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    Ch4 Reference Material

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    drishti
    The document discusses the distribution of oceans and continents on Earth, the theory of continental drift, and plate tectonics. It provides evidence that supports the idea that continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. The key points are: 1. Oceans cover 71% of the Earth's surface while continents cover 29%. 2. The continental drift theory proposes that approximately 200 million years ago, the supercontinent Pangaea separated into smaller landmasses that have continued to move to their current positions. 3. Plate tectonics involves the movement of massive tectonic plates that make up the Earth's surface, which interact at divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries.

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    Ch4 Reference Material

    Uploaded by

    drishti
    27 views30 pages
    The document discusses the distribution of oceans and continents on Earth, the theory of continental drift, and plate tectonics. It provides evidence that supports the idea that continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. The key points are: 1. Oceans cover 71% of the Earth's surface while continents cover 29%. 2. The continental drift theory proposes that approximately 200 million years ago, the supercontinent Pangaea separated into smaller landmasses that have continued to move to their current positions. 3. Plate tectonics involves the movement of massive tectonic plates that make up the Earth's surface, which interact at divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries.

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    The document discusses the distribution of oceans and continents on Earth, the theory of continental drift, and plate tectonics. It provides evidence that supports the idea that continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. The key points are: 1. Oceans cover 71% of the Earth's surface while continents cover 29%. 2. The continental drift theory proposes that approximately 200 million years ago, the supercontinent Pangaea separated into smaller landmasses that have continued to move to their current positions. 3. Plate tectonics involves the movement of massive tectonic plates that make up the Earth's surface, which interact at divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views30 pages

    Ch4 Reference Material

    Uploaded by

    drishti
    The document discusses the distribution of oceans and continents on Earth, the theory of continental drift, and plate tectonics. It provides evidence that supports the idea that continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. The key points are: 1. Oceans cover 71% of the Earth's surface while continents cover 29%. 2. The continental drift theory proposes that approximately 200 million years ago, the supercontinent Pangaea separated into smaller landmasses that have continued to move to their current positions. 3. Plate tectonics involves the movement of massive tectonic plates that make up the Earth's surface, which interact at divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 30

    4.

    DISTRIBUTION OF
    OCEANS AND
    CONTINENTS
    Oceanic water covers 71 % and Continents
    covers 29 % of earth surface
    We will find the answers to some
    questions...

    • What were the continents and oceans


    positions in the past ?
    • Why and how do they change their
    positions ?
    CONTINENTAL DRIFT
    • From the known records of history
    Abraham Ortelius, a Dutch map maker,
    who first proposed the possibility in 1596.
    • Antonio Pellegrini drew a map showing the
    three continents together.
    • Alfred Wagner who put forth a
    comprehensive argument in the form of
    Continental Drift Theory in 1912.
    CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
    • All the continents formed a single
    continental mass (Pangaea) and mega
    ocean surrounded the same.
    • Around 200 million years ago the Pangaea
    separated by the sea of Tethys . Lourasia
    (north) and Gondwanaland (south).
    • Subsequently Lourasia and
    Gondwanaland continued to break in to
    various smaller continents that exist
    today
    PANGAEA & PANTHALASSA
    Lourasia split to form the northern land mass
    → North America and Eurasia.

    Gondwanaland split to form the southern land mass


    → South America, Africa, Indian Peninsula, Australia
    and Antarctica.
    EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT OF THE
    CONTINENTAL DRIFT
    1. The matching of continents (jig-saw-fit).
    2. Rocks of same age across the ocean.
    3. Tillite.
    4. Placer deposit.
    5. Distribution of fossils.
    1. The Matching of Continents (Jig- Saw Fit)
    on either side of the Atlantic ocean
    2. Similarity in the age of rocks on either
    side of Atlantic Ocean
    3. Tillite – the sedimentary rock formed out
    of deposits of glaciers. This Gondawana
    system of sediments are found in India,
    Africa, Falkland Island, Madagascar,
    Antarctica and Australia. It also provide
    evidence of Palaeoclimate.
    4. Placer Deposits – The occurrence of rich
    placer deposits of gold in Ghana coast of
    Africa and the presence of source rock
    in Brazilian Plateau.
    5. Similarity in the plant and animal
    fossils found on either sides of marine
    barriers.
    FORCE FOR DRIFTING
    1. Pole-fleeing force
    relates to the rotation of the earth

    2. Tidal force
    is due to the attraction of sun and
    moon that develops tides in oceanic
    water.
    OCEAN FLOOR CONFIGURATION

    The ocean floor may be segmented


    into three major divisions based on
    the depth as well as the forms of relief.
    1. Continental margins
    2. Abyssal Plains
    3. Mid oceanic Ridges
    CONTINENTAL MARGINS
    • These form the transition between
    continental shores and deep sea basins.
    • They include
    – Continental shelf
    – Continental slope
    – Continental rise
    – Deep oceanic trenches
    ABYSSAL PLAINS
    • These are extensive plains that lie
    between the Continental margins and
    Mid oceanic Ridges
    • Abyssal Plains are the areas where the
    Continental sediments that move
    beyond the margins get deposited
    MID OCEANIC RIDGES
    • These are interconnected chain of
    mountain system within ocean.
    • It is the largest mountain chain on
    earth surface.
    • It is the zone of intense volcanic
    activity.
    SEA FLOOR SPREADING
    • Proposed by HESS in 1961.
    –Constant eruptions at the crest of
    the oceanic ridges cause the rupture
    of the oceanic crust and the new
    lava wedges into it. The ocean floor
    thus spreads.
    PLATE TECTONICS
    • This concept put forth in 1967 by
    McKenzie, Parker and Morgan.
    • A tectonic plate is an irregularly-shaped,
    massive slab of solid rock.
    • Plate may be Continental and oceanic
    depending on which of the two occupy a
    larger portion of the plate.
    • Plates move horizontally over the
    Asthenosphere.
    SEVEN MAJOR PLATES :--
    (1) North American plate (2) South American plate
    (3) pacific plate (4) Antarctic plate ( 4) Africa plate
    (4) Eurasian plate (5) India-Australia-new Zealand plate
    MINOR PLATES :--
    (1) COCOS PLATE (2) NASCA PLATE (3) FUJI PLATE
    (4) ARABIAN PLATE (5) PHILIPPINE PLATE
    THREE TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES

    1. Divergent boundaries
    2. Convergent boundaries
    3. Transform boundaries
    DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES
    • Where new crust is generated as the
    plates pull away from each other.
    • The sites where the plates move away
    from each other are called Spreading
    sites.
    • Best example is Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
    CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES
    • Where the crust is destroyed as one plate
    dived under another.
    • The location where sinking of a plate
    occurs called subduction zone.
    • There are Three ways of Convergence occur
    1. Between an oceanic and continental plate
    2. Between two oceanic plates
    3. Between two continental plates
    TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES
    • The plates slide horizontally past each
    other.
    • There is neither produced nor destroyed.
    • The plate movement rate vary
    considerably.

    • The Arctic ridge has the lowest rate (less


    than 2.5 cm/yr).
    • East pacific rise has the fastest rate
    (more than 15 cm/yr).
    DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHQUAKES AND
    VOLCANOES

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