Metal Detector

REGENT EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION GROUP OF
INSTITUTION
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
METAL DETECTOR
GROUP MEMBER NAMES-:

1. HARISADHAN ROY( ROLL NO -26300319036)
2. DIPANKAR ROY(ROLL NO -26300319027)
3. SAYANTIKA DAS (ROLL NO -26300319034)
4. PINKY KUMARI RAJBHAR(ROLL NO -26300319028)
METAL DETECTOR
Acknowledgement
We would like to express our gratitude towards Teachers of Electronics &

Communication Engineering Department
As well as
The principal of Regent Education and Research Foundation Groups of
Institution
For providing us a great opportunity to complete a project on METAL
DETECTOR.
1
METAL DETECTOR
Abstract
This project focuses on the adaptation, simulation and construction of a

commonly available schematic for a Pulse Induction (PI) metal detector.
Metal discriminators are electronic devices which can detect the
presence of metal and discriminate the type of metal. The metal
detectors are present in airports, office buildings, schools, government
agencies, prisons, etc. helps to ensure safety while consumer-oriented
metal detectors provides opportunity to discover hidden treasures, none
of them can discriminate the type of metals. Here we are focusing on
consumer oriented metal detectors which can detect and discriminate
the types of metals. We use the fact that the inductive property of a
metal is proportional to its conductivity to discriminate the type of metals.
2
METAL DETECTOR
Table of Contents:
Sr. No Particulars Page No

01 Theory 4
02 Components Requires 5
03 Block Diagram 5
04 Circuit Diagram 6
05 Working Principle 6
06 Advantages 7
07 Disadvantages 7
08 Application 7
3
METAL DETECTOR
Theory -:
The kind of metal detector we have built is based on pulse induction (PI).
PI systems may use a single coil as both transmitter and receiver, or
they may have two or even three coils working together. This type of
metal detector sends powerful, short bursts (pulses) of current through a
coil of wire. Each pulse generates a brief magnetic field. When the pulse
ends, the magnetic field reverses polarity and collapses very suddenly,
resulting in a sharp electrical spike. This spike lasts a few microseconds
(millionths of a second) and causes another current to run through the
coil. This current is called the reflected pulse and is extremely short,
lasting only about 30 microseconds. Another pulse is then sent and the
process repeats. A typical PI-based metal detector sends about 100
pulses per second, but the number can vary greatly based on the
manufacturer and model, ranging from a couple of dozen pulses per
second to over a thousand.
If the metal detector is over a metal object, the pulse creates an opposite
magnetic field in the object. When the pulse's magnetic field collapses,
causing the reflected pulse, the magnetic field of the object makes it take
longer for the reflected pulse to completely disappear. This process
works something like echoes: If you yell in a room with only a few hard
surfaces, you probably hear only a very brief echo, or you may not hear
one at all; but if you yell in a room with a lot of hard surfaces, the echo
lasts longer. In a PI metal detector, the magnetic fields from target
objects add their "echo" to the reflected pulse, making it last a fraction
longer than it would without them.
4
METAL DETECTOR
COMPONENT REQUIRES:
1. 555 Timer
2. Inductor
3. Buzzer
4. Capacitor
5. Resistor
6. Transistor
7. Power Supply
BLOCK DIAGRAM-:
POWER METAL PULSE

BUZZER
SUPPLY DETECTOR GENERATOR
Power Supply -:
The power for the metal detector was supplied by 9V battery or supply.
METAL DETECTOR-:
A simple circular coil of about 8 inch (150 turns) in diameter was chosen
and used for the testing of the circuit, and it should be noted that this
one of the most critical aspects of the system and its sensitivity.
Pulse Generation -:
The pulse generation system consisted of 555 timer ICs. IC5

determined the frequency and duty cycle of the pulse and was
configured for Astable operation meaning that it was used to provide a
constant clock for the rest of the pulse generation circuit.
5
METAL DETECTOR
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
The above circuit shows a schematic diagram of the Metal Detector. IC

555 timer here it acts as a generator and generates rectangular wave
pulses with audible frequencies for humans. The capacitor between
terminal 2 and terminal 1 should not be altered as necessary to generate
the sound frequency.
Working of Metal Detector:
The duty cycle of the output pulse from IC 555 is proportional to the
Inductor L1 and Capacitor C1 which is connected in series to the
trigger pin of IC 555. Here the inductor we use is an Air core. When
current flows through the Inductor a magnetic field is proportional to
the current flow that develops around it. This magnetic field senses
when metal is brought near the inductor its inductance increases.
This results in an increased inflow of current and the Capacitor starts
charging quickly. Feeding the trigger pin of IC 555. This change in
inductance results in change in duty cycle of output pulse that goes to
Transistor Q1. A transistor acts as a switch changing the mode of the
coil from generating signals to listening for signals. The detection
system then amplifies any signal detected and turns it into a
continuous and stable voltage that increases a slow and steady beat
heard in a speaker.
6
METAL DETECTOR
E555 T
r Circuit
ADVANTAGES:
 Metal Detector is frequently found at airports, theaters, and

various other public places. They are used for the safety of
people to detect anyone carrying a metal
 This device used to check people, luggage, or bags in
shopping centers, hotels, cinemas, etc., to ensure that a person
does not carry metal or illegal things, like cannons, bombs, etc
DISADVANTAGES:
PI-based detectors are not very good at discrimination because the

reflected pulse length of various metals is not easily separated.
However, they are useful in many situations in which other non PI based
metal detectors would have difficulty, such as in areas that have highly
conductive material in the soil or general environment. Also, PI-based
systems can often detect metal much deeper in the ground than other
systems.
APPLICATIONS:
This simple Metal Detector can be used to identify metals like iron, gold,
silver etc.
Since it is a simple project, we can use this in our home to scan for nails,
metal scraps etc. which are not easily spottable by naked eye.

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REGENT EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION GROUP OF

GROUP MEMBER NAMES-:

We would like to express our gratitude towards Teachers of Electronics &

This project focuses on the adaptation, simulation and construction of a

Sr. No Particulars Page No

POWER METAL PULSE

The pulse generation system consisted of 555 timer ICs. IC5

The above circuit shows a schematic diagram of the Metal Detector. IC

Working of Metal Detector:

 Metal Detector is frequently found at airports, theaters, and

PI-based detectors are not very good at discrimination because the

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