MBA Management Project (BS4D03-V1) Chidi

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BS4D03-V1 Management Project
University of South Wales

MBA-Masters in Business Administration
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November 2020
SUMMARY
In recent years, giant strides have been made in technology and these
technological advancements has been widely utilized by a lot of organizations for the
soul purpose of improving productivity and output, unlike in decades past where
most things where done in the analogue way that was time consuming and energy
sapping, today, modern technology has made things easier and time saving.
The use of mobile apps in gaining popularity at an enormous rate, nowadays
it appears that an app exists for virtually everything ranging from food, groceries,
Management Project (BS4D03-V1)

clothing, taxi ride bookings, rents etc. in other to benefit richly from these
opportunities, SMEs actually need to take up and utilize this business changing
R1801D4393242
technologies. In commerce their exist different kinds of relationship the first is the
business to customer relationship (B2C) which simply involves selling directly to a
customer by a business entity while a business to business transaction (B2B) is the
type of transactions between business, like wholesalers and retailer, manufacturers
and wholesalers. In all this kind of relationships, apps have proven to be very
essential in improving the business relationship and making things easier. Putting
Company X into perspective especially considering the fact that they sell food
Tutor:
products to caterers, one can see that Ahmad Qammar
the company will benefit greatly from a
business to business relationship, thus putting in a place a mobile app for this
purpose will be highly beneficial.
This study is basically is a scoping study that seems to provide solution to the
mobile app which is to be used in enhancing the business to business relationship
between Company X and it customers (the catering trade). As a consultant, this
study will be of benefit to company X in determining how exactly, they will go about
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in developing the app, it will also aid the company in taking some strategic decisions
as well as serve as an eye opener towards issues that must be looked into before
making such commitments. This paper will dwell strongly on past experiences by
other companies, it will also capture the methods that will be used as well as the
techniques especially the ones that have been used by professionals in similar
industries. This study cannot be complete if the financial resources that will be
required to carry out this project is not captures, also the appropriate techniques that
will be used to access the functionality of the mobile software must be discussed.
Furthermore discussions will be done on the appropriate conditions that will ensure
maximum functionality of the software, additionally, Gantt chart will be utilized in
determining what task will be conducted as well as the advantages of the selected
techniques.
Key words: B2B

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TABLES OF CONTENTS INDEX
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction - - - - 5
1.1 Study Objectives - - - - 6
1.2 Methodology - - - - 8
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Supporting Evidences - - - - 9
2.1 Objective 1: Functional Requirements - - - - 9
2.1.1 Market and Stakeholder Analysis - - - - 10
A. Market Analysis - - - - 10
B. Stakeholder Analysis - - - - 12
2.1.2 Software Benchmark Testing - - - - 13
2.1.3 Security Requirements Analysis - - - - 14
2.2 2 Objectives : the Structural Requirements
nd
- - 15
2.2.1 System Environmental Analysis (ESA) - - - - 15
2.2.2 Personnel Analysis - - - - 16
2.2.3 Risk Identification and Analysis - - - - 17
2.3 Objective 3: Resource Requirements - - - - 19
2.3.1 Project Time Planning - - - - 19
2.3.2 Life Cycle Cost Analysis - - - - 20
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Study Grantt Chart - - - - 22
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Contributions - - - - 24
4.1 Functional Requirements - - - - 24
4.1.1 Market and Stakeholder Analysis - - - - 24
4.1.2 Software Evaluation - - - - 26
4.1.3 Security Requirement Analysis - - - - 27
4.2 Structural Requirements - - - - 27
4.2.1 System Environmental Analysis - - - - 27
4.2.2 Personal Analysis - - - - 28
4.2.3 Risk Identification and Analysis - - - - 29
4.3 Resource Requirements - - - - 30
4.3.1 Project Time Planning - - - - 31
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4.3.2 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis - - - - 31

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion - - - - 33
References - - - - 34
Appendix
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Technology has succeeded in making the lives of mankind letter and it is still
doing that at a very fast pace, the faces of business are determined now by
advances made in technology, this growth is majorly orchestrated by mobile apps
which have found relevance in nearly all sectors ranging from food, clothing etc.
Arenas, D et al. (2009). M-channel or better called Mobile commerce is an online
platform used in the sale and purchase of products and services as well as
information through smart phones, iPad, Pc etc. (Lardon et al. 2016). Internet usage
in general and smart phone in particular has increased at an alarming rate
worldwide. The use of mobile apps while shopping has made it far more convenient
and time saving (Holsinger, et al. 2012) , Since people always have access to their
phones. Though people have access to different ICT devices like personal computer
(PC), laptops, iPad and predominantly Phones, these mobile apps usually installed
on the phones are very easy to access Babbie, E. (1999). The statistics for the use
of smartphones has grown exponentially with an estimated 44.81% of the world
population making use of it in 2020 (www.statista.com/statistics), that is about
3.5billion people while about 61.2% which represents 4.78billion people use smart
and feature phones. These statistics is too huge to be ignored especially for any
business that has a stake in this world of highly interconnected digital economy. In
2015 Alin discovered in his study that people spend more time on phone software’s
making it an excellent business hob for business to invest on especially SMEs. Chris
et al. (2003). Discovered that most successful business are taking advantage of the
gains of mobile software to achieve the objectives of business to business
relationship for customer satisfaction. Due to the flexility of SMEs as an enterprise,

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they can largely benefit from M-commerce, especially because they have limited
resources in terms of finance and HR (Zhao, et. Al.2016). This limited resources
simply implies that not much money is available for spending in marketing,
advertising, thus M-commerce can help such a company reach more people around
the world Bagozi, R.P. (2009). Company X as an SME who is interested in B2B
mobile application has engaged a consultant to conduct a scoping study to
determine what factors will be relevant to the success of it business, a study by Dan
in 2017 x-rays some of the advantages of adopting this application which includes:
allowing the company standout in the phase of tight competition, brand
development, creating value to prospecting customers, increasing the viability of the
business, enhancing customer loyalty, creating easy access to customers as well as
utilizing scarce resources in reaching out to as many customers as possible. It is
pertinent that suitable requirements should be identified and outlined in a
chronological order firstly prior to implementation (Olga 2018). A careful analysis of
different non-functional prerequisite is needed after the prior identification before the
development and integration of the software into the business. In summary the aims
of this study is ensure that the management of company X is satisfied to carry out
investigations into the prerequisites without losing focus on the goal of the project,
make adequate recommendations to the suitable methods and techniques that will
provide supporting evidences so as to impact positively in future studies suitable for
the investigation of these prerequisites.
1.1 Objectives of This Study
It has been identified that development of a business to business software is
what company X requires to improve its business relationship with its customers, so
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the objective of this paper would simply entail identifying the necessary requirements
needed in the development of such a software and as a scoping study that it is, the
methodologies to be used will be highly interconnected. The objectives of this study
are three and they are as follows:
Figuring- out the functional prerequisites needed in developing a mobile
software that is customized for business to business interaction having food supply
industry as focus. It is also worthy of note that critical analysis like stake holder
analysis, security analysis, software benchmarking must be conducted in other to
guarantee a suitable mobile software.
The structural capability and structure of company X is of key importance as
such one of the objectives of this study will be to conduct a risk identification
analysis, a system environmental analysis and personnel analysis, these various
analyses will aid in identifying the structural prerequisite for the safe programming
and execution of the software.
The cost of every project viz-a-viz the importance and the capacity of the
financier of the project is a key item to be considered in this study. The cost analysis,
the resources prerequisite which company X needs to appropriate for the project will
be determined in this study all for the purpose of programing, execution and
operation of the proposed mobile app software.

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1.2 Methodology
A common saying in Africa goes that the quality of a soup is dependent on the
variants of ingredients used in preparing it, similarly, the quality and usefulness of
the B2B software app will greatly depend on the quality of method or technique used
in setting it up. One of the key points to be considered in ensuring the adequate
growth of the business to business (B2B) relationship is whether partners or internal
data is available (Fahad, 2016). A better understanding of the various project
prerequisite can be achieved if we try to review some case studies and industry-
based studies without forgetting requirement engineering and elicitation which are
some of the components needed in developing applications (Dolly & Khanum, 2016).
In software development a key process called requirement engineering is always
employed which is a process of documenting, defining and maintaining requirements
in engineering design process Barone, M.J et al. (2000). The most important stage in
requirement engineering is requirements elicitation which is a means of researching
and discovering the basic requirements of a system from users, customers and other
key stakeholders, this practice is often referred to as requirement gathering, it entails
the use of questionnaires, interviewers, user observation, brainstorming, workshops,
use cases, role playing and prototyping Berkhout, F. et al. (2007). Considering how
critical this study is, we shall be using the requirement elicitation method. This study
will definitely provide justification and critical analysis on the methodologies that will
be used such that at the end a quality software that will be of benefit to company X
will emerge.
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
Supporting evidence is so essential, it helps to collaborate the evidence
chosen, it helps prove a claim to be true. In this study, the supporting evidence, all
the methods chosen for the singular purpose of evaluating all the stipulated
prerequisite key in the implementation of B2B software inclusive of the context will
be discussed in this section. The fundamental methods such as an analysis of the
market, group discussions will be helpful in the process of information gathering, also
more established methods like brainstorming, prototyping and interviewing will not be
left out. According to Rafiq et al, 2019, it is the most appropriate thing to do, if from
time to time, due consultation is made with the owners of a project, this is to ensure
that changes that may arise in the prerequisite are properly captured, in other words
there must be an open communication channel with company X since we are aware
that prerequisite elicitation is simply a continuous process which could require
frequent alteration in the course or even before or after conclusion.
2.1 Objective 1: Functional Requirements
The 21st century has seen business evolve into more complex ventures
especially with the advent of new and more sophisticated technologies B0uman,
M.S. (2000). This dynamism is obviously a thriving ground for technology especially
mobile app technology that makes business easier to run as well as easier to reach
more people around the globe. Ali et al in 2013 opined that business not minding the
size need to develop software’s that will facilitate a cordial interaction with its
customers considering that these customers are always with their mobile phones.
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Philip T.A et al. in 2014 attempted to classify mobile software into two types, firstly
the entertainment focused and secondly the highly goal drive software’s. These two
classifications are obviously differentiated based on the functionalities and features
which are brain behind their development Clarke, R. (1999). The businesses of the
21st century are faced with the challenges of developing software’s that can add
value to their business. Today, the reason why most business to business
relationship (B2B) fail is because the software’s which are supposed to enhance the
B2B relationship lacks relevance, user focus and user friendliness, eventually the
resultant effect becomes counterproductive Sandle, (2005). In this study, some of
the important attributes that tends to add value to the mobile app as well as enhance
the B2B relationship will be evaluated. The study will also discuss the functional
prerequisite of the mobile app while providing advices as to what direction to take in
relation to its functions.
2.1.1 Market and Stakeholders Analysis
A. Market Analysis
Conducting a market survey analysis is very important especially in
determining the purpose of developing a software which is tantamount to the
successful implementation of the B2B application, this generally positions you to
make a better decision (sadler, 2005). For one to make a decision especially on the
design and functionality of a software which are positioned towards a targeted
audience, it is pertinent that the researcher obtains a detailed knowledge of the
target audience as well as some of the attribute and characteristics of the consumers
Colgate, M. et al. (2000). Software developers as a matter of necessity must have a

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firm grip of the market needs to be able to develop a special marketing plan and
attributes.
The place of a market research in ascertaining what customers’ needs cannot
be over emphasized, the integration channel of software into the market is not an
exception Day, G.S. (1994). According to Robertson in 2005, one of the major
reasons for reported failure in software development is the inability of the software
developers to integrate what customers really need especially at the development
phase, this generally leads to very low acceptance of the product and subsequent
death of the product in the long run. Therefore, top on the priority list of any software
developer is to carry out a robust analysis of the product with respect to the concerns
of the target audience, that way the report of the analysis can be properly
incorporated into the developmental phase of the application Donaldson, T. et al.
(1995). There are a number of factors or items that should be considered when
developing such application, these factors are some of the common factors been
considered by customers, one of it is the affordability of such application which is a
major factor considering a lot of intending users are poor, secondly is the willingness
of customers to make use of such application, by extrapolation how useful or
resourceful is it to customers especially in solving their problems, thirdly what kind of
hardware or operating system does the software require Fang, E. et al. (2008). Other
factors include the amount of transaction which the software can accommodate,
areas that require access restrictions or granted, also a way of prospecting new
clients for the purpose of screening them especially for people that are qualified from
the unqualified person Finne, T. (1996). These and other factors will be addressed in
this study. The other issues to be addressed are a comparative analysis of several
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similar software’s and the cutting edge this software has over others which will be of
benefit to company X.
B. Stake holder Analysis:
In 2018, Eversole opined that business operates in social environments, this
social environment comes with its own complexities and as such can be impacted by
many social factors that emanates mainly from requirement elicitation. A large part of
these market evaluations concentrates mainly on the stakeholder analysis which
incidentally happens to be one of the most important processes of prerequisite
elicitation Ford, N. et al. (1998). Stake holder analysis can be defined as a process
of conducting an assessment of a system and the potential changes to it as they
relate to relevant and interested parties, these parties are the stakeholders. stake
holders can be referred to as persons /organizations/collection of persons who can
have a solid impact on a business and vice versa, also, we can say that
organizations, groups and individual who influences or are impacted indirectly or
directly by the invention of a software can be referred to as stakeholder in software
engineering French, S. et al (2005). This stakeholder analysis is a tool that is utilized
in identifying the possible stakeholders and figuring out what they need and expect
especially from the software undergoing development, this guarantees effective
collaboration Ghani, J.A (2005).
To effectively develop a strategy that can be utilized in the management of
stakeholders or their engagements, one has to begin the stake holder analysis by
first identifying possible stakeholders, some of the attributes they possess and the
levels of influence they can exact. It is advisable that clients that possess sound
knowledge of the proceedings both externally and internally should be considered in

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the projection due to their vast knowledge and technical know-how, so as to
guarantee the right result by these stakeholders in the identification process, the
phase of the study focuses more on both the external and internal users, developers,
legislators as well as the decision makers not forgetting to take into account the life
cycle of the software which are the base line stakeholders (sharp et al 1999). It is
very key to communicate with stakeholders via organizing a structured meeting with
them or holding individual discussions with them, this is important because it helps in
being reassured of their total commitment and to be sure that their needs are
completely known from beginning Gundlach, G.T. (2007). It is very important to set
priorities of stakeholders that clearly show objectives, contributions and order of
importance despite the fact that these stakeholders have different levels of inputs as
regards to the development of the mobile application Handelman, J.M et al (2010).
2.1.2 Software Benchmarking Testing
One of the parts involved in the life cycle of software development is
benchmark testing. This involves both database administrates (DBAs) and
developers who would help elucidate the current performance and initiates changes
that will in turn improve performance index Hermann, B.G (2006). The benchmark
coding is usually done so efficiently alongside fine tuning the available database so
as to allow the users to have a feel of the performance improvements. According to
Gonzalez, R. (2010), benchmarking software exercise should be executed by
business during the process of developing a mobile app and joining the e-commerce
world due o the singular fact that smartphones just like other pervasive devices also
suffer from shortages of resources Jasch, C. (2000). Benchmarking is more of a
competitive evaluation that involves consulting with software application developers

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to discover some of the interactive features that are captivating, best practices in that
sector, as well as standard operations in the business Jones, T.M. (1995). It is
sacrosanct to perform benchmark testing on the same environmental parameters
under same conditions so as to enable a level playing ground for results comparism.
Some of the characteristics of benchmark include: the test should be repeatable, at
every given time the environmental conditions should be the same for all the tests,
apart from the active application no other application required for testing purpose
should be active, lastly the components of the hard and software should be in
tandem with the production environments specification Kaplan, P.O. (2005).
2.1.3 Security Requirement Analysis
According to lent in 2018, the importance of security in the development of
software cannot be over emphasized because without the preservations of the
sanctity of the owners and the customers, people will not patronize it no matter how
useful that software is, just like a functionality requirement, a software security
requirement should be vague or unattainable. Though it is very difficult for a
company to try to protect information on an external device that is not known to it like
people’s android phones, pcs etc in other to fight some of these drawbacks and
prevent loss of data, the company should maintain its information visibility but limit
the visibility of individual information Keefe, L.M. (2004). In this study we shall be
presenting some security prerequisite like offline data allocation, file system
protection, authentication and authorization, network options, hardware and
resources. We shall be making use of the common vulnerability scoring system
(CVSS) to capture the major attributes of vulnerabilities and threats as it relates to
mobile software, position items that require correction as priority, suggest processes
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for managing vulnerabilities and also based on the advice of some application
experts define the security of these vulnerabilities (Joen, R.L et al) 2018.
2.2 Objectives 2: Structural Requirements
In this section, we shall be looking at the structural requirements of the
organization clients, the intention is to be able to meet the criteria required in the
development and management of a mobile B2B software especially in the
contemporary environment coupled with all its associated complexities, also focus
will be on the other abilities available for risk control or self-deviation with the
assistance of external stakeholders as well as the identification of the InfoTech skills
required for the business employees.
2.2.1 System Environmental Analysis (ESA)
Environmental system analysis is basically a systematic and system-based
approach for describing human actions impacting on the natural environment just to
support decisions and actions aimed at perceived current or future environmental
problems Kogdenko, V.G. (2011). Research has shown that the business to
business software industry has in recent times experienced a very huge growth, this
growth has obviously led to very stiff competition Lund, M.S. (2003). Businesses
have evolved in getting consumers engaged through their mobile devices through
the development of new software’s. These customers are able to download these
software’s on their phones, get enjoy the best user experience and remain loyal to
the brand so long as competitors don’t come up with similar software’s that are better
Lusch, R.F. et al. (2006).

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Software benchmarking helps to ensure that functional prerequisite that
satisfies stakeholders goals have their priorities reviewed in the matrix of
stakeholders, the environmental scan of the system will help us explore the ease
with which these prerequisites are developed and implemented within the
information technology system environment of the business of company X Madden,
T.J et al. (2006). A number of professionals have duly recommended the elicitation
process especially due to the growing needs for an integration of new business to
business software into the existing system environment. Usually, intentional hitches
or constrains are created, then these constrains are examined to see whether they
can be managed by customers, this is done to be double sure that when the final
products is released, such hitches when they arise can be resolved. This is the
system environment that constitutes part of the operational enterprise. A consultant
is always handy to engage various stakeholders to help make determination on the
particular requirement. We shall get to see in this study a comparism of the systems
and interfaces, also an exploration of the necessities before a new software is
developed. A look at the existing infotech services and supporting procedures that
should be considered in the development of business 2 business (B2B) software. We
had earlier itemized interview as one of the parts of requirement elicitation, sequel to
that an interview session will be conducted with software developers and leaders in
the IT industry just to get a comprehensive system information from providers
outside the company that is if the administration of information technology is being
managed outside the company.
2.2.2 Personnel Analysis

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The method utilized by organizations for a long time in evaluating and
analyzing personnel activities has remained a formal tool Maignan, I. et al. (2004).
There exist different methods of analyzing the potentials of personnel’s in an
organization which also helps determine the cost associated with managing these
guys. In other words, personnel analysis can be summarily seen as evaluation of
competence Martins, C.G. (2010). In this case personal analysis will be used to
determine if the clients firm has the required manpower to implement the project with
reference to the functional requirements identified which needs to be integrated,
implemented in the system environment. According to consulting in 2018, the client
firm is expected to possess the needed personnel that have the required technical
knowhow and skills to execute the development and implementation of mobile B2B
software. One vital way to build capacity amongst the work force is to provide the
requisite training especially for the software developers and other employees in
general Moberg, A. (2006). One sure way to understand the specific needs of the
work force to carry out comparism of the task and roles within the company Neto, B.
(2007). Personnel analysis is suitable for job candidates and for carrier development
purposes. Besides the job-related task, the main area to be evaluated are
communication, information sharing and presentation skills of the candidate. In
general cases, psychological evaluation is used to complement the result. Internally
sourced information such as organogram and potential job descriptions, database of
employees should form the basis of consideration for company Xs organizational
capacities since fresh responsibilities can emerge on the project that will certainly
impose additional roles Neuman, S.P. (2003).
2.2.3 Risk Identification and Analysis

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The process of project risk management can reasonably enhance project
complexity through strategic insight Okhotnikov, A.V. et al. (2010). In project risk
management, the process of modeling the risks may not be performed sufficiently
and exactly, due to the fact that the data and information available are usually
inexact, vague, unprecise and uncertain by nature. In the course of a project, certain
risk may occur that will affect a project either positively or negatively. These risks
may lead to uncertainties or deviation from goal of the project. To forestall future
problems in a project, there is a need to identify potential risks early enough because
these risks can manifest at any stage in the course of the project and the factors
responsible for such risks could originate externally or internally Pallottino, S. et al.
(2005). It is the responsibilities of managers to handle and manage this risk with all it
peculiarities. It is a known fact that absolutely eliminating risk is not possible rather a
conscientious approach to risk management is one vital step in each project
preparation, of key relevance is the identification, mapping and communication of
potential threats that could be encountered in the project, so while the company is
searching for results and lasting benefits of mobile software for the future, the client
can take a decision on the level of risks which the company can absorb and manage
Pineda-Henson, R.et al. (2002). Usually, the process of identifying risk cab be
extrapolated from previously executed projects that are similar in nature. It is very
rarely successful to assign the risk identification process to contractor or individual
personnel of the project staff, when done may be seen a way to achieve the
appearance of risk identification without actually doing it Qu, R. et al. (2005). There
exist a number of methods used in identifying risks especially relying on
comprehensive data base of previously conducted projects, however it is often better
to have this knowledge buried in people’s minds so the team Has to do a lot of
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brainstorming to have access to it. In summary, the objective of risk identification is
not to eliminate risks from consideration rather it is to identify all possible risks and
put them into consideration in the project, Project management Institute, (2013).
2.3 Objective 3: Resource Requirements
Resource requirement here involves the following: time, personnel, space and
required equipment’s needed in the development of the mobile software Singh, R.
(2009). In this study, an examination of resources required to develop the B2B
mobile application implementation will be analyzed after looking deeply into the
diverse requirement for putting a structure in place for the project execution that
satisfies the stakeholder objectives. These requirements include all the facilities or
elements needed for the successful implementation of the project. The requirements
majorly needed for application development include software tools of various
updated version which the business can buy or rent, secondly is hardware
Ramaswami, S.N. et al. (2003). It is worthy of note that those resources must
essentially be made available throughout the entire project duration whether they are
storable or not except if they get exhausted due to constant usage even at that, they
must be replaced immediately Sen, S. (2006).
2.3.1 Project Time Planning
Time, they say is money. It is a very critical and major requirement as it has to
do with how long it will take to execute the project by company X. the mobile
application is so valuable to the company X as such the client firm must ensure that
the development of the software takes the minimum possible time. The software
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development companies is associated with a lot of complexities which involves a lot
of uncertainties, for these reason, the most important step in the process is time
planning which is one most important objectives of the stakeholder that must be
satisfied Sonesson, U. et al. (2000).
Project planning basically entails identifying, prioritizing and assigning tasks and
resources required to develop the structure for a successful project Sugiyama, H. et
al. (2005). literally speaking, a thorough project plan determines your team
members, the needed tools and materials that would be required, the process
necessary for efficient execution, the financial commitment captured in a budget, a
communication channel to constantly update team members and stakeholders, lastly
the time frame for the completion of the project Thoben, W. (2000). Al-naeem et al in
2005 opined that every project must have an estimated duration of activity which will
be useful in designing a diagram for the network and subsequently a Gantt chart
which is detailed.
2.3.2 Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Life cycle analysis (LCCA) is a method used in determining the total cost of
facility ownership Van, A.J. (2001). LCCA is particularly useful in the case of project
alternatives that fulfill the same performance requirement, though differ in terms of
initial cost and cost of operation. In summary, project life cycle cost analysis is a
process recommended in assessing the economic value of a project Vargo, S.L et al.
(2004). One other use of this method is to guide on decision makings bothering on
investments that saves cost over the duration of the project. The LCCA seems to be
the appropriate method to use in accessing the total financial outlay on the intended
project, this is addition to making available the analysis of initial expenditure.

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Though the development of software-based project comes with some hidden cost
that can only be seen when analysis is done, LCCA is also helpful to outline
expenses for the duration of the project Werther, W. B. et al. (2010). While the LCCA
evaluates the complete expenditure of the project right from its infancy to the end of
the project, other expenses which can be categorized under five group namely:
contingent external expenses indirect, intangible, direct including labor and material
expenses on individual activities is a product of the time planning process while the
expenses on individual activities is added up to the set total expenditure on the
project as enumerated by this method. In 2009 passenheim advised that during the
execution stage of a project, expenses should be revised just to avoid the risk that
could emanate from over reliance from the data from the LCCA instead of utilizing it
as a tool for orientation irrespective of the fact that the expenditure may experience
regular fluctuation Wollenberg, E. et al. (2000).

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CHAPTER THREE
3.0 STUDY GANTT CHART
A Gantt chart is basically a type of bar chart that elucidates the schedule of a
project, this chart was names after henry Gantt who designed it Zobel, T. et al.
(2002). The chart shows on the vertical axis, the task that is required that is required
to be performed and on the horizontal it shows the time intervals. The duration of
each activity is illustrated by the width of the horizontal bar. Using a Gantt chart, the
starts and finish dates of the terminal elements and summary elements of a project
can be properly illustrated Zopounidis, C. et al. (2002). In a Gantt chart, the terminal
and summary element constitute the work breakdown structure. Modern Gantt charts
go as far as showing the dependency or precedence network relationship between
activities Bhattacharya, C.B. et al. (2008). This study involves a project that is
understudies within a six months period. The Gantt chart ensures that unforeseen
events are workable and executed and provides contingency measures for issues
that were never anticipated. To begin, there would be an inaugural meeting for the
project to usher it in the start of the study, in this meeting the key stake holder would
be duly introduced and all the relevant information and people would be presented.
To avoid abnormalities in the study, a regular consultation between the client and the
consultant will be done, also, based on the goals set as well client needs
satisfaction, the study will be divided into various sections. To meet up with every
objective of the study an appropriate technique and tools will be used for analysis,
the importance of which is not just to slow the possibilities of activities rather it also
slows their workability and order in which these activities will be executed Bjorklund,
A. E. (2002).
Page 24 of 42
Timeframe (6 months = 24 Weeks)
Nov- Jan-
Oct-18 18 Dec-18 19 Feb-19
Activity Description W
Dura W W W W W W W e W W
tion e e W W e W e e W e e e e e
in e e e e e e e e e e e k e e
wee k k e e k e k k e k k k k
ks k k k k 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
Kick Starting

Begin welcome meeting where stakeholders will be briefed
2
Revising the portfolio of the companyh 1

Functional Requirements identification 11
Proper Analysis of the market 5

A firm grip of customers attributes, choices and experience 2

Point out application systems that are already existing 1

Carrying out a critical market survey 1

A critical analysis and compilation of survey report 2

Analysis of key stakeholders 4

Proper identification of key project stakeholder 3

Round table discuss with key stakeholders 2

Point out and jot down the priorities of key stakeholder 2

Stakeholder matrix 1

Critical evaluation of Software 3

Accumulation of reliable data from selected sources 3

Proper systematic analysis of date inclusive of documenting 2
the well
Systematic analysis of the security requirments of the app 1

Identify the common threats of B2B system App 1

Stating the security apparatus that can be utilized 1

Laying bare the Structural Requirements
6
Proper analysis of the system environment 3

Round table discuss with major of key informants (KIIs) 1

Analysis and documentation of some key requirements 2

Critical Personnel Analysis 2

planning of the major project role 1

Page 25 of 42
Due consultation with chief executive to ascertain key 1

structural and necessary analysis of selected roles
Ascertaining the final proposition structurally 1

Major analysis of Risk 3

Pointing out key threats and risk in the project 2

Classifying the different risks and threats based on strength 1

Plans to combat risk, if it comes up 1

Proper resource requirement elucidation
5
Adequate planning of project timing for efficiency 3

Writing down the major activities that consume time 2

Apportioning time to the various identified activities 1

Setting a well articulated Gantt chart 1

Putting cost analysis into perspective 2

Estimating the various cost of different activities in the 2
project
An accurate addition of all the project cost 1

Producing the study report
generating the report draft 22

Round table discuss on the evaluation so far 3

Submitting the final report of the study 1

Chronological results presentation 1

adjustment of feedback and delivery of recommendations 1
Source: own figure
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 CONTRIBUTIONS
In this section we shall be taking a critical look at similar case studies from
previously executed projects especially those similar in nature, industry research,
this will enable us generate evidence on the workability of selected methods on the
study objectives.
Page 26 of 42
4.1 Functional Requirements
The function of a system or its component is what defines functional
requirement In software engineering and system, where the specification between
the output and input is what is described as function Bukhalkov, M.I. (2009).
Functional requirements majorly involve technical details, calculations, data
manipulations and processing, while behavioral requirements stand for all the cases
where the system uses the functional requirements captured in use cases Cannon,
J.P. et al. (2001). This study will be focused mainly on the firm, the stake holders as
well as the user prerequisite especially on recommendations and methods of
determining requirements made by previously conducted studies.
4.1.1 Market and Stakeholder Requirements
Market analysis is so vital due to the fact that it is one of the most important
tools utilized in decision making that helps managers in achieving objectives of the
business, these objectives include addition of value to the project and successful
project implementation. Kelly in 2016 opined that many software’s developed end up
becoming a failure in providing return on investment (ROI) due to the fact that a good
number of market prospects are not put into consideration by these developers in the
food industry. A well carried out market analysis is an essential approach which
confers value prior to the development of a mobile application so as to properly
determine the best attributes that enables prospective marketers and clients
adequately interact to create potentials Eesley, C.et al. (2006). The market research
that will be conducted for this study will also put into consideration the information on
the end users of the software, the extent to which they are exposed to technology
inclusive of the extent to which they can manage software and satisfy their needs.
Page 27 of 42
According to apollo in 2018, when it relates to business to business sales, there is a
general recognition of the involvement of many stakeholders in the decision-making
process. In relation to this for it to be possible for the client to be able to identify
those stakeholders that are very likely to impact positively on the project, it is
pertinent to carry out a stakeholder analysis and subsequently manage their various
demands by communication and developing goals of the project. The advantage of
this process is that it helps facilitate their improvement constantly in addition to
helping to achieve a grip of stakeholder’s requirement Ferrell, O.C. et al. (2011). In a
bid to ensure that the expectation of stakeholders aligns with the objectives of the
project which will consequently lead to a successful project implementation. The
potential stakeholders that are identified will be approached with view to obtain their
input on the design of the mobile application. The use of stakeholder analysis and
market analysis will be used concurrently to map out available opportunities in the
market, also the successes of the mobile software clients, market requirements will
be enumerated and lastly a revelation of the possible threats to the business will be
highlighted.
4.1.2 Software evaluation
Access to the quality of your software or another person’s software is usually
a tricky balance between hard objectivity and very subjective (but very valid)
individual user experience Frazier, G.L et al. (2009). A software evaluation service
issued by the software sustainability institutes over many years helps one improve
his/her software, firstly, it can help access the general usability of the software and
Page 28 of 42
can assist in identifying technical or development issues coupled with barrier to
sustainability Frey, H.C. et al. (2004).
It is a known fact that benchmarking involves the comparism between the
performance of two application, one of the applications is usually from a rival
industry, this helps an application to be viewed in an objective way as well as a
realistic view of its potential, this obviously is one of the key stages in the
development of software Fukushima, J. et al. (2011). Some available studies
suggest the possibilities of appropriating a few functionalities in chosen sector while
differentiation of pirated software’s in the industry is easy. The identification of
characteristics that can make one’s company unique can be compared to enhancing
and appropriating the foundation laid down by the rivals. The info tech processes in
company X can greatly be improved by the use of benchmarking simply by
identifying key attributes and functions that are not frequently utilized. Mobile
software benchmark is so useful that it can be used to reveal functional prerequisites
that ordinarily would not be found using stakeholder or market analysis inclusive of
different functional prerequisites that are needed for implementation in a practical
scenario as such the most engaging attributes best industry practices that can result
to an increase in the installed and usage capacity will be made known by the
benchmarking exercise Hermann, p. et al. (2001).
4.1.3 Security Requirements Analysis
Security is key especially due to the fact that the security architecture for
developing corporate software are different in comparison to mobile software’s
Particularly in developing business applications as it relates to the software
development industry (Bedell, 2013), in determining the requirements. Philip in 2018
opined that careful consideration needs to be given to security prerequisites prior to

Page 29 of 42
undertaking the development of mobile software this is to ensure that attacks from
various risk factors can be identified, analyzed and managed, this has become
necessary following the exponential rise in the number of private data leaks through
mobile devices Homburg, C. et al. (2009).in 2002 Hummber, J.M was of the opinion
that To ensure the merits derived from the software is higher than the risks involved,
the recommendation to take care in elicitation of requirements was given by NIST
(2015), this elucidates the importance of security requirements for mobile devices.
undertaking a study of the requirements will in general bring about a reduction in the
risk and vulnerabilities of the software.
4.2 Structural Requirements
4.2.1 System Environmental Analysis
Its recommendation for system environmental analysis is based on its
capability on the evaluation of some of the elements that prompts the inculcation of
new technologies including possible issues relating to new system requirements
while examining it from the perspective of the innovation system Huselid, M.A. et al.
(2005). It’s a known fact that various Infotech environment require particular skill sets
to be able to minimize chances of failing, development of the software on a larger
scale and of a longer duration will be studied mainly and particularly it will assist us
in the conclusion of skill requirements of employees including potential threats.
The foundation of the drawback in application development in Nigeria according to
Egbokhare (2014) includes inculcating poor software engineering practices , politics
that exist in the company, bad social interaction and technical issues; according to
Walid (2017) A German basketball team, Paderborn had similar issues; such matters
arising can be prevented to a large extent if a critical analysis on the IT infrastructure

Page 30 of 42
of a client is done. System environmental analysis was found by Krikor (2010) to be
able to attain a conclusion on services and risk management requirements, in
summarizing about the IT firm in Greece that specifically provided various services to
financial institutions in Greece. Additionally, the basis to developing further and staff
analysis is constituted by the analysis of the system environments benefits to users.
4.2.2 Personnel Analysis
The difficult characteristic of this project that includes but not limited to the
process of developing, executing and maintaining the software mobile apps that aids
effective communication and interaction amongst customers, this helps give detailed
explanation of what is referred to as personnel analysis. In 2017, don opined that
what is absolutely required to ensure the proper functions will be properly executed
by the hosting environment include these steps which are three in number
encompasses the entire project, the required tools and needed processes, a large
variety of services are its composing parts. Going by the assertions of Dave and
David (2012) the designated persona that ensure all the reported are properly fixed
accordingly, as well remain steadfast until the implementations are done after the
evaluations must have been carried out especially new features are executed are
very qualified company employees who run designated tasks daily, these includes
developers, designers, testers, administrators, maintenance personnel and
managers; on a regular basis, backups are carried out as well as system updates
are constantly and very efficiently installed. In relation to this and in proper provision
of the adequate staff needed by company X, a proper scoping requirements
elicitation was postulated by Holuram in (2013) and from which its relevance was
gotten from established case studies.

Page 31 of 42
In 2001, Philip and his team where of the opinion that making available and
adequately distributing qualified and certified employees guarantees the beneficial
delivery of the critical process of setting up a software. This then makes it pertinent
that even if you intend to pick staff or workers from anywhere, the requirement of
properly training such staff becomes inevitable if and only if the best is to be
achieved from the services these personnel render.
4.2.3 Risk Identification and Analysis
According to Rahja in 1997, that a project may encounter delay issues and
maybe in completed within the scheduled timeframe or within the budgeted amount
and quality anticipated if the possible risks of the project are not identified prior to the
end. Ajay (2007) is of the opinion that presently, various risks materialize in diverse
forms and they are related to the project, specifically application development
projects such as new mobile business-to-business software. Identifying risks and its
analysis are highly significant in making a determination on whether the risks can be
managed by the client alone (Rajman, 2017), according to Ahmed (2017) who stated
that as the client is about to enter an industry with a lot of risks as a result of the
presence of numerous stakeholders in the business and the level of difficulty in
predicting potential risks that may crop up. Taylor (2006); Rajman (2017); Charlton
(2017) postulated that prior to commencing a project, professionals in the industry
must identify risks as well as conduct a comprehensive analysis. According to Taylor
(2006) carrying out these processes before commencement of the project makes it
possible to understand potential risks, allows for a documentation of their attributes
and also to outline possible activities to be executed to mitigate or eliminate such
risks. Failure of Projects was linked to an in consideration of some risk factors which
Page 32 of 42
resulted in risk management, this was discovered through a research conducted by
Pâmela and Caroline (2014) on numerous companies in the IT industry. A
comprehensive list risks associated with B2B and the potential solutions will be
provided using this approach so there can be a concrete evaluation of company X's
capabilities that requires to be built so the risk involved in the project can be
managed due to the fact the process of risk assessment particularly the stage where
risk is identified which plays a key role.
In addition, ensuring the inputs of all stakeholders are captured, understood
clearly and incorporated, making sure resources requirements are available, fast
feedback cycle and client's review including Adapting to project changes that are
important, ensuring a reduction in unexpected budget are some functions of risk
analysis including ensuring of time optimism and cost estimates. (Liz, 2018;
Haughey, 2015).
4.3 Resource Requirements
Usually time, resources, and quality are the three major types of non-
functional development impediments as captured by Payne & Watt (2018). In
practical terms, knowing the number of prerequisites of a specific application is
generally very useful and important. The importance of this number is in a variety of
ways which include for an estimation on the amount of resources expended on
developing or maintaining tasks, utilizing in other measures as a denominator and
using it for assessment of the degree of changes in prerequisites.
4.3.1 Project Time Planning

Page 33 of 42
Project time planning occupies a vital role In assessing the requirements of a
project and setting a deadline for its completion, in the light of this Tira and his team
in 2018 suggested that estimation of time inaccurately can lead to time pressure or
late delivering of the project which may adversely affect the project expenditure, as
such, effective planning of a project plays a vital role in its successful completion.
Additionally, it was discovered time planning inaccurately goes along with
requirements that are inadequate which leads to time impediments, this was
discovered by Verner, Evanco &Cerpa (2007) who researched success of software
projects and estimation of schedules. Consequently, a conscious analysis and
reasonable time estimation should be done to prevent a schedule that is defective
with the risks that goes with it. (Liz, 2018).
4.3.2 Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Selecting a very suitable framework to which is ideal and ensures the lowest
total expenses is consistent with function and quality (Fuller, 2016), the LCCA is
unarguably one of the most effective method used in assessing the total expenditure
on a project and cost alternatives, though it was explicitly captured by Passenheim
(2009) that expenses is the key prerequisites in the proper project implementation.
The implementation of this technique should commence at an IT product conception
stage since it has the potentials of being a strategic tool to managers for making
decisions, it is a detailed method (Andrea et al., 2017), it analyses the expenditure
on a project from its conception to completion. A pointer as to whether the company
can raise the resources needed to ensure a completion of the project is elucidated
by this technique.
Page 34 of 42
Some researchers have suggested especially on the low associated cost and
its popularity in comparison to other methods used in cost estimation; to be able to
determine success or failure or of contract negotiations and project implementation,
the cost estimation method's role was focused on by Tripathi and Rai (2016); the
ability of the LCCA to reveal hidden expenses and bring about a decline in
uncertainty according to Liming (1997) emphasizes its importance and
appropriateness. (Korpi and Ala-Risku, 2008, Jiran et al.2013, Tannu and Kumar,
2014; Fuller, 2016) Additionally, the need for businesses without an IT foundation to
use it was pushed by David & Anatoly (2006) due to a potential inexperience in
applications cost estimation

Page 35 of 42
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION
A holistic approach was adopted in this study just to make it possible in
determining the requirements so that the client can make an informed decision on
his capital investment. Based on the client’s specific situation an adaptation has
been made, therefore the requirements that are acceptable by company X are in turn
adopted since the method utilized have been approved which are based on available
case studies and researches. We are aware that the business is a small and medium
enterprise (SME) as such in trying to arrive at the parameter that will decide all that
is required for company X to come up with a software that will aid a proper
interaction between its customers, then it becomes pertinent to rely on already
established case studies found in that sector as the chosen methods. The
commitment of the consultant towards establishing a frequent communication with
the leadership of company X is very assured especially in a situation of extra
adjustments or change in the management’s requirements, despite the frequent
motion of the client as captured in the Gantt chart.
This study is committed to display all the required financial, structural,
functional and non-financial resources required to create a software for the business
interaction (B2B). The clients have the soul prerogative to make decision on whether
to develop the software, decide to buy a software or altogether scrap the
implementation. Finally the deciding factor or element that will determine whether the
project should be continued or discontinued even in the face of all the risks and
threats stirring in the face of the management is the ability to raise the required funds
.
Page 36 of 42
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APPENDIX
THE A3 REPORT
STUDENTS NAME AND NUMBER: EZEOBA CHIDI VINCENT REPORT TITLE:software development for company X
1. RESEACH AIM OR PROJECT AIM 4. METHODOLOGY
A scoping study that helps determine the requirements or the project for app development requirment elicitation menthod which includes
a. interviews
2. OBJECTIVES b. questionnairs
a. identifing the needed requirments to be utilized in the development of mobile B2B personal observation
b. identifying particulars as it concerns food industry c.brainstorming
c.a system environmental analysis, risk analysis will be conducted
d. conduction of project time planning and life cycle cost analysis 5.CONTRIBUTION
a. case study from previous executed projects
3. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE b.industry research
a. market analysis c.meeting clients requirement
b.consultation with project owners
c. brainstorming

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Page 1 of 42

BS4D03-V1 Management Project

University of South Wales

The use of mobile apps in gaining popularity at an enormous rate, nowadays

Management Project (BS4D03-V1)

business to customer relationship (B2C) which simply involves selling directly to a

customer by a business entity while a business to business transaction (B2B) is the

type of transactions between business, like wholesalers and retailer, manufacturers

purpose will be highly beneficial.

mobile app which is to be used in enhancing the business to business relationship

between Company X and it customers (the catering trade). As a consultant, this

maximum functionality of the software, additionally, Gantt chart will be utilized in

Key words: B2B

TABLES OF CONTENTS INDEX

4.3.2 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis - - - - 31

advances made in technology, this growth is majorly orchestrated by mobile apps

Arenas, D et al. (2009). M-channel or better called Mobile commerce is an online

in general and smart phone in particular has increased at an alarming rate

of smartphones has grown exponentially with an estimated 44.81% of the world

population making use of it in 2020 (www.statista.com/statistics), that is about

gains of mobile software to achieve the objectives of business to business

relationship for customer satisfaction. Due to the flexility of SMEs as an enterprise,

mobile application has engaged a consultant to conduct a scoping study to

allowing the company standout in the phase of tight competition, brand

development, creating value to prospecting customers, increasing the viability of the

business, enhancing customer loyalty, creating easy access to customers as well as

utilizing scarce resources in reaching out to as many customers as possible. It is

pertinent that suitable requirements should be identified and outlined in a

chronological order firstly prior to implementation (Olga 2018). A careful analysis of

provide supporting evidences so as to impact positively in future studies suitable for

the investigation of these prerequisites.

1.1 Objectives of This Study

It has been identified that development of a business to business software is

methodologies to be used will be highly interconnected. The objectives of this study

are three and they are as follows:

Figuring- out the functional prerequisites needed in developing a mobile

analysis, security analysis, software benchmarking must be conducted in other to

guarantee a suitable mobile software.

The structural capability and structure of company X is of key importance as

analysis, a system environmental analysis and personnel analysis, these various

and execution of the software.

operation of the proposed mobile app software.

growth of the business to business (B2B) relationship is whether partners or internal

data is available (Fahad, 2016). A better understanding of the various project

In software development a key process called requirement engineering is always

employed which is a process of documenting, defining and maintaining requirements

requirement engineering is requirements elicitation which is a means of researching

key stakeholders, this practice is often referred to as requirement gathering, it entails

the use of questionnaires, interviewers, user observation, brainstorming, workshops,

2.0 SUPPORTING EVIDENCE

Supporting evidence is so essential, it helps to collaborate the evidence

be discussed in this section. The fundamental methods such as an analysis of the

that prerequisite elicitation is simply a continuous process which could require

frequent alteration in the course or even before or after conclusion.

2.1 Objective 1: Functional Requirements

classifications are obviously differentiated based on the functionalities and features

resultant effect becomes counterproductive Sandle, (2005). In this study, some of

relation to its functions.

2.1.1 Market and Stakeholders Analysis

Conducting a market survey analysis is very important especially in