Women's Charter 1961

THE STATUTES OF THE REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE
WOMEN’S CHARTER 1961
2020 REVISED EDITION
This revised edition incorporates all amendments up to and

including 1 December 2021 and comes into operation on 31 December 2021.
Prepared and Published by

THE LAW REVISION COMMISSION
UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF
THE REVISED EDITION OF THE LAWS ACT 1983
Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

2020 Ed.
Women’s Charter 1961

ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
PART 1
PRELIMINARY
Section
1. Short title
2. Interpretation
3. Application
PART 2
MONOGAMOUS MARRIAGES
4. Disability to contract marriages
5. Void marriages
6. Offence
6A. Marrying again during lifetime of husband or wife
6B. Cohabitation caused by deceitfully inducing a belief of lawful
marriage
6C. Marriage ceremony gone through fraudulently without lawful
marriage
7. Continuance of marriage
PART 3
SOLEMNISATION OF MARRIAGES
8. Persons by whom marriages may be solemnised
9. Avoidance of marriages where either party is under minimum
age for marriage
10. Marriages within prohibited degrees
11. Avoidance of marriages by subsisting prior marriage
11A. Avoidance of marriages of convenience
12. Avoidance of marriages between persons of same sex
13. Consents
14. Notice of marriage
15. Signature on notice by person unable to write or to understand
English language
1

2020 Ed. Women’s Charter 1961 2
Section
16. Notice to be filed and published
17. Registrar to issue marriage licence on proof of conditions by
statutory declaration
17A. Marriage preparation programme
18. Marriage to take place within 3 months
19. Caveat
20. Proceedings if caveat entered
21. Special marriage licence
22. Requirements for valid marriage
23. Solemnisation of marriages
24. Religious ceremony
PART 4
REGISTRATION
25. Registration of marriages
26. Appointment of Registrar, Assistant Registrars and Deputy
Registrars
27. State Marriage Register
28. Registration of marriage solemnised by Registrar
29. Registration of marriage not solemnised by Registrar
30. Registration where parties have not appeared within prescribed
time
31. Copy of entry to be given
32. Unlawful registers
33. Legal effect of registration
PART 5
PENALTIES AND MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
RELATING TO SOLEMNISATION AND
REGISTRATION OF MARRIAGES
34. Omission to appear before Deputy Registrar within prescribed
time
35. Contravention of section 32
36. Interference with marriage
37. False oath, etc., for procuring marriage
38. False allegation in caveat
39. Unauthorised solemnisation of marriage
40. Offences relating to solemnisation of marriages
41. Destroying or falsifying State Marriage Register, etc.

3 Women’s Charter 1961 2020 Ed.
Section
42. Consent for prosecution
43. Correction of errors
44. [Repealed]
45. [Repealed]
PART 6
RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF HUSBAND AND WIFE
46. Rights and duties
47. Abolition of wife’s dependent domicile
48. Conciliation Officers
49. Duty of judge to consider possibility of reconciliation
50. Court may refer parties for mediation, etc.
51. Capacity of married women
52. Property of woman to be held by her as feme sole
53. Loans by wife to husband
54. Money and property derived from housekeeping allowance
55. Gifts by husband to wife
56. Remedies of married woman for protection and security of
property
57. Wife’s antenuptial debts and liabilities
58. Actions in tort between husband and wife
59. Questions between husband and wife as to property to be
decided in summary way
60. Married woman as executrix or trustee
61. Saving of existing settlements and power to make future
settlements
62. Legal representative of married woman
63. Liability for breach of trust
PART 7
PROTECTION OF FAMILY
64. Interpretation of this Part
65. Protection order
66. Expedited order
67. Supplementary provisions with respect to orders under
sections 65 and 66

PART 8
MAINTENANCE OF WIFE,
INCAPACITATED HUSBAND AND CHILDREN
Section
68. Duty of parents to maintain children
69. Court may order maintenance of wife, incapacitated husband
and children
70. Duty to maintain child accepted as member of family
71. Enforcement of maintenance order
71A. Bankerʼs guarantee
71B. Financial counselling
71C. Community service orders
72. Rescission and variation of order
73. Power of court to vary agreement for maintenance of child
74. Application of section 121
75. Application of Act to orders made under repealed Minor
Offences Ordinance, etc.
76. Power of Family Court to refuse order where proceedings more
convenient in General Division of High Court
77. Appeal
78. [Repealed]
79. Procedure
79A. [Repealed]
PART 9
ENFORCEMENT OF MAINTENANCE ORDERS
81. Power of court to make attachment of earnings order
81A. Service of attachment of earnings order
82. Nature of attachment of earnings order
83. Effect of attachment of earnings order
84. Duty of defendant and employer to comply with attachment of
earnings order
85. Additional powers of court in attachment of earnings order
proceedings
86. Obligation of defendant and employer to notify changes of
employment and earnings
87. Power of court to determine what are earnings
88. Payment of money under attachment of earnings order
89. Earnings paid by Government or out of Consolidated Fund

Section
90. Costs of proceedings
91. Penalties for non-compliance with attachment of earnings order
and for giving false notice or statement
PART 10
Chapter 1 — DIVORCE
93. Jurisdiction of court in matrimonial proceedings
94. Restriction on filing of writ for divorce during first 3 years of
marriage
94A. Parenting programme
95. Irretrievable breakdown of marriage to be sole ground for
divorce
96. Rules to provide for agreements to be referred to court
97. Intervention of Attorney-General
98. Relief for defendant in divorce proceedings
99. Interim judgment and proceedings thereafter
100. Proceedings for interim judgment of presumption of death and
divorce
Chapter 2 — JUDICIAL SEPARATION

101. Judicial separation
102. Judicial separation no bar to writ for divorce
103. Judicially separated spouses not entitled to claim in intestacy of
each other
Chapter 3 — NULLITY OF MARRIAGE

104. Writ for nullity of marriage
105. Grounds on which marriage is void
106. Grounds on which marriage is voidable
107. Bars to relief where marriage is voidable
108. Marriage governed by foreign law
109. Application of sections 97 and 99 to nullity proceedings
110. Effect of judgment of nullity in case of voidable marriage
111. Legitimacy of children of annulled marriages

Chapter 4 — FINANCIAL PROVISIONS
CONSEQUENT ON MATRIMONIAL
PROCEEDINGS
Section
112. Power of court to order division of matrimonial assets
113. Power of court to order maintenance
114. Assessment of maintenance
115. Power of court to order security for maintenance
116. Compounding of maintenance
117. Duration of orders for maintenance
118. Power of court to vary orders for maintenance
119. Power of court to vary agreements for maintenance
120. Maintenance payable under order of court to be inalienable
121. Recovery of arrears of maintenance
Chapter 4A — FINANCIAL RELIEF

CONSEQUENTIAL ON FOREIGN
MATRIMONIAL PROCEEDINGS
121A. Interpretation and application of this Chapter
121B. Applications for financial relief after overseas divorce, etc.
121C. Jurisdiction of court
121D. Leave of court required for applications for financial relief
121E. Interim orders for financial provision
121F. Duty of court to consider whether Singapore is appropriate
forum for application
121G. Orders for financial relief
Chapter 5 — WELFARE OF CHILDREN

122. Meaning of “child”
123. Arrangements for welfare of children
124. Orders on welfare of children
125. Paramount consideration to be welfare of child
126. Orders subject to conditions
127. Power of court to order maintenance for children
128. Power of court to vary order for custody, etc.
129. Power of court to vary agreement for custody, etc.
130. Court to have regard to advice of welfare officers, etc.
131. Power of court to restrain taking of child out of Singapore
132. Power of court to set aside and prevent dispositions intended to
defeat claims to maintenance

Chapter 6 — GENERAL PROVISIONS

Section
133. Procedure
134. Evidence
135. [Repealed]
136. Power to rescind interim judgment in certain cases
137. Appeals
138. Power to allow intervention on terms
139. Family Justice Rules
PART 11
OFFENCES AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS
140. Offences relating to prostitution
141. Traffic in women and girls
142. Importation of woman or girl by false pretences
143. Permitting girl below the age of 16 to use premises for sexual
penetration
144. Permitting mental defective to use premises for sexual
penetration
145. Causing or encouraging prostitution of, girl below the age of 18
or sexual penetration with, or indecent assault on, girl below the
age of 16
146. Persons living on or trading in prostitution, etc.
146A. Remote communication service used for offering or facilitating
provision of sexual services, etc.
147. Suppression of places of assignation
148. Suppression of brothels
149. Notice to owner and occupier
150. Termination of tenancy of places on conviction for permitting
use as brothel, etc.
151. Demolition of structural contrivances for facilitating running of
place of assignation or of brothel
152. Authority of courts to issue arrest and search warrants
153. Trials in private in certain cases
154. Trial of offences
155. Detention pending judicial proceedings
156. Director-General may examine women and girls and person in
charge of them
157. Inspection
158. Security on departure of woman or girl from Singapore

Section
159. Woman or girl below the age of 21 trained or used for immoral
purposes, etc.
160. Director-General may order detention or commitment of woman
or girl in certain cases
161. Period of detention or commitment of woman or girl
162. Marriage not to be contracted without consent of
Director-General
163. Women and girls in urgent need of refuge
164. Transfer of women or girls from one place of safety to another
place of safety within Singapore, etc.
165. Removal of women or girls to Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam or
Hong Kong by order of Minister
166. Appeal
167. Women and girls may be received into and detained in Singapore
168. Women and girls so received to be subject to local law
169. Women and girls detained to be subject to rules
170. Director-General may cause persons to be photographed
171. Power to summon and examine persons in certain circumstances
172. Record of evidence
173. Power of search
174. Power of arrest and seizure
175. Presumption arising out of warrants
176. Appointment of officers
177. Minister may establish places of safety
177A. Restriction on publication of information on place of safety or
resident of place of safety
178. Boards of Visitors
179. Discharge Committees
PART 12
MISCELLANEOUS
180. Rules
180A. Protection from personal liability
181. Marriages solemnised before 15 September 1961 deemed to be
registered under this Act
182. Voluntary registration of marriages solemnised under religion or
custom
183. Recognition of marriages contracted in Embassies, etc., in
Singapore

Section
184. Validity of customary marriages contracted on or after
15 September 1961 and before 2 June 1967
185. Saving for petitions presented before 1 June 1981
186. Savings for proceedings before 1 May 1997
First Schedule — Kindred and affinity
prohibited degrees of relationship
Second Schedule — Consents required to the marriage of a
minor
An Act to provide for monogamous marriages and for the

solemnisation and registration of such marriages; to amend and
consolidate the law relating to divorce, the rights and duties of
married persons, the protection of family, the maintenance of wives,
incapacitated husbands and children and the punishment of
offences against women and girls; and to provide for matters
incidental thereto.
[7/2016]
[15 September 1961]
PART 1
PRELIMINARY
Short title
1. This Act is the Women’s Charter 1961.
Interpretation
2.—(1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires —
“brothel” means any place —
(a) habitually used by any 2 or more women or girls
(whether or not at the same time or at different times)
for the purpose of prostitution;
(b) that has been used by any 2 or more women or girls
(whether or not at the same time or at different times)
for the purpose of prostitution and is likely to be used
again for that purpose; or

(c) that —
(i) has been expressly or implicitly advertised
(whether by advertisements in or on the place,
newspapers, the Internet or by other means) or
represented as being used for the purpose of
prostitution; and
(ii) is likely to be used for the purpose of
prostitution;
“club” means any place which is used by an association of 2 or
more persons for any purpose or object;
“Conciliation Officer” means a Conciliation Officer appointed
under section 48;
“court” —
(a) for the purposes of sections 13, 17, 20 and 59 and
Parts 8 and 10, means the General Division of the
High Court or a Family Court;
(b) for the purposes of Part 7, means a Family Court; and
(c) for the purposes of Part 9, means the General
Division of the High Court or a Family Court, and
includes the Syariah Court constituted under the
Administration of Muslim Law Act 1966;
“Deputy Registrar” means a Deputy Registrar of Marriages
appointed under section 26;
“Director-General” means the Director-General of Social
Welfare and includes any person who is authorised by the
Director-General to perform any of the duties or exercise any
of the powers of the Director-General under this Act;
“fit individual” means an individual whom the
Director-General, having regard to the character of the
individual, thinks competent to provide care and protection
to another individual;

“incapacitated former husband”, in relation to a dissolved or an

annulled marriage, means a former husband to the marriage
who —
(a) during the subsistence of the marriage, was or
became —
(i) incapacitated, by any physical or mental
disability or any illness, from earning a
livelihood; and
(ii) unable to maintain himself; and
(b) continues to be unable to maintain himself;
“incapacitated husband” means a husband who —
(a) during the marriage, is or becomes —
(i) incapacitated, by any physical or mental
disability or any illness, from earning a
livelihood; and
(ii) unable to maintain himself; and
(b) continues to be unable to maintain himself;
“married woman” means a woman validly married under any
law, religion, custom or usage;
“messaging system” means any system that enables the
transmission of short text messages, or of any visual
communication, voice communication or electronic mail —
(a) from a digital mobile telephone to another digital
mobile telephone; or
(b) from an electronic mail address to a digital mobile
telephone, and the other way around;
“minor” means a person who is below 21 years of age and who is
not married or a widower or widow;
“occupier” of a place means the tenant, subtenant or lessee
thereof or any other person in charge of the place, whether or
not in actual occupation and whether or not having powers to
let or sublet;

“owner” of a place means a person who, for the time being, has
power or authority to let, hire, sell or convey the place to
another person, or who receives the rent of the place whether
on the person’s own account or as an agent or a trustee for any
other person;
“place” means any building, house, office, flat, room or cubicle
or any part thereof, and any open or enclosed space and
includes a ship, boat or any vessel, whether afloat or not, and
any vehicle;
“place of assignation” means any place where communication is
established with any woman or girl, either directly or through
an intermediary, for any immoral purpose;
“place of public resort” means any place to which the public for
the time being has access;
“place of safety” means any place of safety established under
section 177;
“prostitution” means the act of a female offering her body for
sexual penetration for hire, whether in money or in kind;
“Registrar” means the Registrar of Marriages appointed under
section 26 and includes an Assistant Registrar of Marriages;
“sexual penetration” means the penetration of the vagina, anus
or mouth of a woman or girl by a man’s penis, or the sexual
penetration of the vagina or anus of a woman or girl by a part
of another person’s body (other than the penis) or by anything
else;
“solemnisation” includes the contracting of a marriage or
effecting a marriage in accordance with the law, religion,
custom or usage of the parties or any of the parties thereto;
“State Marriage Register” means the State Marriage Register
maintained under section 27.
[27/2014; 7/2016; 30/2019; 36/2019; 40/2019]
(2) In criminal proceedings for an offence under Part 11 in relation

to any place —

(a) a court may rely on circumstantial evidence to find that the

particular place is used as a brothel; and
(b) a court may make such a finding without direct evidence
that the particular place is used as a brothel.
Examples of circumstantial evidence
1. Evidence relating to persons entering and leaving premises (including
number, gender and frequency) that is consistent with the use of the
premises for prostitution.
2. Evidence of appointments with persons for the purpose of prostitution
that are made through the use of telephone numbers or other contact
details that are publicly advertised.
3. Evidence of the arrangement of, or other matters relating to, the place or
the furniture, equipment or articles in the place, that is consistent with
the use of the place for prostitution.
[36/2019]
Application
3.—(1) Except as otherwise provided, this Act applies to all
persons in Singapore and also applies to all persons domiciled in
Singapore.
(2) Parts 2 to 6 (except for sections 6A, 6B and 6C) and Part 10 and
sections 181 and 182 do not apply to any person who is married
under, or to any marriage solemnised or registered under, the
provisions of the Muslim law or of any written law in Singapore or in
Malaysia providing for the registration of Muslim marriages.
[15/2019]
(2A) Nothing in Part 8 entitles an incapacitated husband who is

married under the provisions of the Muslim law, or of any written law
in Singapore or in Malaysia providing for the registration of Muslim
marriages, to obtain any maintenance under that Part.
[7/2016]
(3) Despite subsection (2), sections 4, 5 and 6 apply to any person

who contracts or purports to contract any such marriage during the
subsistence of a marriage registered or deemed to be registered under
the provisions of this Act or which was contracted under a law

providing that or in contemplation of which the marriage is
monogamous.
(4) No marriage between persons who are Muslims shall be
solemnised or registered under this Act.
(5) For the purposes of this Act, a person who is a citizen of
Singapore is deemed, until the contrary is proved, to be domiciled in
Singapore.
PART 2
MONOGAMOUS MARRIAGES
Disability to contract marriages
4.—(1) Every person who on 15 September 1961 is lawfully
married under any law, religion, custom or usage to one or more
spouses shall be incapable during the continuance of that marriage or
marriages of contracting a valid marriage under any law, religion,
custom or usage with any person other than such spouse or spouses.
(2) Every person who on 15 September 1961 is lawfully married
under any law, religion, custom or usage to one or more spouses and
who subsequently ceases to be married to that spouse or all the
spouses shall, if he or she thereafter marries again, be incapable
during the continuance of that marriage of contracting a valid
marriage with any other person under any law, religion, custom or
usage.
(3) Every person who on 15 September 1961 is unmarried and who
after that date marries under any law, religion, custom or usage shall
be incapable during the continuance of that marriage of contracting a
valid marriage with any other person under any law, religion, custom
or usage.
(4) Nothing in this section affects the operation of Part 3 in relation
to marriages solemnised in Singapore after 15 September 1961.
Void marriages
5.—(1) Every marriage contracted in Singapore or elsewhere in
contravention of section 4 is void.

(2) If any male person lawfully married under any law, religion,
custom or usage, during the continuance of that marriage, contracts a
union with a woman, that woman shall have no right of succession or
inheritance on the death intestate of such male person.
(3) Nothing in this section affects the liability of any person to pay
such maintenance as may be directed to be paid by that person under
any written law.
[7/2016]
Offence
6. Any person lawfully married under any law, religion, custom or
usage who during the continuance of that marriage purports to
contract a marriage in Singapore or elsewhere under any law,
religion, custom or usage in contravention of section 4 is deemed to
commit the offence of marrying again during the lifetime of the
husband or wife (as the case may be) within the meaning of
section 6A.
[15/2019]
Marrying again during lifetime of husband or wife

6A. Whoever, having a husband or wife living, marries in any case
in which such marriage is void by reason of its taking place during the
life of such husband or wife, shall be guilty of an offence and shall on
conviction —
(a) in a case where the offender concealed from the person
with whom the subsequent marriage is contracted the fact
of the former marriage, be punished with imprisonment for
a term not exceeding 10 years and shall also be liable to a
fine not exceeding $15,000; and
(b) in any other case, be punished with imprisonment for a
term not exceeding 7 years and shall also be liable to a fine
not exceeding $10,000.
Exceptions.—This section does not extend to any person whose marriage,
with such husband or wife, has been declared void by a court of competent
jurisdiction, nor to any person who contracts a marriage during the life of a
former husband or wife, if such husband or wife, at the time of the subsequent
marriage, has been continually absent from such person for a period of 7 years,

and has not been heard of by such person as being alive within that time,
provided the person contracting such subsequent marriage, before the marriage
takes place, informs the person with whom the marriage is contracted, of the real
state of facts so far as the same are within his or her knowledge.
[15/2019]
Cohabitation caused by deceitfully inducing a belief of lawful

marriage
6B. Any person (A), who by deceit causes any person of the
opposite sex (B) who is not lawfully married to A to believe that B is
lawfully married to A and to cohabit or have sexual intercourse with A
in that belief, shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be
punished with imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years and
shall also be liable to a fine not exceeding $15,000.
[15/2019]
Marriage ceremony gone through fraudulently without lawful

marriage
6C. Any person who dishonestly or fraudulently goes through the
ceremony of being married, knowing that he or she is not as a result
lawfully married, shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction
be punished with imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years and
shall also be liable to a fine not exceeding $10,000.
[15/2019]
Continuance of marriage
7. Every marriage solemnised in Singapore after 15 September
1961, other than a marriage which is void under the provisions of this
Act, shall continue until dissolved —
(a) by the death of one of the parties;
(b) by order of a court of competent jurisdiction; or
(c) by a declaration made by a court of competent jurisdiction
that the marriage is null and void.

PART 3
SOLEMNISATION OF MARRIAGES
Persons by whom marriages may be solemnised
8.—(1) A marriage may be solemnised by the Registrar or any
other person to whom a licence to solemnise marriages under this
section has been granted by the Minister.
(2) The Minister may grant a licence to any suitable person to
solemnise marriages in Singapore.
Avoidance of marriages where either party is under minimum

age for marriage
9. A marriage solemnised in Singapore or elsewhere between
persons either of whom is below 18 years of age is void unless the
solemnisation of the marriage was authorised by a special marriage
licence granted by the Minister under section 21.
Marriages within prohibited degrees

10.—(1) A marriage solemnised in Singapore or elsewhere
between a man and any of the persons mentioned in the first
column of the First Schedule, or between a woman and any of the
persons mentioned in the second column of that Schedule, is void.
(2) Despite subsection (1) and the First Schedule, the Minister may
grant a licence under this section for a marriage to be solemnised,
notwithstanding the kindred or affinity of the parties, if the Minister is
satisfied that the marriage is valid under the law, religion, custom or
usage which would have been applicable to the parties thereto if this
Act had not been enacted.
(3) A marriage solemnised under such a licence is valid.
Avoidance of marriages by subsisting prior marriage

11. A marriage solemnised in Singapore or elsewhere between
persons either of whom, at the date of the marriage, is married under
any law, religion, custom or usage to any other person is void.

Avoidance of marriages of convenience
11A.—(1) A marriage solemnised on or after 1 October 2016,
whether in Singapore or elsewhere, is void if —
(a) a party to the marriage contracts or otherwise enters into
the marriage knowing or having reason to believe that the
purpose of the marriage is to assist the party or the other
party to the marriage to obtain an immigration advantage;
and
(b) any gratification, whether from a party to the marriage or
another person, is offered, given or received as an
inducement or reward to any party to the marriage for
entering into the marriage.
[7/2016]
(2) However, a marriage is not void under subsection (1) if it is

proved that both parties to the marriage believed on reasonable
grounds, when contracting or entering into the marriage, that the
marriage would result in a genuine marital relationship.
[7/2016]
(3) A marriage solemnised on or after 1 October 2016 is deemed to

be void under subsection (1) if either party to the marriage is
convicted of an offence under section 57C(1) of the Immigration
Act 1959 in respect of the marriage.
[7/2016]
(4) In this section, “gratification” and “immigration advantage”

have the meanings given by section 57C(6) of the Immigration
Act 1959.
[7/2016]
Avoidance of marriages between persons of same sex

12.—(1) A marriage solemnised in Singapore or elsewhere
between persons who, at the date of the marriage, are not
respectively male and female is void.
(2) Subject to sections 5, 9, 10, 11 and 22, a marriage solemnised in
Singapore or elsewhere between a person who has undergone a sex
re-assignment procedure and any person of the opposite sex is and
shall be deemed always to have been a valid marriage.

(3) For the purpose of this section —

(a) the sex of any party to a marriage as stated at the time of the
marriage in his or her identity card issued under the
National Registration Act 1965 is prima facie evidence of
the sex of the party; and
(b) a person who has undergone a sex re-assignment procedure
is identified as being of the sex to which the person has
been re-assigned.
(4) Nothing in subsection (2) validates any such marriage which
had been declared by the High Court before 1 May 1997 to be null
and void on the ground that the parties were of the same sex.
Consents
13.—(1) Subject to this section, a marriage licence under section 17
or a special marriage licence under section 21 for the marriage of a
minor must not be issued or granted without the consent of a person
mentioned in the Second Schedule who is authorised to give such
consent.
(2) If the Registrar or, in the case of a proposed marriage by special
marriage licence, the Minister is satisfied that the consent of any
person whose consent is so required cannot be obtained by reason of
absence or inaccessibility or by reason of the person being under any
disability —
(a) the necessity for the consent of that person is dispensed
with, if there is any other person whose consent is also
required; and
(b) if the consent of no other person is required, the Registrar
or the Minister may dispense with the necessity of
obtaining any consent, or the court may, on application
being made, consent to the marriage, and the consent of the
court so given has the same effect as if it had been given by
the person whose consent cannot be so obtained.
[27/2014]
(3) If any person whose consent is required refuses his or her

consent, the court may, on application being made, consent to the

marriage, and the consent of the court so given has the same effect as
if it had been given by the person whose consent is so refused.
[27/2014]
(4) An application to the court under this section is to be heard in

chambers.
[27/2014]
(5) When an application is made to the court in consequence of a

refusal to give consent, notice of the application must be served upon
the person who refused to give consent.
[27/2014]
(6) Despite anything to the contrary in this Part, consent to the

marriage of a minor is not necessary if the minor has been previously
married.
(7) There shall be no appeal from an order of the court under this
section.
[27/2014]
Notice of marriage
14. Whenever any persons desire to marry in Singapore, one of the
parties to the intended marriage must sign and give to the Registrar a
notice in the prescribed form.
Signature on notice by person unable to write or to understand

English language
15. If the person giving the notice under section 14 is unable to
write or is insufficiently acquainted with the English language, or
both, then it is sufficient if the person places his or her mark or cross
thereon in the presence of some literate person who attests the same,
which attestation must be in the prescribed form.
Notice to be filed and published

16.—(1) Upon receipt of a notice under section 14, the Registrar
must cause the notice to be filed serially by electronic media or other
means.
(2) The Registrar must also cause a computer printout or summary
of all notices filed during the day to be displayed in an electronic
terminal in a conspicuous place in the Registrar’s office and keep the

same so displayed until he or she issues a marriage licence under

section 17, or until 3 months have elapsed.
Registrar to issue marriage licence on proof of conditions by

statutory declaration
17.—(1) The Registrar must, at any time after the expiration of
21 days and before the expiration of 3 months from the date of the
notice and upon payment of the prescribed fee, issue a marriage
licence in the prescribed form.
(2) The Registrar must not issue a marriage licence until he or she is
satisfied by statutory declaration made by each of the parties to the
proposed marriage —
(a) that, where any party to the intended marriage is not a
citizen or permanent resident of Singapore, at least one of
the parties has been physically present in Singapore for a
period of at least 15 days preceding the date of the notice;
(b) that —
(i) each of the parties is 21 years of age or above, or, if
not, is divorced or is a widower or widow or has had
his or her previous marriage declared null and void,
as the case may be; or
(ii) if either party is a minor who has not been previously
married — the consent of the appropriate person
mentioned in the Second Schedule has been given in
writing, or has been dispensed with, or the consent of
the court has been given in accordance with
section 13;
(c) that neither party is below 18 years of age;
(d) that there is no lawful impediment to the marriage;
(e) that neither of the parties to the intended marriage is
married under any law, religion, custom or usage to any
person other than the person with whom such marriage is
proposed to be contracted; and

(f) that, where any party to the intended marriage is a person
to whom section 17A applies, both parties have attended
and completed a marriage preparation programme.
[2/2011; 27/2014]
(2A) Where one of the parties to the proposed marriage has been
previously married but is divorced, the Registrar must not issue a
marriage licence unless that party also states, in the statutory
declaration mentioned in subsection (2), whether that party owes
any arrears in respect of any maintenance which is payable under a
maintenance order.
[2/2011; 7/2016]
(2AA) The Registrar must not issue a marriage licence if either

party to the proposed marriage makes a false declaration, in the
statutory declaration mentioned in subsection (2), that the party has
not been previously convicted of either or both of the following
offences:
(a) an offence under section 57C(1) of the Immigration
Act 1959;
(b) an offence under section 6A or an offence under
section 494 of the Penal Code 1871 as in force
immediately before 1 January 2020.
[7/2016; 15/2019]
(2B) The statutory declaration mentioned in subsection (2) must be

made by each party to the proposed marriage in the presence of the
other party.
[2/2011]
(3) If any party giving a notice of marriage or making a statutory

declaration does not understand the English language, the Registrar
must, before issuing the marriage licence, ascertain whether that
party is cognizant of the purport of the notice or declaration and, if
not, must interpret or cause to be interpreted the notice or declaration
to that party into some language which that party understands.
[7/2016]

(4) In this section —

“maintenance order” means —
(a) an order for the payment of a monthly allowance
made or deemed to be made by a court under Part 8;
(b) an order for the payment of periodical sums by way
of maintenance or alimony to a wife or former wife or
an incapacitated husband or incapacitated former
husband, or by way of maintenance for the benefit of
any child, under Part 10;
(c) an order for maintenance made by the Syariah Court
under the Administration of Muslim Law Act 1966;
or
(d) a maintenance order as defined in section 2 of the
Maintenance Orders (Reciprocal Enforcement)
Act 1975;
“marriage preparation programme” has the meaning given by
section 17A(3);
“permanent resident of Singapore” means a person who holds an
entry permit under section 10 of the Immigration Act 1959 or
a re-entry permit under section 11 of that Act.
[2/2011; 7/2016]
Marriage preparation programme

17A.—(1) This section applies to a person within the class of
persons prescribed by the Minister as persons who must attend a
marriage preparation programme.
[2/2011]
(2) A person to whom this section applies must not be issued with a
marriage licence under section 17 or a special marriage licence under
section 21 unless the person satisfies the Registrar or the Minister (as
the case may be) that the person and the other party to the proposed
marriage have attended and completed a marriage preparation
programme.
[2/2011]

(3) In this section and section 21, “marriage preparation
programme” means a marriage preparation programme which
satisfies the description specified in the rules made under section 180.
[2/2011]
Marriage to take place within 3 months

18. If the marriage does not take place within 3 months after the
date of the notice, the notice and all proceedings consequent
thereupon are void, and fresh notice must be given before the
parties can lawfully marry.
Caveat
19.—(1) Any person may, on payment of the prescribed fee, enter a
caveat with the Registrar against the issue of a licence for the
marriage of any person named in the caveat and notice of whose
intended marriage has been given to the Registrar.
(2) A caveat entered under this section must contain the name and
place of residence of the person entering the caveat and the grounds
of objection upon which the caveat is founded and must be signed by
the person entering the caveat.
Proceedings if caveat entered

20.—(1) If a caveat is entered in accordance with section 19, the
Registrar must not issue a licence for the marriage against which the
caveat has been entered unless —
(a) after examining into the matter of the said objection, the
Registrar is satisfied that it ought not to obstruct the issue
of the licence for the marriage; or
(b) the caveat is withdrawn by the person who entered it.
(2) In cases of doubt, it is lawful for the Registrar to refer the matter
of any caveat mentioned in subsection (1) to the court which shall
decide upon the same.
[27/2014]
(3) Where the Registrar has refused to issue the marriage licence,
the person applying for the same has a right of appeal to the court

which is to thereupon either confirm the refusal or direct the issue of

the marriage licence.
[27/2014]
(4) The court may examine the allegations contained in the caveat
in a summary way and may hear evidence in support of and in
opposition to the objection.
[27/2014]
(5) The proceedings under this section are to be before a judge in

chambers.
(6) There shall be no appeal from a decision of a judge under this
section.
(7) If the Registrar or the court declares the grounds of objection to
be frivolous and such as ought not to obstruct the issue of the
marriage licence, the person entering the caveat shall be liable for the
costs of all proceedings relating thereto and for damages to be
recovered by suit by the party against whose marriage the caveat was
entered.
[27/2014]
Special marriage licence

21.—(1) The Minister may, if he or she thinks fit, dispense with the
giving of notice and with the issue of a marriage licence, and may
grant a special marriage licence in the prescribed form authorising the
solemnisation of a marriage between the parties named —
(a) upon proof being made to the Minister by statutory
declaration —
(i) that there is no lawful impediment to the proposed
marriage; and
(ii) where any party to the proposed marriage is a person
to whom section 17A applies, that both parties to the
proposed marriage have attended and completed a
marriage preparation programme;
(b) where one party to the proposed marriage has been
previously married but is divorced, upon a statutory
declaration being furnished by the party as to whether

that party owes any arrears in respect of any maintenance
which is payable under a maintenance order; and
(c) upon the Minister being satisfied that the necessary
consent (if any) to the marriage has been obtained, or
that the consent has been dispensed with or given under
section 13.
[2/2011]
(2) The Minister may, in his or her discretion, grant a special

marriage licence under this section authorising the solemnisation of a
marriage although any party to the marriage is below 18 years of age.
(3) If the marriage authorised by a special marriage licence under
this section is not solemnised within one month from the date of the
licence, the licence becomes void.
(4) The Minister may delegate his or her powers under this section
to any person, subject to such conditions as the Minister thinks fit to
impose.
(5) In this section, “maintenance order” has the meaning given by
section 17(4).
[2/2011]
Requirements for valid marriage

22.—(1) Every marriage solemnised in Singapore is void unless it
is solemnised —
(a) on the authority of a valid marriage licence issued by the
Registrar or a valid special marriage licence granted by the
Minister; and
(b) by the Registrar or a person who has been granted a licence
to solemnise marriages.
(2) Every marriage must be solemnised in the presence of at least
2 credible witnesses.
(3) A marriage must not be solemnised unless the person
solemnising the marriage is satisfied that both the parties to the
marriage freely consent to the marriage.

Solemnisation of marriages
23. A marriage solemnised by the Registrar or any person licensed
to solemnise marriages may be solemnised according to such form
and ceremony as the Registrar or the person solemnising the marriage
sees fit to adopt and in some part of the ceremony he or she must
request each of the parties to the marriage to declare that the party is
willing to take the other party as his or her wedded wife or husband,
as the case may be.
Religious ceremony
24.—(1) If the parties to any marriage contracted and solemnised
under this Act or under any previous written law relating to Christian
or civil marriages desire to add to the marriage so contracted and
solemnised the religious ceremony ordained or used by the church or
temple of which the parties or one of them are members or is a
member, the parties may present themselves for that purpose to a
clergyman, minister or priest of such church or temple, having given
notice to that clergyman, minister or priest of their intention to do so;
and that clergyman, minister or priest, upon the production of a
certified copy of the certificate of the marriage, may, if he or she sees
fit, read or celebrate the marriage service of the church or temple to
which he or she belongs.
(2) Nothing in the reading or celebration of such service under
subsection (1) shall be held to supersede or invalidate any marriage so
previously contracted and solemnised, nor shall such reading or
celebration be entered as a marriage in the State Marriage Register.
[7/2016]
(3) Where a person is under expectation of death and desires to have

a religious ceremony of marriage performed between himself or
herself and any person, it is lawful for the clergyman, minister or
priest of the church or temple to which that person belongs to read or
celebrate the marriage service of that church or temple.
(4) The reading or celebration of such service under subsection (3)
is not to be deemed to be a solemnisation of marriage for the purposes
of this Act and shall not be entered as a marriage in the State Marriage
Register.
[7/2016]

PART 4
REGISTRATION
Registration of marriages
25. Every marriage solemnised in Singapore after 15 September
1961 must be registered in accordance with the provisions of this
Part.
Appointment of Registrar, Assistant Registrars and Deputy

Registrars
26.—(1) The Minister may appoint any public officer either by
name or office to be the Registrar of Marriages or an Assistant
Registrar of Marriages for the purposes of this Act.
(2) The Minister may appoint by name or office such number of
Deputy Registrars as may be necessary for the purposes of this Act.
(3) The Minister may appoint by name or office such other officers
as may be necessary for carrying this Part into effect.
(4) The Registrar and every Assistant Registrar and Deputy
Registrar appointed under this section are deemed to be public
servants within the meaning of the Penal Code 1871.
State Marriage Register

27.—(1) The Registrar must maintain a State Marriage Register
containing such records and information as the Registrar may
determine on marriages solemnised or registered under this Act.
[7/2016]
(2) The State Marriage Register may be kept in such form as the
Registrar may determine.
[7/2016]
(3) Any person may, upon application to the Registrar and upon
payment of the relevant prescribed fee, obtain a copy of or extract
from any record or information contained in the State Marriage
Register (including a copy or extract that is certified by the Registrar
to be a true copy or extract).
[7/2016]

(4) The following, if certified by the Registrar to be a true copy or

extract, is in any proceedings admissible in evidence as of equal
validity with the original document containing the information or the
original record, as the case may be:
(a) a copy of or extract from any information contained in the
State Marriage Register;
(b) a copy of or extract from any record contained in the State
Marriage Register (including a copy or extract of any
record produced from a microfilm or digital image).
[7/2016]
Registration of marriage solemnised by Registrar

28.—(1) Every marriage solemnised by the Registrar must
immediately after the solemnisation thereof be registered by the
Registrar in the certificate of marriage.
(2) The entry of such marriage in the certificate of marriage must —
(a) be signed by the Registrar solemnising the marriage, and
by the persons married; and
(b) be attested by 2 credible witnesses, other than the Registrar
solemnising the marriage, present at the solemnisation.
Registration of marriage not solemnised by Registrar

29.—(1) The parties to a marriage which is not solemnised by the
Registrar must —
(a) appear before a Deputy Registrar within one month of the
marriage;
(b) produce to the Deputy Registrar such evidence of the
marriage either oral or documentary as the Deputy
Registrar may require;
(c) furnish such particulars as may be required by the Deputy
Registrar for the due registration of the marriage; and
(d) apply in the prescribed form for the registration of the
marriage to be effected.

(2) The Deputy Registrar may register a marriage by entering the
particulars thereof in a certificate of marriage.
(3) The entry of the marriage in the certificate of marriage must —
(a) be signed by the Deputy Registrar who made the entry and
the parties to the marriage; and
(b) be attested by 2 credible witnesses present at the
solemnisation of the marriage.
(4) The Deputy Registrar registering the marriage must send the
certificate of marriage within 3 days of the registration of the
marriage to the Registrar.
Registration where parties have not appeared within

prescribed time
30. Where the parties to a marriage have not appeared before a
Deputy Registrar within the time prescribed by section 29, the
marriage may, with the written consent of the Registrar, be registered
by a Deputy Registrar on payment of such penalty as may be
prescribed.
Copy of entry to be given

31. On the completion of the registration of any marriage, the
Registrar or the Deputy Registrar must deliver to the bride a copy of
the certificate of marriage duly signed and sealed with his or her seal
of office.
Unlawful registers
32. No person other than the Registrar or a Deputy Registrar
may —
(a) keep any book being or purporting to be a register kept in
accordance with the provisions of this Act; or
(b) issue to any person any document being or purporting to be
a copy of a certificate of a marriage or a certificate of a
marriage registered by the Registrar or a Deputy Registrar.

Legal effect of registration

33. Nothing in this Act shall be construed to render valid or invalid
merely by reason of its having been or not having been registered any
marriage which otherwise is invalid or valid.
PART 5
PENALTIES AND MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
RELATING TO SOLEMNISATION AND
REGISTRATION OF MARRIAGES
Omission to appear before Deputy Registrar within prescribed
time
34.—(1) Any person who, being required by section 29 to appear
before a Deputy Registrar, fails to do so within the prescribed time
shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine
not exceeding $1,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding
12 months or to both.
(2) The Registrar may compound any such offence by collecting
from the person reasonably suspected of having committed the
offence a sum not exceeding $400.
Contravention of section 32
35. Any person who contravenes section 32 shall be guilty of an
offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding
$1,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to
both and, in the case of a second or subsequent conviction, to a fine
2 years or to both.
Interference with marriage

36. Any person who uses any force or threat —
(a) to compel a person to marry against his or her will; or
(b) to prevent a person who has attained 21 years of age from
contracting a valid marriage,

3 years or to both.
False oath, etc., for procuring marriage

37. Any person who for the purpose of procuring any marriage
under this Act intentionally makes any false declaration or signs any
false notice or certificate required by this Act shall be guilty of an
$3,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 years or to both.
False allegation in caveat

38.—(1) Any person who enters a caveat against the issue by the
Registrar of a marriage licence and makes any false representation in
or in support of the caveat knowing or believing such representation
to be false or not having reason to believe it to be true shall be guilty
of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding
$3,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 years or to both.
(2) Any person who enters a caveat against the issue of a marriage
licence and pretends or falsely represents himself or herself to be a
person whose consent to the marriage is required by law knowing or
believing such pretence or representation to be false or not believing
it to be true shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on
conviction to a fine not exceeding $3,000 or to imprisonment for a
term not exceeding 3 years or to both.
Unauthorised solemnisation of marriage

39. Any person who, not being authorised to do so under this Act,
solemnises or purports to solemnise any marriage shall be guilty of an
offence and shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a
term not exceeding 10 years and shall also be liable to a fine not
exceeding $15,000.
[7/2016]
Offences relating to solemnisation of marriages

40.—(1) Any person who knowingly and contrary to this Act
solemnises or purports to solemnise or officiates at a marriage —

(a) without first receiving a marriage licence or a special

marriage licence;
(b) otherwise than in the presence of at least 2 credible
witnesses other than the person solemnising the marriage;
or
(c) after the expiration of 3 months from the date of the notice
of marriage given under section 14,
shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be punished with
imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 years and shall also be liable
to a fine not exceeding $5,000.
[7/2016]
(2) The Registrar or any Assistant Registrar who knowingly and

contrary to this Act issues any marriage licence —
(a) without publishing the notice of marriage as required by
section 16;
(b) when a caveat has been entered under section 19 without
having first complied with section 20; or
(c) contrary to section 17,
[7/2016]
(3) Any person who marries or purports to marry or goes through a

form of marriage with any person contrary to any of the provisions of
Part 3 shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to
Destroying or falsifying State Marriage Register, etc.

41. Any person who by himself, herself or another —
(a) wilfully destroys or causes damage to —
(i) the State Marriage Register;
(ii) any record or information contained in the State
Marriage Register; or

(iii) any certificate of marriage;
(b) falsely makes any thing that purports to be, or
counterfeits —
Marriage Register;
(iii) any certificate of marriage; or
(iv) any copy of or extract from any record or
information contained in the State Marriage
Register, or any copy of or extract from any
certificate of marriage, that has been certified by
the Registrar to be a true copy or extract; or
(c) wilfully inserts any false entry in —
Marriage Register;
(iii) any certificate of marriage; or
(iv) any copy of or extract from any record or
information contained in the State Marriage
Register, or any copy of or extract from any
certificate of marriage, that has been certified by
the Registrar to be a true copy or extract,
[7/2016]
Consent for prosecution

42. No prosecution for any offence punishable under this Part may
be instituted except with the consent of the Public Prosecutor.
[15/2010]

Correction of errors
43.—(1) If the Registrar is satisfied by statutory declaration or
otherwise that any entry in the State Marriage Register, or in any
record or information contained in the State Marriage Register, is
erroneous in form or substance, the Registrar may correct the error.
[7/2016]
(2) If the Registrar is satisfied by statutory declaration or otherwise

that any entry in a certificate of marriage is erroneous in form or
substance, the Registrar may, in the presence of the persons married
or, if those persons are absent, in the presence of 2 credible witnesses,
correct the error by ruling through that entry and making the correct
entry in the certificate of marriage.
[7/2016]
(3) Where subsection (2) applies —

(a) the Registrar must sign and date the correction made in the
certificate of marriage; and
(b) the entry made under subsection (2) must be attested by the
witnesses in whose presence it was made.
[7/2016]
44. [Repealed by Act 7 of 2016]

PART 6
RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF HUSBAND AND WIFE
Rights and duties
46.—(1) Upon the solemnisation of marriage, the husband and the
wife are mutually bound to cooperate with each other in safeguarding
the interests of the union and in caring and providing for the children.
(2) The husband and the wife have the right separately to engage in
any trade or profession or in social activities.
(3) The wife has the right to use her own surname and name
separately.

(4) The husband and the wife have equal rights in the running of the
matrimonial household.
Abolition of wife’s dependent domicile

47.—(1) Subject to subsection (2), the domicile of a married
woman as at any time on or after 1 June 1981 shall, instead of being
the same as her husband’s by virtue only of marriage, be ascertained
by reference to the same factors as in the case of any other individual
capable of having an independent domicile.
(2) Where immediately before 1 June 1981 a woman was married
and then had her husband’s domicile by dependence, she is to be
treated as retaining that domicile (as a domicile of choice, if it is not
also her domicile of origin) unless it is changed by acquisition or
revival of another domicile either on or after that date.
Conciliation Officers
48.—(1) The Minister may appoint such public officers as he or she
thinks fit to be Conciliation Officers for the purposes of this Act and
must publish in the Gazette the names of the officers so appointed.
(2) Where there are differences between the parties to a marriage,
the parties or either of them may refer the differences to a
Conciliation Officer for his or her advice and assistance.
(3) A Conciliation Officer may by written notice require any party
to a marriage to attend before him or her at any reasonable time and at
any convenient place for the purposes of settling differences between
the parties to the marriage, and such person is legally bound to attend
as required and to answer any questions relating to those differences,
truthfully and to the best of his or her ability.
Duty of judge to consider possibility of reconciliation

49.—(1) A court before which —
(a) proceedings for divorce or judicial separation; or
(b) proceedings, instituted by a party to a subsisting marriage,
under section 59, 65, 66 or 69,

are being heard is to consider, from time to time, the possibility of a

reconciliation of the parties.
(2) If, during such proceedings, it appears to the judge from the
nature of the case, the evidence in the proceedings or the attitude of
the parties that there is a reasonable possibility of a reconciliation of
the parties, the judge may do all or any of the following:
(a) adjourn the proceedings to give the parties the opportunity
to consider a reconciliation or to enable anything to be
done in accordance with paragraph (b) or (c);
(b) with the consent of the parties, interview them in
chambers, with or without their solicitors, as the judge
thinks proper, to assist in a possible reconciliation;
(c) nominate a Conciliation Officer or some other suitable
person or organisation to assist in considering a possible
reconciliation.
(3) If, not less than 14 days after an adjournment under
subsection (2), either of the parties requests that the hearing be
proceeded with, the judge is to resume the hearing, or arrangements
must be made for the proceedings to be dealt with by another judge,
as the case requires, as soon as practicable.
(4) Where a judge has acted as conciliator under subsection (2)(b)
but the attempt to effect a reconciliation has failed, the judge shall
not, except at the request of the parties to the proceedings, continue to
hear the proceedings, or determine the proceedings, and, in the
absence of such a request, arrangements must be made for the
proceedings to be dealt with by another judge.
(5) Evidence of anything said, or of any admission made, in the
course of an endeavour to effect a reconciliation under this section is
not admissible in any court.
Court may refer parties for mediation, etc.

50.—(1) A court before which any proceedings under this Act
(other than proceedings under section 104) are being heard may give
consideration to the possibility of a harmonious resolution of the
matter and for this purpose may, with the consent of the parties, refer

the parties for mediation by such person as the parties may agree or,
failing such agreement, as the court may appoint.
[7/2016]
(2) A court before which any proceedings under this Act are being
heard may, if the court considers that doing so is in the interests of the
parties and their children, at any stage in those proceedings direct or
advise any of the parties or their children —
(a) to attend mediation conducted by such person as every
party or child attending the mediation may agree or, failing
such agreement, as the court may appoint;
(b) to attend counselling provided by such person as the court
may direct; or
(c) to participate in such family support programme or activity
as the court may direct.
[7/2016]
(3) Despite the provisions of the Administration of Justice

(Protection) Act 2016, failure to comply with any direction or
advice referred to in subsection (2) does not constitute a contempt of
court.
[19/2016]
(3A) A court before which any proceedings under Part 10 are being
heard is to, where the proceedings involve such classes of persons
(being persons who have children to the marriage) as may be
prescribed by the Minister, do either or both of the following:
(a) order the parties to attend mediation conducted by such
person as the court may appoint;
(b) order the parties or their children or both, at any stage in the
proceedings, to attend counselling provided by such person
as the court may direct.
[2/2011; 7/2016]
(3B) Despite subsection (3A), the court may, in any case where it
considers that it may not be in the interests of the parties or their
children to attend mediation or counselling (as the case may be),
dispense with an order requiring such mediation or counselling.
[2/2011]

(3C) Where the court has made an order under subsection (3A), the
parties concerned must comply with it.
[2/2011]
(3D) Where a person fails to comply with any direction or advice

given by the court under subsection (2) in any proceedings under
Part 10 or any order made by a court under subsection (3A), the court
may make such further orders as it thinks fit.
[2/2011]
(3E) Without limiting subsection (3D), the further orders that may
be made by a court under that subsection include the following
orders:
(a) an order that proceedings be stayed until the parties have
attended such mediation or counselling, or participated in
such family support programme or activity, as may be
specified in any advice or direction made by the court
under subsection (2) or an order made by the court under
subsection (3A); and
(b) such order as to costs as the court thinks appropriate
against the party who fails to comply with any advice or
direction made by the court under subsection (2) or an
order made by the court under subsection (3A).
[2/2011; 7/2016]
(4) Anything said, any document prepared, and any information

provided, by any person for the purposes of or in the course of any
mediation, any counselling or any family support programme or
activity under this section is not to be admitted in evidence in any
court.
[7/2016]
(5) No liability shall lie personally against any person conducting

any mediation for the purposes of subsection (1), (2)(a) or (3A)(a),
providing any counselling for the purposes of subsection (2)(b) or
(3A)(b), or conducting any family support programme or activity for
the purposes of subsection (2)(c), who, acting in good faith and with
reasonable care, does or omits to do anything for the purposes of that
mediation, counselling or family support programme or activity (as
the case may be).
[7/2016]

(6) In this section, “family support programme or activity” means
any programme or activity carried out for the purpose of addressing
or resolving any relationship issue or relationship problem between
spouses or former spouses, between siblings or between parent and
child.
[7/2016]
Capacity of married women

51. Subject to the provisions of this Act, a married woman shall —
(a) be capable of acquiring, holding and disposing of, any
property;
(b) be capable of rendering herself, and being rendered, liable
in respect of any tort, contract, debt or obligation;
(c) be capable of suing and being sued in her own name either
in tort or in contract or otherwise and shall be entitled to all
remedies and redress for all purposes; and
(d) be subject to the law relating to bankruptcy and to the
enforcement of judgments and orders,
in all respects as if she were a feme sole.
Property of woman to be held by her as feme sole

52.—(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, all property which —
(a) immediately before 15 September 1961 was the property
(including the separate property) of a married woman or
held for her separate use in equity;
(b) belongs at the time of her marriage to a woman married
after 15 September 1961; or
(c) after 15 September 1961 is acquired by or devolves upon a
married woman,
belongs to her in all respects as if she were a feme sole and may be
disposed of accordingly.

(2) Nothing in subsection (1) —

(a) is to be construed as affecting adversely the right of any
married woman to any property which she had
immediately before 15 September 1961; or
(b) interferes with or renders inoperative any valid restriction
upon anticipation or alienation attached to the enjoyment
of any property by virtue of any provision contained in any
written law in force immediately before 15 September
1961, or in any instrument executed before that date.
(3) Any instrument executed on or after 15 September 1961, insofar
as it purports to attach to the enjoyment of any property by a woman
any restriction upon anticipation or alienation which could not have
been attached to the enjoyment of that property by a man, is void.
(4) For the purposes of this section relating to restrictions upon
anticipation or alienation —
(a) an instrument attaching such a restriction as aforesaid,
executed on or after 15 September 1961, pursuant to an
obligation imposed before that date to attach such a
restriction, is deemed to have been executed before that
date;
(b) a provision contained in an instrument made in exercise of
a special power of appointment is deemed to be contained
in that instrument only and not in the instrument by which
the power was created; and
(c) the will of any testator who dies after 15 September 1961,
is (despite the actual date of the execution thereof) deemed
to have been executed after that date.
Loans by wife to husband

53. Any money or other estate of the wife, lent or entrusted by her to
her husband for the purpose of any trade or business carried on by him
or otherwise, shall be treated as assets of her husband’s estate in the
case of his bankruptcy under reservation of the wife’s claim to a
dividend as a creditor for the amount or value of such money or other
estate after, but not before all claims of the other creditors of the

husband for valuable consideration in money or money’s worth have
been satisfied.
Money and property derived from housekeeping allowance

54. If any question arises as to the right of a husband or wife to
money derived from any allowance made by the husband for the
expenses of the matrimonial home or for similar purposes, or to any
property acquired out of that money, the money or property shall, in
the absence of any agreement between them to the contrary, be treated
as belonging to the husband and the wife in equal shares.
Gifts by husband to wife

55.—(1) Nothing in this Part gives validity, as against creditors of
the husband —
(a) to any gift by a husband to his wife of any property which,
after such gift, continues to be in the order and disposition
or reputed ownership of the husband; or
(b) to any deposit or other investment of moneys of the
husband made by or in the name of his wife in fraud of his
creditors.
(2) Any money deposited or invested in the manner referred to in
subsection (1) may be followed as if this Act had not been passed.
Remedies of married woman for protection and security of

property
56.—(1) Every married woman has in her own name against all
persons, including her husband, the same civil remedies and also,
subject as regards her husband to subsection (3), the same remedies
and redress by way of criminal proceedings for the protection and
security of her own property as if that property belonged to her as a
feme sole.
(2) In any charge or other proceeding under this section, it is
sufficient to allege that property to be her property.
(3) No criminal proceedings shall be taken against a husband or
wife while they are living together as to or concerning any property

claimed by her or him respectively nor while they are living apart as
to or concerning any act done by the husband or wife while they were
living together concerning property claimed by the wife or husband
respectively unless that property has been wrongly taken by the
husband or wife when leaving or deserting or about to leave or desert
the wife or husband respectively.
(4) In any action or proceeding by a woman or by a next friend on
her behalf, the court before which that action or proceeding is
pending has jurisdiction by judgment or order to order payment of the
costs of the opposite party out of property which is subject to a
restraint on anticipation, and may enforce such payment by the
appointment of a receiver and the sale of the property or otherwise as
is just.
Wife’s antenuptial debts and liabilities

57.—(1) A woman after her marriage continues to be liable for all
debts contracted and all contracts entered into or wrongs committed
by her before her marriage, including any sums for which she is liable
as a contributory, either before or after she has been placed on the list
of contributories under and by virtue of the Insolvency, Restructuring
and Dissolution Act 2018.
[40/2018]
(2) A woman mentioned in subsection (1) may be sued for any such
debt and for any liability in damages or otherwise under any such
contract or in respect of any such wrong.
Actions in tort between husband and wife

58.—(1) Subject to this section, each of the parties to a marriage has
the like right of action in tort against the other as if they were not
married.
(2) Where an action in tort is brought by one of the parties to a
marriage against the other during the subsistence of the marriage, the
court may stay the action if it appears —
(a) that no substantial benefit would accrue to either party
from the continuation of the proceedings; or

(b) that the question or questions in issue could more
conveniently be disposed of on an application made
under section 59.
(3) Without affecting subsection (2)(b), the court may, in such an
action, either exercise any power which could be exercised on an
application under section 59, or give such directions as it thinks fit for
the disposal under that section of any question arising in the
proceedings.
Questions between husband and wife as to property to be

decided in summary way
59.—(1) In any question between husband and wife as to the title to
or possession of property, either party may apply by summons or
otherwise in a summary way to the court, and the court may make
such order with respect to the property in dispute and as to the costs of
and consequent on the application as the court thinks fit, or may direct
the application to stand over, and any inquiry touching the matters in
question to be made in such manner as the court thinks fit.
[27/2014]
(2) The court may, if either party so requires, hear any such
application in chambers.
[27/2014]
(3) [Deleted by Act 27 of 2014]

(4) An application may be made under this section by either of the
parties to a marriage even though their marriage has been dissolved or
annulled so long as the application is made within the period of
3 years beginning with the date on which the marriage was dissolved
or annulled.
(5) References in this section to a husband or a wife shall be
construed accordingly.
Married woman as executrix or trustee

60. A married woman who is an executrix or administratrix, alone
or jointly with any other person or persons, of the estate of any
deceased person, or a trustee alone or jointly as aforesaid of property
subject to any trust, may sue or be sued, and may transfer or join in

transferring any movable or immovable property belonging to the

estate or trust without her husband as if she were a feme sole.
Saving of existing settlements and power to make future

settlements
61.—(1) Nothing in this Part shall interfere with or affect any
settlement or agreement for a settlement made or to be made, whether
before or after marriage, respecting the property of any married
woman, or shall interfere with or render inoperative any restriction
against anticipation at present attached or to be hereafter attached to
the enjoyment of any property or income by a woman under any
settlement, agreement for a settlement, will or other instrument.
(2) No restriction against anticipation contained in any settlement
or agreement for a settlement of a woman’s own property, to be made
or entered into by herself, has any validity against debts contracted by
her before marriage, and no settlement or agreement for a settlement
has any greater force or validity against creditors of that woman than
a like settlement or agreement for a settlement made or entered into
by a man would have against his creditors.
Legal representative of married woman

62. For the purposes of this Part, the legal personal representative of
any married woman has, in respect of her estate, the same rights and
liabilities as she would have, and is subject to the same jurisdiction as
she would be, if she were living.
Liability for breach of trust

63. The provisions of this Part as to liabilities of married women
extend to all liabilities by reason of any breach of trust or devastavit
committed by any married woman being a trustee or an executrix or
administratrix either before or after her marriage, and her husband
shall not be subject to those liabilities unless he has acted or
intermeddled in the trust or administration.

PART 7
PROTECTION OF FAMILY
Interpretation of this Part
64. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires —
“applicant” means the person who applies for a protection order
or, where the application is made by a guardian, relative or
person mentioned in section 65(2)(b), or by an individual
mentioned in section 65(2)(c), the family member on whose
behalf the application is made;
“expedited order” means an order made under section 66(1);
“family member”, in relation to a person, means —
(a) a spouse or former spouse of the person;
(b) a child of the person, including an adopted child and a
stepchild;
(c) a father or mother of the person;
(d) a father-in-law or mother-in-law of the person;
(e) a brother or sister of the person; or
(f) any other relative of the person or an incapacitated
person who in the opinion of the court should, in the
circumstances, in either case be regarded as a
member of the family of the person;
“family violence” means the commission of any of the following
acts:
(a) wilfully or knowingly placing, or attempting to place,
a family member in fear of hurt;
(b) causing hurt to a family member by such act which is
known or ought to have been known would result in
hurt;
(c) wrongfully confining or restraining a family member
against his or her will;

(d) causing continual harassment with intent to cause or

knowing that it is likely to cause anguish to a family
member,
but does not include any force lawfully used in self-defence,
or by way of correction towards a child below 21 years of
age;
“hurt” means bodily pain, disease or infirmity;
“incapacitated person” means a person who is wholly or
partially incapacitated or infirm, by reason of physical or
mental disability or ill health or old age;
“protected person” means a person who is protected under a
protection order;
“protection order” means an order made under section 65;
“relative” includes a person who is related through marriage or
adoption;
“shared residence” means the premises at which the parties are,
or have been, living together as members of the same
household.
[27/2014; 7/2016]
Protection order
65.—(1) The court may, upon satisfaction on a balance of
probabilities that family violence has been committed or is likely
to be committed against a family member and that it is necessary for
the protection of the family member, make a protection order
restraining the person against whom the order is made from using
family violence against the family member.
(2) An application for a protection order under this section, or for an
expedited order under section 66, may be made —
(a) by the family member concerned, if that family member is
not below 21 years of age and is not an incapacitated
person;
(b) by a guardian or relative or person responsible for the care
of the family member concerned, or by any person

appointed by the Minister for the purposes of this
paragraph, if that family member is below 21 years of
age or is an incapacitated person; or
(c) despite paragraphs (a) and (b), by an individual below
21 years of age who is married or has been previously
married, if the family member concerned is —
(i) the individual;
(ii) the individual’s child (including an adopted child or a
stepchild) below 21 years of age; or
(iii) a relative below 21 years of age whom the individual
is responsible for the care of.
[7/2016]
(3) A protection order may be made subject to such exceptions or

conditions as may be specified in the order and for such term as may
be specified.
(4) The court, in making a protection order, may include a provision
that the person against whom the order is made may not incite or
assist any other person to commit family violence against the
protected person.
(5) A protection order may, where the court is satisfied on a balance
of probabilities that it is necessary for the protection or personal
safety of the applicant, provide for such orders as the court thinks fit
having regard to all the circumstances of the case, including any one
or more of the following orders:
(a) the granting of the right of exclusive occupation to any
protected person of the shared residence or a specified part
of the shared residence by excluding the person against
whom the order is made from the shared residence or
specified part thereof, regardless of whether the shared
residence is solely owned or leased by the person against
whom the order is made or jointly owned or leased by the
parties;
(b) referring the person against whom the order is made or the
protected person, or both, or their children to attend
counselling provided by such body as the court may direct;

(c) the giving of any such direction as is necessary for and

incidental to the proper carrying into effect of any order
made under this section.
[7/2016]
(6) Except so far as the exercise by the person against whom a

protection order is made of a right to the shared residence is
suspended or restricted, or prohibited or restrained, by virtue of an
order made under subsection (5), such order does not affect any title
or interest that the person against whom the order is made or any other
person might have in the residence.
(7) Where a person against whom a protection order or an expedited
order has been made contravenes the order, the court may, in addition
to any penalty provided for under subsection (8), make (as the case
may be) any one or more of the orders under subsection (5), to
commence from such date as is specified in that new order.
(8) Any person who wilfully contravenes a protection order or an
expedited order or an order made by virtue of subsection (5), except
an order made by virtue of subsection (5)(b), shall be guilty of an
offence and shall be liable on conviction —
(a) to a fine not exceeding $2,000 or to imprisonment for a
term not exceeding 6 months or to both; and
(b) in the case of a second or subsequent conviction, to a fine
not exceeding $5,000 or to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding 12 months or to both.
(9) Subsection (10) applies to a protection order or an expedited
order or an order made by virtue of subsection (5), except an order
made by virtue of subsection (5)(b), if the order relates to a vulnerable
adult.
[27/2018]
(10) Any person who wilfully contravenes an order mentioned in

subsection (9) shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on
conviction —
term not exceeding 12 months or to both; and

(b) in the case of a second or subsequent conviction, to a fine
not exceeding $8,000 or to imprisonment for a term not
[27/2018]
(11) An offence under subsection (8) or (10) is deemed to be a

seizable offence within the meaning of the Criminal Procedure
Code 2010.
[27/2018]
(12) In this section, “vulnerable adult” has the meaning given by

section 2 of the Vulnerable Adults Act 2018.
[27/2018]
Expedited order
66.—(1) Where, upon an application for a protection order under
section 65, the court is satisfied that there is imminent danger of
family violence being committed against the applicant, the court may
make the protection order even though —
(a) the summons has not been served on the respondent or has
not been served on the respondent within a reasonable time
before the hearing of the application; or
(b) the summons requires the respondent to appear at some
time or place.
(2) An expedited order does not take effect until the date on which
notice of the making of the order is served on the respondent in such
manner as may be prescribed or, if the court has specified a later date
as the date on which the order is to take effect, that later date, and an
expedited order ceases to have effect on whichever of the following
dates occurs first:
(a) the date of the expiration of a period of 28 days beginning
with the date of the making of the order;
(b) the date of commencement of the hearing of the application
for an order under this section.
(3) Despite subsection (2), the court may extend the duration of the
expedited order.

Supplementary provisions with respect to orders under

sections 65 and 66
67.—(1) The court, on an application made by the applicant or the
person against whom a protection order or an expedited order is
made, has power by order to vary, suspend or revoke such order.
(2) [Deleted by Act 27 of 2014]
(3) The expiry by virtue of section 66(2) of an expedited order does
not prejudice the making of a further expedited order under that
section.
PART 8
MAINTENANCE OF WIFE,
INCAPACITATED HUSBAND AND CHILDREN
[7/2016]
Duty of parents to maintain children

68. Except where an agreement or order of court otherwise
provides, it shall be the duty of a parent to maintain or contribute
to the maintenance of his or her children, whether they are in his or
her custody or the custody of any other person, and whether they are
legitimate or illegitimate, either by providing them with such
accommodation, clothing, food and education as may be
reasonable having regard to his or her means and station in life or
by paying the cost thereof.
Court may order maintenance of wife, incapacitated husband

and children
69.—(1) The court may, on the application of a wife, and on due
proof that her husband has neglected or refused to provide reasonable
maintenance for her, order the husband to pay a monthly allowance or
a lump sum for the maintenance of that wife.
[7/2016]
(1A) The court may, on the application of an incapacitated husband,

and on due proof that his wife has neglected or refused to provide

reasonable maintenance for him, order the wife to pay a monthly
allowance or a lump sum for the maintenance of that husband.
[7/2016]
(1B) The court may make an order under subsection (1) or (1A)
regardless when the marriage was solemnised, whether before, on or
after 1 July 2016.
[7/2016]
(2) The court may, on due proof that a parent has neglected or
refused to provide reasonable maintenance for his or her child who is
unable to maintain himself or herself, order that parent to pay a
monthly allowance or a lump sum for the maintenance of that child.
[27/2014]
(3) An application for the maintenance of a child under

subsection (2) may be made by —
(a) any person who is a guardian or has the actual custody of
the child;
(b) where the child has attained 21 years of age, by the child
himself or herself;
(c) where the child is below 21 years of age, any of his or her
siblings who has attained 21 years of age; or
(d) any person appointed by the Minister.
(4) The court, when ordering maintenance for a wife, an
incapacitated husband or a child under this section, is to have
regard to all the circumstances of the case including the following
matters:
(a) the financial needs of the wife, incapacitated husband or
child;
(b) the income, earning capacity (if any), property and other
financial resources of the wife, incapacitated husband or
child;
(c) any physical or mental disability of the wife, incapacitated
husband or child;
(d) the age of each party to the marriage and the duration of the
marriage;

(e) the contributions made by each of the parties to the

marriage to the welfare of the family, including any
contribution made by looking after the home or caring for
the family;
(f) the standard of living enjoyed —
(i) by the wife before her husband neglected or refused
to provide reasonable maintenance for her;
(ii) by the incapacitated husband before his wife
neglected or refused to provide reasonable
maintenance for him; or
(iii) by the child before a parent neglected or refused to
provide reasonable maintenance for the child;
(g) in the case of a child, the manner in which the child was
being, and in which the parties to the marriage expected the
child to be, educated or trained; and
(h) the conduct of each of the parties to the marriage, if the
conduct is such that it would in the opinion of the court be
inequitable to disregard it.
[7/2016]
(5) The court shall not make an order under subsection (2) for the
benefit of a child who has attained 21 years of age or for a period that
extends beyond the day on which the child will attain that age unless
the court is satisfied that the provision of the maintenance is
necessary because —
(a) of a mental or physical disability of the child;
(b) the child is or will be serving full-time national service;
(c) the child is or will be or (if an order were made under
subsection (2)) would be receiving instruction at an
educational establishment or undergoing training for a
trade, profession or vocation, whether or not while in
gainful employment; or
(d) special circumstances, other than those stated in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c), exist which justify the
making of the order.

(6) An order under subsection (2) ceases to be in force on the day on
which the child attains 21 years of age unless the order is expressed to
continue in force for a period ending after that day.
(7) An order under subsection (2) may direct payment to the person
having custody or care and control of the child or the trustees of the
child.
(8) When ordering the payment of maintenance under this section
or at any time after the making of the order, the court may, if it
considers just, order the person liable to pay the maintenance to
secure the whole or any part of it by vesting any property belonging to
the person in trustees upon trust to pay the maintenance or any part of
it out of the income from the property, and subject thereto, in trust for
the settlor.
(9) The court has the powers conferred by section 85 in respect of
proceedings relating to maintenance under this section.
Duty to maintain child accepted as member of family

70.—(1) Where a person has accepted a child who is not his or her
child as a member of the person’s family, it shall be the person’s duty
to maintain that child while he or she remains a child, so far as the
father or the mother of the child fails to do so, and the court may make
such orders as may be necessary to ensure the welfare of the child.
(2) The duty imposed by subsection (1) ceases if the child is taken
away by his or her father or mother.
(3) Any sums expended by a person maintaining that child are
recoverable as a debt from the father or mother of the child.
(4) An application for an order under subsection (1) may be made
by —
(a) any person who is a guardian or has the actual custody of
the child;
(b) where the child has attained 21 years of age, the child
himself or herself;
(c) where the child is below 21 years of age, any of his or her
siblings who has attained 21 years of age; or

(d) any person appointed by the Minister.

(5) Subsections (4) to (9) of section 69 apply, with the necessary
modifications, to the making of an order under this section.
Enforcement of maintenance order

71.—(1) If any person fails to make one or more payments required
to be made under a maintenance order, the court which made the
order may do all or any of the following:
(a) for every breach of the order by warrant direct the amount
due to be levied in the manner by law provided for levying
fines imposed by a Magistrate’s Court;
(b) sentence the person to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding one month for each month’s allowance
remaining unpaid;
(c) make a garnishee order in accordance with the Family
Justice Rules made under section 79;
(d) order the person to furnish security against any future
default in maintenance payments by means of a bankerʼs
guarantee which —
(i) must be valid for such period (not exceeding 3 years)
as the court may determine, starting from the date the
order for security is made; and
(ii) must be for an amount not exceeding 3 months of
maintenance payable under the maintenance order;
(e) if the court considers it in the interests of the parties in the
maintenance proceedings or their children to do so, order
the person to undergo financial counselling or such other
similar or related programme as the court may direct;
(f) make a community service order requiring the person to
perform any unpaid community service for up to 40 hours
under the supervision of a community service officer.
[2/2011; 27/2014; 7/2016]
(2) A sentence of imprisonment ordered under subsection (1)(b)

does not affect or diminish the obligation of the person against whom

the maintenance order is made to make the payment or payments
under the maintenance order which that person has failed to make,
except that the court may, if it thinks fit, reduce the amount of any
such payments.
[7/2016]
(2A) The court may make an order under subsection (1)(d), (e) or
(f) even though any arrears of maintenance which gave rise to the
proceedings in which the order is made have been paid up in part or in
whole by the time the order is made.
[2/2011]
(2B) If a person fails to make one or more payments payable under

a maintenance order and an order is made by the court under
subsection (1) stating the amount of arrears, any of the following
persons may lodge a report to a designated credit bureau regarding the
unpaid arrears stated on the order of court:
(a) the person to or for whom the maintenance is payable;
(b) the caregiver of such person;
(c) an authorised representative of such person.
[2/2011]
(2C) The designated credit bureau may, on receipt of the report

mentioned in subsection (2B), provide the information, either on its
own or consolidated with other information pertaining to the credit
payment history of the maintenance defaulter, to the members of the
credit bureau.
[2/2011]
(2D) In this section, “designated credit bureau” means an entity

that —
(a) collects and maintains information about the credit
payment history of a person and provides such
information to its members for the purpose of enabling
its members to assess the creditworthiness of a person; and
(b) has been designated by the Minister as a credit bureau for
the purposes of receiving a report lodged under
subsection (2B).
[2/2011]

(2E) To avoid doubt, a community service order made by the court

under subsection (1)(f) is deemed not to be a community service order
made under the Criminal Procedure Code 2010 and sections 346 to
352 of that Act do not, except as may be provided in this section,
apply to a community service order made under subsection (1)(f).
[2/2011]
(2F) An order made by the court under subsection (1) is to state the
name, Singapore identity card number, contact number and address of
the person who has defaulted on any maintenance payment and the
complainant, except where the court determines it would be
inappropriate to do so in any particular case.
[2/2011]
(3) A maintenance order made by the General Division of the High

Court may be enforced by a Family Court in accordance with
subsection (1) as if that order had been made by the Family Court,
except that a Family Court shall have no power to vary an order of the
General Division of the High Court.
[27/2014; 40/2019]
Bankerʼs guarantee
71A.—(1) Where a person has been ordered by the court under
section 71(1)(d) to furnish a bankerʼs guarantee, that person must
hand the original bankerʼs guarantee to the person to whom
maintenance is owed (called in this section a maintenance
claimant) within one month from the date of the order.
[2/2011; 7/2016]
(2) Where —
(a) a maintenance claimant makes a demand on the bankerʼs
guarantee and no maintenance arrears are owing to the
claimant at the time of the demand; or
(b) the amount paid out under a bankerʼs guarantee to the
maintenance claimant exceeds the actual amount of
maintenance arrears owing to the maintenance claimant
at the time the maintenance claimantʼs demand was made
on the bankerʼs guarantee,
such amount as is payable or paid that is in excess of the amount of
maintenance arrears owing (called in this section the excess) shall be

set off against the amount of any maintenance which becomes
payable by the maintenance defaulter to the maintenance claimant at
any time on or after the date of the demand on the bankerʼs guarantee
(called in this section future maintenance liability).
[2/2011]
(3) Where there is no future maintenance liability against which the

excess may be offset, the maintenance claimant who made the
demand on the bankerʼs guarantee giving rise to that excess must,
upon demand by the maintenance defaulter, refund the excess to the
maintenance defaulter.
[2/2011]
(4) Where a refund is not made as required under subsection (3), the
maintenance defaulter may recover the amount due to the
maintenance defaulter under that subsection from the person liable
to make the refund as if the amount were a civil debt due to the
maintenance defaulter.
[2/2011; 7/2016]
Financial counselling
71B. Where a court has made an order under section 71(1)(e)
requiring a maintenance defaulter to attend financial counselling or
any other related programme but the maintenance defaulter fails to
comply with the order, any of the following persons may make a
complaint to the court regarding such non-compliance:
(a) the person who is to have provided the financial
counselling or conducted such related programme
ordered by the court;
(b) the Director-General, where the court has ordered a
maintenance defaulter to attend financial counselling or
such related programme under the direction or supervision
of the Director-General.
[2/2011; 30/2019]
Community service orders

71C.—(1) A court shall not make a community service order under
section 71(1)(f) against a maintenance defaulter unless the court is

satisfied that suitable arrangements can be made for the maintenance

defaulter to perform community service under such an order.
[2/2011; 7/2016]
(2) Even though a community service order has been made under
subsection (1), the court may, upon an application by a community
service officer and upon being satisfied that the maintenance
defaulter concerned is medically unfit to comply with the
community service order, rescind the order.
[2/2011]
(3) The Minister may —

(a) appoint any person to be a community service officer for
the purposes of this section;
(b) prescribe the duration within which community service to
be performed under a community service order must be
completed; and
(c) make rules under section 180, not inconsistent with the
provisions of this Part, to make further provisions for the
manner in which a community service order may be
performed, including the imposition of additional
requirements and the service of any instructions or
notice on a maintenance defaulter in respect of whom
such an order has been made.
[2/2011; 27/2014]
Rescission and variation of order

72.—(1) On the application of any person receiving or ordered to
pay a monthly allowance under this Part and on proof of a change in
the circumstances of that person, or that person’s wife, incapacitated
husband or child, or for other good cause being shown to the
satisfaction of the court, the court by which the order was made may
rescind the order or may vary it as it thinks fit.
[7/2016]
(2) Without affecting the extent of the discretion conferred upon the
court by subsection (1), the court may, in considering any application
made under this section, take into consideration any change in the
general cost of living which may have occurred between the date of

the making of the order sought to be varied and the date of the hearing
of the application.
Power of court to vary agreement for maintenance of child

73. The court may, at any time and from time to time, vary the terms
of any agreement relating to the maintenance of a child, whether
made before or after 1 June 1981, despite any provision to the
contrary in that agreement, where it is satisfied that it is reasonable
and for the welfare of the child to do so.
Application of section 121

74. Section 121 applies, with the necessary modifications, to any
order for the payment of maintenance under this Part.
Application of Act to orders made under repealed Minor

Offences Ordinance, etc.
75.—(1) All orders made under section 37 of the repealed Minor
Offences Ordinance (Cap. 24, 1936 Revised Edition) or under
section 2 of the repealed Married Women and Children
(Maintenance) Ordinance (Cap. 44, 1955 Revised Edition) and in
force on 15 September 1961 are deemed to have been made under this
Part by a court, and the provisions of this Part apply to the same
accordingly.
[27/2014]
(2) Upon an application to vary any order made under section 37 of

the repealed Minor Offences Ordinance (Cap. 24, 1936 Revised
Edition) or under section 2 of the repealed Married Women and
Children (Maintenance) Ordinance (Cap. 44, 1955 Revised Edition),
the court may make under section 72 any order which it could have
made upon an application under section 69 or under section 2 of the
repealed Married Women and Children (Maintenance) Ordinance
(Cap. 44, 1955 Revised Edition).
Power of Family Court to refuse order where proceedings more

convenient in General Division of High Court
76.—(1) If in the opinion of the Family Court the matters in
question between the parties or any of them would be more

conveniently dealt with by the General Division of the High Court,

the Family Court may refuse to make an order and in that case there
shall be no appeal from its decision.
[27/2014; 40/2019]
(2) The General Division of the High Court has power, by order in
any proceedings in the General Division of the High Court relating to
or comprising the same subject matter as the application refused or
any part thereof under subsection (1), to direct the Family Court to
rehear or determine the same.
[27/2014; 40/2019]
Appeal
77.—(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part and Part 7, an appeal
shall lie from any order or the refusal of any order by a Family Court
under this Part and Part 7 to the Family Division of the High Court
exercising appellate civil jurisdiction under section 23 of the Family
Justice Act 2014.
[27/2014]
(2) All appeals brought under this section shall be by way of

rehearing and the General Division of the High Court has the like
powers and jurisdiction on the hearing of such appeals as the
Appellate Division of the High Court has on the hearing of appeals
from the General Division of the High Court under the Supreme
Court of Judicature Act 1969.
[40/2019]
(3) No appeal made under the provisions of this Part and Part 7
from any order shall operate as a stay of such order unless the General
Division of the High Court or the Family Court so directs.
[27/2014; 40/2019]
Procedure
79.—(1) The Family Justice Rules Committee constituted under
section 46(1) of the Family Justice Act 2014 may make Family
Justice Rules regulating and prescribing the procedure and practice to
be followed for the purposes of this Part and Part 7 and any matters
incidental to or relating to any such procedure or practice.
[7/2016]

(2) Without limiting subsection (1), Family Justice Rules may be
made for the following purposes:
(a) prescribing the procedure for applications to the Family
Court under this Part and Part 7, including the manner in
which any such application is to be made and dealt with,
and the provisions of any written law that will apply to any
such application;
(b) giving effect to sections 65 and 66 and, in particular,
providing for the hearing without delay of any application
for an order under section 65(5)(a);
(c) prescribing how any document may be served on any
person;
(d) prescribing the procedure applicable to appeals from the
Family Court brought under section 77;
(e) prescribing the fees payable in relation to proceedings
under this Part and Part 7.
[7/2016]
(3) The Family Justice Rules may, instead of providing for any
matter under this Part or Part 7, refer to any provision made or to be
made about the matter by practice directions issued for the time being
by the registrar of the Family Justice Courts.
[7/2016]
(4) Unless the Family Justice Rules provide otherwise, an

application to a Family Court under this Part or Part 7 (called in
this subsection the relevant application) —
(a) must be made in the same manner as an application for a
summons is made to a District Court or Magistrate’s Court
under the Criminal Procedure Code 2010; and
(b) is to be dealt with —
(i) as if the relevant application was a complaint for the
purposes of that Code; but
(ii) in accordance with only such provisions of that
Code, and with such provisions of any other written

law, as may be prescribed by the Family Justice

Rules.
[7/2016]
(5) A court before which any application under this Part or Part 7 is
heard may make such order as to costs as it thinks fit.
[7/2016]
(6) All Family Justice Rules referred to in this section must be

presented to Parliament as soon as possible after publication in the
Gazette.
[7/2016]
79A. [Repealed by Act 7 of 2016]
PART 9
ENFORCEMENT OF MAINTENANCE ORDERS
“defendant”, in relation to a maintenance order or a related
attachment of earnings order, means the person liable to make
payments under the maintenance order;
“earnings”, in relation to a defendant, means any sums payable
to the defendant —
(a) by way of wages or salary, including any fees, bonus,
commission, overtime pay or other emoluments
payable in addition to wages or salary by the
person paying the wages or salary or payable under
a contract of service;
(b) by way of pension, including an annuity in respect of
past services, whether or not the services were
rendered to the person paying the annuity, and
including periodical payments by way of
compensation for the loss, abolition or
relinquishment, or any diminution in the
emoluments, of any office or employment;

(c) if the defendant is a self-employed person, by way of
payments received from self-employment;
“employer” means a person by whom, as a principal and not as
an employee or agent, earnings fall to be paid to a defendant,
and references to payment of earnings are to be construed
accordingly;
“maintenance order” means —
(a) an order for the payment of a monthly allowance
made or deemed to be made by a court under Part 8;
(b) an order for the payment of periodical sums by way
of maintenance or alimony to a wife or former wife or
an incapacitated husband or incapacitated former
husband, or by way of maintenance for the benefit of
any child, under Part 10;
(c) an order for maintenance made by the Syariah Court
under the Administration of Muslim Law Act 1966;
(d) an order for maintenance made under the
Maintenance of Parents Act 1995; and
(e) a maintenance order, as defined in section 2 of the
Maintenance Orders (Reciprocal Enforcement)
Act 1975, which is registered or confirmed by the
court under that Act.
[27/2014; 7/2016]
Power of court to make attachment of earnings order

81.—(1) A court may, when ordering the payment of maintenance
under Part 8 or at any time thereafter, if the court considers just, make
an attachment of earnings order to secure payment of the
maintenance.
(2) A Family Court may make an attachment of earnings order to
secure payments the defendant is required to make under a
maintenance order made by the General Division of the High Court.
[27/2014; 40/2019]

Service of attachment of earnings order

81A.—(1) Despite anything in the Criminal Procedure Code 2010,
an attachment of earnings order made by a court may be served on the
person to whom the order is directed by prepaid registered post at the
last known address of his or her place of residence or business
(including the registered address of his or her place of business).
[2/2011]
(2) Any attachment of earnings order sent by prepaid registered

post to any person in accordance with subsection (1) is deemed to be
duly served on the person to whom the order is directed at the time
when the order would in the ordinary course of post be delivered.
[2/2011]
(3) In proving service by prepaid registered post, it is sufficient to

prove that the cover containing the attachment of earnings order was
properly addressed, stamped and posted by prepaid registered post.
[2/2011]
Nature of attachment of earnings order

82.—(1) An attachment of earnings order requires the person to
whom the order in question is directed, being a person appearing to
the court to be the defendant’s employer, to make out of the earnings
falling to be paid to the defendant payments in satisfaction of the
order.
(2) The amount to be prescribed in an attachment of earnings order
is such sum as to the court seems reasonable after taking into account
the resources and needs of the defendant and the needs of persons for
whom the defendant must or reasonably should provide.
(3) An attachment of earnings order must contain, so far as they are
known to the court making the order, such particulars as may be
prescribed for the purpose of enabling the defendant to be identified
by the person to whom the order is directed.
(4) An attachment of earnings order or any variation thereof does
not come into force until the expiration of 7 days from the date when a
copy of the order is served on the person to whom the order is
directed.

(5) An attachment of earnings order must designate the officer to
whom the payments under the order are to be made.
Effect of attachment of earnings order

83.—(1) When an attachment of earnings order is made, all other
proceedings for the enforcement of the related maintenance order
begun before the making of the attachment of earnings order must be
suspended.
(2) The court by which an attachment of earnings order has been
made may, if it thinks fit, on the application of the defendant or a
person entitled to receive payments under the related maintenance
order, make an order discharging or varying the attachment of
earnings order.
(3) An attachment of earnings order ceases to have effect —
(a) upon the issue of a warrant directing that the amount due
under the related maintenance order must be levied in the
manner provided by law for levying fines;
(b) upon the making of an order sentencing the defendant to
imprisonment for failure to comply with the related
maintenance order;
(c) upon the making of a garnishee order under
section 71(1)(c); and
(d) upon the rescission of the related maintenance order.
(4) Where an attachment of earnings order ceases to have effect
under subsection (3), the court making the order must give notice of
the cessation to the person to whom the order was directed.
Duty of defendant and employer to comply with attachment of

earnings order
84.—(1) A person to whom an attachment of earnings order is
directed must, despite anything in any other written law but subject to
the provisions of this Part, comply with the order or, if the order is
subsequently varied under section 83, with the order as so varied.

(2) Where, on any occasion on which earnings fall to be paid to a

defendant, there are in force 2 or more attachment of earnings orders
relating to those earnings, then, for the purpose of complying with
this Part, the employer must —
(a) deal with those orders according to the respective dates on
which they came into force disregarding any later order
until all earlier orders have been dealt with; and
(b) deal with any later order as if the earnings to which it
relates were the residue of the defendant’s earnings after
the making of any payment under this Part pursuant to any
earlier order.
(3) An employer who, pursuant to an attachment of earnings order,
makes a payment under this Part must give to the defendant a
statement in writing specifying the amount of that payment.
(4) A person to whom an attachment of earnings order is directed
who, at the time when a copy of the order is served on the person, has
on no occasion during the period of one month immediately
preceding that time been the defendant’s employer must forthwith
give notice in writing to that effect in the prescribed form to the court
which made the order.
Additional powers of court in attachment of earnings order

proceedings
85.—(1) Where proceedings relating to an attachment of earnings
order are brought in any court, the court may, either before or at the
hearing —
(a) order the defendant to give to the court, within such period
as may be specified by the order, a statement signed by him
or her of —
(i) the name and address of the defendant’s employer, or
of each of the defendant’s employers if he or she has
more than one;
(ii) such particulars as to the defendant’s earnings as may
be so specified; and

(iii) such prescribed particulars as may be so specified for
the purpose of enabling the defendant to be identified
by any employer of his or hers;
(b) order any person appearing to the court to be an employer
of the defendant to give to the court, within such period as
may be specified by the order, a statement signed by the
person or on the person’s behalf of such particulars as may
be specified by the order of all earnings of the defendant
which fell to be paid by that person during such period as
may be so specified; and
(c) order the Central Provident Fund Board to furnish a
statement to the person who took out the proceedings
stating the following information, if such information is
available to the Board based on records kept by the Board:
(i) the name and address of the defendant’s employer or
employers or, if the defendant is unemployed, the
defendant’s last known employer or employers in the
12 months immediately preceding the date of the
order; and
(ii) the contributions (if any) made by the defendant or
his or her employer to the defendant’s Central
Provident Fund account in the 12 months
immediately preceding the date of the order.
[2/2011]
(2) A document purporting to be such a statement as is mentioned in

subsection (1) is, in any such proceedings as are so mentioned, to be
received in evidence and be deemed to be such a statement without
further proof unless the contrary is shown.
(3) In this section, “employer” has the meaning given by
section 2(1) of the Central Provident Fund Act 1953.
[2/2011]

Obligation of defendant and employer to notify changes of

employment and earnings
86. While an attachment of earnings order is in force —
(a) the defendant must from time to time notify in writing the
court which made the order of every occasion on which the
defendant leaves any employment, or becomes employed
or re-employed, not later (in each case) than 7 days from
the date on which the defendant did so;
(b) the defendant must, on any occasion when the defendant
becomes employed or re-employed, include in his or her
notification under paragraph (a) particulars of his or her
earnings and anticipated earnings from the relevant
employment; and
(c) any person who becomes the defendant’s employer and
knows that the order is in force and by what court it was
made must, within 7 days of the person becoming the
defendant’s employer or of acquiring that knowledge
(whichever is the later), notify that court in writing that
the person is the defendant’s employer, and include in that
notification a statement of the defendant’s earnings and
anticipated earnings.
Power of court to determine what are earnings

87.—(1) The court by which an attachment of earnings order has
been made must, on the application of the person to whom the order is
directed or of the defendant or of the person in whose favour the order
was made, determine whether payments to the defendant of a
particular class or description specified by the application are
earnings for the purposes of that order; and the person to whom
the order is directed is entitled to give effect to any determination for
the time being in force under this subsection.
(2) A person to whom an attachment of earnings order is directed
who makes an application under subsection (1) does not incur any
liability for failing to comply with the order as regards any payments
of the class or description specified by the application which are made

by the person to the defendant while the application, or any appeal in
consequence thereof, is pending.
(3) Subsection (2) does not apply as regards such payments if that
person subsequently withdraws the application or abandons the
appeal, as the case may be.
Payment of money under attachment of earnings order

88.—(1) The court to whom an employer pays any sum pursuant to
an attachment of earnings order is to pay that sum to the person
entitled to receive payments under the related maintenance order as is
specified by the attachment of earnings order.
(2) Any sums received by virtue of an attachment of earnings order
by the court are deemed to be payments made by the defendant, so as
to discharge first any sums for the time being due and unpaid under
the related maintenance order (a sum due at an earlier date being
discharged before a sum due at a later date) and secondly any costs
incurred in proceedings relating to the maintenance order which were
payable by the defendant when the attachment of earnings order was
made or last varied.
Earnings paid by Government or out of Consolidated Fund

89.—(1) In relation to earnings falling to be paid by the
Government or out of the Consolidated Fund, the earnings shall be
treated as falling to be paid by the chief officer for the time being of
the department, office or other body concerned.
(2) If any question arises, in connection with any proceedings
relating to an attachment of earnings order, as to what department,
office or other body is concerned for the purposes of this section, or as
to who for those purposes is the chief officer thereof, that question is
to be referred to and determined by the Minister for Finance but that
Minister is not under any obligation to consider a reference under this
subsection unless it is made by a court.
(3) A document purporting to set out a determination of the
Minister for Finance under subsection (2) and to be signed by an
official of the Ministry of Finance is, in any such proceedings as are
mentioned in that subsection, admissible in evidence and deemed to

contain an accurate statement of such a determination unless the

contrary is shown.
Costs of proceedings
90. A court before which proceedings relating to an attachment of
earnings order are brought may make such order as to costs as it
thinks fit.
Penalties for non-compliance with attachment of earnings

order and for giving false notice or statement
91.—(1) Any person who —
(a) fails to comply with section 84(1) or (4) or section 86, or an
order of a court under section 85(1);
(b) gives such a notice as is mentioned in section 84(4) or a
statement pursuant to an order of a court under
section 85(1), which notice or statement the person
knows to be false in a material particular; or
(c) recklessly gives such a notice or statement which is false in
a material particular,
shall, subject to subsection (2), be guilty of an offence and shall be
liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $2,000 or to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both.
(2) It is a defence for a person charged with failing to comply with
section 84(1) to prove that the person took all reasonable steps to
comply with the attachment of earnings order to which the failure
relates.

PART 10
Chapter 1
DIVORCE
“child of the marriage” means any child of the husband and wife,
and includes any adopted child and any other child (whether
or not a child of the husband or of the wife) who was a
member of the family of the husband and wife at the time
when they ceased to live together or at the time immediately
preceding the institution of the proceedings, whichever first
occurred; and for the purposes of this definition, the parties to
a purported marriage that is void are deemed to be husband
and wife;
“desertion” implies an abandonment against the wish of the
person charging it;
“judgment of judicial separation” includes a decree of judicial
separation granted in proceedings for judicial separation
commenced before 1 April 2006;
“writ” means a writ of summons for divorce, presumption of
death and divorce, judicial separation, nullity of marriage or
rescission of a judgment of judicial separation, as the case
may be.
[27/2014]
Jurisdiction of court in matrimonial proceedings

93.—(1) Subject to subsection (2), the court has jurisdiction to hear
proceedings for divorce, presumption of death and divorce, judicial
separation or nullity of marriage only if either of the parties to the
marriage is —
(a) domiciled in Singapore at the time of the commencement
of the proceedings; or

(b) habitually resident in Singapore for a period of 3 years

immediately preceding the commencement of the
proceedings.
(2) In proceedings for nullity of marriage on the ground that the
marriage is void or voidable, the court may, even though the
requirements in subsection (1) are not fulfilled, grant the relief sought
where both parties to the marriage reside in Singapore at the time of
the commencement of the proceedings.
(3) For the purposes of proceedings for nullity of marriage,
“marriage” includes a marriage which is not valid by virtue of any
of the provisions of this Act.
Restriction on filing of writ for divorce during first 3 years of

marriage
94.—(1) No writ for divorce is to be filed in the court unless at the
date of the filing of the writ 3 years have passed since the date of the
marriage.
(2) The court may, upon application being made in accordance with
the Family Justice Rules made under section 139, allow a writ to be
filed before 3 years have passed on the ground that the case is one of
exceptional hardship suffered by the plaintiff or of exceptional
depravity on the part of the defendant, but if it appears to the court at
the hearing of the proceedings that the plaintiff obtained leave to file
the writ by any misrepresentation or concealment of the nature of the
case, the court may —
(a) if it grants an interim judgment, do so subject to the
condition that no application to make the judgment final
may be made until after the expiration of 3 years from the
date of the marriage; or
(b) dismiss the proceedings without prejudice to any
proceedings which may be brought after the expiration
of the said 3 years upon the same, or substantially the same,
facts as those proved in support of the proceedings so
dismissed.
[27/2014]

(3) In determining any application under this section for leave to
file a writ before the expiration of 3 years from the date of the
marriage, the court is to have regard to the interest of any child of the
marriage and to the question whether there is reasonable probability
of a reconciliation between the parties before the expiration of the
said 3 years.
(4) The court may, before determining an application under this
section, refer the differences between the parties to a Conciliation
Officer so that a reconciliation between the parties might be effected.
(5) Nothing in this section is deemed to prohibit the filing of a writ
based upon matters which have occurred before the expiration of
3 years from the date of the marriage.
Parenting programme
94A.—(1) Every prescribed party must complete a parenting
programme within the time prescribed by rules made under
section 180.
[7/2016]
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), different times may be

prescribed for different prescribed parties.
[7/2016]
(3) No writ for divorce, and no counterclaim in proceedings for

divorce, is to be filed in the court by a prescribed party, unless the
prescribed party —
(a) has completed a parenting programme;
(b) is an excluded party; or
(c) is allowed by the court under subsection (4) to do so.
[7/2016]
(4) Despite subsection (3)(a) and (b), even though a prescribed

party has not completed a parenting programme and is not an
excluded party, a court may —
(a) upon the application of the prescribed party, and on such
terms as the court thinks fit, allow the prescribed party to
file in the court a writ for divorce; and

(b) upon the application of the prescribed party or on the

court’s own motion, and on such terms as the court thinks
fit, allow the prescribed party to file in the court a
counterclaim in proceedings for divorce.
[7/2016]
(5) A court hearing any proceedings for divorce may, if the court
considers that doing so is in the interests of the parties to the marriage
and any child of the marriage, at any stage in those proceedings order
either or both of the parties to the marriage to complete a parenting
programme.
[7/2016]
(6) Where any party who is required or ordered under this section to
complete a parenting programme fails to do so, the court may make
such orders as the court thinks fit.
[7/2016]
(7) Without limiting subsection (6), the orders which the court may
make under that subsection include the following orders:
(a) a stay of the proceedings for divorce until the defaulting
party in that subsection completes the parenting
programme;
(b) such order as to costs as the court thinks appropriate
against the defaulting party in that subsection.
[7/2016]
(8) Anything said, any document prepared, and any information

provided, by any person for the purposes of or in the course of
participating in a parenting programme is not to be admitted in
evidence in any court.
[7/2016]
(9) The Minister may —

(a) determine the form, contents and duration of a parenting
programme; and
(b) appoint any person to conduct a parenting programme.
[7/2016]

(10) Each person appointed under subsection (9)(b) to conduct a
parenting programme is to determine whether any person who attends
that programme has completed that programme.
[7/2016]
(11) Any person who is dissatisfied with a determination under

subsection (10) may appeal to the Minister, whose decision is final.
[7/2016]
(12) The Minister may designate the following persons to consider

and determine, in his or her place, any appeal under subsection (11):
(a) any Minister of State or Senior Minister of State, for his or
her Ministry;
(b) any Parliamentary Secretary or Senior Parliamentary
Secretary, for his or her Ministry,
and any reference in that subsection to the Minister includes a
reference to the Minister of State or Senior Minister of State, or the
Parliamentary Secretary or Senior Parliamentary Secretary, so
designated for that appeal.
[7/2016]
(13) No liability shall lie personally against any person appointed

under subsection (9)(b) to conduct a parenting programme who,
acting in good faith and with reasonable care, does or omits to do
anything for the purposes of that parenting programme.
[7/2016]

“excluded party” means a prescribed party who is exempted, by
rules made under section 180, from subsection (1);
“parenting programme” means a programme —
(a) which provides information on matters relating to
marriage, divorce and how divorce may affect a child
of a marriage; and
(b) the form, contents and duration of which are
determined by the Minister under subsection (9)(a);

“prescribed party” means a party to a marriage who is

prescribed, by rules made under section 180, for the
purposes of this section.
[7/2016]
Irretrievable breakdown of marriage to be sole ground for

divorce
95.—(1) Either party to a marriage may file a writ for divorce on the
ground that the marriage has irretrievably broken down.
(2) The court hearing such proceedings must, so far as it reasonably
can, inquire into the facts alleged as causing or leading to the
breakdown of the marriage and, if satisfied that the circumstances
make it just and reasonable to do so, grant a judgment for its
dissolution.
(3) The court hearing any proceedings for divorce is not to hold the
marriage to have broken down irretrievably unless the plaintiff
satisfies the court of one or more of the following facts:
(a) that the defendant has committed adultery and the plaintiff
finds it intolerable to live with the defendant;
(b) that the defendant has behaved in such a way that the
plaintiff cannot reasonably be expected to live with the
defendant;
(c) that the defendant has deserted the plaintiff for a
continuous period of at least 2 years immediately
preceding the filing of the writ;
(d) that the parties to the marriage have lived apart for a
preceding the filing of the writ and the defendant
consents to a judgment being granted;
(e) that the parties to the marriage have lived apart for a
preceding the filing of the writ.
(4) In considering whether it would be just and reasonable to grant a
judgment, the court is to consider all the circumstances, including the
conduct of the parties and how the interests of any child or children of

the marriage or of either party may be affected if the marriage is
dissolved, and it may make an interim judgment subject to such terms
and conditions as the court may think fit to attach; but if it should
appear to the court that in all the circumstances it would be wrong to
dissolve the marriage, the court must dismiss the proceedings.
(5) Where the parties to the marriage have lived with each other for
any period or periods after it became known to the plaintiff that the
defendant had, since the celebration of the marriage, committed
adultery, then —
(a) if the length of that period or of those periods together was
6 months or less, their living with each other during that
period or those periods is to be disregarded in determining
for the purposes of subsection (3)(a) whether the plaintiff
finds it intolerable to live with the defendant; but
(b) if the length of that period or of those periods together
exceeded 6 months, the plaintiff is not entitled to rely on
that adultery for the purposes of subsection (3)(a).
(6) Where the plaintiff alleges that the defendant has behaved in
such a way that the plaintiff cannot reasonably be expected to live
with the defendant, but the parties to the marriage have lived with
each other for a period or periods after the date of the occurrence of
the final incident relied on by the plaintiff and held by the court to
support the plaintiff’s allegation, that fact is to be disregarded in
determining for the purposes of subsection (3)(b) whether the
plaintiff cannot reasonably be expected to live with the defendant
if the length of that period or of those periods together was 6 months
or less.
(7) In considering for the purposes of subsection (3) whether the
period for which the defendant has deserted the plaintiff or the period
for which the parties to a marriage have lived apart has been
continuous, no account is to be taken of any one period (not
exceeding 6 months) or of any 2 or more periods (not exceeding
6 months in all) during which the parties resumed living with each
other, but no period during which the parties lived with each other
counts as part of the period of desertion or of the period for which the
parties to the marriage lived apart, as the case may be.

(8) References in this section to the parties to a marriage living with

each other shall be construed as references to their living with each
other in the same household.
Rules to provide for agreements to be referred to court

96. Provision may be made by the Family Justice Rules made under
section 139 for enabling the parties to a marriage, or either of them,
on application made either before or after the filing of the writ for
divorce, to refer to the court any agreement or arrangement made or
proposed to be made between them, being an agreement or
arrangement which relates to, arises out of, or is connected with,
the proceedings for divorce which are contemplated or have begun
(as the case may be), and for enabling the court to express an opinion,
should the court think it desirable to do so, as to the reasonableness of
the agreement or arrangement and to give such directions (if any) in
the matter as the court thinks fit.
[27/2014]
Intervention of Attorney-General
97.—(1) In the case of any proceedings for divorce —
(a) the court may, if it thinks fit, direct all necessary papers to
be sent to the Attorney-General, and the Attorney-General
may argue before the court any question in relation to the
matter which the court considers it necessary or expedient
to be fully argued; and
(b) any person may, at any time during the progress of the
proceedings or before the interim judgment is made final,
give information to the Attorney-General on any matter
material to the due decision of the case, and the
Attorney-General may thereupon take such steps as he or
she considers necessary or expedient.
(2) If the Attorney-General intervenes or shows cause against an
interim judgment in any proceedings for divorce, the court may order
one or more of the parties to the proceedings to pay the costs of the
Attorney-General.

Relief for defendant in divorce proceedings
98. If in any proceedings for divorce the defendant alleges and
proves any such fact as is mentioned in section 95(3) (treating the
defendant as the plaintiff and the plaintiff as the defendant for the
purposes of that subsection), the court may give to the defendant the
relief to which the defendant would be entitled if he or she had filed a
writ seeking that relief.
Interim judgment and proceedings thereafter

99.—(1) Every judgment of divorce is in the first instance an
interim judgment and must not be made final before the expiration of
3 months from its grant unless the court by general or special order
from time to time fixes a shorter period.
(2) Where a judgment of divorce has been granted but not made
final, then without prejudice to section 97, any person may show
cause why the judgment should not be made final by reason of the
material facts not having been brought before the court, and in such a
case the court may —
(a) notwithstanding subsection (1), make the judgment final;
(b) rescind the interim judgment;
(c) require further inquiry; or
(d) otherwise deal with the case as it thinks fit.
(3) Where an interim judgment of divorce has been granted and no
application for it to be made final has been made by the party to
whom it was granted, then, at any time after the expiration of
3 months from the earliest date on which that party could have made
such an application, the party against whom it was granted may make
an application to the court and on that application the court may —
(a) notwithstanding subsection (1), make the judgment final;
(b) rescind the interim judgment;
(c) require further inquiry; or
(d) otherwise deal with the case as it thinks fit.

Proceedings for interim judgment of presumption of death and

divorce
100.—(1) Any married person who alleges that reasonable grounds
exist for supposing that the other party to the marriage is dead may
file a writ to have it presumed that the other party is dead and to have
the marriage dissolved, and the court, if satisfied that such reasonable
grounds exist, may make an interim judgment of presumption of
death and of divorce.
(2) In any such proceedings, the fact that for a period of 7 years or
more the other party to the marriage has been continually absent from
the plaintiff, and the plaintiff has no reason to believe that the other
party has been living within that time, is evidence that the other party
is dead until the contrary is proved.
(3) Section 99 applies to a writ and a judgment under this section as
it applies to a writ for divorce and a judgment of divorce, respectively.
Chapter 2
JUDICIAL SEPARATION
Judicial separation
101.—(1) A writ for judicial separation may be filed in court by
either party to a marriage on the ground and circumstances set out in
section 95(3), and that section applies, with the necessary
modifications, in relation to such a writ as it applies in relation to a
writ for divorce.
(2) Where a court grants a judgment of judicial separation, it is no
longer obligatory for the plaintiff to cohabit with the defendant.
(3) The court may, on an application by writ of the spouse against
whom a judgment of judicial separation has been made and on being
satisfied that the allegations in the writ are true, rescind the judgment
at any time on the ground that it was obtained in the absence of the
plaintiff or, if desertion was the ground of the judgment, that there
was reasonable cause for the alleged desertion.

Judicial separation no bar to writ for divorce
102.—(1) A person is not prevented from filing a writ for divorce,
or the court from pronouncing a judgment of divorce, by reason only
that the plaintiff or defendant has at any time been granted a judicial
separation upon the same or substantially the same facts as those
proved in support of the writ for divorce.
(2) On any such writ for divorce, the court may treat the judgment
of judicial separation as sufficient proof of the adultery, desertion or
other ground on which it was granted, but the court must not grant a
judgment of divorce without receiving evidence from the plaintiff.
(3) For the purposes of any such writ for divorce, a period of
desertion immediately preceding the institution of proceedings for a
judgment of judicial separation is, if the parties have not resumed
cohabitation and the judgment has been continuously in force since it
was granted, deemed immediately to precede the filing of the writ for
divorce.
Judicially separated spouses not entitled to claim in intestacy of

each other
103. If, while a judgment of judicial separation is in force and the
separation is continuing, either of the parties whose marriage is the
subject of the judgment dies intestate after 1 June 1981, all or any of
his or her movable or immovable property devolves as if the other
party to the marriage had been then dead.
Chapter 3
NULLITY OF MARRIAGE
Writ for nullity of marriage
104. Any husband or wife may file a writ claiming for a judgment
of nullity in respect of his or her marriage.
Grounds on which marriage is void

105. A marriage which takes place after 1 June 1981 is void on the
following grounds only:

(a) that it is not a valid marriage by virtue of sections 3(4), 5, 9,

10, 11, 12 and 22;
(aa) where the marriage was solemnised on or after 1 October
2016, that it is not a valid marriage by virtue of
section 11A; or
(b) where the marriage was celebrated outside Singapore, that
the marriage is invalid —
(i) for lack of capacity; or
(ii) by the law of the place in which it was celebrated.
[7/2016]
Grounds on which marriage is voidable

106. A marriage which takes place after 1 June 1981 is voidable on
the following grounds only:
(a) that the marriage has not been consummated owing to the
incapacity of either party to consummate it;
(b) that the marriage has not been consummated owing to the
wilful refusal of the defendant to consummate it;
(c) that either party to the marriage did not validly consent to
it, whether in consequence of duress, mistake, mental
disorder or otherwise;
(d) that at the time of the marriage either party, though capable
of giving a valid consent, was suffering (whether
continuously or intermittently) from mental disorder
within the meaning of the Mental Health (Care and
Treatment) Act 2008 of such a kind or to such an extent
as to be unfit for marriage;
(e) that at the time of the marriage the defendant was suffering
from venereal disease in a communicable form;
(f) that at the time of the marriage the defendant was pregnant
by some person other than the plaintiff.
[21/2008]

Bars to relief where marriage is voidable
107.—(1) The court shall not, in proceedings instituted after 1 June
1981, grant a judgment of nullity on the ground that a marriage is
voidable (whether the marriage took place before or after that date) if
the defendant satisfies the court that —
(a) the plaintiff, with knowledge that it was open to him or her
to have the marriage avoided, so conducted himself or
herself in relation to the defendant as to lead the defendant
reasonably to believe that the plaintiff would not seek to do
so; and
(b) it would be unjust to the defendant to grant the judgment.
(2) Without prejudice to subsection (1), the court shall not grant a
judgment of nullity on the grounds mentioned in section 106(c), (d),
(e) or (f) unless it is satisfied that proceedings were instituted within
3 years from the date of the marriage.
(3) Without prejudice to subsections (1) and (2), the court shall not
grant a judgment of nullity on the grounds mentioned in
section 106(e) or (f) unless it is satisfied that the plaintiff was, at
the time of the marriage, ignorant of the facts alleged.
(4) Subsection (1) replaces, in relation to the grounds mentioned in
section 106, any rule of law whereby a judgment may be refused by
reason of approbation, ratification or lack of sincerity on the part of
the plaintiff or on similar grounds.
Marriage governed by foreign law

108. Where, apart from this Act, any matter affecting the validity of
a marriage would fall to be determined (in accordance with the rules
of private international law) by reference to the law of a country
outside Singapore, nothing in section 105, 106 or 107 —
(a) precludes the determination of the matter as aforesaid; or
(b) requires the application to the marriage of the grounds or
bars to relief mentioned in those sections except so far as
are applicable in accordance with those rules.

Application of sections 97 and 99 to nullity proceedings

109. Sections 97 and 99 apply in relation to proceedings for nullity
of marriage as if for any reference in those sections to divorce there
were substituted a reference to nullity of marriage.
Effect of judgment of nullity in case of voidable marriage

110.—(1) If the court finds that the plaintiff’s case has been proved,
it shall grant a judgment of nullity.
(2) A judgment of nullity granted after 1 June 1981 on the ground
that a marriage is voidable operates to annul the marriage only as
respects any time after the judgment has been made final, and the
marriage shall, despite the judgment, be treated as if it had existed up
to that time.
Legitimacy of children of annulled marriages

111.—(1) Where a marriage is annulled, any child who would have
been the legitimate child of the parties to the marriage if it had been
dissolved, instead of being annulled, at the date of the judgment is
deemed to be their legitimate child, despite the annulment.
(2) The child of a void marriage born on or after 2 May 1975 is
deemed to be the legitimate child of his or her parents if, at the date of
such void marriage, both or either of the parties reasonably believed
that the marriage was valid.
Chapter 4
FINANCIAL PROVISIONS
CONSEQUENT ON MATRIMONIAL
PROCEEDINGS
Power of court to order division of matrimonial assets
112.—(1) The court has power, when granting or subsequent to the
grant of a judgment of divorce, judicial separation or nullity of
marriage, to order the division between the parties of any matrimonial
asset or the sale of any such asset and the division between the parties
of the proceeds of the sale of any such asset in such proportions as the
court thinks just and equitable.

(2) It is the duty of the court in deciding whether to exercise its
powers under subsection (1) and, if so, in what manner, to have regard
to all the circumstances of the case, including the following matters:
(a) the extent of the contributions made by each party in
money, property or work towards acquiring, improving or
maintaining the matrimonial assets;
(b) any debt owing or obligation incurred or undertaken by
either party for their joint benefit or for the benefit of any
child of the marriage;
(c) the needs of the children (if any) of the marriage;
(d) the extent of the contributions made by each party to the
welfare of the family, including looking after the home or
caring for the family or any aged or infirm relative or
dependant of either party;
(e) any agreement between the parties with respect to the
ownership and division of the matrimonial assets made in
contemplation of divorce;
(f) any period of rent-free occupation or other benefit enjoyed
by one party in the matrimonial home to the exclusion of
the other party;
(g) the giving of assistance or support by one party to the other
party (whether or not of a material kind), including the
giving of assistance or support which aids the other party in
the carrying on of his or her occupation or business; and
(h) the matters referred to in section 114(1) so far as they are
relevant.
(3) The court may make all such other orders and give such
directions as may be necessary or expedient to give effect to any order
made under this section.
(4) The court may, at any time it thinks fit, extend, vary, revoke or
discharge any order made under this section, and may vary any term
or condition upon or subject to which any such order has been made.
(5) In particular, but without limiting subsections (3) and (4), the
court may make any one or more of the following orders:

(a) an order for the sale of any matrimonial asset or any part
thereof, and for the division, vesting or settlement of the
proceeds;
(b) an order vesting any matrimonial asset owned by both
parties jointly in both the parties in common in such shares
as the court considers just and equitable;
(c) an order vesting any matrimonial asset or any part thereof
in either party;
(d) an order for any matrimonial asset, or the sale proceeds
thereof, to be vested in any person (including either party)
to be held on trust for such period and on such terms as may
be specified in the order;
(e) an order postponing the sale or vesting of any share in any
matrimonial asset, or any part of such share, until such
future date or until the occurrence of such future event or
until the fulfilment of such condition as may be specified in
the order;
(f) an order granting to either party, for such period and on
such terms as the court thinks fit, the right personally to
occupy the matrimonial home to the exclusion of the other
party;
(g) an order for the payment of a sum of money by one party to
the other party.
(6) Where under any order made under this section one party is or
may become liable to pay to the other party a sum of money, the court
may direct that it must be paid either in one sum or in instalments, and
either with or without security, and otherwise in such manner and
subject to such conditions (including a condition requiring the
payment of interest) as the court thinks fit.
(7) Where, pursuant to this section, the court makes an order for the
sale of any matrimonial asset and for the division, application or
settlement of the proceeds, the court may appoint a person to sell the
asset and divide, apply or settle the proceeds accordingly; and the
execution of any instrument by the person so appointed has the same

force and validity as if it had been executed by the person in whom
the asset is vested.
(8) Any order under this section may be made upon such terms and
subject to such conditions (if any) as the court thinks fit.
(9) Where the court, by any order under this section, appoints a
person (including the Registrar or other officer of the court) to act as a
trustee or to sell any matrimonial asset and to divide, apply and settle
the proceeds thereof, the court may make provision in that order for
the payment of remuneration to that person and for the
reimbursement of that person’s costs and expenses.
(10) In this section, “matrimonial asset” means —
(a) any asset acquired before the marriage by one party or both
parties to the marriage —
(i) ordinarily used or enjoyed by both parties or one or
more of their children while the parties are residing
together for shelter or transportation or for
household, education, recreational, social or
aesthetic purposes; or
(ii) which has been substantially improved during the
marriage by the other party or by both parties to the
marriage; and
(b) any other asset of any nature acquired during the marriage
by one party or both parties to the marriage,
but does not include any asset (not being a matrimonial home) that
has been acquired by one party at any time by gift or inheritance and
that has not been substantially improved during the marriage by the
other party or by both parties to the marriage.
Power of court to order maintenance

113.—(1) The court may order a man to pay maintenance to his
wife or former wife, or order a woman to pay maintenance to her
incapacitated husband or incapacitated former husband —
(a) during the course of any matrimonial proceedings; or

(b) when granting or subsequent to the grant of a judgment of

divorce, judicial separation or nullity of marriage.
[7/2016]
(2) The court may make an order under this section regardless when
the marriage was solemnised, whether before, on or after 1 July 2016.
[7/2016]
Assessment of maintenance
114.—(1) In determining the amount of any maintenance to be paid
by a man to his wife or former wife, or by a woman to her
incapacitated husband or incapacitated former husband, the court
must have regard to all the circumstances of the case including the
following matters:
(a) the income, earning capacity, property and other financial
resources which each of the parties to the marriage has or is
likely to have in the foreseeable future;
(b) the financial needs, obligations and responsibilities which
each of the parties to the marriage has or is likely to have in
the foreseeable future;
(c) the standard of living enjoyed by the family before the
breakdown of the marriage;
(d) the age of each party to the marriage and the duration of the
marriage;
(e) any physical or mental disability of either of the parties to
the marriage;
(f) the contributions made by each of the parties to the
marriage to the welfare of the family, including any
contribution made by looking after the home or caring for
the family; and
(g) in the case of proceedings for divorce or nullity of
marriage, the value to either of the parties to the
marriage of any benefit (for example, a pension) which,
by reason of the dissolution or annulment of the marriage
that party will lose the chance of acquiring.
[7/2016]

(2) In exercising its powers under this section, the court is to
endeavour to place the parties, so far as it is practicable and, having
regard to their conduct, just to do so, in the financial position in which
they would have been if the marriage had not broken down and each
had properly discharged his or her financial obligations and
responsibilities towards the other.
Power of court to order security for maintenance

115.—(1) A maintenance order may provide for the payment of a
lump sum or such periodical payment as the court may determine.
(2) The court may, when awarding maintenance, order the person
liable to pay such maintenance to secure the whole or any part of it by
vesting any property in trustees upon trust to pay the maintenance or
part thereof out of the income from that property and, subject thereto,
in trust for the settlor.
Compounding of maintenance
116. An agreement for the payment, in money or other property, of
a capital sum in settlement of all future claims to maintenance, is not
effective until it has been approved, or approved subject to
conditions, by the court, but when so approved is a good defence
to any claim for maintenance.
Duration of orders for maintenance

117. Except where an order for maintenance is expressed to be for
any shorter period or where any such order has been rescinded, an
order for maintenance expires —
(a) if the maintenance was unsecured —
(i) on the death of either spouse or former spouse;
(ii) in the case of maintenance payable to a former
wife — upon her remarriage; or
(iii) in the case of maintenance payable to an
incapacitated former husband — upon his
remarriage; or

(b) if the maintenance was secured —

(i) in the case of maintenance payable to a wife — on
her death;
(ii) in the case of maintenance payable to a former
wife — on her death or upon her remarriage;
(iii) in the case of maintenance payable to an
incapacitated husband — on his death; or
(iv) in the case of maintenance payable to an
incapacitated former husband — on his death or
upon his remarriage.
[7/2016]
Power of court to vary orders for maintenance

118. The court may at any time vary or rescind any subsisting order
for maintenance, whether secured or unsecured, on the application of
the person in whose favour or of the person against whom the order
was made, or, in respect of secured maintenance, of the legal personal
representatives of the latter, where it is satisfied that the order was
based on any misrepresentation or mistake of fact or where there has
been any material change in the circumstances.
Power of court to vary agreements for maintenance

119. Subject to section 116, the court may at any time and from time
to time vary the terms of any agreement as to maintenance made
between husband and wife, whether made before or after 1 June 1981,
where it is satisfied that there has been any material change in the
circumstances and despite any provision to the contrary in any such
agreement.
Maintenance payable under order of court to be inalienable

120. Maintenance payable to any person under any order of court is
not assignable or transferable or liable to be attached, sequestered or
levied upon for, or in respect of, any debt or claim whatsoever.

Recovery of arrears of maintenance
121.—(1) Subject to subsection (3), arrears of unsecured
maintenance, whether payable by arrangement or under an order of
court, are recoverable as a debt from the defaulter and, where they
accrued due before the making of a bankruptcy order against the
defaulter, are provable in the defaulter’s bankruptcy and, where they
accrued due before the defaulter’s death, are a debt due from the
defaulter’s estate.
[7/2016]
(2) Subject to subsection (3), arrears of unsecured maintenance

which accrued due before the death of the person entitled thereto are
recoverable as a debt by the legal personal representatives of such
person.
(3) No amount owing as maintenance is recoverable in any suit if it
accrued due more than 3 years before the institution of the suit unless
the court, under special circumstances, otherwise allows.
Chapter 4A
FINANCIAL RELIEF
CONSEQUENTIAL ON FOREIGN
MATRIMONIAL PROCEEDINGS
Interpretation and application of this Chapter
121A.—(1) In this Chapter, unless the context otherwise
requires —
“applicant” means the person who applies for an order for
financial relief;
“country” includes a territory;
“judicial or other proceedings” includes acts which constitute
the means by which a divorce, an annulment of marriage or a
legal separation may be obtained in a country and which are
done in compliance with the law of that country;
“matrimonial asset” has the meaning given by section 112(10);

“order for financial relief” means an order made under

section 121G of a description mentioned in that section.
[2/2011]
(2) This Chapter only applies to proceedings, decrees, orders or

judgments commenced, made or given (as the case may be) on or
after 1 June 2011.
[2/2011]
Applications for financial relief after overseas divorce, etc.

121B. Where —
(a) a marriage has been dissolved or annulled, or the parties to
a marriage have been legally separated, by means of
judicial or other proceedings in a foreign country; and
(b) the divorce, annulment or judicial separation is entitled to
be recognised as valid in Singapore under Singapore law,
either party to the marriage may apply to the court in the manner
prescribed in the Family Justice Rules made under section 139 for an
order for financial relief under this Chapter.
[2/2011; 27/2014]
Jurisdiction of court
121C. The court has jurisdiction to hear an application for an order
for financial relief only if —
(a) one of the parties to the marriage was domiciled in
Singapore on the date of the application for leave under
section 121D or was so domiciled on the date on which the
divorce, annulment or judicial separation obtained in a
foreign country took effect in that country; or
(b) one of the parties to the marriage was habitually resident in
Singapore for a continuous period of one year immediately
preceding the date of the application for leave under
section 121D or was so resident for a continuous period of
one year immediately preceding the date on which the
divorce, annulment or judicial separation obtained in a
foreign country took effect in that country.
[2/2011]

Leave of court required for applications for financial relief
121D.—(1) No application for an order for financial relief is to be
made unless the leave of the court has been obtained in accordance
with the Family Justice Rules made under section 139.
[2/2011; 27/2014]
(2) The court shall not grant leave unless it considers that there is
substantial ground for the making of an application for such an order.
[2/2011]
(3) The court may grant leave under this section even though an
order has been made by a court of competent jurisdiction in a foreign
country requiring the other party to the marriage to make any
payment or transfer any matrimonial asset to the applicant or a child
of the marriage.
[2/2011]
(4) Leave under this section may be granted subject to such

conditions as the court thinks fit.
[2/2011]
Interim orders for financial provision

121E.—(1) Where leave is granted under section 121D and it
appears to the court that the applicant or any child of the marriage is
in immediate financial need, the court may make an interim order
for —
(a) a man to make financial provision for his wife or former
wife (as the case may be) or any child of the marriage;
(aa) a woman to make financial provision for her incapacitated
husband or incapacitated former husband (as the case may
be) or for any child of the marriage; or
(b) a parent to make financial provision for any child of the
marriage.
[2/2011; 7/2016]
(2) An interim order under subsection (1) may be made for such
term, being a term beginning not earlier than the date of the grant of
leave and ending with the date of the determination of the application
for an order for financial relief, as the court thinks reasonable.
[2/2011]

(3) An interim order under subsection (1) may be made subject to

such conditions as the court thinks fit.
[2/2011]
Duty of court to consider whether Singapore is appropriate

forum for application
121F.—(1) Before making an order for financial relief, the court is
to consider whether in all the circumstances of the case, it would be
appropriate for such an order to be made by a court in Singapore, and
if the court is not satisfied that it would be appropriate, the court must
dismiss the application.
[2/2011]
(2) The court is to, in particular, have regard to the following

matters:
(a) the connection which the parties to the marriage have with
Singapore;
(b) the connection which those parties have with the country in
which the marriage was dissolved or annulled or in which
judicial separation was obtained;
(c) the connection which those parties have with any other
foreign country;
(d) any financial benefit which the applicant or a child of the
marriage has received, or is likely to receive, in
consequence of the divorce, annulment or judicial
separation, by virtue of any agreement or the operation
of the law of a foreign country;
(e) in a case where an order has been made by a court of
competent jurisdiction in a foreign country requiring the
other party to the marriage to make any payment or transfer
any property for the benefit of the applicant or a child of
the marriage, the financial relief given by the order and the
extent to which the order has been complied with or is
likely to be complied with;
(f) any right which the applicant has, or has had, to apply for
financial relief from the other party to the marriage under

the law of any foreign country, and if the applicant has
omitted to exercise that right, the reason for that omission;
(g) the availability in Singapore of any matrimonial asset in
respect of which an order made under section 121G in
favour of the applicant could be made;
(h) the extent to which any order made under section 121G is
likely to be enforceable;
(i) the length of time which has elapsed since the date of the
divorce, annulment or judicial separation.
[2/2011]
Orders for financial relief

121G.—(1) On an application by a party to a marriage for an order
for financial relief, the court may make any one or more of the orders
which it could have made under section 112, 113 or 127(1) in the like
manner as if a decree of divorce, nullity or judicial separation in
respect of the marriage had been granted in Singapore.
[2/2011]
(2) Sections 112(2) to (10), 114 to 121 and 127(2) apply, with the
necessary modifications, and as appropriate, to an order made under
subsection (1).
[2/2011]
(3) Upon the court making a secured order under subsection (1) or
at any time thereafter, the court may make any order which the court
could have made if the secured order had been made under
section 112, 115 or 127.
[2/2011]
Chapter 5
WELFARE OF CHILDREN
Meaning of “child”
122. In this Chapter, wherever the context so requires, “child”
means a child of the marriage as defined in section 92 but who is
below 21 years of age.

Arrangements for welfare of children

123.—(1) Subject to this section, the court shall not make final any
judgment of divorce or nullity of marriage or grant a judgment of
judicial separation unless the court is satisfied as respects every
child —
(a) that arrangements have been made for the welfare of the
child and that those arrangements are satisfactory or are the
best that can be devised in the circumstances; or
(b) that it is impracticable for the party or parties appearing
before the court to make any such arrangements.
(2) The court may, if it thinks fit, proceed without observing the
requirements of subsection (1) if —
(a) it appears that there are circumstances making it desirable
that the interim judgment be made final or (as the case may
be) that the judgment of judicial separation should be
granted without delay; and
(b) the court has obtained a satisfactory undertaking from
either or both of the parties to bring the question of the
arrangements for the child before the court within a
specified time.
(3) In this section and section 124, “welfare”, in relation to a child,
includes the custody and education of the child and financial
provision for him or her.
Orders on welfare of children

124. In any proceedings for divorce, judicial separation or nullity of
marriage, the court may, at any stage of the proceedings, or after a
final judgment has been granted, make such orders as it thinks fit with
respect to the welfare of any child and may vary or discharge the said
orders, and may, if it thinks fit, direct that proceedings be commenced
for placing the child under the protection of the court.
[7/2016]

Paramount consideration to be welfare of child
125.—(1) The court may at any time by order place a child in the
custody, or in the care and control, of the child’s father or mother or
(where there are exceptional circumstances making it undesirable that
the child be entrusted to either parent) of any other relative of the
child or of any organisation or association the objects of which
include child welfare, or of any other suitable person.
[7/2016]
(2) In deciding in whose custody, or in whose care and control, a

child should be placed, the paramount consideration is to be the
welfare of the child and subject to this, the court is to have regard —
(a) to the wishes of the parents of the child; and
(b) to the wishes of the child, where he or she is of an age to
express an independent opinion.
[7/2016]
Orders subject to conditions

126.—(1) An order for custody may be made subject to such
conditions as the court may think fit to impose and, subject to such
conditions (if any) as may from time to time apply, entitles the person
given custody to decide all questions relating to the upbringing and
education of the child.
(2) Without limiting subsection (1), an order for custody may —
(a) contain conditions as to the place where the child is to
reside, as to the manner of his or her education and as to the
religion in which he or she is to be brought up;
(b) provide for the child to be temporarily in the care and
control of some person other than the person given
custody;
(c) provide for the child to visit a parent deprived of custody,
or any member of the family of a parent who is dead or has
been deprived of custody, at such times and for such
periods as the court may consider reasonable;
(d) give a parent deprived of custody or any member of the
family of a parent who is dead or has been deprived of

custody the right of access to the child at such times and

with such frequency as the court may consider reasonable;
or
(e) prohibit the person given custody from taking the child out
of Singapore.
(2A) An order for the care and control of a child may be made
subject to such conditions as the court may think fit to impose.
[7/2016]
(2B) Without limiting subsection (2A), an order for the care and
control of a child may —
(a) contain conditions as to the place where the child is to
reside;
(b) provide for the child to visit a parent who does not have
custody or care and control of the child, or any member of
the family of a parent who is dead or does not have custody
or care and control of the child, at such times and for such
periods as the court may consider reasonable;
(c) give a parent who does not have custody or care and
control of the child, or any member of the family of a
parent who is dead or does not have custody or care and
control of the child, the right of access to the child at such
times and with such frequency as the court may consider
reasonable; or
(d) prohibit the person given care and control of the child from
taking the child out of Singapore.
[7/2016]
(3) Despite subsections (1) and (2A), where an order for custody, or
an order for care and control, is in force, a person must not take the
child who is the subject of the order out of Singapore, except with the
written consent of both parents or the leave of the court.
[7/2016]
(4) Subsection (3) does not prevent the taking out of Singapore for a
period of less than one month of the child by the person given
custody, or care and control, of the child or by any other person who

has the written consent of the person given custody, or care and
control, of the child to take the child out of Singapore.
[7/2016]
(5) Any person who contravenes subsection (3) shall be guilty of an

both.
Power of court to order maintenance for children

127.—(1) During the pendency of any matrimonial proceedings or
when granting or at any time subsequent to the grant of a judgment of
divorce, judicial separation or nullity of marriage, the court may order
a parent to pay maintenance for the benefit of his or her child in such
manner as the court thinks fit.
(2) The provisions of Parts 8 and 9 apply, with the necessary
modifications, to an application for maintenance and a maintenance
order made under subsection (1).
Power of court to vary order for custody, etc.

128. The court may at any time vary or rescind any order for the
custody, or the care and control, of a child on the application of any
interested person, where it is satisfied that the order was based on any
misrepresentation or mistake of fact or where there has been any
material change in the circumstances.
[7/2016]
Power of court to vary agreement for custody, etc.

129. The court may, at any time and from time to time, vary the
terms of any agreement relating to the custody, or the care and
control, of a child, regardless when the agreement was made, despite
any provision to the contrary in that agreement, where it is satisfied
that it is reasonable and for the welfare of the child to do so.
[7/2016]
Court to have regard to advice of welfare officers, etc.

130. When considering any question relating to the custody, or the
care and control, of any child, the court is to, whenever it is

practicable, have regard to the advice of a person, whether or not a

public officer, who is trained or experienced in child welfare but is
not bound to follow such advice.
[2/2011; 7/2016]
Power of court to restrain taking of child out of Singapore

131.—(1) The court may, on the application of the father or mother
of a child —
(a) where any matrimonial proceedings are pending; or
(b) where, under any agreement or order of court, one parent
has custody, or care and control, of the child to the
exclusion of the other,
issue an injunction restraining the other parent from taking the child
out of Singapore or may give leave for such child to be taken out of
Singapore either unconditionally or subject to such conditions or such
undertaking as the court may think fit.
[7/2016]
(2) The court may, on the application of any interested person, issue
an injunction restraining any person, other than a person having
custody, or care and control, of a child, from taking the child out of
Singapore.
[7/2016]
Power of court to set aside and prevent dispositions intended to

defeat claims to maintenance
132.—(1) Where —
(a) any matrimonial proceedings are pending;
(b) an order has been made under section 112 and has not been
complied with;
(c) an order for maintenance has been made under section 113
or 127 and has not been rescinded;
(d) maintenance is payable under any agreement to or for the
benefit of a wife or former wife, an incapacitated husband
or incapacitated former husband, or a child; or

(e) an order has been made under section 121E or 121G and
has not been rescinded or complied with,
the court has power on application —
(f) to set aside any disposition of property, if it is satisfied that
the disposition of property has been made within the
preceding 3 years, with the object on the part of the person
making the disposition of —
(i) reducing that person’s means to pay maintenance; or
(ii) depriving that person’s wife, former wife,
incapacitated husband or incapacitated former
husband of any rights in relation to that property; and
(g) if it is satisfied that any disposition of property is intended
to be made with any such object, to grant an injunction
preventing that disposition.
[2/2011; 7/2016]

“disposition” includes a sale, gift, lease, mortgage or any other
transaction whereby ownership or possession of the property
is transferred or encumbered but does not include a
disposition made for money or money’s worth to or in
favour of a person acting in good faith and in ignorance of the
object with which the disposition is made;
“property” means property of any nature, movable or
immovable, and includes money.
Chapter 6
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Procedure
133. Subject to the provisions of this Part, all proceedings under
this Part are regulated by the Family Justice Rules made under
section 139.
[27/2014]

Evidence
134.—(1) In proceedings under this Part, the parties and the
husbands and wives of such parties are competent and compellable to
give evidence.
(2) No witness whether a party to the proceedings or not shall be
liable to be asked or bound to answer any question tending to show
that he or she has been guilty of adultery unless such witness has
already given evidence in the same proceedings in disproof of his or
her alleged adultery.
Power to rescind interim judgment in certain cases

136. Where the court on granting a judgment of divorce held that
the only fact mentioned in section 95(3) on which the plaintiff was
entitled to rely in support of his or her writ was that mentioned in
section 95(3)(d), the court may, on an application made by the
defendant at any time before the judgment is made final, rescind the
judgment if it is satisfied that the plaintiff misled the defendant
(whether intentionally or unintentionally) about any matter which the
defendant took into account in deciding to consent to the grant of a
judgment.
Appeals
137.—(1) All judgments and orders made by the court in
proceedings under this Part are to be enforced, and may be
appealed from, as if they were judgments or orders made by the
court in the exercise of its original civil jurisdiction.
(2) There shall be no appeal on the subject of costs only.
Power to allow intervention on terms

138. In any case in which any person is alleged to have committed
adultery with any party to any proceedings under this Part, or in
which the court considers, in the interest of any person not already a
party to the proceedings, that that person should be made a party to
the proceedings, the court may, if it thinks fit, allow that person to
intervene upon such terms (if any) as the court thinks just.

Family Justice Rules
139.—(1) The Family Justice Rules Committee constituted under
section 46(1) of the Family Justice Act 2014 may make Family
Justice Rules regulating and prescribing the procedure and the
practice to be followed for the purposes of this Part and any matters
incidental to or relating to any such procedure or practice.
[27/2014]
(2) Without limiting subsection (1), Family Justice Rules may be

made for the following purposes:
(a) fixing and regulating the fees and costs payable in
proceedings under this Part; and
(b) providing for the forms to be used in proceedings under
this Part.
[27/2014]
(3) The Family Justice Rules may, instead of providing for any
matter, refer to any provision made or to be made about that matter by
practice directions issued for the time being by the registrar of the
Family Justice Courts.
[27/2014]
(4) All Family Justice Rules made under this section must be
presented to Parliament as soon as possible after publication in the
Gazette.
[27/2014]
PART 11
OFFENCES AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS
Offences relating to prostitution
140.—(1) Any person who —
(a) sells, lets for hire or otherwise disposes of or buys or hires
or otherwise obtains possession of any woman or girl with
intent that she is to be employed or used for the purpose of
prostitution either within or without Singapore, or knowing
or having reason to believe that she will be so employed or
used;

(b) procures any woman or girl to have either within or

without Singapore carnal connection except by way of
marriage with any male person, or for the purpose of
prostitution either within or without Singapore;
(c) by threats or intimidation procures any woman or girl to
have carnal connection except by way of marriage with any
male person either within or without Singapore;
(d) brings into Singapore, receives or harbours any woman or
girl knowing or having reason to believe that she seeks
entry into, or has entered, Singapore or has been procured
for the purpose —
(i) of having carnal connection either within or without
Singapore, except by way of marriage with any male
person; or
(ii) of prostitution either within or without Singapore,
and with intent to aid such purpose;
(e) knowing or having reason to believe that any woman or
girl has been procured by threats or intimidation for the
purpose of having carnal connection except by way of
marriage with any male person, either within or without
Singapore, receives or harbours her with intent to aid such
purpose;
(f) knowing or having reason to believe that any woman or
girl has been brought into Singapore in breach of
section 142(1) or has been sold or purchased in breach
of paragraph (a) receives or harbours her with intent that
she may be employed or used for the purpose of
prostitution either within or without Singapore;
(g) detains any woman or girl against her will on any premises
with the intention that she is to have carnal connection
except by way of marriage with any male person, or detains
any woman or girl against her will in a brothel;

(h) detains any woman or girl in any place against her will with
intent that she may be employed or used for the purpose of
prostitution or for any unlawful or immoral purpose;
(i) has carnal connection with any girl below 16 years of age
except with a girl who is his spouse and with his spouse’s
consent; or
(j) attempts to do any act in contravention of this section,
shall be guilty of an offence.
[7/2016; 15/2019; 36/2019]
(1A) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) —

(a) shall be punished on conviction with imprisonment for a
term not exceeding 7 years and shall also be liable on
conviction to a fine not exceeding $100,000; but
(b) where the person is a repeat offender, shall be punished on
conviction with imprisonment for a term not exceeding
10 years and shall also be liable on conviction to a fine not
exceeding $150,000.
[36/2019]
(1B) A person is a repeat offender in relation to an offence under

subsection (1) if the person has been convicted or found guilty
(whether before, on or after 7 August 2020) on at least one other
earlier occasion of an offence under subsection (1).
[36/2019]
(2) Any male person who is a repeat offender in relation to an

offence under subsection (1)(a), (b), (c), (d), (e) or (f) shall, in
addition to any term of imprisonment awarded in respect of such
offence, be liable to caning.
[36/2019]
(3) For the purposes of this section, it is presumed until the contrary
is proved that —
(a) a person who takes or causes to be taken into a brothel any
woman or girl has disposed of her with the intent or
knowledge mentioned in subsection (1)(a);

(b) a person who receives any woman or girl into a brothel has
obtained possession of her with the intent or knowledge
mentioned in subsection (1)(a);
(c) a person has detained a woman or girl in any brothel or
place against her will if, with intent to compel or induce her
to remain therein, that person —
(i) withholds from that woman or girl any wearing
apparel or any other property belonging to her or any
wearing apparel commonly or last used by her;
(ii) where wearing apparel or any other property has
been lent or hired out or supplied to that woman or
girl, threatens her with legal proceedings if she takes
away such wearing apparel or property; or
(iii) threatens that woman or girl with legal proceedings
for the recovery of any debt or alleged debt or uses
any other threat whatsoever.
(4) Despite section 79 of the Penal Code 1871, a reasonable mistake
as to the age of a girl is not a defence to a charge of an offence under
subsection (1)(i).
[15/2019]
Traffic in women and girls

141.—(1) Any person who buys, sells, procures, traffics in, or
brings into or takes out of Singapore for the purpose of such traffic,
and whether or not for the purpose of present or subsequent
prostitution, any woman or girl, shall be guilty of an offence.
[7/2016; 36/2019]
(1A) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) —

exceeding $150,000.
[36/2019]

[36/2019]
(2) No person shall be charged with an offence under this section if

the person satisfies the Director-General that the woman or girl
brought into or taken out of Singapore by the person or intended to be
brought into or taken out of Singapore by the person was so brought
into or taken out of Singapore or is intended to be so brought into or
taken out of Singapore for the purpose of her marriage or adoption
and that such marriage or adoption can be solemnised or made and
has been or will be solemnised or made under the laws and customs
for the time being in force in Singapore.
[30/2019]
Importation of woman or girl by false pretences

142.—(1) Any person who by or under false pretence, false
representation or fraudulent or deceitful means made or used either
within or without Singapore brings into, or takes out of, or assists in
bringing into, or assists in taking out of, Singapore any woman or
girl —
(a) with intent that she is to be employed or used for the
purpose of prostitution either within or without Singapore;
(b) knowing or having reason to believe that she will be so
employed or used; or
(c) whether or not for the purpose of present or future
prostitution,
[7/2016; 36/2019]
(2) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) —



exceeding $150,000.
[36/2019]
(3) A person is a repeat offender in relation to an offence under

[36/2019]
Permitting girl below the age of 16 to use premises for sexual

penetration
143.—(1) Any person who is the owner or occupier of any
premises, or who has, or acts or assists in, the management or
control of any premises, induces or knowingly permits a girl below
16 years of age to resort to or be on those premises for the purpose of
engaging in sexual penetration except by way of marriage with any
male person shall be guilty of an offence.
[36/2019]
(2) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall

be liable on conviction —
term not exceeding 5 years or to both; but
(b) where the person is a repeat offender, to a fine not
exceeding $150,000 or to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding 7 years or to both.
[36/2019]

[36/2019]
Permitting mental defective to use premises for sexual

penetration
144.—(1) Subject to subsection (2), any person who is the owner or
occupier of any premises or who has, or acts or assists in, the
management or control of any premises, induces or knowingly

permits a woman who is a mental defective to resort to or be on those
premises for the purpose of engaging in sexual penetration except by
way of marriage with any male person shall be guilty of an offence.
[36/2019]
(2) A person shall not be guilty of an offence under this section

because he or she induces or knowingly permits a woman who is a
mental defective to resort to or be on any premises for the purpose
mentioned, if the person does not know and has no reason to suspect
her to be a mental defective.
(3) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall
[36/2019]

[36/2019]
Causing or encouraging prostitution of, girl below the age of 18

or sexual penetration with, or indecent assault on, girl below
the age of 16
145.—(1) Any person who causes or encourages the prostitution of
a girl below 18 years of age, or the commission of unlawful sexual
penetration of or an indecent assault on, a girl below 16 years of age,
being in either case a girl for whom that person is responsible, shall be
guilty of an offence.
[15/2019; 36/2019]
(1A) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall



[36/2019]

[36/2019]
(2) Where a girl has become a prostitute, or has engaged in

unlawful sexual penetration, or has been indecently assaulted, a
person is deemed for the purposes of this section to have caused or
encouraged it, if the person knowingly allowed her to consort with or
to enter or continue in the employment of, any prostitute or person of
known immoral character.
(3) The persons who are to be treated for the purposes of this
section as responsible for a girl are (subject to subsection (4)) —
(a) any person who is her parent or legal guardian;
(b) any person who has actual possession or control of her, or
to whose charge she has been committed by her parent or
legal guardian or by a person having the custody of her;
and
(c) any other person who has the custody, charge or care of her.
(4) In subsection (3) —
“legal guardian”, in relation to any girl, means any person who is
for the time being her guardian, having been appointed
according to law by deed or will or by order of a court of
competent jurisdiction;
“parent”, in relation to any girl, does not include a person
deprived of the custody of her by order of a court of
competent jurisdiction but (subject to that), in the case of a
girl who has been adopted under the Adoption of Children
Act 1939, or any enactment thereby repealed, means her
adopters and, in the case of a girl who is illegitimate (and has

not been so adopted), means her mother and any person who
has been adjudged to be her putative father.
(5) If, on a charge of an offence against a girl under this section, the
girl appears to the court to have been below 16 or 18 years of age (as
the case may be) at the time of the offence charged, she shall be
presumed for the purposes of this section to have been so, unless the
contrary is proved.
[15/2019]
Persons living on or trading in prostitution, etc.

146.—(1) Any person who knowingly lives wholly or in part on the
earnings of the prostitution of another person (being a woman or girl)
[7/2016; 36/2019]
(1AA) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) —

exceeding $150,000.
[36/2019]
(1A) Any person who knowingly solicits, receives or agrees to

receive any gratification as an inducement or reward for providing
any service, and who by providing that service does or will aid the
prostitution of another person (being a woman or girl), shall be guilty
of an offence.
[7/2016; 36/2019]
(1B) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1A) —



exceeding $150,000.
[36/2019]
(1C) A person is a repeat offender in relation to an offence under

subsection (1) or (1A) if the person has been convicted or found
guilty (whether before, on or after 7 August 2020) on at least one
other earlier occasion of an offence under subsection (1) or (1A).
[36/2019]
(2) Any male person who is a repeat offender in relation to an

offence under subsection (1) or (1A) shall, in addition to any term of
imprisonment imposed in respect of such offence, be liable to caning.
[36/2019]
(3) Where any person is proved to live with or be habitually in the

company of any prostitute or is proved to have exercised control,
direction or influence over the movements of any prostitute in such a
manner as to show that the person is aiding, abetting or compelling
her prostitution with any other person or generally, the person is, in
the absence of proof to the contrary, deemed to be knowingly living
on the earnings of prostitution.
(4) In this section, “gratification” includes —
(a) money or any gift, loan, fee, reward, commission, valuable
security or other property or interest in property of any
description, whether movable or immovable;
(b) any office, employment or contract;
(c) any payment, release, discharge or liquidation of any loan,
obligation or other liability whatsoever, whether in whole
or in part; and
(d) any other service, favour or advantage of any description
whatsoever.
[7/2016]
Remote communication service used for offering or facilitating

provision of sexual services, etc.
146A.—(1) A person in or outside Singapore who, in the course of
business, uses a remote communication service with a Singapore link
to —

(a) offer or facilitate the provision by a woman or girl to
another person of sexual services in Singapore in return for
payment or reward; or
(b) organise, manage or supervise the provision of sexual
services referred to in paragraph (a), which may include
inviting others to receive or participate in providing those
services,
shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction —
(c) to a fine not exceeding $100,000 or to imprisonment for a
(d) where the person is a repeat offender, to a fine not
[7/2016; 36/2019]
(1A) A person is a repeat offender in relation to an offence under

[36/2019]
(1B) However, where a person is charged with an offence under

subsection (1), it is a defence for the person charged to prove, on a
balance of probabilities, that the person did not know, and could not
with reasonable diligence have ascertained, that the remote
communication service in question had a Singapore link.
[36/2019]
(2) To avoid doubt, the reference in subsection (1) to the provision

by a woman or girl to another person of sexual services in return for
payment or reward includes, but is not limited to, a reference to the
prostitution of the woman or girl.
[7/2016]
(3) In subsection (1), “remote communication service” means —

(a) any website, web service or Internet application;
(b) any service using voice telephony;
(c) any service using a messaging system; or

(d) any other kind of electronic or other technology for

facilitating communication.
[7/2016]
(4) For the purposes of this section, a remote communication

service has a Singapore link if any person physically present in
Singapore is capable of having access to any matter communicated
using the remote communication service; and in determining whether
a person who is physically present in Singapore is capable of having
such access, it is to be assumed that the person will not falsify or
conceal the person’s identity or location.
[36/2019]
(5) For the purposes of subsection (4), access includes —

(a) access that is subject to a precondition, such as the use of a
password;
(b) access by way of push technology; and
(c) access by way of a standing request.
[36/2019]
(6) Where an offence under this section is committed by a person

outside Singapore, the person may be dealt with in respect of that
offence as if it had been committed in Singapore.
[36/2019]
Suppression of places of assignation

147.—(1) Any person who keeps, manages or assists in the
management of a place of assignation shall be guilty of an offence.
[36/2019]
(1A) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall

[36/2019]


[36/2019]
(2) Any person who keeps, manages or assists in the management

of a club or a place of public resort which is used as a place of
assignation shall be guilty of an offence.
[36/2019]
(3) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (2) —

10 years and shall also be liable to a fine not exceeding
$150,000.
[36/2019]

[36/2019]
Suppression of brothels
148.—(1) Any person who keeps, manages or assists in the
management of a brothel shall be guilty of an offence.
[36/2019]
(2) Any person who is the tenant, lessee, occupier or person in

charge of any place which is used as a brothel shall, unless the person
proves that the person has no knowledge and could not, with
reasonable diligence, have ascertained that the place is used as a
brothel, be guilty of an offence.
[36/2019]
(3) Any person who being the tenant, lessee, occupier or person in
charge of any place lets such place or any part thereof shall, despite
such letting, be guilty of an offence if the place or any part thereof is
used as a brothel, unless the person proves that, when entering into
the letting of that place or part thereof, the person had no knowledge

and could not with reasonable diligence have ascertained that the
place or part thereof is to be used as a brothel.
[36/2019]
(4) Any person who, being the owner of a place or the agent of an
owner of a place, lets the place or any part thereof shall, despite such
letting, be guilty of an offence if the place or part thereof is used as a
brothel, unless the person proves that, when entering into the letting
of that place or part thereof, the person had no knowledge and could
not with reasonable diligence have ascertained that the place or part
thereof is to be used as a brothel.
Examples of reasonable diligence
1. An owner of an apartment or an agent of the owner verifies the identity of a
prospective tenant and purpose of the tenancy through personal inspection of
the prospective tenant’s documents of identity (such as the NRIC, passport or
work permit) and has a face-to-face interview with the prospective tenant,
before entering into the tenancy agreement or allowing the prospective
tenant to start occupying the apartment.
2. A flat-owner who is not resident in Singapore engages an agent to verify the
identity of a prospective tenant of the flat and purpose of the tenancy through
personal inspection of the prospective tenant’s documents of identity (such
as the NRIC, passport or work permit) and a face-to-face interview with the
prospective tenant, and then verifies with the agent that those steps were
carried out, before the flat-owner authorises the entry into the tenancy
agreement for the flat or the occupation of the flat by the prospective tenant.
[36/2019]
(5) A person who is guilty of an offence under this section shall be

liable on conviction —
[36/2019]
(5A) A person is a repeat offender in relation to an offence under

subsection (1), (2), (3) or (4) if the person has been convicted or found
guilty (whether before, on or after 7 August 2020) on at least one

other earlier occasion of an offence under subsection (1), (2), (3) or
(4), regardless of the subsection.
[36/2019]
(6) In any proceedings under this Part, any evidence given by any
police officer not below the rank of sergeant that any place has been
used as a brothel or a place of assignation is, until the contrary is
proved, deemed to be sufficient evidence of the fact.
Notice to owner and occupier

149.—(1) Where the Director-General has reason to believe that a
place is being used as a brothel or as a place of assignation, the
Director-General may serve or cause to be served a notice in the
prescribed form on the owner of the place, as well as the occupier
thereof.
[30/2019]
(2) If the owner or occupier is not otherwise known, service must be

made on the person inscribed in the books kept under any written law
for the time being in force as the owner or occupier of the place; and if
the name of the owner or occupier is not inscribed in those books or if
the name of the owner or occupier cannot by the exercise of due
diligence be found, then the notice may be served by affixing it to the
principal outer door or upon the outside of any door or window or any
conspicuous part of the place.
(3) Every occupier (A) receiving a notice under this section must
forthwith inform the owner or the person from whom A rents the
place (B) of the fact of receipt of the notice, and B must in like manner
inform the owner or the person from whom B rents the place and so
on till the notice is brought to the knowledge of the owner, each tenant
being responsible for bringing the notice to the knowledge of the
tenant’s immediate lessor.
(4) Any occupier who refuses or omits to inform the owner or the
person from whom the occupier rents the premises that a notice under
this section has been received shall be liable to prosecution under
section 225C of the Penal Code 1871.
(5) If, in proceedings under this Part, it is proved that the notice
under subsection (1) has been served on the owner or occupier of a

place, it shall be presumed that the place is so kept, managed or used

to the knowledge or with the permission of the owner or occupier of
the place.
Termination of tenancy of places on conviction for permitting

use as brothel, etc.
150.—(1) Upon the conviction of the occupier of any place for any
offence under section 147(1) or (2) or 148(1), (2) or (3) in respect of
the place, the owner of the place must within one month require the
person so convicted to deliver up possession of the place to the owner,
and in the event of the person so convicted failing within one month
of being so required to deliver up possession as aforesaid, the owner
of the place is entitled to terminate the lease or contract of tenancy but
without prejudice to the rights or remedies of any party to the lease or
contract accrued before the date of such termination.
[36/2019]
(2) Where the owner of any place has terminated the lease or
contract of tenancy in accordance with subsection (1) and the
occupier has not delivered up possession of the place after such
termination, a Magistrate’s Court may, on the application of the
owner, make a summary order for the delivery of possession of the
place to the owner.
(3) If the occupier disobeys any order made by a Magistrate’s Court
under subsection (2), the occupier shall be liable to the penalty
prescribed in that behalf in section 188 of the Penal Code 1871.
Demolition of structural contrivances for facilitating running

of place of assignation or of brothel
151. Whenever it appears to a court, upon the trial of any offence
under section 147(1) or (2) or 148(1), (2), (3) or (4), that the place in
or in respect of which the offence is alleged to have been committed is
a place of assignation or a brothel, and that the same is fitted or
provided with any means or contrivances such as staircases, doors
and partitions, ladders, planks, platforms, posts, palings, fences,
locks, bars, bolts or any other things which appear to it to have been
specially erected or constructed for the purpose of facilitating the

carrying on of a place of assignation or of a brothel at the place, the
court is to order the demolition of such means or contrivances.
[36/2019]
Authority of courts to issue arrest and search warrants

152. If any court has reason to believe that any place is used by a
woman or girl for the purpose of prostitution and that any other
person residing in or frequenting the house is living wholly or in part
on the immoral earnings of that woman or girl, the court may issue a
warrant authorising the Director-General or any public officer
nominated by the Minister or any police officer not below the rank
of sergeant to enter and search the place and to arrest such person.
[30/2019]
Trials in private in certain cases

153.—(1) When any person is charged with or convicted of having
committed any offence under this Part, or of having committed or
attempted to commit or attempted to cause the commission of any
offence under section 354, 354A, 375, 376, 376A, 376B, 376C,
376D, 376E, 376F, 376G or 377B of the Penal Code 1871 in respect
of any woman or girl, the court conducting a preliminary inquiry into,
or trying the offence, or hearing any appeal or special case or any
point reserved in relation to the offence, may order that all
proceedings before it are to be dealt with in private.
[40/2019]
[Act 25 of 2021 wef 01/04/2022]
(2) Whenever any such order is made, the court is not to be deemed
an open court, and the court must order that no person is to have
access to or be or remain in the court except such persons as are
necessary for the purpose of the proceedings.
(3) The court must order proceedings before it to be dealt with in
private in any case where the girl in respect of whom an offence
referred to in subsection (1) is alleged to have been committed has not
attained 16 years of age.
[Act 25 of 2021 wef 01/04/2022]
(4) A person must not publish or broadcast any information or

picture referred to in the following paragraphs:

(a) the name or address of any woman or girl in respect of

whom an offence referred to in subsection (1) is alleged to
have been committed;
(b) any particulars given, in any proceedings in any court
relating to an offence referred to in subsection (1), which
identify, or are calculated to lead to the identification of,
any woman or girl in respect of whom that offence is
alleged to have been committed;
(c) the name and address of any witness, in any proceedings in
any court relating to an offence referred to in
subsection (1), which may lead to the identification of
(d) the particulars of any evidence given by any witness, in any
proceedings in any court relating to an offence referred to
in subsection (1), which may lead to the identification of
(e) any picture of, or any picture including a picture of —
(i) any woman or girl in respect of whom an offence
referred to in subsection (1) is alleged to have been
committed; or
(ii) any witness in any proceedings in any court relating
to an offence referred to in subsection (1).
[7/2016]
(5) If any information or picture is published or broadcast in

contravention of subsection (4) —
(a) in the case of the publication of the information or picture
as part of a newspaper or periodical publication, every
proprietor, editor, publisher or distributor of the newspaper
or periodical publication;
(b) in the case of the publication of the information or picture
otherwise than as part of a newspaper or periodical
publication, the person who publishes or distributes the
information or picture; or

(c) in the case of the broadcast of the information or picture,
every person who transmits or provides the programme in
which the information or picture is broadcast, and every
person having functions in relation to the programme
corresponding to those of the editor of a newspaper or
periodical publication,
3 years or to both.
[7/2016]

“broadcast” means sounds or visual images —
(a) broadcast by wireless telegraphy, or by means of a
high frequency distribution system over wire or other
paths provided by a material substance, and intended
for general reception;
(b) broadcast through the Internet or any website, web
service or Internet application, whether or not
intended for general reception; or
(c) broadcast through any messaging system;
“publish”, in relation to any information or picture, means to
bring the information or picture to the notice of the public or a
section of the public by any means, including (to avoid doubt)
through —
(a) the Internet or any website, web service or Internet
application; or
(b) any messaging system.
[7/2016]
[Act 25 of 2021 wef 01/04/2022]
Trial of offences
154.—(1) All offences under this Part are triable by a District
Court.
[15/2010]

(2) No prosecution is to be instituted in respect of any such offence

without the consent of the Director-General or the Public Prosecutor
or his or her deputy.
[15/2010; 30/2019]
(3) Any District Court may, despite anything in the Criminal

Procedure Code 2010, impose the full punishment prescribed by this
Part in respect of any offence.
(4) Prosecutions in respect of offences committed under this Part
may, with the authorisation of the Public Prosecutor, be conducted by
the Director-General or any public officer of such department that the
Minister is charged with responsibility for authorised in writing in
that behalf by the Director-General.
[15/2010; 25/2012; 30/2019]
Detention pending judicial proceedings

155.—(1) Any court inquiring into or trying an offence punishable
under this Part or under section 312, 313, 317, 354, 370, 371, 372,
373, 373A, 375, 376, 376A, 376B, 376C, 376D, 376E, 376F, 376G or
377B of the Penal Code 1871 or defined in section 321, 322, 339, 340,
350, 351, 360, 361 or 362 of the Penal Code 1871 may order any
woman or girl in respect of whom the offence is alleged to have been
committed to be detained temporarily until the determination of the
proceedings against the person accused.
[51/2007; 15/2019]
(2) Where an order is made under subsection (1), the

Director-General must receive such woman or girl and must put
her in a place of safety and detain her there until the determination of
the proceedings.
[30/2019]
(3) Despite the determination of the proceedings against the

accused person, the Director-General may, by warrant under his or
her hand, order the detention in a place of safety of any woman or girl
referred to in this section whom the Director-General considers is in
need of protection, and thereupon such arrangements must be made
for her welfare as the Director-General considers necessary.
[30/2019]

(4) In exercising his or her powers under subsection (3), the
Director-General must not contravene section 161.
[30/2019]
Director-General may examine women and girls and person in

charge of them
156.—(1) If the Director-General has reasonable cause to believe
that —
(a) any woman or girl has been brought into Singapore either
after having been purchased or by fraud, misrepresentation
or any false pretence whether or not for the purpose of
prostitution or of being sent from Singapore;
(b) the custody of any woman or girl has been acquired either
after having been purchased or by fraud, misrepresentation
or any false pretence whether or not for the purpose of
prostitution or of being sent from Singapore;
(c) any woman or girl has been purchased either within or
without Singapore for the purpose of being used, trained or
disposed of as a prostitute; or
(d) any woman or girl is being detained against her will for the
purpose of prostitution or of being sent from Singapore for
immoral purposes,
the Director-General, or any person authorised in that behalf by him
or her in writing, may require the woman or girl and any person who
appears to have the custody or control of her to appear before him or
her at any reasonable time and at any convenient place.
[30/2019]
(2) The Director-General may examine the woman or girl as to her

reasons for entering or being in Singapore and may examine the
person respecting the woman or girl, and the woman or girl and the
person is legally bound to answer such questions truthfully to the best
of their ability.
[30/2019]
(3) The Director-General may also require any person in whose

custody or under whose control the woman or girl appears to be to
furnish the Director-General with copies of her and the person’s

photograph and to furnish security to the satisfaction of the

Director-General that she —
(a) will not leave Singapore without the previous consent in
writing of the Director-General;
(b) will not be trained or disposed of as a prostitute or for
immoral purposes;
(c) will not, whether by way of adoption, marriage or
otherwise, be transferred to the care and custody of any
other person without the previous consent in writing of the
Director-General; and
(d) will be produced before the Director-General whenever he
or she requires it.
[30/2019]
(4) In default of such photographs and security being given, the

Director-General may by warrant under his or her hand order the
woman or girl to be removed to a place of safety and there detained
until she can be returned to the place from where she was brought or
until other proper provision can be made for her welfare.
[30/2019]
(5) Where the Director-General has reason to believe that the

woman or girl may be sent from Singapore, the Director-General may
issue an order for her to be detained in a place of safety until the
determination of any inquiry or until after such arrangement has been
made for her welfare as the Director-General considers necessary.
[30/2019]
Inspection
157.—(1) The Director-General or any officer generally or
specially authorised in that behalf in writing by the
Director-General may at any time visit and inspect the place where
any woman or girl in respect of whom security has been furnished
under section 156 lives or is believed to live or to be.
[30/2019]
(2) The Director-General or any authorised officer may inquire into

the condition and circumstances of the woman or girl and for the

purposes of the inquiry the Director-General or officer may require
any person to answer any question he or she may think proper to ask.
[30/2019]
(3) Any person who —

(a) obstructs or hinders or attempts to obstruct or hinder the
Director-General or any authorised officer in the exercise
of the powers conferred by this section; or
(b) refuses to answer to the best of the person’s knowledge and
belief any question which the person is legally bound to
answer and which is asked of the person by any officer
appointed or authorised under this Part,
not exceeding $500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding
[30/2019]
Security on departure of woman or girl from Singapore

158.—(1) Whenever the Director-General is of opinion that it is in
the interests of any woman or girl as is referred to in section 156 that
she should be permitted to leave Singapore, the Director-General may
grant permission upon being supplied with such photographs of the
woman or girl as the Director-General may require and upon security
being given to the Director-General’s satisfaction that the person in
whose custody or control she appears to be will bring her before such
public officer within such period and at such destination as may be
specified in the bond.
[30/2019]
(2) The giving of such further security does not relieve any person
who furnished the security required by section 156 from any
obligation under the conditions of the bond entered into under that
section, other than the condition relating to departure from Singapore,
unless the public officer in the territory where such woman or girl
then resides obtains fresh security conditioned in the manner
specified in that section.
(3) A certificate under the hand of the public officer referred to in
subsection (1) that such woman or girl has not been brought before

the public officer is in any legal proceedings conclusive evidence to

that effect, unless the court requires that officer to be called as a
witness.
Woman or girl below the age of 21 trained or used for immoral

purposes, etc.
159.—(1) If the Director-General has reasonable cause to believe
that any woman or girl below 21 years of age is being trained or used
for immoral purposes or lives in or frequents any brothel or is
habitually in the company of prostitutes or brothel keepers or
procuresses or persons employed or living in brothels or persons
directly interested in the business carried on in brothels or by
prostitutes, the Director-General may, by warrant under his or her
hand, order the woman or girl to be removed to a place of safety and
there temporarily detained until an inquiry has been held by the
Director-General.
[30/2019]
(2) If the Director-General after holding such inquiry is satisfied

that the woman or girl comes within subsection (1), the
Director-General may, by warrant under his or her hand, order the
woman or girl to be detained in a place of safety.
[30/2019]
Director-General may order detention or commitment of

woman or girl in certain cases
160.—(1) Any woman or girl —
(a) whose lawful guardian requests the Director-General in
writing to detain her in a place of safety or to commit her to
the care of a fit individual;
(b) whom the Director-General considers is in need of
protection and whose lawful guardian cannot be found;
(c) whom the Director-General believes to have been
ill-treated and is in need of protection; or
(d) whom the Director-General considers to be in moral
danger,

may, by warrant under the hand of the Director-General, be ordered to
be removed to a place of safety and there detained, or to be committed
to the care of a fit individual, until the Director-General has held an
inquiry as to the circumstances of the case.
[7/2016; 30/2019]
(2) Every such inquiry must be completed within a period of one

month from the date of the woman’s or girl’s admission into the place
of safety or commitment to the care of the fit individual, as the case
may be.
[7/2016]
(3) If, after holding such inquiry, the Director-General is satisfied

that the woman or girl is in need of protection, the Director-General
may by warrant under his or her hand order that the woman or girl be
detained in a place of safety, or committed to the care of a fit
individual, for such period as the Director-General may determine.
[7/2016; 30/2019]
(4) Where a girl has been detained in a place of safety, or committed

to the care of a fit individual, at the request of the girl’s lawful
guardian, the girl may be detained or committed for such period as the
Director-General determines is necessary for the girl’s rehabilitation,
despite any request made by the girl’s lawful guardian for the girl’s
early release.
[7/2016; 30/2019]
Period of detention or commitment of woman or girl

161.—(1) A woman or girl must not be detained under this Part,
except for the purpose of an inquiry, after such arrangements have
been made for her welfare as the Director-General considers
necessary or after she attains 21 years of age or marries.
[7/2016; 30/2019]
(2) A woman or girl must not be committed under section 160(3) to

the care of a fit individual, and a woman or girl who has been so
committed ceases to be in the care of a fit individual, after the woman
or girl attains 21 years of age or marries.
[7/2016]

Marriage not to be contracted without consent of

Director-General
162. No woman or girl detained under the provisions of this Part or
in respect of whom security has been furnished under section 156(3)
may contract any form of marriage without the previous consent in
writing of the Director-General.
[30/2019]
Women and girls in urgent need of refuge

163.—(1) Any woman or girl may on her own application be
received by the Director-General into a place of safety, or be
committed by the Director-General to the care of a fit individual, if
the Director-General is satisfied that the woman or girl is in urgent
need of refuge.
[7/2016; 30/2019]
(2) Where the situation warrants it, the person in charge of any
place of safety may receive into that place of safety any woman or girl
who makes an application to that person.
(3) Where the person in charge of a place of safety receives any
woman or girl into that place of safety in accordance with
subsection (2), that person must, within 48 hours of the admission
of the woman or girl, produce her before the Director-General with a
full report of the circumstances.
[30/2019]
(4) A woman or girl must not be received under this section into a
place of safety, or committed under subsection (1) to the care of a fit
individual, after the woman or girl attains 21 years of age or marries.
[7/2016]
(5) A woman or girl who has been received under this section into a
place of safety, or committed under subsection (1) to the care of a fit
individual, ceases to be in the care of the place of safety or fit
individual (as the case may be), after the woman or girl attains
21 years of age or marries.
[7/2016]

Transfer of women or girls from one place of safety to another
place of safety within Singapore, etc.
164.—(1) Whenever an order has been made under section 155(3),
156 or 159 for the detention of a woman or girl in a place of safety and
it appears to the Director-General to be expedient in the interests of
the woman or girl that she should be transferred from such place of
safety to another place of safety within Singapore, it is lawful for the
Director-General to issue an order that she be so transferred.
[7/2016; 30/2019]
(2) Where an order has been made under section 160 for the
detention of a woman or girl in a place of safety, and it appears to the
Director-General that the taking of one of the following courses of
action is expedient in the interests of the woman or girl, the
Director-General may order the taking of that course of action:
(a) the transfer of the woman or girl from that place of safety to
another place of safety within Singapore;
(b) the discharge of the woman or girl from that place of safety,
and the commitment of the woman or girl to the care of a fit
individual.
[7/2016; 30/2019]
(3) Where an order has been made under section 160 for the
commitment of a woman or girl to the care of a fit individual, and it
appears to the Director-General that the taking of one of the following
courses of action is expedient in the interests of the woman or girl, the
Director-General may order the taking of that course of action:
(a) the transfer of the woman or girl from the care of that fit
individual to the care of another fit individual;
(b) the withdrawal of the woman or girl from the care of that fit
individual, and the detention of the woman or girl in a place
of safety within Singapore.
[7/2016; 30/2019]
(4) Where a woman or girl is detained in a place of safety in

Singapore on the request in writing of her lawful guardian under
section 160(1)(a), she must not be transferred or discharged from that

place of safety under subsection (2), unless her lawful guardian has
given approval in writing for that transfer or discharge.
[7/2016]
(5) Where a woman or girl is committed to the care of a fit

individual on the request in writing of her lawful guardian under
section 160(1)(a), she must not be transferred or withdrawn from the
care of that fit individual under subsection (3), unless her lawful
guardian has given approval in writing for that transfer or withdrawal.
[7/2016]
Removal of women or girls to Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam or

Hong Kong by order of Minister
165.—(1) Whenever an order has been made under section 155(3),
156, 159 or 160 for the detention of a woman or girl in a place of
safety and it appears to the Minister to be expedient in the interests of
the woman or girl that she should be removed from such place of
safety and transferred to a place of safety established in Malaysia,
Brunei Darussalam or Hong Kong under the provisions of any law for
the time being in force in Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam or Hong
Kong (as the case may be) for the protection of women and girls, it is
lawful for the Minister to issue an order that she be removed to such
place of safety established in Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam or Hong
Kong.
(2) No woman or girl admitted into a place of safety in Singapore
on the request in writing of her lawful guardian under
section 160(1)(a) may be so removed from such place of safety
except with the approval in writing of her lawful guardian.
(3) The order for removal under this section must be addressed to
the person in charge of the place of safety in which the woman or girl
is detained and must direct such person to deliver her to the person
mentioned in that order for removal at such place in Malaysia, Brunei
Darussalam or Hong Kong and in such manner as may be specified in
that order for the purpose of the transfer; and the woman or girl must
be delivered up and must be transferred accordingly.
(4) The Minister may direct that any condition, not inconsistent
with the provisions of this Part, which may be prescribed by the
provisions of any law for the time being in force in Malaysia, Brunei

Darussalam or Hong Kong for the reception of women and girls from
Singapore into Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam or Hong Kong, and the
detention therein of such women and girls must be observed.
(5) Any woman or girl removed under this Part to a place of safety
in Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam or Hong Kong may, if she so desires,
on being discharged from such place of safety, be returned to
Singapore.
Appeal
166. An appeal shall lie from any order made by the
Director-General under this Part to the Minister whose decision is
final and is not to be questioned in any court.
[30/2019]
Women and girls may be received into and detained in

Singapore
167.—(1) Whenever the government of Malaysia, Brunei
Darussalam or Hong Kong makes a representation to the Minister
that it is expedient that any woman or girl whose detention in a place
of safety has been ordered by the authority empowered by the law of
such territory should be removed to Singapore for detention in a place
of safety within Singapore, and satisfies the Minister that provision
will be made for the payment of all expenses that may be incurred in
the reception, maintenance and detention of, or otherwise in relation
to, the woman or girl, the Minister, if it appears to him or her that
there is sufficient accommodation for the woman or girl in a place of
safety within Singapore, may by warrant under the Minister’s hand in
the prescribed form direct the woman or girl, when brought into
Singapore, to be received therein and conveyed to a place of safety
specified in such warrant and to be there detained until discharged in
due course of law or until further order.
(2) The representation mentioned in subsection (1) must be
delivered under the hand of the Minister or the officer for the time
being charged with the responsibility for making such a
representation on behalf of the government concerned.
(3) Every warrant purporting to be issued pursuant to this Part and
to be under the hand of the Minister is to be received in evidence in

every court without further proof and is evidence of the facts therein
stated, and all acts done pursuant to that warrant are deemed to have
been authorised by law.
Women and girls so received to be subject to local law

168. Any woman or girl received into Singapore under section 167
shall be dealt with in Singapore in like manner as if her detention in a
place of safety had been ordered by the Director-General by warrant
under his or her hand, and shall be subject to all laws and regulations
in force in Singapore.
[30/2019]
Women and girls detained to be subject to rules

169.—(1) Every woman or girl detained under this Part is to be
subject to such rules as are made under section 180.
[27/2014]
(2) Every woman or girl detained or ordered to be detained under

this Part who leaves any place in which she is detained otherwise than
in accordance with such rules may be arrested and taken back to such
place by any police officer or by any officer duly authorised thereto
either specially or generally by the Director-General.
[30/2019]
(3) Any person who —

(a) induces or assists any woman or girl detained under this
Part to leave or escape from the place in which she is
detained; or
(b) receives or harbours such woman or girl knowing or
having reason to believe that she has escaped from a place
of safety,
Director-General may cause persons to be photographed

170.—(1) Whenever the Director-General, after inquiry, has reason
to believe that a breach of any of the provisions of this Part is about to

be or has been committed by any person, the Director-General may
direct that the person be photographed, and his or her finger
impressions taken.
[30/2019]
(2) The person so directed must submit to be photographed and to

have his or her finger impressions taken at such time and place and in
such manner as the Director-General may think fit and in default of so
doing shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to
a fine not exceeding $500 or to imprisonment for a term not
[30/2019]
(3) Any person whose finger impressions and photograph have

been taken under subsection (1) may apply on the expiry of 5 years
from the date when such finger impressions and photograph were
taken for the return of such finger impressions and photograph and
the Director-General must, unless the person has in such period of
5 years been convicted of any offence under this Part, deliver to the
person the sheet upon which his or her finger impressions have been
made together with the negative and all copies of any photograph
taken of him or her, or, if no such application is received within
3 months from the period specified in this subsection, must destroy
such sheet and every such negative and photograph.
[30/2019]
Power to summon and examine persons in certain

circumstances
171.—(1) The Director-General may summon any person who he
or she has reason to believe can give any information —
(a) regarding any woman or girl in respect of whom he or she
has reasonable cause to believe that an offence under this
Part is or may be committed or who he or she has
reasonable cause to believe is or may be liable to be dealt
with under section 156, 159 or 160; or
(b) regarding any place which he or she has reasonable cause
to believe is being used as a brothel, a place of assignation
or for the purpose of prostitution.
[30/2019]

(2) The person so summoned must attend at the time and place
specified in the summons and must produce all documents in the
person’s custody, possession or control relating to the woman or girl
or place (as the case may be) and must answer truthfully all questions
which the Director-General may put to the person respecting the
woman or girl or place or in any way relating to the matter being
inquired into, and where the inquiry relates to any woman or girl, the
person must also, if so required by the Director-General, produce the
woman or girl, unless the person is able to satisfy the
Director-General that he or she is unable to do so.
[30/2019]
(3) The Director-General is deemed to be a public servant within

the meaning of the Penal Code 1871 and may administer oaths to and
examine on oath any person summoned before him or her for the
purposes of this Part.
[30/2019]
(4) Any person summoned who fails to attend at the time and place
specified in the summons or to do any of the other acts referred to in
subsection (2) shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on
conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 6 months or to both.
(5) The Director-General is not compellable in any judicial
proceedings to answer any questions as to the grounds of his or her
decision or belief in any case dealt with by him or her under this Part
or as to anything which came to his or her knowledge in any inquiry
made by him or her as Director-General.
[30/2019]
(6) The Director-General may, during or after such inquiry as is

referred to in subsection (2), arrest or cause to be arrested any person
whom the Director-General has reasonable cause to believe to be
liable to prosecution for any offence under this Part committed in
respect of the woman or girl or place, and may seize and detain any
article, book, document or account which the Director-General may
have reason to believe to relate to such offence.
[30/2019]

Record of evidence
172. The Director-General must, at any inquiry held by him or her,
take down and record the evidence taken by the Director-General
upon such inquiry and of his or her decision thereon and must furnish
to the General Division of the High Court a copy of the record if
ordered to do so by the General Division of the High Court
suppressing in such copy the name of any person from whom
information has been derived if he or she thinks it expedient to do so.
[30/2019; 40/2019]
Power of search
173.—(1) The Director-General, or any public officer, being either
a police officer not below the rank of sergeant, an immigration officer
within the meaning of the Immigration Act 1959 or a public officer of
such department that the Minister is charged with responsibility for,
and being generally or specially authorised for that purpose in writing
by the Director-General, may enter, and for that purpose use force if
necessary, and search —
(a) any place where the Director-General, person or officer has
reasonable cause to believe that an offence under this Part
has been or is being committed; and
(b) any person in that place,
and may remove any woman or girl who is or may be liable to be dealt
with under section 156, 159 or 160 to a place of safety to be there
detained until her case is inquired into, except that no woman may be
searched other than by a woman.
[25/2012; 30/2019]
(2) Any person who refuses to be searched or refuses the

Director-General, person or officer access to such place or
otherwise obstructs or hinders him or her in effecting an entrance
to such place or in removing any such woman or girl shall be guilty of
an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding
both.
[30/2019]

Power of arrest and seizure

174.—(1) The Director-General, or any public officer, being either
a police officer not below the rank of sergeant, an immigration officer
within the meaning of the Immigration Act 1959 or a public officer of
such department that the Minister is charged with responsibility for,
and being generally or specially authorised for that purpose in writing
by the Director-General, may arrest or cause to be arrested any person
reasonably believed to be liable to prosecution for an offence under
section 140(1), 141(1), 142(1), 143(1), 144(1), 145(1), 146(1) or
(1A), 146A(1), 147(1) or (2) or 148(1), (2), (3) or (4) and may seize,
and for that purpose use force if necessary, and detain any article,
book, document or account which he or she may have reason to
believe to relate to such offence.
[25/2012; 30/2019; 36/2019]
(2) Where any person is arrested by the Director-General or any

person mentioned in subsection (1), the Director-General or person
making the arrest must comply with sections 68 and 85 of the
Criminal Procedure Code 2010 as if he or she were a police officer.
[15/2010; 30/2019]
(3) Any person who obstructs or hinders the Director-General or

any person mentioned in subsection (1) in the arrest of any such
suspected person or in the seizure or detention of any such article,
book, document or account shall be guilty of an offence and shall be
liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $1,000 or to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both.
[30/2019]
Presumption arising out of warrants

175.—(1) Every warrant or summons purporting to be issued
pursuant to this Part and to be under the hand and seal of the
Director-General is to be received in evidence in any court without
further proof and is prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated.
[30/2019]
(2) All acts done pursuant to such warrant or summons are deemed
to have been authorised by law.

Appointment of officers
176. The Minister may, by notification in the Gazette, appoint such
officers as the Minister thinks fit for the purposes of this Part and may
by that notification confer upon those officers all or any of the powers
conferred and duties imposed upon the Director-General by this Part.
[30/2019]
Minister may establish places of safety

177. The Minister may, by order in the Gazette, establish such
places of safety as may be necessary for the purposes of this Part.
Restriction on publication of information on place of safety or

resident of place of safety
177A.—(1) A person must not, without the Director-General’s
approval, publish or broadcast any information or picture that
identifies, or is likely to lead to the identification of —
(a) the location of a place of safety; or
(b) any resident of a place of safety as a resident of the place of
safety.
[7/2016; 30/2019]
(2) If any information or picture is published or broadcast in

contravention of subsection (1) —
(a) in the case of the publication of the information or picture
as part of a newspaper or periodical publication, every
proprietor, editor, publisher or distributor of the newspaper
or periodical publication;
(b) in the case of the publication of the information or picture
otherwise than as part of a newspaper or periodical
publication, the person who publishes or distributes the
information or picture; or
(c) in the case of the broadcast of the information or picture,
every person who transmits or provides the programme in
which the information or picture is broadcast, and every
person having functions in relation to the programme

corresponding to those of the editor of a newspaper or

periodical publication,
not exceeding $5,000 and, in the case of a second or subsequent
conviction, to a fine not exceeding $10,000.
[7/2016]
(3) This section does not apply to any of the following:

(a) the publication in the Gazette (in electronic or other form)
of any order under section 177;
(b) the publication under the Revised Edition of the Laws
Act 1983 of any revised edition of subsidiary legislation (in
electronic or other form) which relates to any order under
section 177;
(c) the publication of any order under section 177, any revised
edition of subsidiary legislation referred to in
paragraph (b), or any copy of any such order or revised
edition of subsidiary legislation, on —
(i) any legislation website maintained by the
Government; or
(ii) any website licensed by the Government to maintain
a collection of subsidiary legislation made under this
Act.
[7/2016]

“broadcast” means sounds or visual images —
(a) broadcast by wireless telegraphy, or by means of a
high frequency distribution system over wire or other
paths provided by a material substance, and intended
for general reception;
(b) broadcast through the Internet or any website, web
service or Internet application, whether or not
intended for general reception; or
(c) broadcast through any messaging system;

“publish”, in relation to any information or picture, means to
bring the information or picture to the notice of the public or a
section of the public by any means, including (to avoid doubt)
through —
(a) the Internet or any website, web service or Internet
application; or
(b) any messaging system.
[7/2016]
Boards of Visitors
178.—(1) The Minister may, by notification in the Gazette, appoint
for every place of safety a Board of Visitors to advise and make
recommendations to the Director-General on such matters as he or
she may refer to it.
[30/2019]
(2) A Board of Visitors may be appointed for one or more places of

safety as the Minister thinks fit.
(3) A Board of Visitors consists of such number of persons as the
Minister may determine.
(4) Every person appointed under subsection (1) may enter at
reasonable times any place of safety and make such inquiry or
examination therein as appears to the person necessary and must also
make such report as the Minister may require.
(5) Despite subsection (1), the Minister may direct a Board of
Visitors —
(a) to visit any place which is established for the purposes of
care and reception of women and girls and which is not a
place of safety; and
(b) to make such inquiry or examination therein as appears to
the Board necessary and also to make such report as the
Minister may require.
(6) Any person who refuses admittance to any place of safety or any
place referred to in subsection (5) to any member of a Board of
Visitors, the Director-General or any officer deputed by the
Director-General for the purpose or who offers any hindrance or

obstruction to any such persons after his or her identity is reasonably

established shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on
conviction to a fine not exceeding $1,000.
[30/2019]
Discharge Committees
179.—(1) The Minister may appoint for every place of safety a
Discharge Committee which must advise and make
recommendations to the Director-General on the discharge and
aftercare of women and girls in such place of safety.
[30/2019]
(2) A Discharge Committee may be appointed in respect of one or

more places of safety as the Minister thinks fit.
(3) A Discharge Committee consists of such number of persons as
the Minister may determine.
(4) The Discharge Committee must review all cases of women and
girls when they have been detained for 6 months, and may, after such
review, recommend to the Director-General that any woman or girl be
discharged or released on licence.
[30/2019]
(5) The Director-General, on the advice of the Discharge

Committee, has power to order the discharge or the release on
licence of any woman or girl who has been detained in a place of
safety for 6 months and on such conditions as may be stated by the
Director-General in that order.
[30/2019]
(6) Any woman or girl released from a place of safety on licence by

order of the Director-General, who breaks the conditions of her
licence, must be brought before the Director-General, who has power
to order the return of the woman or girl to the place of safety from
which she was released, to be detained there for such further period as
the Director-General considers necessary, except where the woman or
girl concerned, by reason of any act or omission committed while on
licence, renders herself liable to prosecution for any offence, in which
case she must be brought before the appropriate court.
[30/2019]

PART 12
MISCELLANEOUS
Rules
180.—(1) Subject to sections 79 and 139, the Minister may make
rules generally for carrying out the provisions of this Act and, in
particular, may make rules providing for —
(a) the forms to be used for the purposes of this Act;
(b) the practice and procedure for the maintaining of the State
Marriage Register and certificates of marriage;
(c) the supply and custody of registers and certificates;
(d) the preparation and submission of returns under this Act;
(e) the making of searches and the giving of certified copies;
(f) the care, detention, discipline, discharge and aftercare,
temporary absence, maintenance, and education of women
and girls detained under Part 11;
(fa) the commitment under Part 11 of any woman or girl to the
care of a fit individual;
(g) the manner and conditions in and under which the powers
conferred by Part 11 are to be exercised by the persons on
whom such powers are conferred;
(h) the composition, duties, functions and procedure of Boards
of Visitors and Discharge Committees;
(i) the procedure for appeals to the Minister; and
(j) matters required to be prescribed under this Act.
[27/2014; 7/2016]
(2) All rules made under this section must be presented to

Parliament as soon as possible after publication in the Gazette and
if a resolution is passed, pursuant to a motion notice whereof has been
given for a sitting day not later than the first available sitting day of
Parliament next after the expiry of one month from the date when
such rules are so presented, annulling the rules or any part thereof as
from a specified date, the rules or such part thereof (as the case may

be) shall thereupon become void as from that date but without
prejudice to the validity of anything previously done thereunder or to
the making of new rules.
[27/2014]
(3) Any person who contravenes any rules made under this section
not exceeding $500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding
[27/2014]
Protection from personal liability

180A.—(1) No liability shall lie personally against the
Director-General, or any person appointed by and acting under the
direction of the Director-General, who, acting in good faith and with
reasonable care, does or omits to do anything —
(a) in the enforcement or purported enforcement of Parts 7 and
11; or
(b) in the discharge or purported discharge of —
(i) any function or duty of the Director-General under
this Act;
(ii) any direction given by the Director-General under
this Act; or
(iii) any order made by a court under this Act.
[7/2016; 30/2019]
(2) No liability shall lie personally against any person appointed by

a court, or pursuant to an order of a court, who, acting in good faith
and with reasonable care, does or omits to do anything in the
discharge or purported discharge of any order made by a court under
this Act.
[7/2016]
(3) No liability shall lie personally against any person who, acting
in good faith and with reasonable care, does or omits to do anything in
a place of safety in the discharge or purported discharge of —
(a) any direction given by the Director-General under this Act;
or

(b) any order made by a court under this Act.
[7/2016; 30/2019]
(4) No liability shall lie personally against any person appointed by

the Minister for the purposes of section 65(2)(b), who, acting in good
faith and with reasonable care, does or omits to do anything in the
discharge or purported discharge of the person’s function of making
an application for a protection order under section 65 or an expedited
order under section 66.
[7/2016]
(5) No liability shall lie personally against any officer appointed by

the Minister under section 176, who, acting in good faith and with
reasonable care, does or omits to do anything in the discharge or
purported discharge of any duty imposed upon the Director-General
by Part 11.
[7/2016; 30/2019]
(6) No liability shall lie personally against any member of the

Board of Visitors appointed by the Minister under section 178, who,
acting in good faith and with reasonable care, does or omits to do
anything in the discharge or purported discharge of —
(a) any function or duty of the Board of Visitors under this
Act; or
(b) any direction given by the Minister under section 178(5).
[7/2016]
(7) No liability shall lie personally against any member of the

Discharge Committee appointed by the Minister under section 179,
who, acting in good faith and with reasonable care, does or omits to
do anything in the discharge or purported discharge of any function or
duty of the Discharge Committee under this Act.
[7/2016]
Marriages solemnised before 15 September 1961 deemed to be

registered under this Act
181.—(1) Nothing in this Act affects the validity of any marriage
solemnised under any law, religion, custom or usage prior to
15 September 1961.

(2) Such marriages, if valid under the law, religion, custom or usage
under which they were solemnised, are deemed to be registered under
the provisions of this Act.
(3) Every such marriage, unless void under the law, religion,
custom or usage under which it was solemnised, shall continue until
dissolved —
(a) by the death of one of the parties;
(b) by order of a court of competent jurisdiction; or
(c) by a declaration made by a court of competent jurisdiction
that the marriage is null and void.
Voluntary registration of marriages solemnised under religion

or custom
182.—(1) Despite section 181, the parties to a marriage which has
been solemnised under any law, religion, custom or usage may, if the
marriage has not been registered, apply to the Registrar in the
prescribed form for the registration of the marriage.
(2) The Registrar may require the parties to the marriage to appear
before him or her and to produce such evidence of the marriage, either
oral or documentary, as he or she may require, and to furnish such
other particulars as may be required by him or her.
(3) The Registrar may, on being satisfied of the truth of the
statements contained in the application, register the marriage by
entering the particulars thereof in the certificate of marriage.
(4) The entry of the marriage in the certificate of marriage must be
signed by the Registrar and the parties to the marriage.
(5) The Registrar must not register a marriage under this section if
he or she is satisfied that the marriage is void under the provisions of
this Act.

Recognition of marriages contracted in Embassies, etc., in
Singapore
183.—(1) Nothing in this Act prevents the solemnisation in
Singapore of a marriage in any foreign Embassy, High
Commission or Consulate in Singapore.
(2) A marriage contracted in any foreign Embassy, High
Commission or Consulate in Singapore is recognised as valid for
all purposes of the law of Singapore if all the following requirements
are satisfied:
(a) it was contracted in a form required or permitted by the law
of the country whose Embassy, High Commission or
Consulate it is, or in a form permitted under this Act;
(b) each of the parties had, at the time of the marriage, capacity
to marry under the law of the country of his or her domicile
or under the law of the country of the intended domicile of
the parties after marriage;
(c) in the case where either of the parties is a citizen of or is
domiciled in Singapore, both parties had capacity to marry
under this Act.
Validity of customary marriages contracted on or after

15 September 1961 and before 2 June 1967
184.—(1) To avoid doubt, every marriage contracted or effected on
or after 15 September 1961 and before 2 June 1967 in accordance
with the law, religion, custom or usage of the parties or any of the
parties thereto shall be valid if the marriage is not contracted or
effected in contravention of sections 4 and 10.
(2) This section does not apply to any such marriage which has been
declared to be null and void by an order of the High Court prior to
2 May 1975.
Saving for petitions presented before 1 June 1981

185.—(1) The Women’s Charter (Amendment) Act 1980
(including the repeals and amendments made by it) does not have
effect in relation to any petition for divorce or judicial separation, for

a decree of nullity or for a decree of presumption of death and

dissolution of the marriage presented before 1 June 1981.
(2) Without prejudice to any provision of this Act, neither collusion
nor any other conduct on the part of the petitioner which has at any
time been a bar to relief in matrimonial proceedings constitutes a bar
to the grant of a decree nisi of divorce, a decree of judicial separation,
a decree of nullity or a decree of presumption of death and dissolution
of the marriage, whether the marriage took place, or the proceedings
were instituted, before or after 1 June 1981, and the court is not
required to dismiss an application for a decree nisi of divorce to be
made absolute on the ground of collusion between the parties in
connection with the presentation or prosecution of the petition for
divorce or the obtaining of the decree nisi or on the ground of any
conduct on the part of the petitioner.
Savings for proceedings before 1 May 1997

186.—(1) Nothing in section 12 affects any proceedings under the
Women’s Charter commenced before 1 May 1997 or any decree,
order or judgment made or given (whether before or after that date) in
any such proceedings.
(2) Nothing in Part 7 affects proceedings instituted under the
repealed sections 68 and 69 of the Women’s Charter (Cap. 353,
1985 Revised Edition) before 1 May 1997 and those sections in force
immediately before that date continue to apply to the proceedings as
if the Women’s Charter (Amendment) Act 1996 had not been enacted.
(3) Section 112 does not apply to the hearing of any proceedings
which has begun before 1 May 1997 under the repealed section 106 of
the Women’s Charter (Cap. 353, 1985 Revised Edition) in force
immediately before that date and the repealed section 106 continues
to apply to that hearing as if the Women’s Charter (Amendment)
Act 1996 had not been enacted.
(4) Nothing in this section affects section 16 of the Interpretation
Act 1965.

FIRST SCHEDULE
Section 10
KINDRED AND AFFINITY

PROHIBITED DEGREES OF RELATIONSHIP
Mother. Father.
Daughter. Son.
Father’s mother. Father’s father.
Mother’s mother. Mother’s father.
Son’s daughter. Son’s son.
Daughter’s daughter. Daughter’s son.
Sister. Brother.
Wife’s mother. Husband’s father.
Wife’s daughter. Husband’s son.
Father’s wife. Mother’s husband.
Son’s wife. Daughter’s husband.
Father’s father’s wife. Father’s mother’s husband.
Mother’s father’s wife. Mother’s mother’s husband.
Wife’s father’s mother. Husband’s father’s father.
Wife’s mother’s mother. Husband’s mother’s father.
Wife’s son’s daughter. Husband’s son’s son.
Wife’s daughter’s daughter. Husband’s daughter’s son.
Son’s son’s wife. Son’s daughter’s husband.
Daughter’s son’s wife. Daughter’s daughter’s husband.
Father’s sister. Father’s brother.
Mother’s sister. Mother’s brother.
Brother’s daughter. Brother’s son.
Sister’s daughter. Sister’s son.

SECOND SCHEDULE
Sections 13(1) and 17(2)
CONSENTS REQUIRED TO THE MARRIAGE OF A MINOR

PART 1 — WHERE THE MINOR IS LEGITIMATE
Circumstances . Person or persons whose
consent is required
1. Where both parents are living: . .
(a) if parents living together: both parents;
(b) if parents are divorced or the parent to whom the custody of the
separated by order of minor is committed by order of any court
court or by agreement: or by the agreement, or, if the custody of
the minor is so committed to one parent
during part of the year and to the other
parent during the rest of the year, both
parents;
(c) if one parent has been the parent who has been deserted;
deserted by the other:
(d) if both parents have been the person to whose custody the minor is
deprived of custody of committed by order of court.
minor by order of court:
2. Where one parent is dead:
(a) if there is no other the surviving parent;
guardian:
(b) if a guardian has been the surviving parent and the guardian if
appointed by the acting jointly, or the surviving parent or
deceased parent: the guardian if the parent or guardian is
the sole guardian of the minor.
3. Where both parents are dead: the guardians or guardian appointed by
the deceased parents or by the court
under the Guardianship of Infants
Act 1934.
PART 2 — WHERE THE MINOR IS ILLEGITIMATE

Circumstances . Person whose consent is required
1. If the mother of the minor is the mother or, if she has by order of court
alive: been deprived of the custody of the

SECOND SCHEDULE — continued
minor, the person to whom the custody
of the minor has been committed by
order of court.
2. If the mother of the minor is the guardian appointed by the mother, or
dead: by the court.
PART 3 — WHERE THE MINOR IS A TRANSFERRED CHILD
Circumstances . Person whose consent is required

If the father, mother, legal guardian . the person whose particulars are
or guardian of the transferred child registered with the protector under the
is not available or does not give his Children and Young Persons Act 1993 as
or her consent: the person who has the care, custody or
control of such transferred child.

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY
This Legislative History is a service provided by the Law Revision Commission
on a best-efforts basis. It is not part of the Act.

ii
PICTORIAL OVERVIEW OF PREDECESSOR ACTS

iii
LEGISLATIVE HISTORY DETAILS
PART 1
CHRISTIAN MARRIAGE ORDINANCE
(CHAPTER 82, 1936 REVISED EDITION)
1. Ordinance III of 1880 — The Marriage Registrars’ Ordinance, 1880
Bill : G.N. No. 178/1880
First Reading : 20 May 1880
Second Reading : 1 June 1880
Notice of Amendments : 13 July 1880
Third Reading : 13 July 1880
Commencement : 29 July 1880
2. Ordinance III of 1898 — The Christian Marriage Ordinance 1898
Bill : G.N. No. 392/1896
First Reading : 25 June 1896
Second Reading : 21 March 1898
Notice of Amendments : 2 August 1898
Third Reading : 23 August 1898
Commencement : 2 April 1899
Note: This Ordinance repealed The Indian Marriage Act 1865 (Indian Act V
of 1865) except sections 42 and 44, and The Marriage Registrars’
Ordinance, 1880 (Ordinance III of 1880) except sections 25 and 26.
3. Ordinance XXV of 1903 — The Christian Marriage Ordinance 1898

Amendment Ordinance 1903
Bill : Information not available
First Reading : 11 September 1903
Second Reading : 18 September 1903
Third Reading : 10 October 1903
Commencement : 10 October 1903
4. Ordinance VII of 1909 — The Christian Marriage Ordinance 1898
Bill : G.N. No. 464/1909

iv
Note: This Ordinance repealed sections 42 and 44 of The Indian Marriage
Act 1865 (Indian Act V of 1865), and sections 25 and 26 of The
Marriage Registrars’ Ordinance, 1880 (Ordinance III of 1880).
5. Ordinance XXVI of 1915 — The Christian Marriage (Amendment)

Ordinance 1915
Bill : G.N. No. 961/1915
First Reading : 15 October 1915
Second Reading : 29 October 1915
Third Reading : 3 December 1915
Commencement : 11 December 1915
6. Ordinance 8 of 1920 — Governor’s Powers Delegation Ordinance, 1920
(Amendments made by section 2 read with the Schedule to the above
Ordinance)
Bill : G.N. No. 349/1920
First Reading : 8 March 1920
Second Reading : 12 April 1920
Notice of Amendments : 12 April 1920
Third Reading : 12 April 1920
Commencement : 21 April 1920 (section 2 read with the
Schedule)
7. 1920 Revised Edition — Ordinance No. 60 (Christian Marriage)
Operation : 28 November 1921
8. Ordinance 26 of 1921 — Statute Laws (Revised Edition) Operation
Ordinance, 1921
(Amendments made by section 3(a) read with Schedule C to the above
Ordinance)
Bill : G.N. No. 1854/1921
First and Second Readings : 22 November 1921
Notice of Amendments : 22 November 1921

v
Third Reading : 22 November 1921
Commencement : 28 November 1921 (section 3(a) read
with Schedule C)
9. Ordinance 32 of 1922 — Statute Laws (Revised Edition) Amendment
Ordinance, 1922
(Amendments made by section 4 of the above Ordinance)
Bill : G.N. No. 1158/1922
First Reading : 14 August 1922
Notice of Amendments : 23 October 1922
Commencement : 28 November 1921 (section 4)
10. Ordinance 19 of 1925 — Christian Marriage (Amendment) Ordinance,
1925
Bill : G.N. No. 1414/1925
First, Second and Third : 24 August 1925
Readings
Commencement : 7 September 1925
11. 1926 Revised Edition — Ordinance No. 60 (Christian Marriage)
Operation : 1 August 1926
12. 1936 Revised Edition — Christian Marriage Ordinance (Chapter 82)
Operation : 1 September 1936
PART 2
ORDINANCE NO. 143 (WOMEN AND GIRLS PROTECTION)
(1926 REVISED EDITION)
13. Ordinance XXIII of 1870 — Contagious Diseases Ordinance, 1870
Bill : S.S.G.G. No. 42/1870
Second Reading : 11 November 1870

vi
1 November 1872
Note: This Ordinance comes into operation on the dates in the Orders of the
Governor in Council (G.N. No. 147/1872 and G.N. No. 177/1872) for
the areas specified in those Orders.
14. Ordinance III of 1873 — The Contagious Diseases Amendment

Ordinance, 1873
Notice of Amendments : 12 June 1873
Third Reading : 12 June 1873
Commencement : 12 June 1873
15. Ordinance VIII of 1875 — The Contagious Diseases Amendment
Ordinance, 1875
Bill : S.S.G.G. No. 18/1875
Second and Third Readings : 6 May 1875
Commencement : 6 May 1875
16. Ordinance I of 1887 — The Women and Girls’ Protection Ordinance
1887
Bill : G.N. No. 611/1886
First Reading : 28 December 1886
Second Reading : 2 May 1887
Notice of Amendments : 5 May 1887
Third Reading : 9 May 1887
17. Ordinance XIV of 1888 — The Women and Girls’ Protection Ordinance
1888
Bill : G.N. No. 660/1888
First Reading : 19 November 1888

vii
Notice of Amendments : 12 December 1888
Commencement : 1 January 1889
18. Ordinance III of 1890 — The Women and Girls’ Protection Ordinance
Bill : G.N. No. 741/1889
First Reading : 14 February 1890
Second Reading : 20 February 1890
Notice of Amendments : 27 February 1890
Third Reading : 6 March 1890
Commencement : 6 March 1890
19. Ordinance XVII of 1891 — The Women and Girls’ Protection Ordinance
Bill : G.N. No. 268/1891
20. Ordinance XII of 1894 — The Women and Girls’ Protection Ordinance
Bill : G.N. No. 296/1894
Second Reading : 19 July 1894
Third Reading : 6 September 1894
21. Ordinance XVI of 1894 — An Ordinance to revive and re-enact Part II of
The Women and Girls’ Protection Ordinance
1888

viii
First, Second and Third : 1 November 1894
Readings
Commencement : 1 November 1894
1896
Bill : G.N. No. 425/1896
First Reading : 16 July 1896
23. Ordinance XIII of 1899 — The Women and Girls’ Protection Ordinance
1896 Amendment Ordinance 1899
Bill : G.N. No. 440/1899
Bill : G.N. No. 162/1900
Notice of Amendments : 11 September 1900
25. Ordinance III of 1902 — The Women and Girls’ Protection Ordinance
Bill : G.N. No. 1588/1901
First Reading : 21 January 1902
Second Reading : 28 January 1902

ix
Third Reading : 18 February 1902
Commencement : 18 February 1902
26. Ordinance IV of 1910 — The Women and Girls Protection Ordinance
Bill : G.N. No. 1251/1909
27. Ordinance XXVI of 1914 — The Women and Girls Protection Ordinance
1914
Bill : G.N. No. 529/1913
Second Reading : 22 August 1913
28. 1920 Revised Edition — Ordinance No. 143 (Women and Girls
Protection)
29. Ordinance 24 of 1925 — Women and Girls Protection (Amendment)
Ordinance, 1925
Bill : G.N. No. 1283/1925

x
30. 1926 Revised Edition — Ordinance No. 143 (Women and Girls
Protection)
31. Ordinance 6 of 1926 — The Statute Laws (Revised Edition) Operation
Ordinance, 1926
(Amendments made by section 3 read with Schedule B to the above
Ordinance)
Bill : G.N. No. 1151/1926
First and Second Readings : 12 July 1926
Commencement : 1 August 1926 (section 3 read with
Schedule B)
Ordinance, 1927
Bill : G.N. No. 1325/1927
PART 3
CHRISTIAN MARRIAGE ORDINANCE
33. Ordinance 10 of 1940 — Christian Marriage Ordinance, 1940
Bill : G.N. No. 3464/1939

xi
34. Ordinance 16 of 1941 — Christian Marriage (Amendment)
Ordinance, 1941
Bill : G.N. No. 308/1941
Second and Third Readings : 28 April 1941
35. Ordinance 27 of 1952 — Christian Marriage (Amendment) Ordinance,
1952
Bill : G.N. No. S 201/1951
Select Committee Report : Council Paper No. 111 of 1951
Commencement : 26 August 1952
36. Ordinance 37 of 1952 — Law Revision (Penalties Amendment)
Ordinance, 1952
(Amendments made by section 2 read with item 100 of the Schedule to the
above Ordinance)
Bill : 32/1952
Second and Third Readings : 14 October 1952
Commencement : 30 April 1955 (section 2 read with
item 100 of the Schedule)
37. 1955 Revised Edition — Christian Marriage Ordinance (Chapter 37)
Operation : 1 July 1956
38. Ordinance 31 of 1958 — Legislative Assembly (Presentation of
Subsidiary Legislation) Ordinance, 1958
Ordinance)
Bill : 158/1958

xii
Commencement : 25 September 1958 (section 2 read
with the Schedule)
39. G.N. No. S (N.S.) 67/1959 — Singapore Constitution (Modification of
Laws) (No. 2) Order, 1959
40. Ordinance 72 of 1959 — Transfer of Powers (No. 2) Ordinance, 1959
(Amendments made by section 2 read with the First Schedule to the above
Ordinance)
Bill : 31/1959
Commencement : 20 November 1959 (section 2 read
with the First Schedule)
PART 4
CIVIL MARRIAGE ORDINANCE
44. Ordinance 9 of 1940 — Civil Marriage Ordinance, 1940
Bill : G.N. No. 3464/1939

xiii
45. Ordinance 28 of 1952 — Civil Marriage (Amendment) Ordinance, 1952
Bill : G.N. No. S 202/1951
46. Ordinance 8 of 1955 — Revised Edition of the Laws (Miscellaneous
Amendments) Ordinance, 1955
(Amendments made by section 2 read with item 33 of the Schedule to the
above Ordinance)
Bill : 45/1954
Second and Third Readings : 28 January 1955
Commencement : 4 February 1955 (section 2 read with
47. 1955 Revised Edition — Civil Marriage Ordinance (Chapter 38)
Ordinance)
Bill : 158/1958
with the Schedule)

xiv
PART 5
DECEASED WIFE’S SISTER’S MARRIAGE ORDINANCE
53. Ordinance XIII of 1911 — The Deceased Wife’s Sister’s Marriage
Ordinance 1911
Bill : G.N. No. 579/1911
54. 1920 Revised Edition — Ordinance No. 128 (Deceased Wife’s Sister’s
Marriage)
55. 1926 Revised Edition — Ordinance No. 128 (Deceased Wife’s Sister’s
Marriage)
56. Ordinance 63 of 1935 — Statute Law Revision Ordinance, 1935
(Amendments made by section 2 read with item (n) of the First Schedule to
the above Ordinance)
Bill : G.N. No. 3043/1935
Second Reading : 9 December 1935

xv
Commencement : 31 December 1935 (section 2 read
with item (n) of the First Schedule)
57. 1936 Revised Edition — Deceased Wife’s Sister’s Marriage Ordinance
(Chapter 83)
58. 1955 Revised Edition — Deceased Wife’s Sister’s Marriage Ordinance
(Chapter 39)
PART 6
DIVORCE ORDINANCE
59. Ordinance XXV of 1910 — The Divorce Ordinance 1910
Bill : G.N. No. 761/1910
60. Ordinance V of 1911 — The Divorce Ordinance 1910 Amendment
Ordinance 1911
Bill : G.N. No. 379/1911
61. 1920 Revised Edition — Ordinance No. 123 (Divorce)
62. 1926 Revised Edition — Ordinance No. 123 (Divorce)

xvi
63. Ordinance 7 of 1933 — Divorce (Amendment) Ordinance, 1933
Bill : G.N. No. 2507/1932
Second and Third Readings : 6 March 1933
64. Ordinance 63 of 1935 — Statute Law Revision Ordinance, 1935
(Amendments made by section 2 read with item (l) of the First Schedule to the
above Ordinance)
Bill : G.N. No. 3043/1935
Commencement : 31 December 1935 (section 2 read
with item (l) of the First Schedule)
65. 1936 Revised Edition — Divorce Ordinance (Chapter 84)
Bill : G.N. No. 2075/1939
Bill : G.N. No. 308/1941
68. Ordinance 25 of 1941 — Divorce (Amendment No. 2) Ordinance, 1941
Bill : G.N. No. 745/1941
First Reading : 28 April 1941

xvii
69. 1955 Revised Edition — Divorce Ordinance (Chapter 40)
Bill : 97/1957
Ordinance)
Bill : 158/1958
with the Schedule)
72. Act 62 of 1959 — State Advocate-General (Transfer of Powers)
Ordinance, 1959
Ordinance)
Bill : 22/1959
Second and Third Readings : 2 September 1959
with the Schedule)

xviii
PART 7
MAINTENANCE (FACILITIES FOR ENFORCEMENT) ORDINANCE, 1959
(ORDINANCE 63 OF 1959)
74. Ordinance 63 of 1959 — Maintenance (Facilities for Enforcement)
Ordinance, 1959
Bill : 27/1959
PART 8
MARRIED WOMEN AND CHILDREN (MAINTENANCE) ORDINANCE
75. Ordinance 26 of 1949 — Married Women and Children (Maintenance)
Ordinance, 1949
Bill : G.N. No. S 243/1949
Second and Third Readings : 28 July 1949
76. 1955 Revised Edition — Married Women and Children (Maintenance)
Ordinance (Chapter 44)
PART 9
MARRIED WOMEN’S PROPERTY ORDINANCE
77. Ordinance XI of 1902 — Married Women’s Property Ordinance
Bill : G.N. No. 151/1902

xix
78. 1920 Revised Edition — Ordinance No. 76 (Married Women’s Property)
79. 1926 Revised Edition — Ordinance No. 76 (Married Women’s Property)
80. 1936 Revised Edition — Married Women’s Property Ordinance
(Chapter 55)
81. 1955 Revised Edition — Married Women’s Property Ordinance
(Chapter 45)
PART 10
WOMEN AND GIRLS PROTECTION ORDINANCE
82. Ordinance 15 of 1930 — Women and Girls Protection Ordinance, 1930
Bill : G.N. No. 1243/1930
Ordinance, 1932
Bill : G.N. No. 1966/1932
Second and Third Readings : 5 December 1932
Commencement : 1 February 1933
Ordinance, 1935
Bill : G.N. No. 1218/1935

xx
85. 1936 Revised Edition — Women and Girls Protection Ordinance
(Chapter 33)
Ordinance, 1937
Bill : G.N. No. 551/1937
Ordinance, 1939
Bill : G.N. No. 3037/1939
Ordinance, 1941
Bill : G.N. No. 452/1941
Second and Third Readings : 9 June 1941
Ordinance, 1949
Bill : G.N. No. S 49/1949

xxi
Select Committee Report : Council Paper No. 48 of 1949
Ordinance, 1954
Bill : 32/1953
Commencement : 27 March 1954
91. Ordinance 8 of 1955 — Revised Edition of the Laws (Miscellaneous
Amendments) Ordinance, 1955
(Amendments made by section 2 read with item 5 of the Schedule to the above
Ordinance)
Bill : 45/1954
Commencement : 4 February 1955 (section 2 read with
92. Ordinance 37 of 1952 — Law Revision (Penalties Amendment)
Ordinance, 1952
(Amendments made by section 2 read with item 8 of the Schedule to the above
Ordinance)
Bill : 32/1952
93. 1955 Revised Edition — Women and Girls Protection Ordinance
(Chapter 126)

xxii
PART 11
(2020 REVISED EDITION)
94. Ordinance 18 of 1961 — Women’s Charter, 1961
Bill : 126/1961
Select Committee Report : Sessional Paper No. L.A. 10 of 1961
95. Act 9 of 1967 — Women’s Charter (Amendment) Act, 1967
Bill : 46/1966
Select Committee Report : Parl. 7 of 1967
96. Act 14 of 1969 — Statute Law Revision Act, 1969
(Amendments made by section 2 read with the First Schedule to the above
Act)
Bill : 22/1969
Commencement : 2 January 1970 (section 2 read with
the First Schedule)
97. 1970 Revised Edition — Women’s Charter (Chapter 47)
Operation : 1 March 1971

xxiii
98. Act 21 of 1973 — Statutes of the Republic of Singapore (Miscellaneous
Amendments) Act, 1973
(Amendments made by section 2 read with the Schedule to the above Act)
Bill : 16/1973
Commencement : 6 April 1973 (section 2 read with the
Schedule)
99. Act 34 of 1973 — Statutes of the Republic of Singapore (Miscellaneous
Amendments) (No. 3) Act, 1973
(Amendments made by section 2 read with item (e) of the Schedule to the
above Act)
Bill : 27/1973
Second and Third Readings : 25 July 1973
Commencement : 24 August 1973 (section 2 read with
item (e) of the Schedule)
Bill : 10/1975
Bill : 23/1979
102. 1981 Reprint — Women’s Charter (Chapter 47)
Reprint : 15 August 1981

xxiv
Operation : 30 March 1987
104. Act 16 of 1993 — Supreme Court of Judicature (Amendment) Act 1993
(Amendments made by section 29(5) read with item (16) of the Schedule to
the above Act)
Bill : 12/1993
Commencement : 1 July 1993 (section 29(5) read with
item (16) of the Schedule)
105. Act 2 of 1994 — Judicial Committee (Repeal) Act 1994
(Amendments made by section 3 read with item (5) of the Schedule to the
above Act)
Bill : 2/1994
Second and Third Readings : 23 February 1994
Commencement : 8 April 1994 (section 3 read with item
(5) of the Schedule)
106. Act 30 of 1996 — Women’s Charter (Amendment) Act 1996
Bill : 5/1996
Operation : 30 May 1997
108. Act 20 of 2001 — Children and Young Persons (Amendment) Act 2001
(Amendments made by section 48 read with item (6) of the Schedule to the
above Act)
Bill : 12/2001

xxv
Commencement : 1 October 2001 (section 48 read with
item (6) of the Schedule)
109. Act 42 of 2005 — Statutes (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Act
2005
(Amendments made by section 5 read with item (36) of the First Schedule to
the above Act)
Bill : 30/2005
Second and Third Readings : 21 November 2005
item (36) of the First Schedule)
110. Act 2 of 2007 — Statutes (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act 2007
(Amendments made by section 18 of the above Act)
Bill : 14/2006
Commencement : 1 March 2007 (section 18)
111. Act 51 of 2007 — Penal Code (Amendment) Act 2007
(Amendments made by section 107 read with item (8) of the Third Schedule
to the above Act)
Bill : 38/2007
Commencement : 1 February 2008 (section 107 read
with item (8) of the Third Schedule)
Operation : 31 October 2009
113. Act 21 of 2008 — Mental Health (Care and Treatment) Act 2008
(Amendments made by section 33 read with item 1(53) of the Second
Schedule to the above Act)
Bill : 11/2008

xxvi
Commencement : 1 March 2010 (section 33 read with
item 1(53) of the Second Schedule)
114. Act 15 of 2010 — Criminal Procedure Code 2010
(Amendments made by section 430 read with item 115 of the Sixth Schedule
to the above Act)
Bill : 11/2010
Commencement : 2 January 2011 (section 430 read with
item 115 of the Sixth Schedule)
Bill : 34/2010
Commencement : 1 June 2011 (except sections 2(b), (c),
(d) and (e), 3, 4 and 16)
1 September 2011 (sections 2(b), (c),
(d) and (e), 3 and 4)
116. Act 25 of 2012 — Statutes (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Act
2012
Bill : 23/2012
Commencement : 28 March 2013 (section 10)
117. Act 27 of 2014 — Family Justice Act 2014
Bill : 21/2014

xxvii
Commencement : 1 October 2014 (section 76 except
section 76(j), (m), (u), (x), (zb), (zc),
(zd), (zf), (zh) and (zi))
1 January 2015 (section 76(j), (m), (u),
(x), (zb), (zc), (zd), (zf), (zh) and (zi))
Bill : 6/2016
Second and Third Readings : 29 February 2016
Commencement : 1 July 2016 (except sections 6, 7(b)
and (d), 20(2), 21, 22, 47 and 48(4))
1 October 2016 (sections 6, 7(b), 22
and 47)
1 December 2016 (sections 21 and
48(4))
1 January 2017 (sections 7(d) and
20(2))
119. Act 19 of 2016 — Administration of Justice (Protection) Act 2016
Bill : 23/2016
Second and Third Readings : 15 August 2016
Commencement : 1 October 2017 (section 46)
120. Act 27 of 2018 — Vulnerable Adults Act 2018
Bill : 20/2018
Commencement : 19 December 2018 (section 42)
121. Act 15 of 2019 — Criminal Law Reform Act 2019
Bill : 6/2019

xxviii
Notice of Amendments : 6 May 2019
Commencement : 1 January 2020 (section 189)
122. Act 30 of 2019 — Children and Young Persons (Amendment) Act 2019
Bill : 22/2019
Commencement : 1 July 2020 (section 75)
123. Act 40 of 2018 — Insolvency, Restructuring and Dissolution Act 2018
Bill : 32/2018
Commencement : 30 July 2020 (section 523)
Bill : 29/2019
Second and Third Readings : 4 November 2019
125. Act 40 of 2019 — Supreme Court of Judicature (Amendment) Act 2019
(Amendments made by section 28(1) read with item 165 of the Schedule to
the above Act)
Bill : 32/2019
Commencement : 2 January 2021 (section 28(1) read
with item 165 of the Schedule)

xxix
126. 2020 Revised Edition — Women's Charter 1961
Operation : 31 December 2021
127. Act 25 of 2021 — Courts (Civil and Criminal Justice) Reform Act 2021
Bill : 18/2021
Abbreviations
C.P. Council Paper
G.N. No. S (N.S.) Government Notification Number Singapore (New Series)
G.N. No. Government Notification Number
G.N. No. S Government Notification Number Singapore
G.N. Sp. No. S Government Notification Special Number Singapore
L.A. Legislative Assembly
L.N. Legal Notification (Federal/Malaysian Subsidiary
Legislation)
M. Act Malayan Act/Malaysia Act
M. Ordinance Malayan Ordinance
Parl. Parliament
S.S.G.G. (E) No. Straits Settlements Government Gazette (Extraordinary)
Number
S.S.G.G. No. Straits Settlements Government Gazette Number

COMPARATIVE TABLE
This Act has undergone renumbering in the 2020 Revised Edition. This
Comparative Table is provided to help readers locate the corresponding provisions
in the last Revised Edition.
2020 Ed. 2009 Ed.

— 131—(3) [Deleted by Act 19 of 2016]
— 140—(5) [Deleted by Act 15 of 2019]

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THE STATUTES OF THE REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE

WOMEN’S CHARTER 1961

2020 REVISED EDITION

This revised edition incorporates all amendments up to and

Prepared and Published by

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

Women’s Charter 1961

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

Chapter 2 — JUDICIAL SEPARATION

Chapter 3 — NULLITY OF MARRIAGE

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

Chapter 4A — FINANCIAL RELIEF

Chapter 5 — WELFARE OF CHILDREN

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

Chapter 6 — GENERAL PROVISIONS

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

An Act to provide for monogamous marriages and for the

[15 September 1961]

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

“incapacitated former husband”, in relation to a dissolved or an

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

(2) In criminal proceedings for an offence under Part 11 in relation

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

(a) a court may rely on circumstantial evidence to find that the

(2A) Nothing in Part 8 entitles an incapacitated husband who is

(3) Despite subsection (2), sections 4, 5 and 6 apply to any person

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

Marrying again during lifetime of husband or wife

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

Cohabitation caused by deceitfully inducing a belief of lawful

Marriage ceremony gone through fraudulently without lawful

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

Avoidance of marriages where either party is under minimum

Marriages within prohibited degrees

Avoidance of marriages by subsisting prior marriage

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

(2) However, a marriage is not void under subsection (1) if it is

(3) A marriage solemnised on or after 1 October 2016 is deemed to

(4) In this section, “gratification” and “immigration advantage”

Avoidance of marriages between persons of same sex

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

(3) For the purpose of this section —

(3) If any person whose consent is required refuses his or her

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

(4) An application to the court under this section is to be heard in

(5) When an application is made to the court in consequence of a

(6) Despite anything to the contrary in this Part, consent to the

Signature on notice by person unable to write or to understand

Notice to be filed and published

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022

same so displayed until he or she issues a marriage licence under

Registrar to issue marriage licence on proof of conditions by

Informal Consolidation – version in force from 1/4/2022