LITERATURE STUDY OF CRICKET

STADIUM
BY
BHARATH K
17AR005
 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF STADIUM
There are three primary sets of requirements which stadium or arena designer should clearly define
and then keep in proper focus during the design/planning process.

1. General planning requirement

2. Players, Officials, and Spectators requirement
3. Operation/management requirement
4. General planning requirement:

● Primary stadium should be capable of future conversion to seated areas without destroying good
sight-lines and without requiring major reconstruction work.
● It should be capable of adding new seating tribunes and premium seat
● In the unroofed stadium, exterior walls and adjacent areas should be capable to of fitting the
roof.
● Stadium with the roof covering in the spectator areas should be capable of having a retractable
roof to cover the whole arena.
● Should be capable of technical improvements, including the introduction of air conditioning in
enclosed areas
Seating capacity :
► The limitations of normal visual acuity make any seating falling outside a radius of 200 ft. from
the center of field increasingly marginal.
► For major international matches a stadium should seat at least 30,000 people.
Building codes :
► Codes requirement relating to stadium planning will be primarily concerned with exiting and
seating circulation
► It will be found that where they exist, regulations will vary widely from one locality to another.
Orientation:
► Playing field is oriented north-south to protect from the direct glare to the players.
► The accessgate is mostly situated to the east.
► The angle of the playing field should be done in relation to the sum and the prevailing weather
condition.
► The match participants, spectators and media representatives must be protected as much as
possible form the glare of the sun.
► Now a day’s main axis is usually north-east to south west.
Other Aspects of
Stadium Design are:

Water

Waste

Transport

Energy
Safety requirements :
► Safety should be considered as the prime task.
► All parts of the stadium, including entrance, exits, stairways,
doors, escape routes, roofs and all public and private areas and
rooms must conform safety standards.
► Exit doors and gates in the stadium and all gates leading from
the spectator areas into -the playing are must open outwards,
away from the spectators.
► Well-planning good zoning, good structural
► The zoning should be done considering the four safety zones.
Activity area (Temporary safety zone), Viewing zone (Spectator
zone), Circulation area (Temporary safety zone) and
► Outside Stadium (Final safety zone).
PARKING:
► Types of Parking:
❑ Surface Parking
❑ Free standing Parking
❑ Basement parking
► For a stadium with a capacity of 60,000, parking places should be provided for 10,000 Cars and
approximately 500 buses.
► Where sufficient on-site public parking is not possible, parking should be provided no further than
1,500 meters from the stadium.
► There should be sufficient parking space for the buses and cars of VIP’S. Preferably, these vehicles
should be parked inside the stadium.
► Parking space for at least 2 buses and 8 cars should be available for teams, match officials and
stadium staff.
► At least 10 parking spots including large vehicles should be provided to the media.
Straight Parking :
► Suitable two ways traffic and large no of vehicles.
► Parking bays are perpendicular to circulation road.
Angled Parking:
► Suitable for one way traffic which has separate
entrance/exit.
► It reduces the width of the parking lots as the vehicles
are placed in angle.
► The parking bays are inclined in 300, 450, 600, 900.

Oblique Parking
► Suitable for two way traffic and separate
entrance/exit
Design of circulation routes and areas
Maintaining safe conditions

Circulation routes should be minimum of 1.2m wide.

Minimum headroom of 2.0m

Should be raised to 2.4m, especially in circulation routes and viewing areas (particularly the rear of covered seated
stands).

Entrance and Entry Routes

The design and management of entrances and entry routes should take into consideration the following:

► Entrances to each part of the ground should, wherever practicable, be designed and located so as to allow for the
even distribution of spectators and to prevent local pressure building up outside the ground.

► Walls, fences and gates should not provide the opportunity for hand or foot-holds which might assist climbing. They
should be regularly inspected.

► The design of the turnstile and its housing should allow for the operator to see and communicate clearly with
entrants.

► Turnstiles are not suitable for use by wheelchair users, visually impaired spectators and people with assistance
dogs. The most practical design solution is to provide level access via a gate or door, with an appropriate vision
panel, which is staffed by a steward. Arrangements must be in place to ensure that all those entering by such routes
are counted among the spectators attending the event.
 Horizontal circulation

Concourse :

• A concourse is defined as a circulation area that provides direct access to and from viewing accommodation to which it
may be linked by Vomitories, passageways, stairs or ramps.

• It is recommended that all new sports ground concourses should be designed to allow at least 0.5m2 per person (a
density of 20 persons/10 m2) expected to occupy the concourse at peak times.

Vomitories :

► A Vomitory is an access route built into the gradient of a stand which directly links spectator accommodation to
concourses, and/or routes for ingress, egress and emergency evacuation. Passage through a vomitory can be either level,
or via stairways, and can flow either parallel or transverse to the rows of terraces or seats.  

► If passage through the vomitory is by steps, the design, dimensions, barriers and handrails should meet the requirement
for stairways

► These barriers should be protected (by infill or screening), to prevent spectators climbing through and approaching from
behind.
Vertical Circulation

STAIRWAYS AND GANGWAYS :

a. Stairway
b. Radial gangway
c. Lateral gangway

Design of stairways (Basic Specifications and dimensions)

▪ The stairway width should be uniform.
▪ All goings and risers on each stairway should be uniform between floors.
▪ Open risers should not be used.
▪ Winders (that is, tapered treads) should not be used.
▪ Stair treads should be slip-resistant, have durable edgings, and, where appropriate, have adequate drainage.
▪ All nosing should be clearly marked.
▪ Individual flights should consist of no more than 12 risers.
▪ Recommended minimum width of stairs : 1.2m Maximum width: 1.8m
▪ Minimum riser height: 150mm and Maximum height:170mm or 180mm
Playing field:

● No fixed dimensions for the

field but its diameter
usually varies between
450 feet (137 m) and
500 feet (150 m).
● A cricket pitch is 22 yards
long.
Parts of a Field:
The pitch:

The pitch measures 10 × 66 feet (3.05 × 20.12 m).Lines drawn or painted on the pitch are known as creases.

Pitches are generally classified as:

➔ Green Pitch: They contain fair amount of grass and are conducive to bounce and swing.
➔ Dry Pitch: They contain no grass and are conducive to spin.
➔ Concrete Pitch: These are made of concrete and generally used for practice facilities.
➔ Mats: These are used for practice facilities as well and laid over the pitch.
► Playing field quality

The playing field must be absolutely smooth and level.

It can have natural grass or artificial turf according to the need condition.

With natural grass, it should have an efficient watering system for use in dry weather.

Playing field should be equipped with an underground heating system for cold climate

Good playing field should include proper underground and surface drainage to allow play during rain.

► Advertising Boards around Playing Area

Advertising boards normally have a height of 90-100cm

The minimum distances between the boundary lines of the playing field and the advertising boards should be:
4-5m
► Access to Playing Area :

Vehicles of the emergency services, including ambulance and fire engines, must be able to gain access to the
playing area.

All types of ground maintenance vehicles and various other kinds of vehicles should also be able to gain access
to the playing area.

► Exclusion of Spectators form Playing Area :

It is essential to protect against attract form the spectators. This could be accomplished in a number of ways,
including one or more of the following.
Drainage:
► For the drainage of stadium there are two methods:
Drain Cell
Drain Core

Drain cell Drain Core

► ROOFING STRUCTURE:

► TYPES OF ROOF:

● Pitched truss

● King post truss

● Queen post truss

● Post and beam structures

● Goal post structures

● Cantilever structures

● Concrete shell structures

● Compression/ tension ring

LONG SPAN STRUCTURE:

• Structure with span larger than 20m can be regarded as long span structure for this span is usually unable to be achieved by ordinary RC structure.

• Long-span buildings create unobstructed, column-free spaces greater than 30 meters (100 feet) for a variety of functions.

❖ Common Structural Forms for Long Span Building Structures:

❖ In Situ RC, tensioned

❖ Precast concrete, tensioned

❖ Structural steel – erected on spot

❖ Structural steel – prefabricated

❖ Portal frame – in situ RC

❖ Portal frame – precast

❖ Portal frame – prefabricated steel

MAJOR TYPES OF LONG SPAN
STRUCTURE:
Umbrella structure:
Cable Structure:
Shell Structure:
Pneumatic Structure:
Space truss:
Water supply:

DOMESTIC USE AND FIRE PROTECTION can be separate and combined.

Underground water piping

► All piping in the ground from 80 mm dia and above is to be of class C asbestos cement pressure pipe and where of less
than 80 mm dia is to be of class 16 high density polyethylene or thin wall hard drawn copper pipe.

Above ground cold water piping

► Cold water pipework above ground level, but concealed in roofs and ducts etc. may be of galvanized iron, thin wall
hard drawn copper or stainless steel, for all diameters.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING:

► Flood Lighting:

► In 4 cardinal direction (each lamp of 1000-2000W)

► It shouldn’t affect the other nearby building because of its glare.

► Non-televised match ─ 500 to 700 lux

► Televised match ─ 1400 lux

► Mounting height:

► The mounting height geometry sideline head frames and poles in 25 degree not exceed 45 degree.

►  In other rooms like changing room it should be of 100 to 150 lux.
Players, Officials and Spectators Requirement
► Access to Dressing Rooms

► Dressing Rooms:

► There should be two principal dressing rooms in a

stadium of equal size, style and comfort

► At least two there should be separate team areas, but

preferably four. Minimum size is 150m2.

► Umpires’ Area:

► It’s minimum size should be 24m2.

► It should have clothes hanging facilities or lockers for 4

people.

► Coaches’ Offices

► It should be adjacent to the teams’ dressing rooms.

► There should be 2 rooms of minimum 24m2.

Spectator’s requirements: SEATING AREAS
❖ The necessary space for seating area is calculated as follows:

► Width of seat 0.5m

► Overall depth 0.8m

► Seat depth 0.35m

► Circulation 0.45m
❖ Depending on the arrangement of entrances and exits,each row can
comprise On each side of a passage:

► In shallow rising rows 48 places

► In steeply rising rows 36 places.

❖ Seating and standing areas must be separated by fences.
❖ For every 750 seats an escape route (stairway, ramp, flat surface) with a
minimum width of 1.00 must be provided.
❖ The formula giving the staircase width necessary to allow a certain numbers
of spectators to leave the stadium in a given time is:

Number of spectator

Staircase width (m) =

Emptying time(s) X 1.25

► STANDING AREAS:

► The necessary space for standing space is calculated as follows:

► Width of standing space 0.5m

► Depth of standing space 0.4m

► For every 750 spaces an escape route (stairway,ramp,flat surface) with a minimum width of 1.00 m must be
provided.

► Each block should have its own entry/exit points and should be separated from the others by fences.

► Barrier of 1.10m,between every ten rows of the standing spaces.

►  Spectators with Disabilities

► Min. width of the stand 900 mm

► Min depth of the stand 1400 mm

Toilet Facilities:
► Sets of men’s and women’s restroom should be provided at one or more locations on each public level.
► The required number of toilets per visitor is 0.01 of which,
► 40% toilets for women.
► 20% toilets for men.
► 40% urinals.
► 10% WC and 5% washbasins for every 500 women’s.
► 2% WC and 4% washbasins for every 1000 men

First Aid Rooms for the Public

► Stadium should be equipped with a first aid room for spectators.

Public flow:
► Large sign are appreciate provides direction in the location of sections entrances.
► Provision of emergency exit gates unlocked for all time.
► Stairway themselves should act as emergency exit.
► Staircase width(m)= number of spectator
Emptying time(s)X 1.25
► Emergency Exit
► In order to achieve this, management should ensure that:
► There are sufficient numbers of exits in suitable locations.
► All parts of exit routes are of adequate width and height.
► People do not have to travel excessive distances in order to exit from the spectator.

► Fire Safety :
► Adopt measures designed to minimize the fire risk
► Ensure that measures are taken to restrict the rate of early fire growth and fire spread
► Provide and protect sufficient emergency evacuation
► Provide appropriate fire detection and warning systems

► Signage:
► a. Safety signs
► b. Information signs
► c. Commercial signs and hoardings