnetic (compass) north and geographic (true)
north are only exactly the same for a small number of places – for example, as of 2000, in the
United States, only those places on a line running from Wisconsin to the Gulf of Mexico.[26] But
the public may not be as informed, and think there is something mysterious about a compass
"changing" across an area as large as the Triangle, which it naturally will.[13]
False-color image of the Gulf Stream flowing north through the western Atlantic Ocean. (NASA)

Gulf Stream

The Gulf Stream is a major surface current, primarily driven by thermohaline circulation that

originates in the Gulf of Mexico and then flows through the Straits of Florida into the North
Atlantic. In essence, it is a river within an ocean, and, like a river, it can and does carry floating
objects. It has a surface velocity of up to about 2.5 metres per second (5.6 mi/h).[27] A small plane
making a water landing or a boat having engine trouble can be carried away from its reported
position by the current.

Human error

One of the most cited explanations in official inquiries as to the loss of any aircraft or vessel is
human error.Human stubbornness may have caused businessman Harvey Conover to lose his
sailing yacht, the Revonoc, as he sailed into the teeth of a storm south of Florida on January 1,
1958.[29]

Violent weather

Tropical cyclones are powerful storms, which form in tropical waters and have historically cost
thousands of lives lost and caused billions of dollars in damage. The sinking of Francisco de
Bobadilla's Spanish fleet in 1502 was the first recorded instance of a destructive hurricane. These
storms have in the past caused a number of incidents related to the Triangle.

A powerful downdraft of cold air was suspected to be a cause in the sinking of the Pride of

Baltimore on May 14, 1986. The crew of the sunken vessel noted the wind suddenly shifted and
increased velocity from 32 km/h (20 mph) to 97–145 km/h (60–90 mph). A National Hurricane
Center satellite specialist, James Lushine, stated "during very unstable weather conditions the
downburst of cold air from aloft can hit the surface like a bomb, exploding outward like a giant
squall line of wind and water." A similar event occurred to the Concordia in 2010 off the coast
of Brazil.

Methane hydrates
Main article: Methane clathrate
Worldwide distribution of confirmed or inferred offshore gas hydrate-bearing sediments, 1996.
Source: United States Geological Survey

An explanation for some of the disappearances has focused on the presence of large fields
of methane hydrates (a form of natural gas) on the continental shelves.[31] Laboratory
experiments carried out in Australia have proven that bubbles can, indeed, sink a scale model
ship by decreasing the density of the water; [32][33][34] any wreckage consequently rising to the
surface would be rapidly dispersed by the Gulf Stream. It has been hypothesized that periodic
methane eruptions (sometimes called "mud volcanoes") may produce regions of frothy water that
are no longer capable of providing adequate buoyancy for ships. If this were the case, such an
area forming around a ship could cause it to sink very rapidly and without warning.

Publications by the USGS describe large stores of undersea hydrates worldwide, including

the Blake Ridge area, off the coast of the southeastern United States. [35] However, according to
the USGS, no large releases of gas hydrates are believed to have occurred in the Bermuda
Triangle for the past 15,000 years.[17]

Notable incidents

Main article: List of Bermuda Triangle incidents

Ellen Austin

The Ellen Austin supposedly came across a derelict ship, placed on board a prize crew, and
attempted to sail with it to New York in 1881. According to the stories, the derelict disappeared;
others elaborating further that the derelict reappeared minus the prize crew, then disappeared
again with a second prize crew on board. A check from Lloyd's of London records proved the
existence of the Meta, built in 1854 and that in 1880 the Meta was renamed Ellen Austin. There
are no casualty listings for this vessel, or any vessel at that time, that would suggest a large
number of missing men were placed on board a derelict that later disappeared.
Schooner Carroll A. Deering, as seen from the Cape Lookout lightvesselon January 29, 1921,
two days before she was found deserted in North Carolina. (US Coast Guard)

USS Cyclops
Main article: USS Cyclops (AC-4)

The incident resulting in the single largest loss of life in the history of the US Navy not related to
combat occurred when the collier USSCyclops, carrying a full load of manganese ore and with
one engine out of action, went missing without a trace with a crew of 309 sometime after March
4, 1918, after departing the island of Barbados. Although there is no strong evidence for any
single theory, many independent theories exist, some blaming storms, some capsizing, and some
suggesting that wartime enemy activity was to blame for the loss.[37][38] In addition, two
of Cyclops's sister ships, Proteus and Nereus were subsequently lost in the North Atlantic
during World War II. Both ships were transporting heavy loads of metallic ore similar to that
which was loaded on Cyclops during her fatal voyage. In all three cases structural failure due to
overloading with a much denser cargo than designed is considered the most likely cause of
sinking.

Carroll A. Deering
Main article: Carroll A. Deering

A five-masted schooner built in 1919, the Carroll A. Deering was found hard aground and
abandoned at Diamond Shoals, near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, on January 31, 1921.
Rumors and more at the time indicated the Deering was a victim of piracy, possibly connected
with the illegal rum-running trade during Prohibition, and possibly involving another
ship, SS Hewitt, which disappeared at roughly the same time. Just hours later, an unknown
steamer sailed near the lightship along the track of the Deering, and ignored all signals from the
lightship. It is speculated that Hewitt may have been this mystery ship, and possibly involved in
the Deering crew's disappearance.[39]
 Flight 19
Main article: Flight 19

US Navy Avengers, similar to those of Flight 19

Flight 19 was a training flight of five TBM Avenger torpedo bombers that disappeared on

December 5, 1945, while over the Atlantic. The squadron's flight plan was scheduled to take
them due east from Fort Lauderdale for 141 miles, north for 73 miles, and then back over a final
140-mile leg to complete the exercise. The flight never returned to base. The disappearance is
attributed by Navy investigators to navigational error leading to the aircraft running out of fuel.

One of the search and rescue aircraft deployed to look for them, a PBM Mariner with a 13-man
crew, also disappeared. A tanker off the coast of Florida reported seeing an explosion [40]
 and
observing a widespread oil slick when fruitlessly searching for survivors. The weather was
becoming stormy by the end of the incident. [41] According to contemporaneous sources the
Mariner had a history of explosions due to vapour leaks when heavily loaded with fuel, as for a
potentially long search and rescue operation.

Star Tiger and Star Ariel

Main articles: BSAA Star Tiger disappearance and BSAA Star Ariel disappearance

G-AHNP Star Tiger disappeared on January 30, 1948, on a flight from the Azores to

Bermuda; G-AGRE Star Ariel disappeared on January 17, 1949, on a flight from Bermuda
to Kingston, Jamaica. Both were Avro Tudor IV passenger aircraft operated by British South
American Airways.[42]Both planes were operating at the very limits of their range and the
slightest error or fault in the equipment could keep them from reaching the small island. One
plane was not heard from long before it would have entered the Triangle.[13]

Douglas DC-3
Main article: 1948 Airborne Transport DC-3 (DST) disappearance

On December 28, 1948, a Douglas DC-3 aircraft, number NC16002, disappeared while on a

flight from San Juan, Puerto Rico, to Miami. No trace of the aircraft or the 32 people on board
was ever found. A Civil Aeronautics Board investigation found there was insufficient
information available on which to determine probable cause of the disappearance.[43]

KC-135 Stratotankers

On August 28, 1963, a pair of US Air Force KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft collided and crashed
into the Atlantic. The Triangle version (Winer, Berlitz, Gaddis)[2][10][11] of this story specifies that
they did collide and crash, but there were two distinct crash sites, separated by over 160 miles
(260 km) of water. However, Kusche's research showed that the unclassified version of the Air
Force investigation report stated that the debris field defining the second "crash site" was
examined by a search and rescue ship, and found to be a mass of seaweed and driftwood tangled
in an old buoy.[13]

Connemara IV

A pleasure yacht was found adrift in the Atlantic south of Bermuda on September 26, 1955; it is
usually stated in the stories (Berlitz, Winer)[10][11] that the crew vanished while the yacht survived
being at sea during three hurricanes. The 1955 Atlantic hurricane season shows Hurricane
Ione passing nearby between the 14th and 18th of that month, with Bermuda being affected by
winds of almost gale force.[13] In his second book on the Bermuda Triangle, Winer quoted from a
letter he had received from Mr J.E. Challenor of Barbados:[44]

On the morning of September 22 Connemara IV was lying to a heavy mooring in the

open roadstead of Carlisle Bay. Because of the approaching hurricane, the owner strengthened
the mooring ropes and put out two additional anchors. There was little else he could do, as the
exposed mooring was the only available anchorage. ... In Carlisle Bay, the sea in the wake
of Hurricane Janet was awe-inspiring and dangerous. The owner of Connemara IV observed that
she had disappeared. An investigation revealed that she had dragged her moorings and gone to
sea.

In popular culture

 The Sea World amusement park on the Gold Coast (Australia) operated a ride

called Bermuda Triangle.
 Composer Isao Tomita released an album, Bermuda Triangle, inspired by the region.

 Fleetwood Mac released the song "Bermuda Triangle" on their 1974 album Heroes are
Hard to Find.

 Singer-songwriter Barry Manilow's single, "Bermuda Triangle" (released in 1981), was

taken from his album Barry (1980).

 The first film based on the Bermuda Triangle was the 1975 TV movie Satan's Triangle.
Later films include The Bermuda Triangle (1978), The Triangle (2001) and the TV
miniseries The Triangle (2005).

 In Search of... season 1 episode 4 (1977) is dedicated to the Bermuda Triangle.

 The 1977 disaster film Airport '77 involves an airliner crashing and sinking in the
Bermuda Triangle.

 The 1977 Steven Spielberg science fiction film Close Encounters of the Third

Kind begins with the discovery of Flight 19 in the Sonoran Desert. The planes are intact and
operational, but there are no signs of the pilots. It also depicts the SS Cotopaxi, also believed
to have disappeared in the triangle, being discovered in the Gobi Desert.
GROUP DISCUSSION
GROUP DISCUSSION

Group Discussion (GD) is an effective way to look at an issue from various angles. When
a topic is discussed in a group, all the participants come out with their own ideas.GD has
emerged as a tool to measure one’s behavior, emotional and psychological attributes.

An employer cannot take chances with an employee. They cannot make all the candidates
work and choose the best. So, they make the candidates go through various tests as written test,
GD, interview, etc.

WHY A GD IS A PART OF SELECTION PROCESS?

Written test can only test the knowledge of the person. Interview can give an insight into
his emotional and intellectual quotient. But a GD can access ones ability to measure contributes
towards the teams goal and the way he can work under stress.

STRUCTURE OF A GD:
 A GD generally consists of 8-12 people. A topic is given to the participants with some
time to prepare on it before the actual commencement of the discussion. It consists of three-
phased structure

1. Brain Storming:
Starts with an introduction and viewpoints of various members on the
topics.

2. Evaluation:
Consists of real discussion were the participants discuss the topics with e.g..

TYPES OF GD:

 Freewheeling:
The participants are given a room where they have to manage themselves
deciding a topic pf discussion to arrange their seats. After the discussion the examiner asks the
questions regarding to it.

 Moderator-led:
It is an analytical thinking of the participants. The topic will be
given some time period.

 Detail observatory style:

It is the hi-tech method like close circuit cameras, the over all
behavior of the participants. An examiner observes the audio visual aids from another room.
KINDS OF TOPICS:

1. Factual:

Eg.. The state of woman in India compared to other countries.

2. Controversial:Eg.. Should there be smaller states.

3. Abstract:

E.g.. Blue is better than red.

KEY WORDS AND VIEWS OF GD:When a topic is given find the keywords and ask yourself
questions like when, where, who, what, &how…etc.

CATEGORIZATION OF PARTICIPANTS:

 Initiator:
One who initiates the discussion?

 Coordinator:
One who makes the silent member to talk?

 Shaper:
One who gives direction to the team?

 Finisher:
One who keeps a check and makes the team finish the task on time.

 Leader:
One who leads the discussion?
  Innovator:
One who comes out with new ideas?

 Conflict:One who takes care on smooth functioning?

 Talking Terror:
One who keeps on speaking at length wit out giving any change to
others?

 Silent Member:
One who hardly speaks but listen to others?

IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF GD:

 Dress properly.
 Be confident.
 Keep a pen and paper.
 Body language.
 Don’t interrupt frequently.
 Communication skills.
 Initiate the discussion.
 Don’t be aggressive.
 Acknowledge other points.
 Do not keep points in store.
 Do not give personal experiences.
 Be flexible.
 Participate throughout.
 Remember that you are in a team.
 Motivate others.
 Summarize the discussion.
 IRRIGATION

PARTICIPANTS:

SANTHOSH.N

BHARATH.G

RAVI KUMAR.Y.T

GOKUL .R

Water the elixir of life has a prime use. More than anything else, it is used to quench our thirst. A

It is used, to maintain hygiene. Self - hygiene, such as brushing, bathing and washing. We should
be clean first to keep our surroundings clean.

Water is used for domestic purposes - in cooking, cleaning, washing and gardening.trying to
minimize the Indian impact on South Asia by picking up Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and their
'all season friend' Pakistan. We need to strengthen and speed up our infrastructure projects in
North-East Sector, Uttarakhand, Himachal and we can easily predict that Chinese incursion is the
result of India's increasing efforts of deploying 60,000 soldiers along the border line with China.
They are aware that they cannot compete with USA in the pacific region. So they are trying to
create pressure in the Himalayas. We will have to give up "non-aligned' international diplomatic
policy and have an aggressive International Policy against such countries.

GOKUL .R Said:

Hello friends,
Yes.i agree with santhosh sayings

Yes Water is very important in our life. Entire world 75 % of water 35 % only Earth. But we
have to face the problem on water. That is the question?.

My answer is don't waste the Water.

Bharath Said:

Water is important for all of us. As we know only 3% of pure water is available for drinking.
According to need human should use water. Because without it life is not possible. Always close
taps after usage of water

Ravi kumar Said:

It is used, to maintain hygiene. Self - hygiene, such as brushing, bathing and washing. We should
be clean first to keep our surroundings clean.

Water is used for domestic purposes - in cooking, cleaning, washing and gardening.

Avoiding Wastage: Water is important. It should not be used excessively and wasted. We should
think of how to save it before using it. When watering the garden or cleaning the car, instead of
the hose, use drip irrigation or wipe the car.

raghul Said:

Day by day our water requirements are increased more but mean while our resources are going
down because of increase of population so we should control population to increase and
nationalized water.

Ravi kumar

Water is very important in our life

Santhosh

Not very confident

Presented loose points

Rephrased others comment

Not very bright chance of selection

gokul;

Very confident

Does not believe in joining the bandwagon

Has clarity of thought and to the point argument

Knows how to put forth his point

Although spoke only once, he outshines all the other

Very Strong chance of selection

Tamil &Vinothkumar:

Confident and sharp

Strong determination

Knows how to take leadership .Knowledge wise, on a very superfluous level who believes
politicians are the only problem .chanceof selection are not very bright