Chapter 1

Introduction of Computer Networks

Computer Network

Computer Network includes: Router, Host Links, Point-To-Point, Broadcast

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Computer Network

Computer Network is a set of computers and network devices that are connected by transmission media (Links) The purposes Sharing resource: Hardware, Software, Information Overcome a distance Increase Reliability

Introduction of Computer Networks

1.1 Uses of Computer Networks 1.2 Types of Computer Network 1.3 Reference Models of Network

1.1 Uses of Computer Networks

Uses of Computer Networks

1.1.1 Business Applications 1.1.2 Home Applications 1.1.3 Mobile Users

Uses of Computer Networks

Business Applications of Networks (1)

A network with two clients and one server.

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Uses of Computer Networks

Business Applications of Networks (2)

The client-server model involves requests and replies.

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Uses of Computer Networks

Home Network Applications (1) Access to remote information Person-to-person communication Interactive entertainment Electronic commerce

Uses of Computer Networks

Home Network Applications (2)

In peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients and servers.

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Uses of Computer Networks

Home Network Applications (3)

Some forms of e-commerce.

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Uses of Computer Networks

Mobile Network Users

Combinations of wireless networks and mobile computing.

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1.2 Types of Computer Network

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Types of Computer Network

1.2.1 Types of Network based on Distance 1.2.2 Types of Network based on Switching Methods

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Types of Network based on Distance

Classification of interconnected processors by scale.

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Types of Network based on Distance

Local Area Networks (LAN) Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) Wide Area Networks (WAN)

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Types of Network based on Distance

Local Area Networks (1)
DTE DTE Ethernet DTE DTE DTE

DTE

b
DTE DTE DTE

Two broadcast networks (a) Bus (b) Ring DTE (Data Terminal Equipment)
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Types of Network based on Distance

Local Area Networks (2)
Bus topology

Used in Ethernet LAN family Common shared medium Random access (CSMA/CD) Easy to implement Lower utilization under heavy traffic 30%-40% IEEE 802.3

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Types of Network based on Distance

Local Area Networks (3)

Ethernet:
shared or dedicated link connects end system and Switch, router Ethernet 10 Mbps, Fast Ethernet 100Mbps, Gigabit Ethernet 1000Mbps

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Types of Network based on Distance

Local Area Networks (3)
Ring Topology Used in token ring Shared medium Deterministic access High utilization >90% IEEE 802.5

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Types of Network based on Distance

Wireless LAN (4)

IEEE 802.11b: 11Mbps IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11g: 54 Mbps (a) Wireless networking with a base station, BSS (b) Ad hoc networking, IBSS
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Types of Network based on Distance

Metropolitan Area Networks

A metropolitan area network based on cable TV. Other Example: Wireless Internet Access IEEE 802.16
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Types of Network based on Distance

Wide Area Networks (1)

Relation between hosts on LANs and the subnet.

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Types of Network based on Distance

Wide Area Networks (2)
The Internet
application transport network data link physical

network data link physical

network data link physical network data link physical

network data link physical

network data link physical network data link physical

network data link physical network data link physical

application transport network data link physical

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Types of Network based on Distance

Wide Area Networks (3)

Telephone System
Digital Analog

Services, Networks
POTS (Plain Old Telephone System) ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) Broadband Frame Relay: 2 Mbps ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode): 155 622 Mbps MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switch)

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Types of Network based on

Switching Methods
Telecommunication networks

Circuit-switched networks

Packet-switched networks

FDM

TDM

Networks with VCs

Datagram Networks

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Types of Network based on Switching Methods

Circuit switching network
End-end resources reserved for call
link bandwidth, switch capacity dedicated resources: no sharing circuit-like (guaranteed) performance call setup required low utilization of channel

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Types of Network based on Switching Methods

Circuit switching network (2)
Network resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into pieces pieces allocated to calls resource piece idle if not used by owning call (no
sharing) dividing link bandwidth into pieces
Frequency division FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing Time Division TDM Time Division Multiplexing
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Types of Network based on Switching Methods Circuit switching network (3)

Example: FDM 4 users frequency time TDM

frequency time
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Types of Network based on Switching Methods Packet switching network (1)

Each end-end data stream divided into packets User A, B packets share network resources Each packet uses full link bandwidth Resources used as needed Resource contention: Aggregate resource demand can exceed amount available Congestion: packets queue, wait for link use Store and forward: packets move one hop at a time Node receives complete packet before forwarding
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Types of Network based on Switching Methods Packet switching network (2)

Virtual circuits network: Used to setup, maintain, teardown VC Used in ATM, frame-relay, X.25

application transport 5. Data flow begins network 4. Call connected data link 1. Initiate call physical

6. Receive data application 3. Accept call transport 2. incoming call network

data link physical

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Types of Network based on Switching Methods Packet switching network (3)

Datagram networks No call setup at network layer Routers: no state about end-to-end connections Packets forwarded using destination host address Packets between same source-dest pair may take different paths

application transport network data link 1. Send data physical

application transport 2. Receive data network data link physical

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1.3 Reference Models of Network

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Reference Models

1.3.1 The OSI Reference Model 1.3.2 The TCP/IP Reference Model 1.3.3 A Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP 1.3.4 Network Standardization

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The OSI reference model.

Why layering? (1)
Networks are complex! many pieces: hosts routers links of various media applications protocols hardware, software
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The OSI reference model

Why layering? (2)

Dealing with complex systems: explicit structure allows identification, relationship of complex systems pieces Layered reference model for discussion modularization eases maintenance, updating of system Change of implementation of layers service transparent to rest of system E.g., change in gate procedure doesnt affect rest of system
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The OSI reference model

The Principles of Layer Design
1. A layer should be created where a different abstraction is needed. 2. Each layer should perform a well-defined function. 3. The function of each layer should be chosen with an eye toward defining internationally standardized protocols. 4. The layer boundaries should be chosen to minimize the information flow across the interfaces. 5. The number of layers should be large enough that distinct functions need not be thrown together in the same layer out of necessity and small enough that the architecture does not become unwieldy.
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OSI Reference Model

Open Systems Interconnection Reference model provides a general framework for standardization defines a Seven of layers and services provided by each layer one or more protocols can be developed for each layer Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Delivered, published in 1984! also published by ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union)
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The OSI reference model.

The 7 layers

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The OSI reference model.

The functions of each layer (1)
Physical

Physical interface between devices Characteristics Mechanical - interface specs Electrical - voltage levels for bits, transmission rate Logical functions of signal Procedure of Transfer Transfer of bit level Point to Point link Principle service: error detection and flow control Higher layers may assume error free transmission Later a sublayer is added to Data Link Layer MAC (Medium Access Control) sublayer to deal with broadcast networks Transfer of frame level Point to Point link
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Data Link

The OSI reference model.

The functions of each layer (2)
Network Addressing and Routing packets to destination

Transfer of information through comm. network Higher layers do not need to know about underlying networking technology Not needed on direct links Network nodes (relays, routers) should perform switching and routing functions

QoS (Quality of Service) and congestion control are also addresses in this layer Several other internetworking issues e.g. differences in addressing, max. data length, etc.
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The OSI reference model.

The functions of each layer (3)
Network and Transport Layers
application transport network data link physical network data link physical

gi lo

network data link physical

le ca nd -e nd

network data link physical

network data link physical

sp an tr t or

network data link physical application transport network data link physical

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The OSI reference model.

The functions of each layer (4)
Transport

Exchange of data end to end Multiplexing and de-multiplexing of messages If needed, upper layer data are split into smaller units In sequence, no losses, no duplicates Flow control of data in both directions

Session
Establishes and clears sessions for applications, and thus minimizes loss of data during large data exchange Control of dialogues

whose turn to talk? Dialogue discipline (full-duplex, half-duplex)

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Checkpointing and recovery

The OSI reference model.

The functions of each layer (5)
Presentation

Provides a set of standard protocols so that the display would be transparent to syntax of the application Data formats and coding Data compression Data encryption

Application

Support for various applications Provides application specific protocols for each specific application and each specific transport protocol system
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The OSI reference model.

The flow of information

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The OSI reference model

The PCI (Protocol Control Information).

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The OSI reference model

Common concepts (1)

User data is passed from layer to layer PCI (Protocol Control Information) is added/removed to/from user data at each layer PDU (Protocol Data Unit) = Data + PCI Each layer has a different PDU

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The OSI reference model

Common concepts (2)

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The OSI reference model

Common concepts (3)

Protocol specification
Operates between the same layer on two systems May involve different platforms Protocol specification must be precise - Format of data units - Semantics of all fields

Service definition
Functional description of what is provided to the next upper layer

Addressing
Referenced by SAPs

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The OSI reference model

Common concepts (4)

Connection-Oriented
Establish connection Data transfer Terminate conntion

Connectionless Services
Only data transfer

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The OSI reference model

Common concepts (5)

Service Primitives Five service primitives for implementing a simple connection-oriented service.

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The OSI reference model

Common concepts (6)

Service Primitives Packets sent in a simple client-server interaction on a connection-oriented network.

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The TCP/IP Reference model

Internet History
1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency 1969: First ARPAnet node operational 1972: ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-host protocol First e-mail program ARPAnet has 15 node 1974: Cerf and Kahn - architecture for interconnecting networks 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes 1990: Commercialization, the Web

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The TCP/IP Reference model The 4 layers

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The TCP/IP Reference model

The functions of each layer (1)
Network Access The node should connect to the network with a protocol such

that it can send IP packets This protocol is not defined by TCP/IP Mostly in hardware A well known example is Ethernet

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The TCP/IP Reference model

The functions of each layer (2)
Internet Layer Connectionless point to point internetworking protocol

Takes care of routing across multiple networks Each packet travels in the network independently of each other they may not arrive (if there is a problem in the network) they may arrive out of order A design decision enforced by DoD to make the system more flexible and responsive to loss of some subnet devices

Implemented in end systems and routers as the Internet Protocol (IP)

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The TCP/IP Reference model

The functions of each layer (3)
Transport Layer End-to-end data transfer Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

connection oriented reliable delivery of data ordering of delivery

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

connectionless service delivery is not guaranteed

Can you give example applications that use TCP and UDP?
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The TCP/IP Reference model

The functions of each layer (4)
Application Layer

Support for user applications A separate module for each different application
HTTP, SMTP, telnet, FTP DNS, DHCP, SNMP, VoIP

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The Hybrid Model

ATM

Frame Relay

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Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models Concepts central to the OSI model Services Interfaces Protocols

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A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols

Why OSI did not take over the world Bad timing Bad technology Bad implementations Bad politics

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A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model

Problems: Service, interface, and protocol not distinguished Not a general model Host-to-network layer not really a layer No mention of physical and data link layers Minor protocols deeply entrenched, hard to replace

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Network Standardization
Whos Who in the Telecommunications World Whos Who in the International Standards World Whos Who in the Internet Standards World

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Network Standardization
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

Main sectors
Radiocommunications Telecommunications Standardization Development

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Network Standardization
Standards Organization
ISO (International Standards Organization) ANSI (American National Standards Institute), NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), De facto standards: EIA

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Network Standardization
IEEE 802 Standards

The 802 working groups. The important ones are marked with *. The ones marked with are hibernating. The one marked with gave up.

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Network Standardization
Internet Society (ISOC)

Internet development and standardization 3 suborganizations

IAB (Internet Architecture Board) overall Internet architecture IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) protocol engineering and development IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group) monitors IETF standardization efforts
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Network Standardization
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

Internet documents:
Request for Comments (RFC) IETF STD Internet Standard FYI For your information

Source for RFCs

HTTP://ietf.org/rfc

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