Geoestrategia Nacional - DIN 5

Ijcjstrhtëikah Mj Ncs Vjaurscs

Nh ijcjstrhtëikah js ub sufahgpc mj nh ijcpcnçtkah quj trhth mj jstumkhr y
rjnhakcbhr prcfnjghs jstrhtëikacs gknkthrjs acb lhatcrjs ijcirèlkacs -rjaurscs mj
ub phçs acb sus cfojtkvcs ijcpcnçtkacs. Ncs ijcjstrhtjihs, h mkljrjbakh mj
ijcpcnçtkacs, hfcihb pcr jstrhtjikhs prchatkvhs, y jn jblcquj mj ijcpcnçtkahs
mjsmj ub pubtc mj vksth bhakcbhnksth. Hniubcs ijcjstrhtjihs scb thgfkëb
ijñirhlcs, jspjakhnkzèbmcsj jb sufahgpcs mj nh ijcirhlçh ùghbh, thnjs acgc nh
ijcirhlçh pcnçtkah, nh ijcirhlçh jacbñgkah y nh ijcirhlçh aunturhn.
Ijcjstrhtëikah mjn tjrrktcrkc mj \jbjzujnh

Nh Vjpÿfnkah Fcnkvhrkhbh mj \jbjzujnh js jn phçs gès sjptjbtrkcbhn mj Hgërkah
mjn Qur. ]kjbj ub èrjh mj ;8<.==: eknñgjtrcs auhmrhmcs y nkgkth hn Cjstj acb
Acncgfkh, hn Qur acb Frhskn, hn Jstj acb Iuyhbh y jn Caëhbc Htnèbtkac y hn Bcrtj, h
trhvës mj su ghr tjrrktcrkhn, acb nh Vjpÿfnkah Mcgkbkahbh, Hrufh, Aurhzhc,

Fcbhkrj, Jsthmcs Zbkmcs mj Hgërkah (Tujrtc Vkac y Qhbth Aruz), Lrhbakh
(Ghrtkbkah y Iuhmhnupj), Mcgkbkah, Qhb Arkstñfhn y Bjvks, Thçsjs Fhocs (Qhb
Ghrtçb) y ]rkbkmhm y ]cfhic.
\jbjzujnh js ub phçs acb mcs lha`hmhs? nh ghrçtkgh, quj sj crkjbth `hakh jn ghr
Ahrkfj y jn caëhbc htnèbtkac, y nh acbtkbjbthn, acb trjs lrjbtjs? jn hbmkbc, jn nnhbjrc
y jn hghzñbkac. Hgfhs nj mhb vjbthohs jacbñgkahs, ijcpcnçtkahs y scakhnjs h nh
bhakñb.
Qj jbaujbtrh ufkahmh jb nh phrtj bcrtj mj Hgërkah mjn Qur, pcr jbakgh mjn
jauhmcr y hn cjstj mjn gjrkmkhbc mj Irjjbwka`. Qu tjrrktcrkc acbtkbjbthn, acb
rjnhakñb hn jauhmcr, sj ncahnkzh jbtrj ncs 4´ 10' :1'' y ncs 8:´ =4' 64'' mj nhtktum
bcrtj, y acb rjnhakñb hn gjrkmkhbc mj Irjjbwka` jstè jbtrj ncs :;´ =9' 14'' y ncs 91´
61' :1'' mj ncbiktum cjstj. Qk sj acbskmjrh sñnc jn tjrrktcrkc acbtkbjbthn, jn pubtc
gès sjptjbtrkcbhn acrrjspcbmj hn ahfc Qhb Vcgèb (Lhnañb), h ncs 86´ 88' =<'' mj
nhtktum bcrtj.
Jn tjrrktcrkc mj \jbjzujnh jstè lcrghmc pcr jn tjrrktcrkc acbtkbjbthn (tkjrrh lkrgj),

quj acgprjbmj ;8:.89: eg65 jn tjrrktcrkc kbsunhr (ksnhs), quj hfhrah 8.694 eg65 jn
(`ttp?//www.bcvhpml.acg))
[cu arjhtjm t`ks TML lrcg hb hppnkahtkcb t`ht ks bct nkajbsjm tc prkbt tc bcvhTML prkbtjr (`ttp?//www.bcvhpml.acg

jsphakc hërjc5 y nhs èrjhs ghrkbhs y sufghrkbhs. Jbtrj nhs èrjhs ghrkbhs y
sufghrkbhs sj jbaujbtrhb jn ghr tjrrktcrkhn (jn auhn sugh 98.6;: eg6 hn tjrrktcrkc
ijbjrhn), nh zcbh acbtkiuh (66.66= eg6), nh zcbh jacbñgkah jxanuskvh (1=0.89<
eg6 mj jxtjbskñb ghrkbh quj kbanuyjb nh zcbh acbtkiuh), nh pnhthlcrgh acbtkbjbthn
(quj acrrjspcbmj hn lcbmc ghrkbc, `hsth nh jxtjbskñb mj nh zcbh jacbñgkah
jxanuskvh) y nhs hiuhs kbtjrkcrjs, `kstñrkahs y vkthnjs.
\kstc hsç, jn tjrrktcrkc (acbtkbjbthn y ghrçtkgc) mj \jbjzujnh hfhrah ;09.9=4 eg6,

yh quj mj nhs èrjhs ghrkbhs y sufghrkbhs sñnc jn ghr tjrrktcrkhn sugh jxtjbskñb hn
tjrrktcrkc, hub auhbmc jb tcmhs jnnhs jn jsthmc jojraj scfjrhbçh. Nh mkbègkah
mjgcirèlkah vjbjzcnhbh sj jxprjsh, mjfkmc h nh jvcnuakñb mj hnths thshs mj
arjakgkjbtc kbtjrbc y mj kbgkirhakñb lcrèbjh, jb ubh pcfnhakñb mj 60.444.444
`hfkthbtjs hprcxkghmhgjbtj, jstkghmh phrh jn høc 644;. Js ubh pcfnhakñb
ghycrkthrkhgjbtj ocvjb, acb hnth jspjrhbzh mj vkmh, quj sj mkstrkfuyj jb lcrgh
prjljrjbtj jb jn sjatcr sjptjbtrkcbhn mjn phçs jb gcbthøhs y nktcrhnjs.
Hnrjmjmcr mjn ;1% mj jsth pcfnhakñb vkvj jb akumhmjs, rjsthbmc sñnc 9% mj

pcfnhakñb rurhn. Qj acbajbtrh jb bujvj irhbmjs acgpnjocs urfhbcs, acb
prcfnjghs mj mjscrihbkzhakñb mjn jsphakc y prcnkljrhakñb mj vkvkjbmhs suf
kbtjirhmhs.
Kgpcrthbakh ijcjstrhtëikah mj \jbjzujnh

Js kgpcrthbtj yh quj \jbjzujnh pujmj mjshrrcnnhr ub acgjrakc lèakn pcr vçh
ghrçtkgh, pcr jojgpnc? JJ.ZZ., Ahbhmè, Nhs Hbtknnhs, Ajbtrc Hgërkah, Tcr su
ufkahakñb ijcirèlkah sj acbskmjrh pujrtc y hjrcpujrtc mj lèakn jsahnh phrh
acgubkahrsj acb Jurcph y Hskh. \jbjzujnh jstè ufkahmh jb nh zcbh kbtjrtrcpkahn,
jsc nj pjrgktj h \jbjzujnh acgjrakhnkzhr c hmqukrkr prcmuatcs mj zcbh tjgpnhmh,
quj pcr su ankgh bc pujmj prcmuakr, acgc pcr jojgpnc jn hrrcz quj js pcr
tjgpcrhmh . Xuj pcr jsthr fhøhmc pcr nhs hiuhs mjn Ghr Ahrkfj y jn Caëhbc
Htnèbtkac jbtcbajs \jbjzujnh tkjbj mjrja`c scfrj nh pnhthlcrgh acbtkbjbthn y
thgfkëb mjrja`c h nhs rkqujzhs pjsqujrhs, bhturhnjs, pnhyhs. Nh jxpncthakñb
gkbjrh pcr nh ufkahakñb ijcirèlkah mj nhs jxtjbshs acsths mj \jbjzujnh mj nh

Tjbçbsunh mj nh Iuhokrh `hsth jn Icnlc mj Thrkh. Jsthfnjakgkjbtcs mj pujrtcs jb

ncs nçgktjs mjn phçs, scb gua`cs pujrtcs jb tcmhs nhs acsths
Mjshrrcnnc
Mjshrrcnnc mj Hatkvk mhmjs Jacbñgk ahs jb \jbjzuj
\jbjzujnh
nh
 Hatkvkmhm Hirçacnh? Nh husjbakh mj nhs auhtrc jsthakcbjs js ub jnjg
jnjgjbtc
jbtc
pcsktkvc phrh jn mjshrrcnnc mj nh hatkvkmhm hirçacnh5 jb \jbjzujnh, js pcskfnj
auntkvhr y acsja`hr murhbtj tcmc jn høc ubh irhb vhrkjmhm mj rufrcs
hirçacnhs5 hmjgès, nh husjbakh mj nhs auhtrc jsthakcbjs kgpnkah thgfkëb ub
irhb h`crrc jbjriëtkac, pujs bc js bjajshrkc jn usc mj ahnjlhaakñb murhbtj
jn kbvkjrbc, bk mj rcphs jspjakhnjs jb bkbiubh ëpcah jb bkbiubh ëpcah jn
høc.
 Acbmkakcbjs Tcsktkvhs
Tcsktkvhs mj Bhvjihakñb? A
Acgc
cgc yh sj mkoc, \jbjzujnh pcsjj
gès mj 6.044 Eg. mj acsth Ahrkfj y Htnèbtkah, hubquj lubmhgjbthngjbtj
scfrj jn Ahrkfj, hsç acgc thgfkëb acbmkakcbjs pcsktkvhs mj bhvjihakñb h
trhvës mj su prkbakphn rçc, jn Crkbcac. Js ub phçs auyhs ahrhatjrçstkahs mj
ncahnkzhakñb scb guy lhvcrhfnjs. Qu crkjbthakñb `hakh jn Ahrkfj pjrgktj nh
bhvjihakñb ghrçtkgh, gjbcs acstcsh, acb ncs pujrtcs gès hatkvcs mjn
gubmc.
 Haajsc mj Gjrahmjcs? \jbjzujnh tkjbj ubh ncahnkzhakñb ajbtrhn y
rjnhtkvhgjbtj ajrahbh jb rjnhakñb acb jn Bcrtj y jn Qur mjn acbtkbjbtj
hgjrkahbc y acb Èlrkah y Jurcph , js mjakr, `hakh ncs gès mkvjrscs
gjrahmcs mjn gubmc5 hmjgès, ësth sktuhakñb ijcirèlkah `h lhaknkthmc jn
haajsc h ncs gjrahmcs Tjtrcnjrcs kbtjrbhakcbhnjs, y `h jstkgunhmc jn trèlkac
hërjc kbtjrbhakcbhn scfrj su jsphakc. Nh ajrahbçh mjn ahbhn mj Thbhgè,
pjrgktj jn lèakn haajsc hn caëhbc Thaçlkac, y pcr ëstj, h ncs prkbakphnjs
ajbtrcs acgjrakhnjs mjn acbtkbjbtj hskètkac.
 Ahrèatjr Kbtjrtrcpkahn?
Kbtjrtrcpkahn? \hnj nh pjbh mjsthahr quj jn ahrèatjr kbtjrtrcpkahn mjn
tjrrktcrkc vjbjzcnhbc, acbstktuyj pcr sç gksgc ubh vjbthoh acgphrhtkvh phrh
jn phçs, pujs nh jxkstjbakh mj irhbmjs jxtjbskcbjs mj sjnvhs trcpkahnjs rkahs
jb rjaurscs `çmrkacs y lcrjsthnjs (Js kgpcrthbtj sjøhnhr quj `hsth nh lja`h
sj ufkahb jb \jbjzujnh gès mj 144 jspjakjs hrfñrjhs acb pcskfknkmhmjs

mj uscs acgc ghmjrhs), acb irhbmjs pcskfknkmhmjs mj cftjbakñb mj

jbjriçh scnhr, acncah h \jbjzujnh jb ubh sktuhakñb prkvknjikhmh, hn sjr
pcsjjmcrh mj hgpnkcs jsphakcs quj, hmjgès, scb acbskmjrhmcs acgc
phtrkgcbkc mj tcmh nh @ughbkmhm.
 Vjsjrvhs? Nh jxkstjbakh mj irhbmjs rjsjrvhs mj pjtrñnjc y ihs bbhturhn
hturhn jb jn
sufsujnc vjbjzcnhbc js ub jnjgjbtc mj prkgjr crmjb hn acbskmjrhr nhs
pctjbakhnkmhmjs jacbñgkahs mj \jbjzujnh5 \jbjzujnh js ubc mj ncs phçsjs
mjn gubmc acb ghycr ahbtkmhm mj rjsjrvhs prcfhmhs mj arumcs pjshmcs y
ihs bhturhn. Hmjgès mj jnnc, \jbjzujnh pcsjj auhbtkcshs rjsjrvhs mj
@kjrrc y Fhuxkth, hsç acgc kgpcrthbtjs yhakgkjbtcs mj crc y mkhghbtjs, mj
irhb vhncr acgjrakhn.
 Vjmjs mj Acgubkahakñb? Nh husjbakh mj haakmjbtjs ijcirèlkacs
kbshnvhfnjs, `h lhaknkthmc nh acbstruaakñb mj rjmjs mj acgubkahakñb quj `hb
pjrgktkmc kbtjirhr hn phçs5 js kgpcrthbtj thgfkëb acgc vçh mj trhbspcrtj nh

bhvjihakñb jb jn nhic mj Ghrhahkfc h trhvës mjn ahbhn bhturhn `cgñbkgc,
ßtkn phrh nh gcvknkzhakñb mj ncs rjaurscs pjtrcnjrcs. H pjshr mj bc sjr
ñptkghs nhs acbmkakcbjs mj bhvjihfknkmhm mj irhb bÿgjrc mj rçcs, `hy jb jn
phçs :.=44 Eg. mj vçhs lnuvkhnjs bhvjihfnjs.
 Hatkvkmhm ]urçstkah? Nh prjsjbakh mj phkshojs lçskacs mj irhb fjnnjzh, `h
sjrvkmc mj jstçgunc phrh jn mjshrrcnnc mj nh hatkvkmhm turçstkah5 nh irhb
vhrkjmhm mj phkshojs (mjsmj inhakhrjs `hsth `jrgcshs pnhyhs) acbstktuyj
skb mumhb irhb htrhatkvc phrh jn ]urksgc kbtjrbhakcbhn5 Vjakjbtjgjbtj sj
jstèb mjshrrcnnhbmc prcyjatcs nktcrhnjs, iuhyhbjsjs, nnhbjrcs y hbmkbcs
phrh kgpunshr nh kbmustrkh turçstkah.
tu rçstkah.
Trcfnjghs Lrcbtjrkzcs
Trcfnjghs Lrcb tjrkzcs Acncgfc-\jbjz

Acncgfc-\jbjzcnhbc
cnhbc
Nhs bjicakhakcbjs lrcbtjrkzhs jbtrj \jbjzujnh y Acncgfkh sj kbkakhb
kbgjmkhthgjbtj mjspuës mj `hfjrsj acbsughmc nh mjskbtjirhakñb mj nh Irhb
Acncgfkh. Qu prcajsc `kstñrkac vh mjsmj jn høc 8.011 `hsth jn høc 8.;=8. H nc

nhric mj jstj prcajsc sj lkrgñ ub trhthmc mj hgksthm, hnkhbzh, acgjrakc, nçgktjs y

bhvjihakñb jbtrj ncs prjskmjbtjs mj \jbjzujnh y Acncgfkh.
H rhçz mj nh lkrgh mj jstcs trhthmcs acgjbzhrcb h surikr prcfnjghs jb nh zcbh

lrcbtjrkzh jbtrj hgfcs phçsjs, prcvjbkjbtjs mj nh mjghrahakñb mj sus nçbjhs
lrcbtjrkzhs, mjfkmc h quj jb jstcs acbvjbkcs bujstrc phçs jsthfh pjrmkjbmc nh

scfjrhbçh quj tjbçh jb kgpcrthbtjs èrjhs jb nh pjbçbsunh mj nh Iuhokrh, jb jn _unkh
y jb jn ]èa`krh. ]cmhs jsths mksarjphbakhs lujrcb mkrkikmhs, mjlkbktkvhgjbtj
gjmkhbtj jn trhthmc mj nçgktjs jbtrj \jbjzujnh y Acncgfkh, lkrghmc jn 4: mj hfrkn
mj 8.;=8. Bc cfsthbtj acb jn trhthmc nkgçtrclj lkrghmc jb jn høc 8.;=8, jb nhs
ÿntkghs mëahmhs `hb surikmc bujvcs prcfnjghs, ncs auhnjs pujmjb anhsklkahrsj jb
trjs hspjatcs?
8. Ncs Trcfnjghs mj Crmjb Lçskac? Qj mjfjb h nh hrtklkakhnkmhm mj nh lrcbtjrh,

lrcbtjrh,
pujs ësth bc vkjbj mjtjrgkbhmh jb gua`cs trhgcs, pcr haakmjbtjs

ijcirèlkacs, skbc pcr nçbjhs jsthfnjakmhs gjmkhbtj aènauncs mj nhtktum y
ncbiktum, h jstc sj nj sugh nh kbjsthfknkmhm mj nh nçbjh mj mjghrahakñb,
acgc js jn ahsc mj ncs rçcs quj hntjrhb su aursc acbsthbtjgjbtj.
6. Ncs Trcfnjghs mj Crmjb Jacbñgkac? Jn prkbakphn js jn acbtrhfhbmc, quj sj
mjfj fèskahgjbtj h nh mkljrjbakh mjn pcmjr hmquksktkvc mj nhs gcbjmhs mj
hgfcs phçsjs. Nh gcbjmh vjbjzcnhbh pcsjj ghycr vhncr quj nh
acncgfkhbh, jb acbsjaujbakh jn acbtrhfhbmc sj rjhnkzh mjsmj Acncgfkh
`hakh \jbjzujnh, h trhvës mj nh mjprjskñb mjn _unkh y mjn rçc Crkbcac.
1. Ncs Trcfnjghs mj Crmjb @ughbc? Jstèb rjprjsjbthmcs pcr nh mkvkskñb mjn
mjn
pujfnc iuhokrc quj sj mjspnhzhb kbmkstkbthgjbtj jb auhnqukjrh mj ncs mcs
phçsjs (Acncgfkh y \jbjzujnh) jb fusah mj rjaurscs phrh sus
sufskstjbakh5 y ncs kbmcaugjbthmcs quj rjprjsjbthb ub irhb kbacbvjbkjbtj
scakc - jacbñgkac phrh jn phçs yh quj pcr su ghycrçh pjrtjbjajb h nh
acbmkakñb scakhn gès fhoh y jb jnnh sj hiruphb ncs mjnkbaujbtjs jb ijbjrhn
y ctrcs kbmcaugjbthmcs quj scb pjrscbhs mj trhfhoc, mjmkahmhs h nhs
nhfcrjs hirçacnhs, h ncs sjrvkakcs mcgëstkacs, jbtrj ctrcs, skiujb skjbmc ub
prcfnjgh pcr su gksgh acbmkakñb mj kbmcaugjbthmcs.

]jbskñb Lrcbtjrkzh
Nh lrcbtjrh Acncgfc - \jbjzcnhbh js mjsmj `haj vhrkcs høcs ub lcac mj tjbskñb
fknhtjrhn y mj vkcnjbakh, acbsughmh jb pjbjtrhr irupcs rjfjnmjs acncgfkhbcs h
tjrrktcrkc mj \jbjzujnh phrh sjaujstrhr pjrscbhs y hvkcbjs, hthahr pujstcs
lrcbtjrkzcs y rcfhr, hmjgès mjn trhmkakcbhn acbtrhfhbmc y trèlkac mj mrcihs.
Nhs hirjskcbjs hrghmhs hn tjrrktcrkc y hn jsthmc vjbjzcnhbc, acbtrh akvknjs y

gknkthrjs, js ahmh mçh gès irhvj y prjcauphbtj. Hn bÿgjrc mj scnmhmcs y akvknjs
vjbjzcnhbcs gujrtcs y `jrkmcs, vçatkghs mj nh haakñb hrghmh mj nh bhraciujrrknnh,
`hy quj sughrnj jn `cstkihgkjbtc mkhrkc quj sj acgjtj acbtrh nh vkmh prcmuatkvh
jacbñgkah y scakhn mj nh rjikñb, acbtrh trhfhohmcrjs, prcmuatcrjs acgjrakhbtjs y
jgprjshrkcs, sjaujstrhmcs y a`hbthojhmcs acb phic mj vhaubhs y rjsahtjs, h
ahgfkc mj sus vkmhs y nh mj sus lhgknkhrjs.
Lhatcr
Lhatcr Ijcirèlkac
Ijcirèlkac
Jn joj lrcbtjrkzc Acncgfc - \jbjzcnhbc, pcsjj ubh jxtjbskñb tcthn mj 6.68;Eg.,
quj hfhrah ncs jsthmcs? _unkh, ]èa`krh, Hpurj y Hghzcbhs, y ncs mjphrthgjbtcs
acncgfkhbcs? \ka`hmh, Hrhuah, Bcrtj mj Qhbthbmjr y Iuhokrh. Jstj joj lrcbtjrkzc
js jxtjbsc y mj ijcirhlçh vhrkhmh? pcr jojgpnc, nh zcbh bcrtj c mj nh iuhokrh, js
ubh pnhbh y fèskahgjbtj mjsërtkah, bc cfsthbtj jb ctrhs zcbhs pujmjb
jbacbtrhrsj sjnvhs y gcbthøhs guy prcbubakhmhs, acgc nhs mj Ahthtugfc, hsç
acgc irhbmjs rçcs jbtrj ncs auhnjs jstèb jn Hrhuah y jn Crkbcac (Nçgktjs).
Lhatcr
Lhatcr Qcakc ‑ jacbñg
jacbñg kac
Ncs bkvjnjs y jxpjathtkvhs jacbñgkahs scb mjskiuhnjs h tcmc nc nhric mj nh
lrcbtjrh acncgfc - vjbjzcnhbc. Gkjbtrhs pcr ub nhmc jxkstjb zcbhs quj ahrjajb mj
ncs gès jnjgjbthnjs sjrvkakcs, (nh Iuhokrh vjbjzcnhbh y jn Hrhuah acncgfkhbc,
jbtrj ctrcs), jb ahgfkc ctrhs ncahnkmhmjs mjshrrcnnhb hatkvkmhmjs mj irhb
prcyjaakñb jacbñgkah, acb nh hatkvkmhm pjtrcnjrh (Gapkcs. \jbjzcnhbcs mj Ojsÿs
Jbrkquj Ncshmh, Vcshrkc mj Tjrkoè, Ahthtugfc y ctrcs), nh hatkvkmhm acgjrakhn y nh
turçstkah (joj Aÿauth - Qhb Hbtcbkc - Qhb Arkstñfhn).

Lhatcr
Lhatcr Tcnçtkac ‑ Aunturhn
Nh zcbh lrcbtjrkzh acncgfc - vjbjzcnhbh js ubh zcbh mj acbsthbtjs tjbskcbjs
pcnçtkahs, pcr ncs prcfnjghs mj mjnkgkthakñb pjbmkjbtjs jbtrj hgfhs bhakcbjs y
pcr nh mjnkahmh sktuhakñb quj jblrjbth jn icfkjrbc Acncgfkhbc acb nh iujrrknnh,
mjsmj `haj gès mj auhrjbth høcs, acb rjpjrauskcbjs h hgfcs nhmcs mj mka`h
zcbh lrcbtjrkzh.
Nh Iujrrknn
Iujrrknn h y jn Bhract
Bhract rèlkac
Tcr sjr jstj ub prcfnjgh kbtjrkcr mj Acncgfkh jn gksgc `h mjsfcrmhmc sus
prcpkhs lrcbtjrhs, jb jn ahsc jspjaçlkac mj \jbjzujnh, jstcs irupcs (thbtc
iujrrknnjrcs acgc bhractrhlkahbtjs), cpjrhb jb nh zcbh nkgçtrclj hmyhajbtj hn phçs,
arjhbmc bujvhs lujbtjs mj tjbskñb y acblnkatc pcr nhs acbtkbuhs vkcnhakcbjs h nh
scfjrhbçh quj pjrturfhb nh jsthfknkmhm y nh phz scakhn bhakcbhn.
Nh Iujrrkn
Iujrrkn nh
Js nh vkcnjbakh quj jbvujnvj nh vkmh jb nh lrcbtjrh, nh prjsjbakh mj iujrrknnjrcs jb
\jbjzujnh js mj vkjoh mhth, hatuhngjbtj thgfkëb bcs prjcauph nh bcvjmcsh
prjsjbakh mj phrhgknkthrjs hatuhbmc jb sujnc bhakcbhn vunbjrhbmc ncs mjrja`cs
ùghbcs.
Jn Bhract
Bhract rèlkac
Js ubh hgjbhzh phrtkaunhr jb bujstrh rjikñb, su haakñb `h arjakmc mj ghbjrh
hnhrghbtj pcr jn hpcyc nciçstkac quj nj prjsth nh iujrrknnh hsjbthmh jb zcbhs
rurhnjs y lrcbtjrkzhs, h pjshr mj ncs jslujrzcs rjhnkzhmcs pcr bujstrc phçs acb
hyumhs fknhtjrhnjs y guntknhtjrhnjs.
Trcfnjghs
Trcfnjghs m jrkvhmcs
jrkvhmcs mj nh hatuhakñb iujrrknnjrh y jn bhract rèlkac
Ncs ahrtjnjs mj nh mrcih `hb acblcrghmc tcmh ubh kbmustrkh mjn mjnktc, hpcyhmh jb
nh crihbkzhakñb quj tkjbj nh iujrrknnh, quj prctjij sus auntkvcs y nhfcrhtcrkcs
anhbmjstkbcs mj prcajshgkjbtc mj nh acah.
Nh nua`h quj ghbtkjbj Acncgfkh acb sus lcacs iujrrknnjrcs mjsmj gès mj auhtrc
mëahmhs, mjrkvhmh mj nh kbtjrprjthakñb scakcpcnçtkah mjn prcfnjgh mj nh mkstrkfuakñb
y tjbjbakh mj nh tkjrrh, sjiÿb nh auhn, mka`h tjbjbakh js kbousth y mksarkgkbhtcrkh, `h

trhçmc kbjsthfknkmhm y ub irhb ahbtkmhm mj gujrtjs, h nc nhric mjn joj lrcbtjrkzc

acncgfc-vjbjzcnhbc.
H jstc sj høhmj nh hatuhakñb mjn bhractrèlkac, hsç acgc nh mj ncs phrhgknkthrjs, ncs
auhnjs, acboubthgjbtj acb nhs aënunhs iujrrknnjrhs acncgfkhbhs `hb skmc
ahthncihmcs acgc tjrrcrksths pcr jn icfkjrbc jsthmcubkmjbsj, nh iujrrknnh, ncs

bhractrhlkahbtjs y `hsth ncs phrhgknkthrjs, hatÿhb skb rjahtc hniubc, thbtc jb
Acncgfkh acgc jb \jbjzujnh, cfnkihbmc hn icfkjrbc vjbjzcnhbc h kbvcnuarhrsj jb
ncs prcfnjghs kbtjrbcs mj Acncgfkh.
Mkvjrscs
Mkvjrscs hthqujs
hthqujs y jgfcs ahmhs
ahmhs h pu jstcs lrc btjrkzcs vjbjzcnhbcs
vjbjzcnhbcs
jn tjrrcr sjgfrhmc jb prcmuatcrjs mjn ahgpc vjbjzcnhbc, scgjtkmcs h hgjbhzhs
acbsthbtjs mj sjaujstrc, acb jn acbskiukjbtj phic mj vhaubhs h ahgfkc mj
sjiurkmhm, y jb mjstruaakñb mjn jacskstjgh mj hniubcs phrqujs bhakcbhnjs
prctjikmcs pcr jn Jsthmc, mcbmj sj `hb vjbkmc mjtjathbmc sjgfrhmçcs mj

hghpcnh h nc nhric mj ncs høcs. Jsth sktuhakñb, kgpnkah quj \jbjzujnh js hatcr
prcthiñbkac jb jn acblnkatc acncgfkhbc, mhmc quj sus lrcbtjrhs scb hgjbhzhmhs
acbtkbuhgjbtj pcr ncs irupcs mj kbsurijbtjs quj cpjrhb mjn nhmc acncgfkhbc.
Trjsjbakh Gknkthr jb nh Lrcbtjrh?

Nh Lujrzh Hrghmh Bhakcbhn \jbjzcnhbh kbarjgjbth nh prjsjbakh jb nh Lrcbtjrh
quj acgphrtj acb Acncgfkh, hsjiurh quj ncs irupcs iujrrknnjrcs Lujrzh Hrghmh
Vjvcnuakcbhrkh mj Acncgfkh (LHVA) y jn Jojraktc mj Nkfjrhakñb Bhakcbhn (JNB)
tkjbjb ahgphgjbtcs jb tjrrktcrkc \jbjzcnhbc, pcr thn gctkvc mjakmkjrcb rjlcrzhr

nhs ubkmhmjs gknkthrjs y jn phrquj mj hrghs y jqukpcs mjsthahmcs h nc nhric mj nh
Lrcbtjrh Acncgfc - \jbjzcnhbh.
Jb nh lrcbtjrh jstèb mjspnjihmcs :.444 gknkthrjs h nc nhric mj su nçbjh lrcbtjrkzh

acb Acncgfkh phrh lrjbhr nh haakñb mj irupcs iujrrknnjrcs, bhractrhlkahbtjs,
acbtrhfhbmksths y jn `hgph acgÿb. Ctrc prcfnjgh ijbjrhmc pcr nh vkcnjbakh
Acncgfkhbh js nh sktuhakñb mj ncs mjspnhzhmcs, `jgcs rjakfkmc scnkaktumjs mj
rjluikc, jb ubh cahskñb jstuvkgcs hbtj ubh pcfnhakñb jbtjrh mj ubcs 1.:44
Acncgfkhbcs quj vkbkjrcb ùyjbmc hn ]èa`krh pcr ncs hthqujs jb su tjrrktcrkc


Arksks mj nh Acrfjth Ahnmhs

Jn 8; mj hicstc mj 8;09, mcs bhvjs mj iujrrh acncgfkhbhs kbirjshrcb jb hiuhs
tjrrktcrkhnjs mjn Hra`kpkënhic Ncs Gcbojs prñxkghs hn Icnlc mj \jbjzujnh,
mksputhmhs jbtrj Acncgfkh y \jbjzujnh. Hn mjtjathrsj jstj gcvkgkjbtc, jn
prjskmjbtj vjbjzcnhbc mj nh ëpcah Ohkgj Nuskba`k hutcrkzñ ubh irhb gcvknkzhakñb
mj nhs lujrzhs hrghmhs vjbjzcnhbhs, kbanuyjbmc hvkcbjs L-8< quj scfrjvcnhrcb
nhs bhvjs acncgfkhbhs, jspjrhbmc ñrmjbjs phrh hthahr.
Jstj kgphssj gknkthr tuvc acgc ahush nh mksputh acbajrbkjbtj h nh scfjrhbçh jb jn

Icnlc mj \jbjzujnh, scfrj jn auhn bc jxkstj ub trhzhmc mj nçgktjs hajpthmc pcr
hgfcs phçsjs. ]hbtc \jbjzujnh acgc Acncgfkh nh `hb mjnkgkthmc ubknhtjrhngjbtj,
pcr nc auhn nhs èrjhs mj phtrunnhoj mj sus Hrghmhs sj scnhphb. Nh "Arksks mj nh
Acrfjth Ahnmhs" bc luj nh prkgjrh cahskñb jb quj sj acrrkñ jn rkjsic mj ubh
acblrcbthakñb hrghmh jb jn Icnlc mj \jbjzujnh.
Acblnkat c acb Iuyhbh

Jb 8;<1 \jbjzujnh pcr prkgjrh vjz y mj ghbjrh clkakhn rjanhgh acgc suyc jb nh
Crihbkzhakñb mj nhs Bhakcbjs Zbkmhs jn tjrrktcrkc ufkahmc hn cjstj mjn rçc
Jsjqukfc, hnjihbmc vkakcs mj bunkmhm y nc quj sj acbcaj jb mjrja`c kbtjrbhakcbhn
acgc hatcs acbtrhrkcs h nh fujbh lj pcr phrtj mjn icfkjrbc frktèbkac, hmjgès mj
ubh supujsth acgpcbjbmh mj hniubcs mj ncs gkjgfrcs mjn Nhumc mj Thrçs. Jn
icfkjrbc vjbjzcnhbc jxpcbj jb bcvkjgfrj mj 8;<1 hn icfkjrbc mj Ncbmrjs
pubtcs?
 Jxajsc mj pcmjr (untrh pjtkth),

pjtkth), pcr mjarjthr nkfjrthm mj bhvjihakñb scfrj ncs
rçcs Hghaurc y Fhrkgh, nc quj mj haujrmc hn Mjrja`c Kbtjrbhakcbhn, kbvhnkmh
auhnqukjr nhumc hrfktrhn.
 Trjsjbthakñb mj ghphs hmuntjrhmcs, sjiÿb \jbjzujnh, pcr phrtj mj Irhb
Frjthøh jb jn ]rkfubhn hrfktrhn.
 Husjbakh mj Gctkvhakñb jb nh Mjakskñb hrfktrhn.
 Jn ]rkfubhn ctcriñ 89.<4= eg¶
eg¶ h Irhb Frjthøh rjacbcakmcs acgc
vjbjzcnhbcs pcr jn prcpkc icfkjrbc frktèbkac.

 Nh nçbjh lrcbtjrkzh su
supujsthgjbtj
pujsthgjbtj luj kgpujsth h ncs oujajs pcr jn icfkjrbc
frktèbkac.
 Jn Trjskmjbtj mjn ]rkfubhn hrfktrhn ac
achaakcbñ
haakcbñ h ncs oujajs phrh hajpthr nh
mjghrahakñb frktèbkah.
 Jsth mjghrahakñb luj ubh "acgpcbjbmh", hsç nc ahnklkahrcb hniubcs
lubakcbhrkcs frktèbkacs, sjiÿb \jbjzujnh.
 \jbjzujnh luj jbihøhmh y jn Vjkbc Zbkmc hatuñ jb g
gcmc
cmc acbtrhrkc h nh
fujbh lj mjn mjrja`c kbtjrbhakcbhn.
 \jbjzujnh luj kblcrghmh
kblcrghmh nujic mj quj jn Nhumc H
Hrfktrhn
rfktrhn tcg
tcghrh
hrh nhs
mjakskcbjs.
 Acgpcbjbmh mj ncs phçsjs gkjgfrcs mjn ]rkfubhn hrfktrhn.
Thrh ncs frktèbkacs jn hriugjbtc vjbjzcnhbc jrh kbscstjbkfnj pcrquj?

]cmcs hqujnncs quj phrtkakphrcb jb jn
jn nhumc hrfktrhn yh `hfçhb gujrtc.
gujrtc.
 \jbjzujnh `hfçh hajpthmc jn nhumc hrfktrhn
hrfktrhn ac
acgc
gc "ub hrrjinc pnjbc, `ja`c y
mjrja`c y acbanuskvc".
 Jn jstumkc mj ncs mcaugjbtcs rjvjnñ, sjiÿb ncs frktèbkacs, quj \jbjzujnh
bc tjbçh ubh rhzñb vènkmh.
 \jbjzujnh bk skqukjrh kbtjbtñ prcfhr sus rhzcbjs
rhzcbjs phrh kbvhnkmhr jjnn Nhumc
Hrfktrhn.
Auhbmc Irhb Frjthøh mjakmkñ acbajmjr nh kbmjpjbmjbakh h nh Iuhyhbh Frktèbkah,

mjbtrc mj nh Acggcbwjhnt`, jn 6< mj ghyc mj 8;<<, mjbcgkbèbmcsjnh acgc
Iuyhbh, ësth sjrçh Jsthmc phrtj, thn acgc nc jsthfnjaj jn hrtçaunc 9¿ mjn Haujrmc
mj Ikbjfrh. Tcr jnnc Iuyhbh rhtklkañ jn Haujrmc mj Ikbjfrh jn gksgc mçh mj su
kbmjpjbmjbakh, rjacbcakjbmc mj jsth lcrgh nh rjanhghakñb vjbjzcnhbh scfrj jn
tjrrktcrkc hn ghrijb caakmjbthn mjn rçc Jsjqukfc.
Vjfjnkñb mj Vupub ubk mj 8;<;

8;<;
Jn 6 mj jbjrc mj 8;<; sj prcmuoc ub gcvkgkjbtc sjphrhtksth jb jn sur mj nh
Iuhyhbh jsjqukfh, jb jn sjatcr nnhghmc jbtcbajs Mkstrktc mj Vupububk (jb nh
hatuhn rjikñb mj Hntc ]hautu-Hntc Jsjqukfc) quj luj acbtjbkmc 1 mçhs mjspuës pcr

nhs Lujrzhs mj Mjljbsh mj Iuyhbh, prjtjbmkñ arjhr ub Acgktë Trcvkskcbhn mjn

Icfkjrbc mj Vupububk ncs rjfjnmjs jb su ghycrçh `hfkthbtjs hgjrkbmkcs mjn èrjh
scnkakthrcb hyumh mj \jbjzujnh kbvcahbmc su "bhakcbhnkmhm vjbjzcnhbh" pjrc jn
icfkjrbc mj \jbjzujnh prjskmkmc pcr Vhlhjn Ahnmjrh sj hfstuvc mj hpcyhr jn
gcvkgkjbtc.
Qkb jgfhric jn icfkjrbc iuyhbës hausñ hn vjbjzcnhbc mj hnjbthr jn gcvkgkjbtc

sjphrhtksth. Qj prcmuojrcb jbtrj 94 y 844 gujrtcs, hniubcs mj ncs `hfkthbtjs mj nh
rjikñb ùyjrcb `hakh \jbjzujnh, skjbmc ufkahmcs jb jn sur mjn Jsthmc Fcnçvhr, hn
gjbcs h 864 sj nj acbajmkñ nh bhakcbhnkmhm vjbjzcnhbh.
Kbakmjbtj mj 6449
Jn 8: mj bcvkjgfrj mj 6449 sj prcmuoc ub kbakmjbtj lrcbtjrkzc auhbmc jn icfkjrbc
iuyhbës mj F`hrrht Ohimjc rjanhgñ h \jbjzujnh pcr nh kbaurskñb mj =4 scnmhmcs
vjbjzcnhbcs quj `hfrçhb pjbjtrhmc jb hiuhs tjrrktcrkhnjs mksputhmhs phrh vcnhr

mcs mrhihs jb jn rçc Auyubç.
\jbjzujnh hriugjbtñ kbkakhngjbtj quj nh cpjrhakñb tjbçh acgc lkb acgfhtkr nh

gkbjrçh knjihn y quj jn `ja`c sj `hfçh prcmuakmc hn cjstj mj nh zcbh jb
rjanhghakñb, skb jgfhric, mjspuës mj rjhnkzhrsj ubh kbvjstkihakñb, jn
vkajahbaknnjr vjbjzcnhbc vkhoñ h Iuyhbh y, sjiÿb mjanhrñ jn ahbaknnjr iuyhbës,
ëstj sj mksaunpc pcr jn `ja`c?
"Jn vkajahbaknnjr vjbjzcnhbc jxprjsñ ub skbajrc hrrjpjbtkgkjbtc y hsjiurñ quj

jstj `ja`c bc tjbçh gctkvhakcbjs pcnçtkahs pcr phrtj mjn icfkjrbc vjbjzcnhbc".
Jn ojlj mjn jsthmc ghycr iuyhbës Ihry Fjst rjacbcakñ quj nhs Lujrzhs mj
Mjljbsh mj Iuyhbh bc aujbthb acb ahphakmhm phrh jvkthr nh jbtrhmh jb jn phçs mj
gknkthrjs vjbjzcnhbcs, pjrc hmvkrtkñ quj "sk ncs vjbjzcnhbcs hfrjb lujic prkgjrc,
nhs LMI rjspcbmjrèb".
Vjaurscs jxkstjbtjs jb nh ijcirhlçh vjbjzcnhbh

\jbjzujnh pcsjj irhb vhrkjmhm mj yhakgkjbtcs gkbjrhnjs, ncs auhnjs sj
mkstrkfuyjb acb ghycr prcluskñb jb jn Jsaumc mj Iuhyhbh, hn surjstj mjn phçs. Jb

jsth èrjh sj ncahnkzhb kgpcrthbtjs mjpñsktcs mj `kjrrc, fhuxkth, crc, mkhghbtjs,

ahcnçb, fhrkth y ghbihbjsc.
Jb jn èrjh bcrtj mj \jbjzujnh sj sktÿhb kgpcrthbtjs yhakgkjbtcs mj ahrfñb,

bçqujn, zkba, acfrj, pnhth, pncgc, hrjbhs sknçajhs y arcgc. Jspjakjs gkbjrhnjs
acgc tkthbkc, pnhtkbc, pncgc, wcnlrhgkc, mcncgkth, lnucrkth, gkah, jsthøc, acfhntc,
thnac, irhlktc, gèrgcn, gjraurkc, ghibjskth, vhbhmkc, akhbkth, fksgutc, fjbtcbkth,
hsfjstc, bkcfkc y tkjrrhs rhrhs jstèb skjbmc jxpncthmhs, hubquj skb auhbtklkahakñb,
acgc prcspjatcs gkbjrcs. Hatuhngjbtj, gès mj 14 gkbjrhnjs y ctrhs susthbakhs
rjnhakcbhmhs scb cfojtc mj jxpncthakñb acb lkbjs jacbñgkacs h bkvjn bhakcbhn.
Iujrrh
Iujrrh pcr ncs rjaursc s
Tjtrñnjc
Jn lhatcr fënkac oujih ub rcn mjsthahmc jb nh jvcnuakñb mjn prjakc mjn pjtrñnjc.
Jxkstj ubh rjnhakñb jbtrj ncs prjakcs mjn pjtrñnjc y nhs iujrrhs jbtrj Ksrhjn y ncs
phçsjs èrhfjs (mëahmh mj ncs sjtjbth), jbtrj Krèb j Krhe (mëahmh mj ncs ca`jbth),
jbtrj Krhe y Euwhkt (8;;4-8;;8), ncs fcgfhrmjcs acbtrh Krhe (mëahmh mj ncs
bcvjbth), nh kbvhskñb h Krhe (6444)5 jstc `h crkikbhmc vjbthohs phrh ncs Jsthmcs
Zbkmcs y phrh Irhb Frjthøh y phrh nhs jgprjshs pjtrcnjrhs kbinjshs y
bcrtjhgjrkahbhs.
Qj mjsthah jn rcn mjn acgpnjoc gknkthr-kbmustrkhn jb nh mkbègkah jacbñgkah kbtjrbh y
jb su ahphakmhm mj hatuhr scfrj nh jvcnuakñb mjn gjrahmc jbjriëtkac mjn pjtrñnjc.

Nhs iujrrhs y ncs fcgfhrmjcs hatÿhb acgc lhatcrjs rjiunhmcrjs mj ub gjrahmc
quj lubakcbh acb hrrjinc h phuths jspjaçlkahs? skrvjb phrh rjhatkvhr jn bjicakc mjn
pjtrñnjc y ghxkgkzhr nhs ihbhbakhs mj nhs jgprjshs guntkbhakcbhnjs. Hsç, nhs
haakcbjs fënkahs shtkslhajb mcs anhsjs mj kbtjrjsjs?
h) Kbtjrjsjs sjatcrkhnjs (mj nhs jg

jgprjshs
prjshs guntkbhakcbhnjs pjtrcnjrhs y mj nhs
jgprjshs mj hrghgjbtc).

f) Kbtjrjsjs mj crmjb gharcjacbñgkac (acbscnkmhr nh `jijgcbçh mjn mñnhr

lrjbtj h ctrhs mkvkshs y htrhjr ahpkthnjs hn gjrahmc fursètkn).
Ncs akbac prjakcs mjn pjtrñnjc akbac prjskcbjs quj hatÿhb jb jn gjrahmc mjn
`kmrcahrfurc. Jnnhs scb?
8. Nh prjskñb jacbñgkah, mj nh quj surij ub prjakc

prjakc quj js jn
jn rjsunthmc mj nh
cljrth y nh mjghbmh. Acgc mcs irhbmjs phçsjs bujvcs mjghbmhbtjs
hphrjajb A`kbh (mjfj hmqukrkr jn =4% mj su acbsugc) j Kbmkh (mjfj
hmqukrkr jn 94% mj su acbsugc). Jstj hugjbtc mj nh mjghbmh js
skguntèbjc acb nh pcnçtkah mj ncs Jsthmcs Zbkmcs phrh acbtrcnhr ncs
prkbakphnjs yhakgkjbtcs mjn gubmc, nc auhn supcbj bjihr su haajsc h ncs
mcs phçsjs hskètkacs akthmcs hbtj nh kbgkbjbakh mjn hphrjbtj nçgktj gèxkgc
jxtrhatkvc, ufkahmc jbtrj ncs høcs 6464 y 646:, murhbtj ncs auhnjs nh cljrth
bc pcmrè shtkslhajr nh mjghbmh.

6. Nh prjskñb lkbhbakjrh scfrj nh actkzhakñb mjn fhrrkn. Hnnç sj ufkah nh mksputh
jbtrj „pjtrcmñnhrjs‗, acb jn mñnhr acgc mkvksh mcgkbhbtj jb jn bjicakc mjn
pjtrñnjc, y ncs „pjtrcjurcs‗, acb jn jurc acgpktkjbmc acb nh hbtjrkcr.
Hatuhngjbtj, nhs lnuatuhakcbjs mjn mñnhr hacgphøhb nhs mkvjrshs
actkzhakcbjs mjn fhrrkn.
1. Jn tjrajr lhatcr mj prjskñb js nh jspjaunhakñb. Nh acgprh y vjbth mjn
pjtrñnjc sj acbajbtrh jb nhs fcnshs gjrahbtknjs mj Ncbmrjs y mj Bujvh
[cre, jb nhs quj sj lkohb ncs prjakcs luturcs mjn fhrrkn.
=. Jn auhrtc lhatcr mj prjskñb acrrjspcbmj h nhs haakcbjs fënkahs y hn
tjrrcrksgc y thgfkëb h nhs hgjbhzhs mj thnjs haakcbjs jvjbtuhnjs
jljatuhmhs pcr mkvjrscs nçmjrjs. Nhs ihbhbakhs mj nhs jgprjshs pjtrcnjrhs
mjpjbmjb jb irhb gjmkmh mj nhs cpjrhakcbjs fënkahs y mjn tjrrcrksgc y mj
nhs jxprjskcbjs hgjbhzhbtjs mj hutcrkmhmjs mjsthahmhs.
:. Acgc qukbtc lhatcr mj prjskñb sj kbanuyjb nhs ghbkcfrhs mj
mjskblcrghakñb, gjmkhbtj nhs auhnjs sj jbihøh c sj caunth kblcrghakñb
vènkmh5 pcr jojgpnc jstc sj rjhnkzh thbtc scfrj nhs rjsjrvhs acgprcfhmhs y
nhs rjsjrvhs pcskfnjs acgc scfrj nh jvcnuakñb mjn prjakc mjn fhrrkn.

Qkb mumh, pcr vhrkcs høcs jn pjtrñnjc acbtkbuhrè skjbmc ub rjaursc bhturhn
jstrhtëikac mksputhmc y hsç nhs rjikcbjs mjn Icnlc Tërskac y mjn ghr Ahspkc,
irhbmjs prcmuatcrjs, acbtkbuhrèb jb jn ajbtrc mj ncs acblnkatcs. H jnnhs yh sj `hb
sughmc ctrhs aujbahs quj hpcrthrèb jbjriçh y acbtrcvjrskhs (\jbjzujnh, Gëxkac,
Bkijrkh, Hnhseh y thgfkëb nh arjakjbtj jxpncthakñb clls`crj).
Hiuh
Hi uh mun
m unaj
aj
]rjs auhrths phrtjs mjn gubmc jstèb aufkjrths mj hiuh pjrc scnhgjbtj jn 6,:% js
hiuh munaj. H su vjz, mjn tcthn mj hiuh munaj, 4,=% js hiuh mj supjrlkakj y
htgcslërkah5 4,0% js pjrghlrcst (ahph mj `kjnc)5 14,8% js hiuh mj sufsujnc y
<0,9% scb inhakhrjs.
Jbtrj 144 y =44 gknncbjs mj `hfkthbtjs mj nh ]kjrrh ahrjajb jb nh hatuhnkmhm mj

hiuh pcthfnj.
Jb 8;:4 jrhb 644 gknncbjs. Qk acbtkbÿh jn rktgc hatuhn mjn acbsugc y mj

arjakgkjbtc mjgcirèlkac, jb jn høc 646: nh jxkstjbakh mj jbtrj 8.644 y 8.:44
gknncbjs mj pjrscbhs sj vjrèb hgjbhzhmh pcr ubh irhvj jsahsjz mj hiuh y mcs
tjrajrhs phrtjs mj nh ùghbkmhm tjbmrèb mklkaunthmjs phrh haajmjr h jnnh.
Jb :4 høcs nh mkspcbkfknkmhm mj hiuh munaj `h mksgkbukmc nhs trjs auhrths phrtjs

jb Èlrkah y nhs mcs tjrajrhs phrtjs jb Hskh. Èlrkah mjn Bcrtj y Crkjbtj Gjmkc scb
nhs zcbhs mj gès rkjsic. Jb jsths rjikcbjs `hy =: gknncbjs mj pjrscbhs skb hiuh
pcthfnj y ubh mkspcbkfknkmhm pcr pjrscbh quj mjsmj 8;<4 sj `h rjmuakmc h nh
gkthm.
Jn „Kblcrgj Gubmkhn scfrj jn Mjshrrcnnc mj ncs Vjaurscs @çmrkacs‗ sj prjsjbtñ

clkakhngjbtj jn 66 mj ghrzc mjn 6441, acbskmjrhmc pcr nhs Bhakcbjs Zbkmhs jn „Mçh
Gubmkhn mjn Hiuh‗. Jn `ja`c sj prcmuoc murhbtj jn Lcrc Gubmkhn mjn Hiuh, nnjvhmc
h ahfc jb Ekctc, Ohpñb. Nh acbmuaakñb mjn trhfhoc luj rjhnkzhmh pcr nh ZBJQAC y
pcr jn Mjphrthgjbtc mj Hsubtcs Jacbñgkacs y Qcakhnjs mj nhs Bhakcbjs Zbkmhs.
Qjiÿb jstj kblcrgj, jb nh pjcr mj nhs `kpñtjsks, h gjmkhmcs mjn prjsjbtj skinc
9.444 gknncbjs mj pjrscbhs sulrkrèb jsahsjz mj hiuh jb <4 phçsjs y jb jn gjocr
mj ncs ahscs, sjrèb 6.444 gknncbjs mj pjrscbhs mj =0 phçsjs. Jstc mjpjbmjrè mj

lhatcrjs acgc jn arjakgkjbtc mj nh pcfnhakñb y nh jnhfcrhakñb mj pcnçtkahs

hmjauhmhs. Zbh kmjh ajbtrhn quj rjacrrj tcmc jn kblcrgj js quj nh arksks mjn hiuh
sj mjfj lubmhgjbthngjbtj h nh lhnth mj fujb icfkjrbc y mj vcnubthm pcnçtkah phrh
hmgkbkstrhr ncs rjaurscs acb sjbshtjz. Qj scstkjbj quj h pjshr mj nhs hfubmhbtjs
prujfhs quj sj pcsjjb scfrj nh jxkstjbakh mj nh arksks mjn hiuh, `h lhnthmc jn
acgprcgksc pcnçtkac bjajshrkc phrh kbvjrtkr nhs tjbmjbakhs.
Jn arjakgkjbtc pcfnhakcbhn, nh kbmustrkhnkzhakñb mj irhbmjs phçsjs acgc A`kbh,

Kbmkh y Vuskh, nh arjakjbtj urfhbkzhakñb, nh mjghbmh mj hiuh phrh usc hirçacnh y
nh rjmuaakñb mj lujbtjs trhmkakcbhnjs mj hiuh, phrjajb sjøhnhr ub luturc mcbmj
hugjbthrè nh prjskñb scfrj hqujnnhs rjikcbjs quj pcsjjb hfubmhbtj hiuh munaj,
mjsthaèbmcsj jb thn sjbtkmc Qumhgërkah, h phrtkr mj sus trjs irhbmjs aujbahs
(Hghzcbhs, mjn Tnhth y Crkbcac), y scfrj sus hauçljrcs suftjrrèbjcs, y hmjgès,
Ahbhmè, Acbic, Kbmkh y Gjscpcthgkh crkjbthn. Hskgksgc, tcmc phrjaj kbmkahr quj
sj kbarjgjbthrèb ncs acblnkatcs pcr nh mkspcbkfknkmhm mjn hiuh jb Gjmkc Crkjbtj, sk
bc sj hnahbzh hniÿb tkpc mj haujrmc mj accpjrhakñb jbtrj ncs phçsjs mjn èrjh.
]hgfkëb sjrè ub tjgh arçtkac phrh mkvjrscs phçsjs hlrkahbcs quj pujmjb vjr
rjmuakmhs hÿb gès sus yh jsahshs lujbtjs mj hfhstjakgkjbtc.
Ijcpcnçtkah sumhgjrkahbh
Nh Acgubkmhm Qumhgjrkahbh mj Bhakcbjs (AQB) sj jbrugfh jb ubh ijcpcnçtkah
rjbcvhmh. Jbnhzh nhs rjhnkmhmjs y cpcrtubkmhmjs mj nh ijcirhlçh mj ncs phçsjs acb
jn jbrkqujakgkjbtc quj clrjajb nhs mkljrjbakhs aunturhnjs y fusah hfrkr bujvhs
cpcrtubkmhmjs phrh rjmuakr nhs mjskiuhnmhmjs y gjocrhr nh vkmh acnjatkvh.
Nh ijcirhlçh `h mjohmc mj sjr ub lhatcr ijcpcnçtkac quj sustjbtj jn pcmjr pcnçtkac

mj ncs jsthmcs y quj acb ub arktjrkc mj jsphakc vkthn skrvkjrh jb ctrhs ëpcahs phrh
nh jxphbskñb tjrrktcrkhn.
Hatuhngjbtj y irhakhs h nh tjabcnciçh, nhs acgubkahakcbjs y jn trhbspcrtj, ncs

phçsjs sj `hb hajrahmc lçskahgjbtj y acb kbkakhtkvh y vcnubthm kbtjirhakcbksths sj
prjtjbmj jvkthr quj nh incfhnkzhakñb lrhigjbtj h ncs phçsjs mjn ]jrajr Gubmc,
acgc nc `h prjshikhmc T`knkppj Gcrjhu.

Nh vkskñb ijcpcnçtkah sumhgjrkahbh tkjbj ub jblcquj kbtjrbc mj kbtjirhakñb mjn

jsphakc lçskac y ub jblcquj jxtjrbc quj h phrtkr mj nh kbtjirhakñb sj acbjatjb ncs
mcs caëhbcs5 hfrkëbmcsj cpcrtubkmhmjs thbtc mj nnjihmh acgc mj prcyjaakñb mj
nhs nçbjhs mj acgubkahakcbjs ghrçtkghs, mjsmj y `hakh nh aujbah mjn Thaçlkac y
Thbhgè. Nh bujvh acbajpakñb mj nh ijcirhlçh oubtc acb nh vkskñb jstrhtëikah jb jn
bujvc crmjb gubmkhn, mh prkcrkmhm h ncs kbtjrjsjs scakhnjs h sjr ncirhmcs pcr jn joj
mj mjshrrcnnc jacbñgkac hn quj sj prcaurh mhr prkcrkmhm jb jn sufacbtkbjbtj.
Jb jstj sjbtkmc, nh AQB rjktjrñ jb jn Acbsjbsc mj Iuhyhqukn jb jn 6446 su hpcyc

hn Trcyjatc mj Kbtjirhakñb mj nh Kblrhjstruaturh Qumhgjrkahbh (Kkrsh), pcr sjr ub
lhatcr jsjbakhn phrh nh kbtjirhakñb mjn jsphakc jacbñgkac mj Hgërkah mjn Qur y jn
mjshrrcnnc mj ncs phçsjs.
Thrh vjbajr h ubh ijcirhlçh sumhgjrkahbh acblcrghmh pcr jsphakcs pjqujøcs
quj bc scb vkhfnjs pcr sç scncs, mksacbtkbuh mjfkmc h nhs acrmknnjrhs, h nh Hghzcbkh
y h hgpnkhs rjmjs lnuvkhnjs, sj mjtjrgkbhrcb 84 jojs mj kbtjirhakñb y mjshrrcnnc jb
ncs quj sj kbanuyjb hgfkakcscs prcyjatcs mj mjshrrcnnc jacbñgkac acb jn hpcyc
lkbhbakjrc mj nh AHL, FKM, Lcbpnhth y Fhbac Kbtjrbhakcbhn mj Vjacbstruaakñb y
Lcgjbtc (FKVL).
Thrh jxpncthr nh jxajnjbtj pcskakñb ijcirèlkah mj bujstrc phçs, sus auhtrc pujrtcs
y nh kblrhjstruaturh mj trhbspcrtj, Jauhmcr jstè kbanukmc jb mcs jojs? jn hghzñbkac
y jn acrrjmcr fkc-cajèbkac guntkgcmhn Ghbhcs-Ghbth, hnrjmjmcr mj ncs auhnjs sj
trhth mj arjhr zcbhs jacbñgkahs y ahmjbhs prcmuatkvhs quj mjb sustjbtc h ncs
jojs mj kbtjirhakñb y h nh vjz lhvcrjzahb nh jbtrhmh y shnkmh hn jsphakc
sumhgjrkahbc.
Mjbtrc mj jstj acbtjxtc sj tuvc nh vkskth mjn ahbaknnjr mj Frhskn, Ajnsc Hgcrkb,
pcrquj bc qukjrj quj jn ahgfkc mj rëikgjb hljatj sus kbtjrjsjs ijcpcnçtkacs jb jn
Jauhmcr y qukjrj hmjgès hgpnkhr su èrjh mj kblnujbakh jb jn Thaçlkac, jb su
kbtjrës mj fkc-cajhbkmhm.
Jstj prcajsc ijcjacbñgkac, vkstc acgc ub kbstrugjbtc phrh jn mjshrrcnnc scakhn y

gjocrhgkjbtc mj nh ahnkmhm mj vkmh mj nh pcfnhakñb jstè skjbmc kgpunshmc acb

jbtuskhsgc pcr ncs prjskmjbtjs mj nh rjikñb. Jn prjskmjbtj A`èvjz hn rjspjatc

acbskmjrc quj „ubh acsh scb ncs acblnkatcs pcnçtkacs y nhs kmjcnciçhs y ctrhs, nhs
rjnhakcbjs acgjrakhnjs jbtrj ncs pujfncs‗5 sjphrhakñb htkbhmh y cpcrtubh pcr
auhbtc rjacbcaj quj jn pcmjr jacbñgkac bc bjajshrkhgjbtj sj trhmuaj jb ub
pcmjr jstrhtëikac y ijcpcnçtkac, nc auhn skibklkah quj js lhatkfnj ghbtjbjrsj hn
ghrijb mj ub gubmc `cffjskhbc jb jn quj jn pcmjr gknkthr y nh acblrcbthakñb scb
anhvjs phrh nhs rjnhakcbjs kbtjrbhakcbhnjs.
Qj hspkrh h quj jsth bujvh vkskñb ijcpcnçtkah jbahuaj jn mksaursc y ghbtjbih nh

ac`jrjbakh `hsth sjr vjrklkahmc jb nh prèatkah.
Nh pcn çtkah mj JJZZ

JJZZ jb Qumhgërka
Qumhgërka h
Murhbtj ncs mcs ÿntkgcs skincs, Jsthmcs Zbkmcs `h kgpnjgjbthmc `hakh Hgërkah
Nhtkbh pcnçtkahs hirjskvhs j kbojrjbaksths gjmkhbtj nh hpnkahakñb mj gjahbksgcs
kmjcnñikacs, pcnçtkacs y jacbñgkacs.
Jn gktc lubmhakcbhn mj Jsthmcs Zbkmcs jxprjshmc jb jn "Mjstkbc Ghbklkjstc" `h

skmc jn kbstrugjbtc oustklkahmcr phrh kgpcbjr su prcpkh `kstcrkh y jxphbmkr sus
lrcbtjrhs tjrrktcrkhnjs jb jn acbtkbjbtj nhtkbchgjrkahbc y jb jn rjstc mjn gubmc.
Bujvcs jnjgjbtcs jb jn ghph rjikcbhn `hb pjrgktkmc acbtrhrrjsthr jn mcgkbkc

`kstñrkac mj JJ.ZZ. y pcbjr jb mksauskñb jn gcmjnc mj vkmh mjn bjcnkfjrhnksgc,
ubh aunturh quj rkbmj hpcnciçh hn acbsugc, hn ubknhtjrhnksgc y h nh gujrtj.
Nh pcnçtkah mjn Irhb Ihrrctj

Jn "Acrcnhrkc Vccsjvjnt" (8;4=) luj nh rjkbtjrprjthakñb mj nh prcanhgh "Hgërkah
phrh ncs hgjrkahbcs", acb nh quj ]`jcmcrj Vccsjvjnt kbhuiurñ nh pcnçtkah hirjskvh
j kbtjrvjbakcbksth mj Jsthmcs Zbkmcs `hakh Hgërkah Nhtkbh h kbkakcs mj skinc PP.
Jn Irhb Ihrrctj c ]`j Fki Qtkae fusañ acbstrukr y acbscnkmhr nh `jijgcbçh

jsthmcubkmjbsj jb nh rjikñb nhtkbchgjrkahbh phrh gcbcpcnkzhr su acbtrcn jb nhs
bujvhs zcbhs mj kbvjrskñb, jn gjrahmc mj ghtjrkhs prkghs y mj ghbc mj cfrh
phrh jn mjshrrcnnc mj nh jacbcgçh jgjrijbtj.

Jb jstj acbtjxtc, JJ.ZZ. utknkzñ nh lujrzh gknkthr acgc gjahbksgc mj mcgkbhakñb.

Caupñ gknkthrgjbtj y acncbkzñ pcstjrkcrgjbtj nh Vjpÿfnkah Mcgkbkahbh, Aufh y
@hktç. Nujic, mkc hpcyc hn prcajsc sjphrhtksth mj Thbhgè mj Acncgfkh phrh
acbstrukr y hmqukrkr ncs mjrja`cs mjn ahbhn mj Thbhgè.
Jstj pjrçcmc acbstktuyñ nh lhsj jb quj JJ.ZZ sj kgpusc scfrj Jurcph jb Hgërkah
Nhtkbh acgc bhakjbtj pctjbakh gubmkhn y sj `haçh, sk bc acb jn acbtrcn tjrrktcrkhn, sç
acb jn acbtrcn pcnçtkac mj ncs phçsjs rjakjbtjgjbtj mjanhrhmcs kbmjpjbmkjbtjs.
Murhbtj nh Iujrrh Lrçh

Jstj pjrçcmc jstuvc ghrahmc pcr nh mkvkskñb mjn gubmc jb mcs irhbmjs fncqujs.
Tcr ub nhmc, jn jsthmcubkmjbsj, y pcr jn ctrc, jn fncquj scvkëtkac. Nc quj
lubmhgjbth jsth sjiubmh lhsj mj kbtjrvjbakñb mj JJ.ZZ. jb Hgërkah Nhtkbh js nh
"nua`h" acbtrh jn acgubksgc y acbtrh ncs phçsjs hnkhmcs mj nh ZVQQ.
Murhbtj mëahmhs JJ.ZZ. pjrpjtrñ icnpjs mj jsthmcs h ncs icfkjrbcs mj nh rjikñb

gjmkhbtj hijbtjs mj kbtjnkijbakh y prcyjatcs mj kbtjrvjbakñb. Hmjgès,
jxpjrkgjbtñ acb nh jacbcgçh rjikcbhn h trhvës mj nh hpnkahakñb mj rjajths
bjcnkfjrhnjs kgpujsths pcr icfkjrbcs mj mjrja`h.
Thrh jbtcbajs, JJ.ZZ yh sj jrkiçh acgc ubh irhb pctjbakh gubmkhn. Jurcph
mjohfh mj sjr jn fncquj mcgkbhbtj y JJ.ZZ. sj `haçh acb nh `jijgcbçh
`jgkslërkah.
Ncs cfojtkvcs mj jsth sjiubmh hvhbzhmh jrhb acbtrhrrjsthr nh kblnujbakh scvkëtkah

jb nh rjikñb, lcgjbthr jn mjshrrcnnc mjn ahpkthnksgc y `hajrsj acb jn hpcyc mj ncs
phçsjs mj nh rjikñb phrh acbscnkmhr ub fncquj acbtrh nh ZVQQ.
Nh jrh mj nh incfhnkzhakñb
Mjspuës mj lkbhnkzhmh nh Iujrrh Lrçh, nhs rjnhakcbjs mkpncgètkahs mj JJ.ZZ. `hakh
nh rjikñb sj gcmklkahrcb. Trcmuatc mj nh irhb arksks jacbñgkah htrhvjshmh jb nh
rjikñb murhbtj nh mëahmh mj ncs 04, jn skstjgh lkbhbakjrc kbtjrbhakcbhn mkrkikmc pcr
JJ.ZZ. kbtjrvkbc h trhvës mj rjajths gès sutknjs.

Jn "Acbsjbsc mj Yhs`kbitcb" luj nh hpnkahakñb mj ubh sjrkj mj gjmkmhs mjn Lcbmc

Gcbjthrkc Kbtjrbhakcbhn (LGK) y mjn Fhbac Gubmkhn (FG) phrh prcgcvjr
arjakgkjbtc jacbñgkac acb nh phrtkakphakñb mj nh fhbah prkvhmh jb mjtrkgjbtc mj
nhs pcnçtkahs scakhnjs.
Thçsjs mj nh rjikñb sj mjanhrhrcb jb fhbahrrcth. Hrijbtkbh, \jbjzujnh, Frhskn y

Gëxkac sj prcanhghrcb kbahphajs mj ahbajnhr jn gknncbhrkc jbmjumhgkjbtc acb nhs
trhbsbhakcbhnjs.
Jn skinc PPK ghrañ jn kbkakc mj ubh bujvh jrh jb nh rjikñb. Nh jgjrijbakh mj

bujvcs nkmjrhzics prcirjsksths jb \jbjzujnh, Fcnkvkh, Frhskn, Jauhmcr, sughmc h
nh hphrkakñb mj bujvcs gjrahmcs jb nhs ÿntkghs mëahmhs acgc nc scb Krèb, A`kbh y
Vuskh, y h nh hnth pcnktkzhakñb mj nhs scakjmhmjs nhtkbchgjrkahbhs `hb pjrgktkmc ub
vkrhoj jb nhs rjnhakcbjs acb jn ikihbtj bcrtjhgjrkahbc.
Nh kbtjirhakñb nhtkbchgjrkahbh
js ub gcvkgkjbtc pcnçtkac y scakhn quj hfcih pcr ubh jstrja`h accrmkbhakñb,
rjnhakñb, hscakhakñb y accpjrhakñb jbtrj ncs phçsjs mj Hgërkah Nhtkbh y jn Ahrkfj,
mjsmj nhs Fh`hghs y Gëxkac `hsth Hrijbtkbh y A`knj, hacrmj h sus skgknktumjs
pcnçtkahs, scakhnjs, jacbñgkahs, aunturhnjs, rjnkikcshs, nkbiþçstkahs, kmjcnñikahs y
ijcirèlkahs, jbtrj ctrhs.
Acbskstj jb ub acboubtc mj haakcbjs auyh lkbhnkmhm js acbscnkmhr nh ubkñb mj ncs

phçsjs gjmkhbtj ubh ubkñb jacbñgkah y pcnçtkah, hfcihbmc pcr ubh jstrja`h
accrmkbhakñb, acgphrtkjbmc sus scfjrhbçhs bhakcbhnjs y ajmkjbmc phrtj mj sus
htrkfuakcbjs mj icfkjrbc (jb ghycr c gjbcr gjmkmh, mjpjbmkjbmc mjn irhmc mj
suprhbhakcbhnkmhm) h crihbksgcs kbtjrbhakcbhnjs, acgc js jn ahsc mj nh Zbkñb
Jurcpjh.
Nh rjikñb, mj 68 ;:8 444 eknñgjtrcs auhmrhmcs (0 =9: 444 gknnhs auhmrhmhs),

aujbth acb gès mj <94 614 444 `hfkthbtjs (648<) rjphrtkmcs jb 11 Jsthmcs
scfjrhbcs, 8; tjrrktcrkcs mjpjbmkjbtjs y 1 phçsjs hgjrkahbcs kbtjirhmcs jb

Jsthmcs bc hgjrkahbcs, jb ncs quj sj `hfnh prkbakphngjbtj jn jsphøcn, pcrtuiuës,

lrhbaës, kbinës y jn bjjrnhbmës
Kmkcskbarhskh Mj Ncs Jsthmcs

Jsthmcs Mjn
Mjn Acbtk bjbtj
Ncs jsthmcs mj Hgërkah Nhtkbh acgphrtjb, jb ghycr c gjbcr gjmkmh, pjrçcmcs
`kstñrkacs skgknhrjs? acbquksth, acncbkzhakñb j kbmjpjbmjbakh. ]rhs nh
kbmjpjbmjbakh nh ghycrçh mj ncs phçsjs tuvkjrcb kbjsthfknkmhm pcnçtkah quj tjrgkbñ
jb icfkjrbcs hutcrkthrkcs mj tjbmjbakh acbsjrvhmcrh. Nujic mj nua`hs bc skjgprj
phaçlkahs sj kgpuskjrcb icfkjrbcs nkfjrhnjs murhbtj irhb phrtj mjn skinc PKP. Jn
skinc PP vkc hphrjajr jb tcmcs ncs phçsjs nhs anhsjs gjmkhs y nhs nua`hs scakhnjs
mj ncs ghrikbhmcs jb acbtrh mj nhs cnkihrquçhs icfjrbhbtjs. ]rhs nh Trkgjrh
Iujrrh Gubmkhn ùfc mkathmurhs gknkthrjs c icfkjrbcs pcpunksths. Murhbtj ncs høcs
8;<4 surikjrcb irupcs iujrrknnjrcs y bujvhs mkathmurhs gknkthrjs crkjbthmhs mjsmj
nh Jsaujnh mj nhs Hgërkahs y jb ncs høcs 8;;4 ub prcajsc kbvjrsc mj surikgkjbtcs
mj mjgcarhakhs. Jstcs y ctrcs prcajscs acgubjs (acgc nhs gkirhakcbjs) mjohb h
ncs nhtkbchgjrkahbcs nh bcakñb mj pjrtjbjajr h nh gksgh Thtrkh Irhbmj.
Nh ghycrçh mj jsth rjikñb jstè kbtjirhmc pcr phçsjs mj `hfnh `ksphbh, gkjbtrhs
quj ubh gkbcrçh nc acblcrghb phçsjs c tjrrktcrkcs mj `hfnh pcrtuiujsh (Frhskn),
kbinjsh (Fjnkaj, Fh`hghs, jta.), lrhbajsh (@hktç, Iuyhbh Lrhbajsh) y bjjrnhbmjsh
(Qurkbhg). Auhbmc ubh irhb ahbtkmhm mj phçsjs `hfnhb ub gksgc kmkcgh, gès
lèaknjs sj nnjvhb h ahfc nhs rjnhakcbjs mkpncgètkahs, jacbñgkahs y pcnçtkahs, yh quj
ncs mkhnjatcs jb acgÿb lhaknkthb jn jbtjbmkgkjbtc.
Nhs Aujbahs Qumhgjrkahbhs

Hgërkah mjn Qur aujbth acb trjs mj nhs aujbahs lnuvkhnjs gès irhbmjs mjn gubmc -
Hghzcbhs, Crkbcac y Vçc mj nh Tnhth- y acb jn hauçljrc Iuhrhbç, ubc mj ncs
ghycrjs aujrpcs mj hiuh suftjrrèbjh.
Jn 60% mj ncs rjaurscs mj hiuh munaj mjn gubmc jstèb jb jstj acbtkbjbtj, jb
mcbmj rjskmj sñnc jn <% mj nh pcfnhakñb gubmkhn. Qkb jgfhric, jn 61% mjn
tjrrktcrkc jstè aufkjrtc pcr zcbhs èrkmhs y nh rjikñb acbtkbÿh jxpjrkgjbthbmc ub

mjtjrkcrc mj nh ahnkmhm mjn hiuh mjfkmc h nhs hnths thshs mj mjlcrjsthakñb y jrcskñb
mjn sujnc, jbtrj ctrcs.
Nh acrmknnjrh mj ncs Hbmjs, ubh ghibçlkah ahmjbh gcbthøcsh mj 9.6=4 eknñgjtrcs

mj jxtjbskñb quj htrhvkjsh jn acbtkbjbtj, y nh gès hnth ahmjbh gcbthøcsh trcpkahn
aufkjrths mj bkjvj jb jn gubmc, jxpjrkgjbth ub arjakjbtj mjrrjtkgkjbtc mj sus

inhakhrjs mjfkmc hn ahnjbthgkjbtc incfhn.
Ncs rjaurscs `çmrkacs jb nh rjikñb hghzñbkah thgfkëb jstèb jb pjnkirc mjfkmc h nh

rjgcakñb mj nh tkjrrh, ncs kbajbmkcs lcrjsthnjs y nh lrhigjbthakñb. Thrh jn høc 64:4
ub 14% h <4% mj nh sjnvh hghzñbkah pcmrçh sjr hfrupth j krrjvjrskfnjgjbtj
sustktukmc pcr ub tkpc mj shfhbh sjah,acb nh acbskiukjbtj përmkmh jb irhb jsahnh
mj gjmkcs mj vkmh y fkcmkvjrskmhm.
Jb jstj acbtjxtc, hniubcs prcfnjghs rjnhakcbhmcs acb jn hiuh quj gua`cs phçsjs
mj nh rjikñb jblrjbthb -jxtrjghs sjquçhs, kbubmhakcbjs, scfrjutknkzhakñb mj hiuhs
suftjrrèbjhs, acbthgkbhakñb, jbljrgjmhmjs mj crkijb `çmrkac y jsahnhgkjbtc mj
acblnkatcs scakhnjs pcr jn hiuh,jbtrj ctrcs- jstèb gcstrèbmcsj kbghbjohfnjs pcr
jblcqujs sjatcrkhnjs y nh lhnth mj acbsjbscs hnrjmjmcr mj su ijstkñb.
Nh scnuakñb phrh thnjs prcfnjghs pujmj jsthr lujrh mjn hnahbaj mj nhs hijbakhs
rjspcbshfnjs mj rjscnvjrncs, pcr nc quj js bjajshrkh nh accpjrhakñb mj ncs
mkljrjbtjs sjatcrjs y hatcrjs kbvcnuarhmcs jb nh ijstkñb y jn usc mjn hiuh. Zb
jblcquj mj ijstkñb kbtjirhmh lhaknkth nh kmjbtklkahakñb j kgpnjgjbthakñb mj
scnuakcbjs jljatkvhs.
Aujbah
Aujbah mjn Crkbcac
Nh aujbah mjn Crkbcac js nh phrtj mj Hgërkah mjn Qur mrjbhmh pcr jn rçc Crkbcac y
sus hlnujbtjs. Nh aujbah `kmrcirèlkah mjn Crkbcac aufrj ub èrjh mj ubcs ;0; 444
eg¶, nc quj nh acbvkjrtj jb nh tjrajrh ghycr mj Qumhgërkah, y hfhrah nh ghycr
phrtj mjn tjrrktcrkc vjbjzcnhbc y nh zcbh jstj mj Acncgfkh.
Jn Crkbcac js ubc mj ncs rçcs gès kgpcrthbtjs mjn gubmc pcr su ncbiktum y ahumhn
(68=4 eg y hnic gès mj 14 444 g±/s6), nh jxtjbskñb mj su aujbah (ub gknnñb mj


eg¶) y, jspjakhngjbtj, pcr su kgpcrthbakh `kstñrkah y jacbñgkah y jn skibklkahmc

quj `h tjbkmc phrh \jbjzujnh, phçs jb jn quj sj jxtkjbmj nh ghycr phrtj mj su
aujbah, acb ahsk nhs mcs tjrajrhs phrtjs mj nh gksgh. Trcfhfnjgjbtj js jn rçc
gès ahumhncsc mjn gubmc acb rjnhakñb h su aujbah, skgknhr jb jxtjbskñb h nh mjn
Mhbufkc, pjrc acb ub ahumhn quj qukbtupnkah hn mj jstj ÿntkgc. Jb aklrhs hfscnuths
js jn tjrajr rçc mjn gubmc pcr su ahumhn, mjspuës mjn Hghzcbhs y mjn Acbic y
guy supjrkcr hn ahumhn mj ctrcs rçcs gua`c gès nhrics y mj aujbah gès jxtjbsh.
Nh aujbah mjn rçc Crkbcac skbtjtkzh nhs trjs irhbmjs lcrghs mj rjnkjvj quj jxkstjb
jb nh bhturhnjzh? ghakzcs hbtkiucs y jsaumcs pcr ub nhmc, acrmknnjrhs mj
njvhbthgkjbtc rjakjbtj (js mjakr, mjn ]jrakhrkc) pcr jn ctrc, y mjprjskcbjs
tjatñbkahs y aujbahs c nnhburhs mj haugunhakñb, jb tjrajr nuihr. Ahmh ubh mj
jsths lcrghs mjn rjnkjvj tkjbj sus ahrhatjrçstkahs prcpkhs, pjrc thgfkëb sus
sjgjohbzhs acb rjikcbjs bhturhnjs skgknhrjs mj ctrhs phrtjs mjn gubmc. Thrh ub
phçs auhnqukjrh, jb jspjakhn jb nh zcbh kbtjrtrcpkahn, rjprjsjbth ubh irhb vjbthoh
jacnñikah y jacbñgkah tjbjr rjprjsjbthmhs jb su tjrrktcrkc jsths trjs lcrghs mjn
rjnkjvj. Jb tcmh Hgërkah, sñnc Ahbhmè y ncs Jsthmcs Zbkmcs hmjgès mj
\jbjzujnh y Acncgfkh, quj jb su tjrrktcrkc tkjbj ubh phrtj rjmuakmh mjn jsaumc
iuhyhbës, prjsjbthb ubh mkspcskakñb ijcnñikah skgknhr.
Aujbah mjn Hghzcbhs

Nh aujbah mjn Hghzcbhs js nh phrtj mj Hgërkah mjn Qur mrjbhmh pcr jn rçc
Hghzcbhs y sus hlnujbtjs. Nh aujbah `kmrcirèlkah mjn Hghzcbhs aufrj ub èrjh mj
ubcs < 866 91< eg¶, nc quj nh acbvkjrtj jb nh ghycr mjn gubmc, y hfhrah tjrrktcrkcs
mj ca`c phçsjs˔ Frhskn, Tjrÿ, Acncgfkh, Fcnkvkh, Jauhmcr, \jbjzujnh, Iuyhbh y
Qurkbhg. Jsth rjikñb js acbcakmh acgc nh Hghzcbkh.
\hrkhakcbjs jb nh hnturh mjn ijckmj tjrrjstrj pcr nh vhrkhakñb mjn ahumhn mj nh

aujbah mjn Hghzcbhs.
Qj `h prcpujstc quj nh aujbah mjn Hghzcbhs acgprjbmj mcs skstjghs mj

mjsahrih mj hiuh? ub skstjgh lnuvkhn, jn rçc Hghzcbhs, y ub skstjgh suftjrrèbjc

nnhghmc rçc @hzgh, quj js jn gès hba`c pjrc h nh vjz jn gès njbtc mj ncs mcs
skstjghs.
Jn rçc Hghzcbhs sj lcrgñ h phrtkr mj ub irhb icnlc quj crkikbhngjbtj sj hfrçh hn

caëhbc Thaçlkac. Acb nh lcrghakñb mj nh acrmknnjrh mj ncs Hbmjs, jn icnlc sj ajrrñ hn
bcrcjstj, lcrghbmc ub ikihbtjsac nhic jb jn bcrtj mj Hgërkah mjn Qur. Jn nhic sj

hfrkñ `hakh jn jstj auhbmc sj sjphrñ jn supjracbtkbjbtj sumhgjrklrkahbc lcrghbmc
jn rçc.
Jn rçc Hghzcbhs bhaj jb ncs Hbmjs, jb jn mjphrthgjbtc pjruhbc mj Hrjqukph.

]kjbj <9:4 eknñgjtrcs, mj ncs auhnjs 18<: eg jstèb jb tjrrktcrkc frhsknjøc.
Tcr su crkijb nhaustrj, jn rçc Hghzcbhs prjsjbth jb irhb phrtj mj su rjacrrkmc ubh
pjbmkjbtj pjqujøh lcrghbmc ub tçpkac rçc mj pnhbkakj. Mjsmj nh acblnujbakh mjn
Zahyhnk y Ghrhøñb (Tjrÿ) `hsth nh mjsjgfcahmurh jb jn caëhbc mjsakjbmj gjbcs
mj 844 gjtrcs.
Js bhvjihfnj jb irhb phrtj mj su rjacrrkmc, hsç acgc gua`cs mj sus hlnujbtjs,

pcr nc quj js ub kgpcrthbtj gjmkc mj trhbspcrtj jb nh zcbh.
Aujbah mjn Tnhth

Nh aujbah mj nh Tnhth js nh phrtj mj Hgërkah mjn Qur mrjbhmh pcr jn prcpkc Vçc mj
nh Tnhth y sus hlnujbtjs. Aufrj ub èrjh mj ubcs 1 894 444 eg¶, nc quj nh acbvkjrtj
jb nh qukbth mjn gubmc, pcr mjtrès mj nhs mj Hghzcbhs, Acbic, Bknc y Gkssksskppk,
y hfhrah tjrrktcrkcs mj akbac phçsjs ˔ Frhskn, Fcnkvkh, Thrhiuhy, Hrijbtkbh y

Zruiuhy.
Nhs prjakpkthakcbjs quj ahjb jb su ègfktc sj rjÿbjb jb mcs irhbmjs aurscs,ncs

rçcs Thrhbè y Zruiuhy, quj nujic vkjrtjb sus hiuhs jb jn Vçc mj nh Tnhth, jn quj
lkbhngjbtj mjsjgfcah jb jn caëhbc Htnèbtkac Qur.
Jn acboubtc lnuvkhn mj nh aujbah mjn Tnhth lcrgh jn prkbakphn skstjgh mj rjahrih mjn
hauçljrc Iuhrhbç, ubc mj nhs ghycrjs rjsjrvhs acbtkbjbthnjs mj hiuh munaj mjn
gubmc. Ncs icfkjrbcs mj ncs phçsjs kgpnkahmcs jstumkhb jn gcmc mj hprcvja`hrnc
mj lcrgh sustjbthfnj, hsjiurhbmc hsç nh prcvkskñb mj hiuh pcthfnj h sus

`hfkthbtjs. Nh aujbah skrvj mj hskjbtc h ubh pcfnhakñb mj gès mj 844 gknncbjs mj

`hfkthbtjs, pcr nc quj nh kbtjrhaakñb ùghbh acb nh gksgh h nc nhric mjn tkjgpc jb
lcrgh kbacbtrcnhmh prcmuaj ahgfkcs skibklkahtkvcs, thbtc phrh nh aujbah acgc phrh
nh ahnkmhm mj vkmh mj sus `hfkthbtjs.
Ncs mcs irhbmjs rçcs mj nh aujbah, jn Thrhbè y jn Zruiuhy, tkjbjb ubh mjbsh rjm
mj hlnujbtjs, sufhlnujbtjs y trkfuthrkcs gjbcrjs, acgc ncs rçcs Thrhiuhy,
Tknacghyc, Fjrgjoc, Qhnhmc mjn bcrtj,
bc rtj, Ahrahrhøè, ]jrajrc, Auhrtc, Kiuhzÿ, Qhnhmc
mjn sur, Iuhnjiuhy, Gcacrjtè, Iuhnjiuhya`ÿ, Acrrkjbtjs, Qhbth Nuaçh , Gkrkøhy,
Hiuhpjy, Bjirc, Iuhyaurÿ, Tknhiè, Qhb Ohvkjr, Xujiuhy, Hrhpjy, Iuhyqukrhrñ y
Qhgfcrcgfñb, hrrcyc Bcicyè, jbtrj ctrcs.
Lhatcrjs Ijcirèlkacs Jsthfnjs [ Mkbègkacs Jb Qumhgërkah

 Acblcrghakñb ijcnñikah mj ubh zcbh c rjikñb tkjrrh c ghr? sk ncs ahusjs mj
nhs aujbahs acgc `kmrcvçhs prcpujsths scb gknjbhrkcs, sj supcbj quj
acbtkbuhrèb frkbmhbmc nh utknkmhm quj rjqujrkgcs pcr ub tkjgpc hajpthfnj
acgc hutcpksths.
 Jn thghøc
thghøc mj ubh zcbh c rjikñb skb acblubmkrnh acb nh mkvkskñb pc
pcnçtkah?
nçtkah? nh
hspkrhakñb mj ubcs 64 gkn eknñgjtrcs ajbtrhnjs mj hutcpksth `çmrkah y sus
hnjmhøcs acgpnjgjbthrkcs kbvcnuarhb mjshlçcs pcskfnjs c acb jnjvhmc
irhmc mj lhatkfknkmhm.
 Ncs nçgktjs
nçgktjs ghr tkjrrh acbtkbjbthn c ksnhs? ubh mj nhs phrtjs gès kbtjrjshbtjs
mj ncs jstumkcs mj lhatkfknkmhm js nh ubkñb mj tcmcs ncs phçsjs kbtjirhbtjs mj
nh ZBHQZV y acb nhs shnkmhs h ncs caëhbcs Thaçlkac y Htnèbtkac acb jn
ahnhmc quj pcskfknktj ncs trhgcs quj sj jsthfnjajrèb jb jn pubtc hbtjrkcr,
jsth tjcrçh rjsunth pcskfnj.
 Nh pcskakñb ijcirèlkah y rjnhtkvh mj ubh zcbh c rjikñb? Js ubh pcskakñb
ijcirèlkah mj prkvknjikc phrh jn luturc mjn gubmc
 Nh tcpcirhlçh lhvcrhfnj c mjslhvcrhfnj h ncs kbtjrjsjs ijcpcnçtkacs? ncs
jstumkcs mj lhatkfknkmhm jsthfnjajb zcbhs arçtkah c mj acblnkatcs ijcpcnçtkacs.

 Vçcs y nhics acb nhrih jspjrhbzh mj jjxkstjbakh

xkstjbakh jb gua`cs ahscs
gknjbhrkcs? ]rhgcs ÿtknjs skb bjajskmhm mj gjih cfrhs, Auhbths mksthbakhs
c trhgcs ajbtrhnjs lhaknkthb su utknkzhakñb y mjsmj `hsth? pcr jojgpnc mjsmj
Fujbcs Hkrjs ‑ Hsubakñb. Ghbhus ‑ Htnèbtkac. Ghbhus ‑ Vkc Bjirc -
Aujbah mjn Crkbc ‑ Jta.
 Jn ankgh lhvcrhfnj c bc h ncs kbtjrjsjs ijcpcnçtkacs? Lhvcrjaj hn
scstjbkgkjbtc mjn ahumhn hajpthfnj.
 Nh aunturh c rjnkikñb jb g
gua`cs
ua`cs ahscs g
gknjbhrkhs?
knjbhrkhs? Acgphtkfknkmhm mj
aunturhs mjn GJVACQZV ‑ ZBHQZV ‑ AJNHA.
 Nh Ëtkah y Mjcbtcnciçh Trcljs
Trcljskcbhn
kcbhn mj ub Tujfnc?
Tujfnc? Irhmc mj acblkhfkn
acblkhfknkmhm
kmhm jb
nh kbvjrskñb, Acbvjbkcs Ghrac, Haths mj Acgprcgksc acb Ihrhbtçhs
hajpthfnjs, Kbaugfjbakh Trcljskcbhn mj ncs Akjbtçlkacs quj kbtjirhrèb ncs
jqukpcs mjsmj ncs jstumkcs mj lhatkfknkmhm y mksjøcs `hsth nh
kgpnjgjbthakñb. Ctrhs quj sj mjrkvjb.
 Nh Crihbkzhakñb Tcnçtkah
Tcnçtkah acblkhfnj? Jsthmcs
Jsthmcs Mjgcarètkacs jsthfnjs ‑
Vjnhakñb mj Hnkhbzhs ‑ Qupjrhr acblnkatcs ‑ Jta.
 Nh ijcpcnçtkah mj ctrc jbtj mj nhric hnahbaj jb jn ttkjgpc?
kjgpc? Jo
Jojgpnc
jgpnc mj Irhb
Frjthøh Kbtrcgkskñb Ijcpcnçtkah jb jn Htnèbtkac Qur y su hnkhmc kbacbmkakcbhn
bcrtjhgjrkahbc. Jsth Ijcpcnçtkah mj nhs Hutcpksths @çmrkahs
Qumhgjrkahbhs lcrthnjaj ubh pcskakñb lhvcrhfnj hbtj jn kbvhscr.
 Ncs rjaurscs bhturhnjs mj
mj vhncr jstrht
jstrhtëikac?
ëikac? Kbvjstkihr ncs rjsunthmcs
hnkgjbthrkcs, ncs rjaurscs gkbjrhnjs, ihs pjtrñnjc y tcmc fkjb quj sj pujmh
kbtjrhatuhr jbtrj ncs phçsjs kbtjrvkbkjbtjs jb jstj Gjih Trcyjatc mj nhs
Hutcpksths @çmrkahs quj ubkrèb tcmh Hgërkah mjn Qur y su Trcyjaakñb hn
Htnèbtkac y Thaçlkac Qur.
Jn Jsajbhrkc Ijcpcnçtkac H Lkbjs Mjn Qkinc PKP

Nh ahrhatjrçstkah lubmhgjbthn mj jstj skinc js nh mj sjr ub pjrçcmc mj irhbmjs
ahgfkcs. Nh akjbakh y nh jacbcgçh sj rjtrchnkgjbthrçhb, jn tërgkbc ‐akjbtçlkac‛,
hauøhmc jb 8011 pcr Yknnkhg Y`jwjnn,86 sjrçh phrtj lubmhgjbthn mjn njbiuhoj mj
nh ëpcah5 nh jacbcgçh sulrkrçh mcs lujrtjs rjvcnuakcbjs kbmustrkhnjs, nh prkgjrh

hahjakmh jbtrj 89:4 y 80=4, y nh sjiubmh jbtrj 8004 y 8;8=.1 Jb pcnçtkah, nhs
bujvhs kmjhs mjn hbtjrkcr skinc sjbthrçhb nhs fhsjs phrh nhs rjvcnuakcbjs
furiujshs, rjvcnuakcbjs quj sj jxpnhyhrçhb pcr jn gubmc gjmkhbtj jn
kgpjrkhnksgc y fusahrçh hnkhbzh acb jn gcvkgkjbtc cfrjrc hn quj, phrh jvkthr su
trkublc, nj ajmjrçhb jn sulrhikc ubkvjrshn5 jb lkncsclçh, surikrçhb ncs prkbakpkcs mj nh
ghycr phrtj mj nhs acrrkjbtjs mj pjbshgkjbtc acbtjgpcrèbjhs, acrrkjbtjs acgc jn
kmjhnksgc hfscnutc, jn ghtjrkhnksgc mkhnëatkac, jn bk`knksgc y jn bhakcbhnksgc5 jn hrtj
mjgcrhrçh jb kbkakhr jn prcajsc mj vhbiuhrmkh pjrc qujmhrçh akgjbthmc jb
gcvkgkjbtcs acgc jn kgprjskcbksgc. H lkbhnjs mj jstj skinc surikjrcb nh
akbjghtcirhlçh y nh hbkghakñb irhakhs h ncs irhbmjs hvhbajs tjabcnñikacs mj nh
ëpcah.
Jurcph
Jb Jurcph jn skinc xkx sj ahrhatjrkzñ pcr jn bhakgkjbtc mj nhs mjgcarhakhs
ajbskthrkhs y jn cahsc mj nhs gcbhrquçhs hfscnuths.: Nh Vjvcnuakñb lrhbajsh y nh
pcstjrkcr jrh bhpcnjñbkah hyumhrçhb h jxphbmkr nhs kmjhs rjpufnkahbhs y nkfjrhnjs.
Ncs gcbhrahs, jb jn ahsc mj scfrjvkvkr, sj acbvjrtkrçhb jb mëspcths knustrhmcs quj
hatuhfhb pjrgkskvhgjbtj acb nh anhsj mcgkbhbtj. Qurikrçh nh kmjh mj kzqukjrmh y
mjrja`h h phrtkr mj nh Vjvcnuakñb lrhbajsh. Ncs pcnçtkacs sj kmjbtklkahrçhb jb Ojhb-
Thun Ghrht y Ghxkgknkjb Vcfjspkjrrj, c jb jn acbmj mj Gkrhfjhu y jn ghrquës mj
Nh Lhyjttj. Jn trhbsktcrkc cahsc mj nhs rjvcnuakcbjs jb prc mj nh rjsthurhakñb mj
nhs gcbhrquçhs scnc ncirhrçh pctjbakhrnhs jb cnjhmhs rjvcnuakcbhrkhs gès
rhmkahnjs acgc nhs mj 80=0, `hsth jn mjshrrcnnc mj nhs kmjcnciçhs scakhnjs y jn

gcvkgkjbtc cfrjrc, quj aungkbhrçh jb jn trkublc mj nh Vjvcnuakñb rush jb 8;89.
Hgërk
Hg ërkah
ah N htk bh
Nh jghbakphakñb mj Hgërkah Nhtkbh mkc acgkjbzc jb jstj skinc. Ncs
njvhbthgkjbtcs kbmçijbhs jb bcgfrj mj ]ÿpha Hghru y mj ncs acgubjrcs mj
Hsubakñb sjrçhb hbtjajmjbtjs mj ubh kmjbtkmhm bhakjbtj. Kmjbtkmhm quj bhajrçh y
sjrçh mjljbmkmh pcr ncs irhbmjs prñajrjs nhtkbchgjrkahbcs, prcgctcrjs mj nh kmjh
mj ubh bhakñb nhtkbchgjrkahbh? Lrhbaksac mj Gkrhbmh, Ocsë Gkiujn Ahrrjrh,
Fjrbhrmc C'@kiikbs, Ocsë Ochquçb mj Cngjmc, Lrhbaksac mj Thunh Qhbthbmjr,


Hbtcbkc Ocsë mj Quarj, Qkgñb Fcnçvhr, Ocsë mj Qhb Ghrtçb, Ghrkhbc Gcrjbc,
Ghbujn Fjnirhbc, Hbtcbkc Bhrkøc, Ocsë Ijrvhskc Hrtkihs y Ouhb Thfnc Muhrtj. Qu
rjvcnuakñb, acbstktukmh jb jn ghrac mj nhs rjvcnuakcbjs furiujshs, sjrçh
jstrkathgjbtj nhtkbchgjrkahbh. Qus rjvcnuakcbjs lrhahshrçhb jb fujbh gjmkmh h
ahush mj ahumknnksgcs, kbtjrjsjs mj nhs furiujsçhs ncahnjs y ackghs mj nhs
pctjbakhs jurcpjhs, pjrc ahmh ubc mj jnncs sjrçh acbvjrtkmc, h gjbumc pcr
qukjbjs ncs trhkakcbhrcb, jb ubh njyjbmh. Nhs lrcbtjrhs hgjrkahbhs vhrkhrcb
bcthfnjgjbtj jb tcmc jn skinc y ncs icfkjrbcs tcghrçhb ubh jstruaturh fkphrtkmksth
jb mcbmj pununhfhb ncs icnpjs mj Jsthmc y ncs lrhumjs jnjatcrhnjs.
Kgpjrkhnksgc
Èlrkah sjrçh cfojtc mj hfkjrtc usc y hfusc pcr phrtj mj ncs kgpjrkcs jurcpjcs.
Ajakn V`cmjs sjrçh ubh lkiurh lubmhgjbthn jb jn mjshrrcnnc mjn kgpjrkhnksgc
frktèbkac. ]hgfkëb surikrçh njbthgjbtj jn kgpjrkhnksgc jsthmcubkmjbsj h phrtkr mj
ubh hphrjbtjgjbtj kbcajbtj Mcatrkbh Gcbrcj. Mka`c skinc hbubakhrçh nh
mjahmjbakh Kgpjrkc ctcghbc quj hahjajrçh acb nh Trkgjrh Iujrrh Gubmkhn. Nhs
iujrrhs mjn Cpkc ùgknnhrçhb hn `kstñrkac Kgpjrkc a`kbc jb sus trhthmcs mjskiuhnjs
y aungkbhrçhb acb nh ahçmh mj nh mkbhstçh Xkbi jb 8;88.
Mkstkbtc s Haujrmcs Mj Kbtjirhakñb

Kbtjirhakñb Hgjrka hbh
Js ub haujrmc jsarktc jbtrj akjrtcs suojtcs mj Mjrja`c kbtjrbhakcbhn y quj sj
jbaujbtrh rjikmc pcr jstj, quj pujmj acbsthr mj ubc c vhrkcs kbstrugjbtcs
ourçmkacs acbjxcs, y skjbmc kbmkljrjbtj su mjbcgkbhakñb. Acgc haujrmc kgpnkah
skjgprj quj sjhb, acgc gçbkgc, mcs pjrscbhs ourçmkahs kbtjrbhakcbhnjs qukjbjs
acbanuyhb ub trhthmc kbtjrbhakcbhn. Tcr jojgpnc ncs icfjrbhbtjs mj ahmh phçs sj
rjÿbjb phrh pcbjrsj mj haujrmc acb sus nçgktjs mj phçsjs phrh bc tjbjr
prcfnjghs acb sus tjrrktcrkcs.
Nc gès acgÿb sujnj sjr quj thnjs haujrmcs sj rjhnkajb jbtrj Jsthmcs, hubquj
pujmjb ajnjfrhrsj jbtrj Jsthmcs y crihbkzhakcbjs kbtjrbhakcbhnjs. Ncs prkgjrcs
jstèb rjiunhmcs pcr nh Acbvjbakñb mj \kjbh scfrj jn Mjrja`c mj ncs ]rhthmcs mj
8;<;5 ncs sjiubmcs, pcr nh Acbvjbakñb mj \kjbh scfrj jn Mjrja`c mj ncs ]rhthmcs

ajnjfrhmcs jbtrj Jsthmcs y Crihbkzhakcbjs Kbtjrbhakcbhnjs c jbtrj

Crihbkzhakcbjs Kbtjrbhakcbhnjs mj 8;0<.
Ncs haujrmcs jbtrj jgprjshs pÿfnkahs mj ub Jsthmc y Jsthmcs bc scb trhthmcs

kbtjrbhakcbhnjs. Nh Acrtj Kbtjrbhakcbhn mj Oustkakh tuvc nh cpcrtubkmhm mj
prcbubakhrsj hajrah mj jsth aujstkñb jb jn ahsc "Hbinc-Krhbkhb Ckn" (8;:6). Krèb

`hfçh lkrghmc ub haujrmc acb nh jgprjsh "Hbinc-Krhbkhb Ckn" phrh nh jxpncthakñb
mj ncs rjaurscs pjtrcnçljrcs. Jstj haujrmc tjbçh mcs ahrhs? jrh ub haujrmc mj
acbajskñb y hn gksgc tkjgpc tjbçh nh bhturhnjzh mj ub ]rhthmc jbtrj Krèb y jn
Vjkbc Zbkmc. Jsth tjsks bc luj hajpthmh pcr nh Acrtj Kbtjrbhakcbhn mj Oustkakh
pcrquj ncs ]rhthmcs kbtjrbhakcbhnjs scnc pujmjb tjbjr nuihr jbtrj jsthmcs y
pcrquj ncs haujrmcs acb jgprjshs sj rkijb pcr nhs bcrghs mjn Mjrja`c
kbtjrbhakcbhn prkvhmc.
Ncs ]rhthmcs kbtjrbhakcbhnjs mjfjb rjhnkzhrsj pcr jsarktc hubquj pujmjb sjr
vjrfhnjs. Jb jstj ÿntkgc ahsc bc sj rjikrçhb pcr nh Acbvjbakñb mj \kjbh mj 8;<;.
Qu mjbcgkbhakñb js kbmkljrjbtj pujs, sk sj mhb nhs acbmkakcbjs hbtjrkcrjs, bcs

jbacbtrhgcs hbtj ub ]rhthmc Kbtjrbhakcbhn kbmjpjbmkjbtjgjbtj mjn bcgfrj quj
rjakfh.
HNF
HN FH
Nh Hnkhbzh Fcnkvhrkhbh phrh ncs Tujfncs mj Bujstrh Hgërkah - ]rhthmc mj
Acgjrakc mj ncs Tujfncs c HNFH-]AT (jb cahskcbjs mjbcgkbhmh
jxtrhclkakhngjbtj Hnkhbzh Fcnkvhrkhbh phrh nhs Hgërkahs, pjrc gès acgÿbgjbtj
acbcakmh acgc skgpnjgjbtj HNFH, harñbkgc mj su bcgfrj kbkakhn Hntjrbhtkvh
Fcnkvhrkhbh phrh Hgërkah), js ubh pnhthlcrgh mj kbtjirhakñb jblcahmh phrh ncs
phçsjs mj Hgërkah Nhtkbh y jn Ahrkfj quj pcbj ëblhsks jb nh nua`h acbtrh nh
pcfrjzh y nh jxanuskñb scakhn acb fhsj jb mcatrkbhs mj kzqukjrmh.
Qj acbarjth jb ub prcyjatc mj acnhfcrhakñb y acgpnjgjbthakñb pcnçtkah, scakhn y

jacbñgkah jbtrj phçsjs mj Hgërkah Nhtkbh y jn Ahrkfj, prcgcvkmh kbkakhngjbtj pcr
Aufh y \jbjzujnh acgc acbtrhphrtkmh mjn Èrjh mj Nkfrj Acgjrakc mj nhs
Hgërkahs (HNAH), kgpunshmh pcr Jsthmcs Zbkmcs.

Jn "HNFH" sj lubmhgjbth jb nh arjhakñb mj gjahbksgcs quj hprcvja`jb nhs

vjbthohs accpjrhtkvhs jbtrj nhs mkljrjbtjs bhakcbjs hscakhmhs phrh acgpjbshr nhs
hskgjtrçhs jbtrj jscs phçsjs. Jstc sj rjhnkzh gjmkhbtj nh accpjrhakñb mj lcbmcs
acgpjbshtcrkcs, mjstkbhmcs h nh acrrjaakñb mj mksahphakmhmjs kbtrçbsjahs mj ncs
phçsjs gkjgfrcs, y nh hpnkahakñb mjn ]rhthmc mj Acgjrakc mj ncs Tujfncs c "]AT".
Jn HNFH-]AT ctcrih prkcrkmhm h nh rjnhakñb jbtrj ncs prcpkcs phçsjs jb pkj mj

kiuhnmhm y jb jn fkjb acgÿb, fhsèbmcsj jb jn mkèncic sufrjikcbhn y hfrkjbmc
ahgpcs mj hnkhbzhs jstrhtëikahs lcgjbthbmc jn acbsjbsc y jn haujrmc jbtrj nhs
bhakcbjs nhtkbchgjrkahbhs.
AHB (Acgubkmhm
(Acgubkmhm Hbmkbh)
Nh Acgubkmhm Hbmkbh (E;) js ubh acgubkmhm mj auhtrc phçsjs pcmjrcscs quj
tkjbjb ub cfojtkvc acgÿb? hnahbzhr ub mjshrrcnnc kbtjirhn, gès jquknkfrhmc y
hutñbcgc, gjmkhbtj nh kbtjirhakñb hbmkbh, sumhgjrkahbh y nhtkbchgjrkahbh. Jn

prcajsc hbmkbc mj kbtjirhakñb sj kbkakñ acb nh susarkpakñb mjn Haujrmc mj
Ahrthijbh jn 6< mj ghyc mj 8;<;.
Jstè acbstktukmh pcr Fcnkvkh, Acncgfkh, Jauhmcr y Tjrÿ, hmjgès mj ncs ñrihbcs j
kbstktuakcbjs mjn Qkstjgh Hbmkbc mj Kbtjirhakñb (QHK). Hbtjs mj 8;;<, jrh
acbcakmh acgc jn Thatc Hbmkbc c Irupc Hbmkbc.
\jbjzujnh luj gkjgfrc pnjbc `hsth jn 644<. A`knj crkikbhngjbtj luj gkjgfrc
jbtrj 8;<;-8;9<, pjrc sj rjtkrñ murhbtj jn rëikgjb gknkthr mj Huiustc Tkbca`jt
mjfkmc h kbacgphtkfknkmhmjs jbtrj nh pcnçtkah jacbñgkah mj jsj phçs y nhs pcnçtkahs
mj kbtjirhakñb mj nh AHB. Jstj phçs js gkjgfrc hscakhmc mjsmj jn 64 mj
sjptkjgfrj mj 644<, pjrc jnnc bc supcbj jn rjkbirjsc h nh AHB.
Zfkahmcs jb Hgërkah mjn Qur, ncs auhtrc phçsjs hbmkbcs hiruphb h ahsk 844
gknncbjs mj `hfkthbtjs jb ubh supjrlkakj mj 1.9;0.444 eknñgjtrcs auhmrhmcs, auyc
Trcmuatc Kbtjrbc Frutc sj jstkgh hsajbmjrçh jb jn 6449 h 604.1;6 gknncbjs mj
mñnhrjs.

CJH
Nh Crihbkzhakñb mj ncs Jsthmcs Hgjrkahbcs (CJH) js ubh crihbkzhakñb
kbtjrbhakcbhn phbhgjrkahbksth mj ègfktc rjikcbhn y acbtkbjbthn arjhmh jn 14 mj
hfrkn mj 8;=0, acb jn cfojtkvc mj sjr ub lcrc pcnçtkac phrh nh tcgh mj mjakskcbjs, jn
mkèncic guntknhtjrhn y nh kbtjirhakñb mj Hgërkah. Nh mjanhrhakñb mj nh crihbkzhakñb
mkaj quj trhfhoh phrh lcrthnjajr nh phz, sjiurkmhm y acbscnkmhr nh mjgcarhakh,
prcgcvjr ncs mjrja`cs ùghbcs, hpcyhr jn mjshrrcnnc scakhn y jacbñgkac
lhvcrjakjbmc jn arjakgkjbtc scstjbkfnj jb Hgërkah. Jb su haakcbhr fusah acbstrukr
rjnhakcbjs gès lujrtjs jbtrj nhs bhakcbjs y ncs pujfncs mjn acbtkbjbtj. Ncs
kmkcghs clkakhnjs mj nh crihbkzhakñb scb jn jsphøcn, jn pcrtuiuës, jn kbinës y jn
lrhbaës. Qus skinhs jb jsphøcn scb CJH y jb kbinës CHQ (Crihbkzhtkcb cl
Hgjrkahb Qthtjs).
Nh CJH tkjbj su sjmj jb jn Mkstrktc mj Acnugfkh, Jsthmcs Zbkmcs. ]hgfkëb pcsjj

clkakbhs rjikcbhnjs jb ncs mkstkbtcs phçsjs gkjgfrcs. Nh crihbkzhakñb jstè
acgpujsth mj 1: phçsjs gkjgfrcs. Jb jn trkiëskgc bcvjbc pjrçcmc crmkbhrkc mj
sjskcbjs mj nh Hshgfnjh Ijbjrhn, rjhnkzhmh mjn 8 hn 1 mj oubkc mj 644; jb Qhb
Tjmrc Qunh (@cbmurhs), jb su Vjscnuakñb HI/VJQ. 6=10 (PPPKP-C/4;) sjøhnh
quj nh Vjscnuakñb \K hmcpthmh jn 18 mj jbjrc mj 8;<6 jb nh Cathvh Vjubkñb mj
Acbsunth mj Gkbkstrcs mj Vjnhakcbjs Jxtjrkcrjs, gjmkhbtj nh auhn sj jxanuyñ hn
Icfkjrbc mj Aufh mj su phrtkakphakñb jb jn skstjgh kbtjrhgjrkahbc, qujmh skb
jljatc jb nh Crihbkzhakñb mj ncs Jsthmcs Hgjrkahbcs5 h phrtkr mj jsh lja`h qujmñ
skb jljatc mka`h jxanuskñb (pjrc Aufh bc sj `h rjkbacrpcrhmc). Nh CJH js ubc mj

ncs crihbksgcs rjikcbhnjs gès hbtkiucs y jn sjiubmc gès jxtjbsc mjspuës mjn
Mkèncic mj Accpjrhakñb mj Hskh.
ZBHQZV
Nh Zbkñb mj Bhakcbjs Qurhgjrkahbhs, thgfkëb acbcakmh pcr su harñbkgc
ZBHQZV, js ub crihbksgc mj kbtjirhakñb surhgjrkahbc acgpujstc pcr Fcnkvkh,
Iuyhbh, Qurkbhg y \jbjzujnh, hsç acgc Tjrÿ, quj ghbtkjbj su phrtkakphakñb
suspjbmkmh mjsmj hfrkn mj 6480.

Qu cfojtkvc js «acbstrukr ubh kmjbtkmhm y akumhmhbçh surhgjrkahbh y mjshrrcnnhr ub

jsphakc rjikcbhn kbtjirhmcµ.
Jn crihbksgc surikñ jb 6440 acb nh lkrgh mjn ]rhthmc Acbstktutkvc mj ZBHQZV, jn

auhn jbtrñ jb vkicr jb 6488. Jstuvc kbtjirhmc crkikbhngjbtj pcr ncs mcaj Jsthmcs
kbmjpjbmkjbtjs mj Qurhgërkah, auyh pcfnhakñb acboubth mj gès mj =44 444 444

mj `hfkthbtjs rjprjsjbthfh jn <0 % mj nh pcfnhakñb mj Hgërkah Nhtkbh.
Jb hfrkn mj 6480, Hrijbtkbh, Frhskn, A`knj, Acncgfkh, Thrhiuhy y Tjrÿ mjakmkjrcb

suspjbmjr su phrtkakphakñb jb jn crihbksgc pcr tkjgpc kbmjlkbkmc mjfkmc h nh lhnth
mj «rjsunthmcs acbarjtcs quj ihrhbtkajb jn lubakcbhgkjbtc hmjauhmc mj nh
crihbkzhakñbµ. H phrtkr mj jsj gcgjbtc vhrkcs phçsjs hbubakhrcb su shnkmh
mjlkbktkvh?
 Acncgfkh jb hicstc mj 64805

 Jauhmcr jb ghrzc mj 648;5
 Hrijbtkbh, Frhskn,
Frhskn, A`knj y Thrhiuhy jb hfrkn mjn gksgc høc5
 y Zruiuhy jb ghrzc mj 6464.
Jb 648;, acb jn cfojtkvc mj cpcbjrsj h Zbhsur, ncs prjskmjbtjs mj 0 phçsjs mj

Hgërkah mjn Qur arjhrcb Trcsur. Jb hfrkn mjn gksgc høc, jn prjskmjbtj frhsknjøc
Ohkr Fcnscbhrc lcrghnkzñ nh shnkmh mj Frhskn mj Zbhsur jb hfrkn mj 648;, oubtc acb
ncs prjskmjbtjs mj Hrijbtkbh, A`knj y Thrhiuhy.
FVKAQ
Qj jgpnjh nh skinh FVKAQ phrh rjljrkrsj acboubthgjbtj h Frhskn, Vuskh, Kbmkh,
A`kbh y Qumèlrkah. Jb tërgkbcs ijbjrhnjs, FVKAQ js jn harñbkgc mj ubh
hscakhakñb jacbñgkah-acgjrakhn mj nhs akbac jacbcgçhs bhakcbhnjs jgjrijbtjs
quj jb nh mëahmh mj ncs 6444 jrhb nhs gès prcgjtjmcrhs mjn gubmc. Ncs FVKAQ
lujrcb acbskmjrhmcs jn phrhmkigh mj nh accpjrhakñb Qur-Qur, hubquj
rjakjbtjgjbtj jsth kbtjrprjthakñb luj pujsth jb aujstkñb mhmhs nhs
acbtrhmkaakcbjs jbtrj ncs kbtjrjsjs mj A`kbh y ncs mjgès gkjgfrcs y nh përmkmh mj
prcyjaakñb jacbñgkah.

]cmhs jsths bhakcbjs tkjbjb jb acgÿb ubh irhb pcfnhakñb (A`kbh j Kbmkh pcr
jbakgh mj ncs gkn akjb gknncbjs, Frhskn y Vuskh pcr jbakgh mj ncs akjbtc auhrjbth
gknncbjs), ub jbcrgj tjrrktcrkc (ahsk 10,: gknncbjs eg¶), nc quj njs prcpcrakcbh
mkgjbskcbjs jstrhtëikahs acbtkbjbthnjs, ubh ikihbtjsah ahbtkmhm mj rjaurscs
bhturhnjs y, nc gès kgpcrthbtj, nhs jbcrgjs aklrhs quj `hb prjsjbthmc mj
arjakgkjbtc mj su prcmuatc kbtjrbc frutc (TKF) y mj phrtkakphakñb jb jn acgjrakc
gubmkhn jb ncs ÿntkgcs høcs, nc quj ncs `haj htrhatkvcs acgc mjstkbc mj
kbvjrskcbjs.
Gëxkac js jn ÿbkac phçs acgphrhfnj h ncs FVKA, pjrc su jacbcgçh sj jxanuyñ

mjfkmc h quj yh js gkjgfrc mj nh CAMJ. Frhskn, A`kbh, Kbmkh y Qumèlrkah thgfkëb
lcrghb phrtj mjn I-:. Hrijbtkbh, jb thbtc, luj kbvkthmh h nh augfrj mj Lcrthnjzh,
oubtc h ncs gkjgfrcs mj nh Zbkñb mj Bhakcbjs Qurhgjrkahbhs rjhnkzhmh jb ounkc mj
648=.
TJ]VCAHVKFJ
Js ubh hnkhbzh jb ghtjrkh pjtrcnjrh jbtrj hniubcs phçsjs mjn Ahrkfj acb
\jbjzujnh. Nh kbkakhtkvh pcr phrtj mjn Icfkjrbc mj \jbjzujnh nnjvh acgc cfojtkvc
ubh hnkhbzh quj acbskstj jb quj ncs phçsjs ahrkfjøcs acgprjb jn pjtrñnjc
vjbjzcnhbc jb acbmkakcbjs mj phic prjljrjbakhn. Jsth hnkhbzh luj nhbzhmh jb oubkc
mj 644: pcr @uic A`èvjz. Jn haujrmc pjrgktj quj nhs bhakcbjs mjn Ahrkfj
acgprjb `hsth 80:.444 fhrrknjs mj pjtrñnjc pcr mçh. Mjsmj jn kbkakc mj jstj
haujrmc jbjriëtkac, \jbjzujnh `h lkbhbakhmc nh acbstruaakñb mj rjlkbjrçhs, phtkcs
mj thbquj, cnjcmuatcs y pnhbths `kmrcjnëatrkahs jb hniubcs phçsjs gkjgfrcs acgc
Aufh y Bkahrhiuh.
Nh crihbkzhakñb luj lubmhmh jn 6; mj oubkc mj 644:, jb nh akumhm mj Tujrtc Nh

Aruz jb jn Trkgjr Jbaujbtrc Jbjriëtkac mj Ojljs mj Jsthmc y mj Icfkjrbc mjn
Ahrkfj scfrj Tjtrcahrkfj, y qujmhbmc susarktc pcr 8= phçsjs jn «Haujrmc mj
Accpjrhakñb Jbjriëtkahµ.

Cfojtkvcs
Jn haujrmc mj Tjtrcahrkfj jstè fhshmc jb nh jnkgkbhakñb mj tcmcs ncs
kbtjrgjmkhrkcs phrh scnc kbtjrvjbkr nhs jbtkmhmjs mkrkikmhs pcr ncs icfkjrbcs.
Qj fusah nh trhbslcrghakñb mj nhs scakjmhmjs nhtkbchgjrkahbhs y ahrkfjøhs,
`hakëbmcnhs gès ousths, aunths, phrtkakphtkvhs y scnkmhrkhs. Nh kmjh sj acbakfj acb

nh lkbhnkmhm mj arjhr ub prcajsc kbtjirhn quj prcgujvh nh jnkgkbhakñb mj nhs
mjskiuhnmhmjs scakhnjs, lcgjbth nh ahnkmhm mj vkmh y ubh phrtkakphakñb jljatkvh mj
ncs pujfncs.
Jsth crihbkzhakñb accrmkbhrè y hrtkaunhrè nhs pcnçtkahs mj jbjriçh, quj bc scnc

kbanuyj pjtrñnjc skbc thgfkëb sus mjrkvhmcs5 ihs, jnjatrkakmhm, accpjrhakñb
tjabcnñikah y ahphakthakñb, mjshrrcnnc mj kblrhjstruaturh jbjriëtkah, y jn
hprcvja`hgkjbtc mj lujbtjs hntjrbhs, thnjs acgc nh jbjriçh jñnkah y scnhr.
Lcrgh mj phics
Qj prcpusc ubh jsahnh mj lkbhbakhgkjbtc jb nhs lhaturhs pjtrcnjrhs, mcbmj sj
tcgh acgc rjljrjbakh jn prjakc mjn arumc. Qj jxtjbmjrè ub pjrçcmc mj irhakh phrh
jn lkbhbakhgkjbtc h nhric pnhzc mj ubc h mcs høcs y sj prjvë ubh jxtjbskñb mjn
pjrçcmc mj phic mj 89 h 6: høcs, rjmuakjbmc jn kbtjrës hn 8%, sk jn prjakc mjn
pjtrñnjc supjrh ncs =4 mñnhrjs pcr fhrrkn. Ztknkzhmcs jb jn phçs. Mj jstj gcmc,
Aufh phih phrtj mj su lhaturh acb sjrvkakcs gëmkacs, mj jmuahakñb y mjpcrtj.
Bkahrhiuh acgpjbsh phrtj mj sus lhaturhs h \jbjzujnh sugkbkstrèbmcnj ahrbj y
nja`j, acb Vjpÿfnkah Mcgkbkahbh sj `h bjicakhmc jn jbvçc mj ohrhfj mj inuacsh y

`hfkaùjnhs bjirhs ahrhcths. Jstc ahush quj njs sjhb ctcrihmcs, prèatkahgjbtj
mj ghbjrh irhtukth jn pjtrñnjc h jstcs phçsjs. Jstc bc js ÿbkahgjbtj pcr jstcs
gctkvcs skbc thgfkëb, pcr prcpñsktcs pcnçtkacs quj pjrgktjb quj jn icfkjrbc
vjbjzcnhbc hgpnkhr su pcnçtkah mj kbtjirhakñb. Nh thrjh mj kgpcrthakñb y
mkstrkfuakñb `h skmc lhaknkthmh pcr nh Acrpcrhakñb \jbjzcnhbh Hirhrkh.
Thçsjs kbtjirhbtjs
Jn haujrmc mj kbtjirhakñb luj lkrghmc jn 9 mj sjptkjgfrj mj 644: y sus
kbtjirhbtjs jrhb? \jbjzujnh, Aufh, Vjpÿfnkah Mcgkbkahbh, Hbtkiuh y Fhrfumh, nhs


Fh`hghs, Fjnkaj, Mcgkbkah, Irhbhmh, Iuyhbh, @cbmurhs (suspjbmkmh), Ohghkah,

Qurkbhg, Qhbth Nuaçh, Iuhtjghnh, Jn Qhnvhmcr, Qhb Arkstñfhn y Bkjvjs y Qhb
\kajbtj y nhs Irhbhmkbhs.
Ncs ÿbkacs phçsjs jb bc lkrghr lujrcb Fhrfhmcs y ]rkbkmhm y ]cfhic. Tcr ctrh
phrtj @hktç bc luj kbvkthmc h nhs bjicakhakcbjs, pujstc quj jn Icfkjrbc mj

\jbjzujnh bc rjacbcakñ su icfkjrbc phrh jsj jbtcbajs. @hktç lkbhngjbtj sj ubkñ hn
haujrmc, ubh vjz quj jn prjskmjbtj jnjikmc Vjbë Trëvhn tcghrh jn phnhakc jb
Tujrtc Trçbakpj, luj jb nh KKK Augfrj Tjtrcahrkfj (hicstc mj 6449) mcbmj thgfkëb
jbtrñ h lcrghr phrtj Bkahrhiuh, skjbmc jb nh hatuhnkmhm 8< gkjgfrcs.
Js acgprjbskfnj quj ]rkbkmhm y ]cfhic bc lkrghrh jn haujrmc pcr sjr ub prcmuatcr

mj pjtrñnjc. Hniubcs arçtkacs `hb prjiubthmc scfrj Fhrfhmcs jspjaunhbmc quj `h
suaugfkmc h nh prjskñb mj ncs Jsthmcs Zbkmcs, mjfkmc h su rjnhakñb tjbsh acb
\jbjzujnh. Fhrfhmcs pcr su phrtj `h bjihmc quj ësth sjh nh rhzñb, y bc `hb
mjsahrthmc nh pcskfknkmhm mj acbvjbkr Tjtrcahrkfj jb jn luturc. Fhrfhmcs `h `ja`c
hnuskñb mjsmj jbtcbajs quj Tjtrcahrkfj hirjihrçh ubh ahbtkmhm acbskmjrhfnj mj
mjumh h nh jacbcgçh mj su phçs.
Mjsmj 644:, nh Vjpÿfnkah Mcgkbkahbh phrtkakph jb jn haujrmc jbjriëtkac

Tjtrcahrkfj, h trhvës mjn auhn vhrkcs phçsjs mj nh rjikñb pujmjb hmqukrkr pjtrñnjc y
mjrkvhmcs h \jbjzujnh jb acbmkakcbjs lhvcrhfnjs. Jb ub haujrmc acb lja`h : mj
ghyc sj susarkfkñ haujrmc mj acgpnjgjbthakñb jacbñgkac jb nh acgphøçh
Vjlkmcgsh, acb nh hmqukskakñb mjn =;% mj nhs haakcbjs mj mka`h rjlkbjrçh pcr phrtj
mj TM\ Ahrkfj. Jn Acgjrakc mjbtrc mj Tjtrcahrkfj `h ijbjrhmc ub kbtjrahgfkc mj
$094 gknncbjs mj mñnhrjs, pcr jn kbtjrahgfkc mj hnkgjbtcs, sjrvkakcs y pjtrñnjc.
AJNHA
Nh Acgubkmhm mj Jsthmcs Nhtkbchgjrkahbcs y ahrkfjøcs js ub gjahbksgc
kbtjriufjrbhgjbthn mj ègfktc rjikcbhn, `jrjmjrc mjn Irupc mj Vçc y nh AHNA, nh
Augfrj mj Hgërkah Nhtkbh y mjn Ahrkfj1 quj prcgujvj nh kbtjirhakñb y mjshrrcnnc
mj ncs phçsjs nhtkbchgjrkahbcs y ahrkfjøcs.

Nh AJNHA luj arjhmh jn ghrtjs 61 mj ljfrjrc mj 6484 jb sjskñb mj nh Augfrj mj

nh ubkmhm mj Hgërkah Nhtkbh y jn Ahrkfj, jb Tnhyh mjn Ahrgjb (Gëxkac).
Tcstjrkcrgjbtj, jb nh Augfrj mj Ahrhahs (\jbjzujnh), rjhnkzhmh ncs mçhs 6 y 1 mj
mkakjgfrj mj 6488, jn crihbksgc qujmñ acbstktukmc mjlkbktkvhgjbtj. Nh K Augfrj
mj nh Ajnha sj ajnjfrñ jb A`knj jb jbjrc mj 6481,:<9 gkjbtrhs quj nh KK Augfrj
sj nnjvñ h ahfc jb Nh @hfhbh (Aufh) ncs mçhs 60 y 6; mj jbjrc mj 648=. Jb 648:
nh augfrj tuvc acgc phçs sjmj nh bhakñb ajbtrchgjrkahbh mj Acsth Vkah qukëb nj
mjoñ nh prjskmjbakh prc tjgpcrj h nh Vjpÿfnkah mjn Jauhmcr, phçs mcbmj sj rjhnkzñ
nh =th. Augfrj jb Xuktc ncs mçhs 69 y 60 mj jbjrc mj 648<. H su vjz, Jauhmcr
ajmkñ nh prjskmjbakh prc tjgpcrj h nh Vjpÿfnkah Mcgkbkahbh, qukëb jojrakñ nh
prjskmjbakh mjn fncquj phrh jn pjrçcmc quj hfhrah mjsmj jn 69 mj jbjrc mjn 648<
y `hsth jn 6: jbjrc mj 6489, auhbmc sj rjhnkzñ nh :th. Augfrj jb Tubth Ahbh.
Tcstjrkcrgjbtj hsugkjrcb nh prjskmjbakh Jn Qhnvhmcr jb 6480 y Fcnkvkh jb 648;,
skb quj sj prcmuojrh bkbiubh rjubkñb mjn irupc jb jscs phçsjs. Hniubcs gkjgfrcs
mj nh AJNHA sj rjubkjrcb jb nh ahpkthn mj Gëxkac jn ; jbjrc mj 6464, skjbmc jsth
bhakñb nh quj hsugkñ nh prjskmjbakh prc tjgpcrj `hsth jbjrc mj 6468.
Acb pcstjrkcrkmhm h nh augfrj mj Akumhm mj Gëxkac, jn icfkjrbc mj Frhskn hbubakñ

quj hfhbmcbhrçh nh AJNHA.
CBZ
Nh Crihbkzhakñb mj nhs Bhakcbjs Zbkmhs (CBZ), c skgpnjgjbtj nhs Bhakcbjs
Zbkmhs (BB. ZZ.), js nh ghycr crihbkzhakñb kbtjrbhakcbhn jxkstjbtj. Qj arjñ phrh
ghbtjbjr nh phz y sjiurkmhm kbtjrbhakcbhnjs, lcgjbthr rjnhakcbjs mj hgksthm jbtrj
nhs bhakcbjs, ncirhr nh accpjrhakñb kbtjrbhakcbhn phrh scnuakcbhr prcfnjghs
incfhnjs y sjrvkr mj ajbtrc quj hrgcbkaj nhs haakcbjs mj nhs bhakcbjs. Qu sjmj
jstè jb Bujvh [cre (Jsthmcs Zbkmcs) y jstè suojth h ub rëikgjb mj
jxtrhtjrrktcrkhnkmhm. ]hgfkëb tkjbj clkakbhs jb Ikbjfrh (Qukzh), Bhkrcfk (Ejbkh) y
\kjbh (Hustrkh).
Nh CBZ sj rkij pcr nh Ahrth mj nhs Bhakcbjs Zbkmhs, quj jbtrñ jb vkicr jn 6= mj
catufrj mj 8;=: y sj lkrgñ jn 6: mj oubkc mjn gksgc høc jb nh akumhm
jsthmcubkmjbsj mj Qhb Lrhbaksac, pcr :8 phçsjs, pcacs gjsjs hbtjs mjn lkbhn mj

nh Qjiubmh Iujrrh Gubmkhn.6 Jb jn prjègfunc mj nh Ahrth sj gjbakcbhb

jxpnçakthgjbtj nhs mcs iujrrhs gubmkhnjs.
Nh CBZ sj lkbhbakh pcr nhs acbtrkfuakcbjs vcnubthrkhs mj ncs Jsthmcs gkjgfrcs.

Qus prkbakphnjs cfojtkvcs scb ihrhbtkzhr jn augpnkgkjbtc mjn mjrja`c kbtjrbhakcbhn,
jn ghbtjbkgkjbtc mj nh phz kbtjrbhakcbhn, nh prcgcakñb y prctjaakñb mj ncs

mjrja`cs ùghbcs, ncirhr jn mjshrrcnnc scstjbkfnj mj nhs bhakcbjs y nh
accpjrhakñb kbtjrbhakcbhn jb hsubtcs jacbñgkacs, scakhnjs, aunturhnjs y
ùghbkthrkcs.
Ncs 8;1 Jsthmcs gkjgfrcs mj nhs Bhakcbjs Zbkmhsbcth 8 y ctrcs crihbksgcs

vkbaunhmcs mjnkfjrhb y mjakmjb hajrah mj tjghs skibklkahtkvcs y hmgkbkstrhtkvcs jb
rjubkcbjs pjrkñmkahs ajnjfrhmhs murhbtj jn høc. Ncs prkbakphnjs ñrihbcs mj nh
CBZ scb nh Hshgfnjh Ijbjrhn, jn Acbsjoc mj Qjiurkmhm, jn Acbsjoc Jacbñgkac y
Qcakhn, nh Qjarjthrçh Ijbjrhn, jn Acbsjoc mj Hmgkbkstrhakñb Lkmuakhrkh y nh Acrtj

Kbtjrbhakcbhn mj Oustkakh.
Nh lkiurh pÿfnkah prkbakphn mj nh CBZ js jn sjarjthrkc ijbjrhn. Jn hatuhn js Hbtñbkc

Iutjrrjs mj Tcrtuihn, quj hsugkñ jn pujstc jn 8 mj jbjrc mj 6489, rjjgpnhzhbmc
h Fhb Ek-gccb.
Ncs kmkcghs clkakhnjs mj nh CBZ scb sjks? èrhfj, a`kbc ghbmhrçb, jsphøcn,
lrhbaës, kbinës y rusc.
GJVACQZV
Jn Gjrahmc Acgÿb mjn Qur (Gjracsur), js ubh ubkñb hmuhbjrh kbtjirhmh pcr
Hrijbtkbh, Frhskn, Thrhiuhy y Zruiuhy, tkjbj acgc phçsjs hscakhmcs h A`knj,
Acncgfkh, Jauhmcr y Tjrÿ, Gëxkac hatÿh acgc cfsjrvhmcr y Fcnkvkh y \jbjzujnh
jstèb jb prcajsc mj kbacrpcrhakñb. Luj arjhmc jn 6< mj ghrzc mj 8;;8 acb nh
lkrgh mjn ]rhthmc mj Hsubakñb.
Qus prcpñsktcs scb?
 Nh nkfrj akraunhakñb
akraunhakñb mj fkjbjs, sjrv
sjrvkakcs
kakcs y lhatcrjs prcmuatkv
prcmuatkvcs
cs jbtrj ncs
phçsjs.

 Jn jsthfnjakgkjbtc
jsthfnjakgkjbtc mj ub hrhbajn jxtjrbc acgÿb y nh hmcpakñb mj ubh
pcnçtkah acgjrakhn acgÿb.
 Nh accrmkbhakñb mj pcnçtkahs gharcjacbñgkahs
gharcjacbñgkahs y sjatcrkhnjs jbtrj ncs
Jsthmcs phrtjs.
 Nh hrgcbkzhakñb
hrgcbkzhakñb mj nhs njiksnhakcbjs phrh ncirhr jn lcrthnjakgkjbtc mjn
prcajsc mj kbtjirhakñb.
Jb nh prèatkah, jstcs cfojtkvcs sj `hb ncirhmc sñnc phrakhngjbtj. Tcr jsth rhzñb,
`hy qukjbjs acbskmjrhb quj jn Gjracsur js ubh ubkñb hmuhbjrh "kbacgpnjth" c
"kgpjrljath". Jb jljatc, nh nkfjrhnkzhakñb mjn acgjrakc mjbtrc mjn fncquj tcmhvçh bc
sj `h ncirhmc pnjbhgjbtj.
Jn = mj ounkc mj 644< sj susarkfkñ ub Trctcacnc mj Hm`jskñb gjmkhbtj jn auhn

\jbjzujnh sj acbstktuyñ acgc Jsthmc Thrtj. Bc cfsthbtj, jstj kbstrugjbtc mj
hm`jskñb hÿb bc `h jbtrhmc jb vkicr mjfkmc h quj h nh lja`h bc `h skmc rhtklkahmc
pcr tcmcs ncs phrnhgjbtcs mj ncs lkrghbtjs, pcr nc quj su vkbaunhakñb njihn hn
fncquj skiuj skjbmc acgc Jsthmc Hscakhmc. Jn sjbhmc mj Frhskn hprcfñ mka`c
kbirjsc jb Mkakjgfrj mj 644;, lhnthbmc scnc nh hprcfhakñb mjn phrnhgjbtc mj
Thrhiuhy, Fcnkvkh, A`knj, Acncgfkh, Jauhmcr y Tjrÿ thgfkëb tkjbjb jsthtus mj
Jsthmc Hscakhmc.
AHVKACG
Nh Acgubkmhm mjn Ahrkfj (jb kbinës, Ahrkffjhb Acggubkty c Ahrkacg) bhakñ jn =
mj ounkc mj 8;91 acb nh lkrgh mjn ]rhthmc mj A`hiuhrhghs pcr ncs prkgjrcs
gkbkstrcs mj auhtrc bhakcbjs (Fhrfhmcs, Iuyhbh, Ohghkah y ]rkbkmhm y ]cfhic)
acb jn lkb mj lcrthnjajr sus nhzcs j kbtjirhr ub gjrahmc acgÿb jb nh rjikñb mjn
Ahrkfj. Hatuhngjbtj aujbth acb 8: gkjgfrcs pnjbcs, : gkjgfrcs hscakhmcs y 9
gkjgfrcs cfsjrvhmcrjs, nh ghycrçh mj ncs auhnjs pjrtjbjajb h nh Ghbacgubkmhm
Frktèbkah mj Bhakcbjs. Ncs gèxkgcs ñrihbcs mj icfkjrbc scb nh Acbljrjbakh mj
Ojljs mj Jsthmc y jn Acbsjoc mj Gkbkstrcs.

Cfojtkvcs?
 Nh kbtjirhakñb jacbñgkah mj ncs jsthmcs gkjgfrcs h trhvës mjn
jsthfnjakgkjbtc mj ub rëikgjb mj Gjrahmc Acgÿb.
 Nh accrmkbhakñb
accrmkbhakñb mj nhs pcnçt
pcnçtkahs
kahs jxtjrkcrjs mj ncs jst
jsthmcs
hmcs G
Gkjgfrcs.
kjgfrcs.
 Trcgcvjr nh accpjrhakñb jb ncs ègfktcs jmuahtkvcs, aunturhnjs j
kbmustrkhnjs.
Kbstktuakc bjs Mjrkvhmhs

Mjrkvhmhs
Hniubhs kbstktuakcbjs Ghiurjiukhbhs `hb skmc arjhmhs fhocs ncs huspkakcs mj nh
acgubkmhm mj Krubj acgc js jn ahsc mjn Kbstktutc Gjtjcrcnñikac mjn Ahrkfj (AGK),
nh Crihbkzhakñb Gjtjcrcnñikah mjn Ahrkfj (AGC), jn Kbstktutc mj Kbvjstkihakcbjs
Hirçacnhs mjn Ahrkfj (AHVMK), nh Crihbkzhakñb Ahrkfjøh mj Hmgkbkstrhmcrjs mj
Kgpujstcs (AC]H) y jn Kbstktutc phrh nh Hnkgjbthakñb y Butrkakñb mjn Ahrkfj (ALBK).
Ctrhs kbstktuakcbjs sj `hb hscakhmc lcrghngjbtj acb nh Acgubkmhm? jn Fhbac mj
Mjshrrcnnc mjn Ahrkfj (AMF), nh Zbkvjrskmhm mj Iuyhbh, nh Zbkvjrskmhm mj nhs
Kbmkhs Caakmjbthnjs y nh Crihbkzhakñb mj Jsthmcs mjn Ahrkfj Crkjbthn (CHJAQ).
Jsthmcs Gkjgfrcs
Gkjgfrcs ?
Ncs Gkjgfrcs Tnjbcs Hatuhngjbtj Qcb?
 Hbtkiuh y Fhrfumh (= mj ounkc mj 8;9=)

 Fh`hghs (= mj ounkc mj 8;01)
 Fhrfhmcs (hicstc 8 mj 8;91)
 Fjnkaj (ghyc 8 mj 8;9=)Mcgkbkah (ghyc 8 mj 8;9=)
 Irhbhmh (ghyc 8 mj 8;9=)
 Iuyhbh (hicstc 8 mj 8;91)
 @hktç (gkjgfrc
(gkjgfrc prcvkskcbhn jb oounkc
unkc = mj 8;;0, pnjbc jb ounkc 6 mj 6446)
 Ohghkah (hicstc 8 mj 8;91)
 Gcbtsjrrht(ghyc 8 mj 8;9=)
 Qhb Arkstñfhn y Bkjvjs (6< mj ounkc mj 8;9= acgc Q
Qhb
hb Arkstcfhn-Bkjvjs-
Hbiuknh)

Qhbth Nuaçh (ghyc 8 mj 8;9=)

 Qhb \kajbtj y nhs Irhbhmkbhs

Irhbhmkbhs (ghyc 8 mj 8;9=)
 Qurkbhg (= mj ounkc mj 8;01)
 ]rkbkmhm y ]cfhic (hicstc 8 mj 8;91)
Ncs Gkjgfrcs Hscakhmcs Qcb?
 Hbiuknh (ounkc mj 8;;;)

 Fjrgumhs (ounkc 6 mj 6441)
 Ksnhs Ahkgèb (8< mj ghyc mj 6446)
 Ksnhs ]urahs y Ahkacs (ounkc mj 8;;8)
 Ksnhs \çrijbjs Frktèbkahs (ounkc mj 8;;8)
Ncs Jsthmcs Cfsjrvhmcrjs Qcb?
 Hbtknnhs Bjjrnhbmjshs
 Hrufh
 Acncgfkh
 Gëxkac
 Tujrtc Vkac
 Vjpufnkah Mcgkbkahbh
 \jbjzujnh
CTJT
Nh Crihbkzhakñb mj Thçsjs Jxpcrthmcrjs mj Tjtrñnjc (CTJT) js ubh crihbkzhakñb
jacbñgkah kbtjrbhakcbhn, acb sjmj jb \kjbh. Arjhmh acgc rjspujsth h nh fhohmh
mjn prjakc clkakhn mjn pjtrñnjc hacrmhmh ubknhtjrhngjbtj pcr nhs irhbmjs acgphøçhs
mkstrkfukmcrhs jb hicstc mj 8;<4 (quj jrhb jxtrhbojrhs). Qus lkbjs scb? nh
ubklkahakñb y accrmkbhakñb mj nhs pcnçtkahs pjtrcnjrhs mj ncs phçsjs gkjgfrcs, acb
nh mjljbsh mj sus kbtjrjsjs acgc bhakcbjs prcmuatcrhs. Ncs phçsjs acbsugkmcrjs
acbskmjrhb h nh CTJT acgc ub ahrtjn.

Luj lubmhmh jb Fhimhm, jb ubh acbljrjbakh jbtrj jn 84 y jn 8= mj sjptkjgfrj mj

8;<4 acb nh kbkakhtkvh mjn Icfkjrbc mj \jbjzujnh y jbtcbajs gkbkstrc mj Jbjriçh y
Gkbhs vjbjzcnhbc Ouhb Thfnc Tërjz Hnlcbzc y jn gkbkstrc mj Tjtrñnjc y Vjaurscs
Gkbjrhnjs mj Hrhfkh Qhumkth, Hfmunnh` hn-]hrkek. Hnlcbzc sjøhnñ quj jrh bjajshrkc
ub "kbstrugjbtc mj mjljbsh mj ncs prjakcs phrh jvkthr jn mjspknlhrrc jacbñgkac mjn
pjtrñnjc quj sj hicth skb pcskfknkmhm mj rjbcvhrsj".
Nh CTJT "pujmj tjbjr ubh irhb kblnujbakh jb jn gjrahmc mj pjtrñnjc,

jspjakhngjbtj sk mjakmj rjmuakr c hugjbthr su bkvjn mj prcmuaakñb". Nh CTJT
acbtrcnh hprcxkghmhgjbtj jn =1% mj nh prcmuaakñb gubmkhn mj pjtrñnjc y jn 9:%
mj nhs rjsjrvhs mj pjtrñnjc. Qu mcgkbkc jb nhs jxpcrthakcbjs mj arumc sj sktÿh jb
hnrjmjmcr mjn :8%. Hmjgès, acbajbtrh nh tcthnkmhm mj nh ahphakmhm jxajmjbthrkh
mj prcmuaakñb mj pjtrñnjc mjn gubmc, nc quj, mj lhatc, acbvkjrtj h nh CTJT jb jn
fhbac ajbtrhn mjn gjrahmc pjtrcnjrc.
Nh aucth mj gjrahmc mj nh crihbkzhakñb hugjbthrè jb jn luturc, yh quj nh Hijbakh

Kbtjrbhakcbhn mj nh Jbjriçh prjvë quj nh prcmuaakñb mj pjtrñnjc acbvjbakcbhn mj
ncs phçsjs quj bc lcrghb phrtj mj nh CTJT hnahbzhrè su gèxkgc hnrjmjmcr mj
648:.
Nh CTJT js ubh crihbkzhakñb rjacbcakmh mjsmj jn < mj bcvkjgfrj mj 8;<6 pcr nh

Crihbkzhakñb mj nhs Bhakcbjs Zbkmhs (CBZ), irhakhs h nh rjscnuakñb mj nh CBZ
bÿgjrc <1<1. Nh CTJT tuvc su sjmj jb Ikbjfrh (Qukzh) jbtrj 8;<4 y 8;<:, y
mjspuës trhsnhmñ su sjmj h \kjbh, irhakhs h nhs lhaknkmhmjs quj ctcriñ jn icfkjrbc
hustrkhac.
Ncs jsthtutcs mj nh CTJT mkajb quj su cfojtkvc js accrmkbhr y ubklkahr nhs pcnçtkahs
pjtrcnjrhs jbtrj ncs phçsjs gkjgfrcs, "acb jn lkb mj ihrhbtkzhr ubcs prjakcs oustcs
y jsthfnjs phrh ncs prcmuatcrjs mj pjtrñnjc, jn hfhstjakgkjbtc jlkakjbtj,
jacbñgkac y rjiunhr mj pjtrñnjc h ncs phçsjs acbsugkmcrjs y ub rjbmkgkjbtc oustc
mjn ahpkthn mj ncs kbvjrscrjs".

Ncs phçsjs gkjgfrcs ncirhrcb ub skibklkahtkvc hugjbtc mjn prjakc mjn pjtrñnjc,
scfrj tcmc jb ncs høcs 8;91, 8;9= y 8;9;, y ubh ghycr phrtkakphakñb y acbtrcn
scfrj nh jxpncthakñb rjhnkzhmh jb sus tjrrktcrkcs.
Ncs phçsjs mj nh CTJT aujbthb acb ubh pcfnhakñb mj hnrjmjmcr mj :<4 gknncbjs
mj `hfkthbtjs.
Nh Acgpcskakñb
Nh CTJT jstè kbtjirhmh pcr akbac phçsjs lubmhmcrjs (Hrhfkh Qhumç, Krhq, Krèb,
Euwhkt y \jbjzujnh). Tcstjrkcrgjbtj, nh crihbkzhakñb sj hgpnkñ acb skjtj
gkjgfrcs gès.
H prkbakpkcs mj 6449 jn icfkjrbc mj Jauhmcr hbubakñ nh pcskfknkmhm mj rjirjshr h nh

crihbkzhakñb, `ja`c quj sj ghtjrkhnkzñ lkbhngjbtj jb bcvkjgfrj mj jsj gksgc
høc.
Nh CTJT vkvkñ su prkgjrh hgpnkhakñb jb 14 høcs jb jbjrc mj 6449 auhbmc Hbicnh

sj acbvkrtkñ mj lcrgh clkakhn jb jn mucmëakgc scakc mjn irupc, trhs pjmkr su kbirjsc
jb nh rjubkñb mj nh CTJT jb Hfuyh (Bkijrkh) mj mkakjgfrj mj 644< y `hfjr
scbmjhmc hn irupc jb nh rjubkñb mj Ahrhahs (\jbjzujnh) mj jsj gksgc høc.
Ctrcs phçsjs prcmuatcrjs mj pjtrñnjc, hubquj bc scb kbtjirhbtjs mj nh CTJT,

acgc Qumèb, Gëxkac, Bcrujih, Vuskh, Ehzhokstèb, Cgèb y Jikptc, phrtkakphb
rjiunhrgjbtj acgc cfsjrvhmcrjs jb nhs rjubkcbjs crmkbhrkhs mjn irupc.
Cfojtkvcs mj Trjakcs
 8;<4-8;9=? Cfojtkvc
Cfojtkvc kgpnçaktc pcr mjfho
mjfhocc mj : mñnhrjs pcr fhrrkn nnjbc.
 8;9=-8;9;? Cfojtkvc kgpnçaktc mj jbtrj : y 86 mñnhrjs pcr fhrrkn g
gjmkc
jmkc nnjbc.
 8;9;-8;0:? Cfojtkvc
Cfojtkvc kgpnçaktc pcr jba
jbakgh
kgh mj 14 mñnhrjs pcr fhrr
fhrrknkn nnjbc.
 8;0<-8;;4? Cfojtkvc
Cfojtkvc jxpnçaktc mj 80 mñnhrjs pcr fhrrkn.
 8;;8-6444? Cfojtkvc
Cfojtkvc jxpnçaktc mj 68 mñnhrjs pcr fhrrkn.
 6444-644:? Cfojtkvc jxpnçaktc
jxpnçaktc fhbmh mj prjakcs mj 66 h 60 mñnhrjs ppcr
cr
fhrrkn.
 644<? Cfojtkvc
Cfojtkvc kgpnçaktc pcr jbakgh mj ncs <4 mñnhrjs pcr fhrrkn.

 6440? Cfojtkvc
Cfojtkvc kgpnçaktc pcr jbakgh mj ncs 804 mñnhrjs
mñnhrjs pcr fhrrkn.
 644;- Hatuhngjbtj? Cfojtkvc kg
kgpnçaktc
pnçaktc pcr jbakgh mj ncs <4 mñ
mñnhrjs
nhrjs pcr
fhrrkn.
HNHMK
HN HMK
Hscakhakñb Nhtkbchgjrkahbh mj Kbtjirhakñb (HNHMK), crihbksgc mj kbtjirhakñb

jacbñgkah kbtjriufjrbhgjbthn mj Hgërkah Nhtkbh. Arjhmc jn 86 mj hicstc mj
8;04 pcr jn ]rhthmc mj Gcbtjvkmjc. Vjjgpnhzh nh Hnhna. Qu hm`jskñb jstè hfkjrth
h auhnqukjr phçs mj Nhtkbchgërkah.
H mkljrjbakh mj su hbtjajscr, nh Hnhna, bc sj tkjbj acgc gjth jb ub pnhzc

mjtjrgkbhmc arjhr ubh zcbh mj nkfrj acgjrakc skbc ub skstjgh mj prjljrjbakhs
jacbñgkahs c gjahbksgcs skgknhrjs. Jn cfojtkvc js arjhr ub gjrahmc acgÿb pcr
gjmkc mj ubh sjrkj mj kbkakhtkvhs guntknhtjrhnjs lnjxkfnjs y mkljrjbakhmhs mj
haujrmc hn bkvjn mj mjshrrcnnc mj ahmh phçs. Ncs gjahbksgcs mjn ]rhthmc scb jn
ghrac fèskac phrh ncs acbvjbkcs y trhthmcs phrh nhs bjicakhakcbjs. Jsc sk tcmhs
nhs kbkakhtkvhs mjfjb acbaurrkr h nh acgpnjgjbthakñb c accpjrhakñb jacbñgkah y
prcgcakñb jn acgjrakc jb nh zcbh. Nh Hnhmk tkjbj ubh jstruaturh gès hfkjrth hn
pcskfknkthr nh kbtjirhakñb c bjicakhakñb acb phçsjs lujrh mj nh zcbh.
Ncs Gjahbksgcs mj Kbtjirhakñb Qcb (sjiÿb jn Ahpçtunc KK mjn ]rhthmc)?
 Trjljrjbakh Hrhbajnhrkh Vjikcbhn? Ncs phçsjs gkjgfrcs

gkjgfrcs sj ctcrihrèb
rjaçprcahgjbtj ubh prjljrjbakh hrhbajnhrkh rjikcbhn, quj sj hpnkahrè acb
rjljrjbakh hn bkvjn quj rkoh phrh tjrajrcs phçsjs y sj suojthrè h nh
rjinhgjbthakñb acrrjspcbmkjbtj?
 Haujrmcs mj Hnahbaj Vj
Vjikcbhn?
ikcbhn? Qcb hquënncs jb ncs quj phrt
phrtkakphb
kakphb tcmcs ncs
phçsjs gkjgfrcs5 y
 Haujrmcs mj Hnahbaj Thrakhn? Acb nh phrtkakphakñb mmjj mcs c g
gès
ès phçsjs mjn
èrjh. Tujmjb rjljrkrsj hn kbtjrahgfkc mj fkjbjs jb nhs èrjhs mj nh
jmuahakñb, aunturh j kbvjstkihakñb y mjshrrcnnc akjbtçlkac.
Ncs haujrmcs mj nh HNHNA acblcrghb jb phtrkgcbkc `kstñrkac mj nh HNHMK y ncs

phçsjs gkjgfrcs.

\hncrhakñb Hmuhbjrh Jn Acgktë mj Vjprjsjbthbtjs mj nh HNHMK hprcfñ, jn : mj

ghrzc mj 8;;9 nh Vjscnuakñb 66< rjnhtkvh h nhs Bcrghs Acgubjs phrh nh
Hpnkahakñb mjn Haujrmc mj \hncrhakñb mj nh CGA. Qj mkspcbj, mj jsth lcrgh, mj
ub tjxtc ÿbkac hajrah mj nhs Mkspcskakcbjs rjljrjbtjs h nh mjtjrgkbhakñb mjn vhncr
jb hmuhbh mj nhs gjrahbaçhs.
Thçsjs Lkrghbtjs
 Hrijbtkbh (8;04)
 Fcnkvkh (8;04).
 Frhskn (8;04).
 A`knj (8;04).
 Acncgfkh (8;04)
 Aufh (8;;;)
 Jauhmcr (8;04)
 Gëxkac (8;04)
 Thrhiuhy (8;04)
 Tjrÿ (8;04)
 Zruiuhy (8;04)
 \jbjzujnh (8;04)
 Thbhgè (644;)
 Vjpufnkah Mcgkbkahbh (6484)

Acsth Vkah (6484)
 Iuhtjghnh (6484)
 Jn Qhnvhmcr (6484)
 Bkahrhiuh (6484)

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Ijcjstrhtëikah Mj Ncs Vjaurscs

Ijcjstrhtëikah mjn tjrrktcrkc mj \jbjzujnh

trhvës mj su ghr tjrrktcrkhn, acb nh Vjpÿfnkah Mcgkbkahbh, Hrufh, Aurhzhc,

Jn tjrrktcrkc mj \jbjzujnh jstè lcrghmc pcr jn tjrrktcrkc acbtkbjbthn (tkjrrh lkrgj),

\kstc hsç, jn tjrrktcrkc (acbtkbjbthn y ghrçtkgc) mj \jbjzujnh hfhrah ;09.9=4 eg6,

Hnrjmjmcr mjn ;1% mj jsth pcfnhakñb vkvj jb akumhmjs, rjsthbmc sñnc 9% mj

Kgpcrthbakh ijcjstrhtëikah mj \jbjzujnh

gkbjrh pcr nh ufkahakñb ijcirèlkah mj nhs jxtjbshs acsths mj \jbjzujnh mj nh

Tjbçbsunh mj nh Iuhokrh `hsth jn Icnlc mj Thrkh. Jsthfnjakgkjbtcs mj pujrtcs jb

mj uscs acgc ghmjrhs), acb irhbmjs pcskfknkmhmjs mj cftjbakñb mj

pjrgktkmc kbtjirhr hn phçs5 js kgpcrthbtj thgfkëb acgc vçh mj trhbspcrtj nh

Trcfnjghs Lrcb tjrkzcs Acncgfc-\jbjz

nhric mj jstj prcajsc sj lkrgñ ub trhthmc mj hgksthm, hnkhbzh, acgjrakc, nçgktjs y

H rhçz mj nh lkrgh mj jstcs trhthmcs acgjbzhrcb h surikr prcfnjghs jb nh zcbh

lrcbtjrkzhs, mjfkmc h quj jb jstcs acbvjbkcs bujstrc phçs jsthfh pjrmkjbmc nh

8. Ncs Trcfnjghs mj Crmjb Lçskac? Qj mjfjb h nh hrtklkakhnkmhm mj nh lrcbtjrh,

pujs ësth bc vkjbj mjtjrgkbhmh jb gua`cs trhgcs, pcr haakmjbtjs

prcfnjgh pcr su gksgh acbmkakñb mj kbmcaugjbthmcs.

Nhs hirjskcbjs hrghmhs hn tjrrktcrkc y hn jsthmc vjbjzcnhbc, acbtrh akvknjs y

trhçmc kbjsthfknkmhm y ub irhb ahbtkmhm mj gujrtjs, h nc nhric mjn joj lrcbtjrkzc

ahthncihmcs acgc tjrrcrksths pcr jn icfkjrbc jsthmcubkmjbsj, nh iujrrknnh, ncs

prctjikmcs pcr jn Jsthmc, mcbmj sj `hb vjbkmc mjtjathbmc sjgfrhmçcs mj

Trjsjbakh Gknkthr jb nh Lrcbtjrh?

tkjbjb ahgphgjbtcs jb tjrrktcrkc \jbjzcnhbc, pcr thn gctkvc mjakmkjrcb rjlcrzhr

Jb nh lrcbtjrh jstèb mjspnjihmcs :.444 gknkthrjs h nc nhric mj su nçbjh lrcbtjrkzh

Acncgfkhbcs quj vkbkjrcb `uyjbmc hn ]èa`krh pcr ncs hthqujs jb su tjrrktcrkc

Arksks mj nh Acrfjth Ahnmhs

Jstj kgphssj gknkthr tuvc acgc ahush nh mksputh acbajrbkjbtj h nh scfjrhbçh jb jn

Acblnkat c acb Iuyhbh

 Jxajsc mj pcmjr (untrh pjtkth),

Thrh ncs frktèbkacs jn hriugjbtc vjbjzcnhbc jrh kbscstjbkfnj pcrquj?

Auhbmc Irhb Frjthøh mjakmkñ acbajmjr nh kbmjpjbmjbakh h nh Iuhyhbh Frktèbkah,

Vjfjnkñb mj Vupub ubk mj 8;<;

nhs Lujrzhs mj Mjljbsh mj Iuyhbh, prjtjbmkñ arjhr ub Acgktë Trcvkskcbhn mjn

Qkb jgfhric jn icfkjrbc iuyhbës hausñ hn vjbjzcnhbc mj hnjbthr jn gcvkgkjbtc

vjbjzcnhbcs quj `hfrçhb pjbjtrhmc jb hiuhs tjrrktcrkhnjs mksputhmhs phrh vcnhr

\jbjzujnh hriugjbtñ kbkakhngjbtj quj nh cpjrhakñb tjbçh acgc lkb acgfhtkr nh

"Jn vkajahbaknnjr vjbjzcnhbc jxprjsñ ub skbajrc hrrjpjbtkgkjbtc y hsjiurñ quj

Vjaurscs jxkstjbtjs jb nh ijcirhlçh vjbjzcnhbh

jsth èrjh sj ncahnkzhb kgpcrthbtjs mjpñsktcs mj `kjrrc, fhuxkth, crc, mkhghbtjs,

Jb jn èrjh bcrtj mj \jbjzujnh sj sktÿhb kgpcrthbtjs yhakgkjbtcs mj ahrfñb,

Qj mjsthah jn rcn mjn acgpnjoc gknkthr-kbmustrkhn jb nh mkbègkah jacbñgkah kbtjrbh y

jb su ahphakmhm mj hatuhr scfrj nh jvcnuakñb mjn gjrahmc jbjriëtkac mjn pjtrñnjc.

h) Kbtjrjsjs sjatcrkhnjs (mj nhs jg

f) Kbtjrjsjs mj crmjb gharcjacbñgkac (acbscnkmhr nh `jijgcbçh mjn mñnhr

8. Nh prjskñb jacbñgkah, mj nh quj surij ub prjakc

bc pcmrè shtkslhajr nh mjghbmh.

Jbtrj 144 y =44 gknncbjs mj `hfkthbtjs mj nh ]kjrrh ahrjajb jb nh hatuhnkmhm mj

Jb 8;:4 jrhb 644 gknncbjs. Qk acbtkbÿh jn rktgc hatuhn mjn acbsugc y mj

Jb :4 høcs nh mkspcbkfknkmhm mj hiuh munaj `h mksgkbukmc nhs trjs auhrths phrtjs

Jn „Kblcrgj Gubmkhn scfrj jn Mjshrrcnnc mj ncs Vjaurscs @çmrkacs‗ sj prjsjbtñ

lhatcrjs acgc jn arjakgkjbtc mj nh pcfnhakñb y nh jnhfcrhakñb mj pcnçtkahs

Jn arjakgkjbtc pcfnhakcbhn, nh kbmustrkhnkzhakñb mj irhbmjs phçsjs acgc A`kbh,

Nh ijcirhlçh `h mjohmc mj sjr ub lhatcr ijcpcnçtkac quj sustjbtj jn pcmjr pcnçtkac

Hatuhngjbtj y irhakhs h nh tjabcnciçh, nhs acgubkahakcbjs y jn trhbspcrtj, ncs

Nh vkskñb ijcpcnçtkah sumhgjrkahbh tkjbj ub jblcquj kbtjrbc mj kbtjirhakñb mjn

Jb jstj sjbtkmc, nh AQB rjktjrñ jb jn Acbsjbsc mj Iuhyhqukn jb jn 6446 su hpcyc

Thrh vjbajr h ubh ijcirhlçh sumhgjrkahbh acblcrghmh pcr jsphakcs pjqujøcs

Jstj prcajsc ijcjacbñgkac, vkstc acgc ub kbstrugjbtc phrh jn mjshrrcnnc scakhn y