INVESTIGATORY PROJECT Final

Chemistry Investigatory Project
Session 2018-19
“Crystallization of NaCl in magnetic field and its application in

purifying water”
Teacher Incharge
Name :- Tanmay jain
Class/Sec :- XII-A
Adm no :- 10516
Certificate
This is to certify that Tanmay Jain student of class XII-A has

successfully completed project entitled “Crystallization of NaCl in
magnetic field and its application in purifying water” under the guidance
of during academic session 2018-19.
Examiner Signature
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Acknowledgment
I am very thankful to all those who supported me for, I have completed

my Chemistry project efficiently and moreover on time. I am equally
grateful to my chemistry subject teacher Mrs. Himani maam. She gave
me moral support and extended her help regarding the topic. She had
been very kind and patient while clearing my doubts. I would also like to
thank my parents who helped and guided me from time to time in making
my project...
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Index
S .No Topic Pg. no
1 Introduction 5
2 Aim 7
3 Material Required 7
4 Experiment 8
5 Diagram 8
5 Observation 9
6 Conclusion 11
7 Precautions 11
8 Bibliography 12
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Introduction
Reserves of fresh water in the World reduce yearly and there is no hope to find
new deposits of it. Of course, with the development of saving and purifying
techniques of fresh water, the water crisis is delayed in time but not solved
Another world-wide problem is lack of table salt. Many countries import the salt
or produce from brines. On the other hand, it has proved futile to produce salt from
sea water using current techniques as it was very laborious and ineffective. A hope
of prevention of a shortage of fresh water and an increasing amount of
consumption of table salt in countries which suffer from the acute shortage is
exploitation of ocean water but problem is the lack of a suitable method of
desalting that kind of water which requires minimal energy. This is crucial for
world’s insufficient energy, especially in third world countries. Many laboratories
work about desalination based on reverse osmosis Desalination performed
by reverse osmosis involves the use of a synthetic semi-permeable membrane and
a high pressure hydraulic membrane. Reverse osmosis is a physical process in
which a proportion of water from a pressurized supply is forced through a semi-
permeable membrane to become product water leaving behind almost all of the
impurities in the remaining water. Ballester and Garrido proposed the new
desalination process idea involves the use of electro dialysis concepts regarding the
use of charged-ion selective membranes to create differentiated cells of
concentrated salt water and diluted or desalinized water. All of the processes need
electric or fossil fuel energy, costly membranes, high pressure equipment and other
components which make them useless for poor countries and additionally can
pollute environment.
Liquid water is affected by magnetic fields. Water is diamagnetic and may be

levitated in very high magnetic fields (10 T) Weak magnetic fields (15 mT) have
been shown to increase the evaporation rate of water solutions of NaCl, KCl,
Na3PO4, and CaCl2 It is suggested that magnetic field treatment causes changes
in the hydrating water structure around the ions. These effects are consistent with
the magnetic fields weakening the van der Waals bonding between the water
molecules and the water molecules being more tightly bound, due to the magnetic
field reducing the thermal motion of the inherent charges by generating dampening
forces.
The main aim of the experiments was researching influence of low magnetic fields
between 0 and 0.8 T on water evaporation and crystallization of NaCl from
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saturated aqueous solutions of chemically pure NaCl.
Investigations of the influence of magnetic fields on crystallization compounds like

CaCl2, (NH4)3PO4 and KH2PO4 were reported by Ma Wei et al. He concluded
the magnetic field prompted the separation of tiny particles, increased the
solubility of the phosphate and accelerated crystallization. The same process of the
solution without magnetic field showed the crystallization speed was slower and
the particles were larger.
Nyvlt and Krickova showed that exposure of magnetic fields increased the
nucleation kinetics during crystallization of MgSO4 from an aqueous solution.
Mitrovic et al. found that magnetic fields changed the growth rate distribution and
decreased the growth rate of the majority of small Rochelle salt crystals from
aqueous solutions. Higashitani et al. investigated the effects of magnetic field on
formation of CaCO3 crystals from the reaction between solutions of CaCl2 and
Na2CO3. He noticed that the nucleation frequency of CaCO3 crystals suppressed
but the growth of crystals was accelerated if the magnetic flux density was greater
than about 0.3T and the exposure time is larger than 10 min; solutions exposed to a
magnetic fields maintained the magnetic effect on the formation of CaCO3 for at
least 120 h; formation of aragonite structure of CaCO3 crystals accelerated with
the magnetic fields.
Theory of electrolyte crystallization from an aqueous solution of a sparingly

soluble salt with NaCI structure in magnetic fields was described by Hans E.
Lundager Madsen
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Aim :- Crystallization of NaCl in magnetic field and
its application in purifying water
Material Required
Saturated chemically pure NaCl solution
Horse shoe magnet (0,400,800 T)
China Dish, Test tube, watch galss,burner
Wooden Stand, Aluminium foil
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Experimental procedure 　
Saturated chemically pure NaCl solution in deionized water of volume 10 cm3 in
glass vessels were putted between pole shoes of water cooled electromagnet on a
wooden stand for thermal isolation.
A reference sample was placed in this same clean-room 4 meters from

electromagnet where magnetic field was equal to background magnetic field.
Temperature in the clean-room during all experiment was equal 20 deg C.
Temperature between pole shoes was equal to temperature of environment and has
not changed during time of working electromagnet. Vessels were covered by
aluminum foil but not tightly and water vapor could move to environment.
Samples crystallized in 0, 400 and 800 mT.
Diagram :-
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Observations
Crystallization of reference sample (B=0mT) proceeded 11 day, sample in 400 mT
– 6 days and sample in 800 mT – 7 days. Crystallized salt in 800mT is shown on
figure 2.The first and the second part of the experiment confirmed Holysz et al.
conclusion that week magnetic field accelerates water evaporation and even
increases crystallization ratio of unsaturated and saturated NaCl solutions.
The third part of the experiment showed surprising results.
The result showed that a dependence of salt crystallization and water evaporation
on magnetic fields was not a monotone function. It suggested that salt crystallizes
fastest in an optimal magnetic field around 400 mT.
XRD analysis indicated for lattice constant modifications dependent on magnetic

fields crystallization. The lattice constants were calculated by program Fullprof
and they were: 0.56402nm for the reference sample (0mT), 0.56384nm – for
400mT and 0.56393nm – for 800mT with 0.00002nm of error (Figure 2). As it is
shown on the figure 2 the smallest value of lattice constant is for 400mT of
magnetic field and biggest is for 0mT. Of course, the difference between 0 mT and
400 mT was only 0.03% but error of calculation was less than 0.004%, what
indicated on a contraction of lattice constant during crystallization in magnetic
field. The broadening of spectral lines was observed as well. The calculated
FWHM were 0.082, 0.103 and 0.088 for 0 T, 400 mT and 800 mT, respectively
SEM pictures of the crystals (Figure 5) show the most regular structure for salt
crystallized in 400 mT magnetic field and the most chaotic for salt in 0 mT.
Existence of the optimal, small magnetic field for evaporation water and
crystallization NaCl can lead to great technical consequences. Usage magnetic
fields in ocean water desalting system leads to larger desalting efficiency and
allows save heat power for heating water to increase evaporation during desalting
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process or electric power in reverse osmosis. Magnetic fields until 1 T are
generated easily by permanent magnets. Application of permanent magnets instead
of electromagnets allows economizing electric power. A model way of solving this
kind device is shown on a figure 5. Salt water is delivered to removable
polyethylene containers by pipes. The containers are surrounded by permanent
magnets created magnetic field about 0.4 T in the containers. Water evaporates
from the containers and condenses on polyethylene roof and drips into other
containers as fresh water which is then transported into pipes. After some cycles
full of salt removable polyethylene containers are exchanged and table salt is
acquired. Mirrors are used for intensification of sunbeams.
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Conclusion
The aim of the research was finding the influence of magnetic field on NaCl
crystallization form saturated solution. Experiments confirmed conjectures of
acceleration water evaporation and crystallization of NaCl solutions by magnetic
field. Additionally researches showed its modifying effect on crystal lattice. It was
shown a certain value of magnetic field (around 400 mT) for the fastest
crystallization and smallest constant lattice.
The results provide direction for a new approach to shortage of fresh water and
table salt in the world. If the experiment will be confirmed for ocean water, the
method of getting fresh water and table salt will be revolutionized. Usage of
permanent magnets in desalting systems allows to economizing of heat and
electrical energies necessary for ocean water desalting process
Precautions
 Chemical must be saturated
 Do not over heat
 Apparatus must be clean
 Crystals may be cooled slowly
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Bibliography
 Ncert Textbook Class 12

 O P Tandon (GRB)
 KS Verma
 Wikipedia
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Chemistry Investigatory Project

“Crystallization of NaCl in magnetic field and its application in

This is to certify that Tanmay Jain student of class XII-A has

I am very thankful to all those who supported me for, I have completed

S .No Topic Pg. no

Liquid water is affected by magnetic fields. Water is diamagnetic and may be

Investigations of the influence of magnetic fields on crystallization compounds like

Theory of electrolyte crystallization from an aqueous solution of a sparingly

A reference sample was placed in this same clean-room 4 meters from

XRD analysis indicated for lattice constant modifications dependent on magnetic

 Ncert Textbook Class 12

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