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INNOVATION & VOCATIONAL ENTERPRISE

INSTITUTE
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOM. ENGR. TECH
SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY
MATAN FADA ROAD
KANO STATE POLYTECHNIC
SEMESTER SESSION 2020/2021
TET 113 WORKSHOP PRACTICE
BY
ENG IBRAHIM MUSA BELLO

Safety
The condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury.

Electrical Safety is a Serious Issue

Electrical Safety in the workplace is the most important Job of an electrical worker.
No matter how much training One has received or how much employers try to
safeguard. Their workers, Electrical Safety are ultimately the responsibility of the
electrical worker. The human factor associated with electrical accidents can be
immeasurable. No one can. Replace a worker or loved one that has died or suffered
the, Irreparable consequences of an electrical accident.
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Safety in the workplace is job number one for employer and employee alike. It is
especially important for those who install and service electrical systems. The
human factor is part of every accident or injury. The purpose of this course 113
TET is to identify electrical safety hazards and present ways to minimize or avoid
their consequences. It is a guide for improving electrical safety and contains
information about governmental regulations, industry-accepted standards and
work practices.

HAZARDS;
Can be define as something very dangerous or risky. The major hazards associated
with electricity are electrical shock, fire and Arc flash. ... Water is a great conductor
of electricity, allowing current to flow more easily in wet conditions and through
wet skin. The effect of the shock may range from a slight tingle to severe burns to
cardiac arrest.
Electrical hazards have always been recognized, yet serious injuries, deaths, and
property damage occur daily. Organizations like the US. Department of Labor and
the National Safety Council compile statistics and facts on a regular basis. The
following table demonstrates the importance of electrical safety.

Electrical Safety Hazards Overview

97%
of all electricians have been shocked or injured on the job.
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MAIN CAUSES OF HAZARDS IN LIGHT AND HEAVY CURRENT

SYSTEM IN ENGINEERING

There are two main types hazards of electricity

1, The primary Hazards
2, The secondary Hazards
PRAMARY HAZARDS.
1 Electrical Burns and arc blasts.
2 Electric shock.
3 Electrical Fire and Explosive.
4 Electrical Flash.

SECONDARY HAZARDS.
1 Person falling from height.
2 Dropping of tools or objects.
3 Health hazards due to release of toxic gas or ultra-violet ray.
4 Psychological effects, emotionally anxious or distracted to more prone to
accident.
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1.1 Lists of main Hazards in our homes wiring project.

1. Power Off. ...
2. Be Careful What You Touch. ...
3. Use The Right Tools. ...
4. Buy The Right Parts. ...
5. Include A Junction Box. ...
6. Replace Old Wiring That Shows Signs of Deterioration or Fraying.
7. Fix Fuse and Breaker Problems.
8. Don't Overload
9. Use non-conductive wood or fiberglass ladders when working.

10. Do not use extension cords for longer durations time

11. Expert Intervention
12. Fire Extinguisher
13. Using the wrong light bulb wattage
14. Unprotected electrical outlets

15. Exposed Electrical Parts

Lists of Hazards in heavy currents system in engineering are;

1. Contact with Power Lines. Overhead and buried power lines can carry
extremely high voltage - sometimes exceeding 700,000 volts.

2. No Ground-Fault Protection. This type of electrical hazard is often created

due to excessive wear on power tools and equipment. This can cause breaks
in insulation and exposed wire.
Without ground-fault protection, contact can send electricity through a
worker's body.

3. Pass to Ground Is Missing or Discontinuous; This occurs when

the power supply for electrical equipment is not properly
grounded, or the path has been broken. This can even happen
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with good equipment, either due to extreme work conditions or

rough treatment of the equipment

4. Methods of How to Avoid This Hazard

Let’s face it, any time we use a tool or equipment for purposes it
wasn't meant for, we are quite possibly voiding all of its safety
features. We may inadvertently damage equipment and
endanger other workers or ourselves.

5. Equipment Not Used in Manner Prescribed;

Let’s face it, any time we use a tool or equipment for purposes it
wasn't meant for, we are quite possibly voiding all of its safety
features. We may inadvertently damage equipment and
endanger other workers or ourselves.

6. Improper Use of Extension or Flexible Cord sit;

Is easy to have wear and tear on all types of electrical cords
with normal use. This can expose and loosen wires, which may
create a shock hazard. Cords that have been modified increase
the chance of shock unless they meet all safety agency
standards. According to the Consumer Product Safety
Commission, each year electric extension cords account for
4,600 residential fires killing and injuring about 300 people. The
most frequent causes of these fires are short circuits in the cord,
overloading, damage, or misuse.

Here are some safe tips to prevent hazards in our homes:

1. Never try to repair electrical appliances yourself, always contact a licensed

electrician.
2. Check your appliances regularly for faulty switches, plugs and frayed cords.
3. Avoid overloading power boards with too many appliances at once. E.g. If
you have a heater plugged into the power board, unplug it before using the
hair dryer.
4. Never poke anything into an appliance while it is plugged in or in use.
5. Always use outdoor grade extension cords outside of the home.
6. Make sure your hands are dry before touching switches or electrical
appliances.
7. Switching off all appliances before cleaning areas like the kitchen, bathroom
or laundry.

How to Avoid Hazards due to heavy currents?

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 When working outside, observe and keep in mind the placement of power
lines.
 Stay at least ten feet away from overhead power lines at all times. Observe
this same distance with equipment.
 Use non-conductive wood or fiberglass ladders when working near power
lines.
 Ensure that no digging is undertaken without first checking for underground
power lines. Look for posts and signs designating underground lines.
Always confirm it is safe to dig by contacting your utility company
 If work must be done near a power line, contact the utility company first. It
may be possible to de-energize the line or come up with a guard to increase
worker safety. Be sure to ground all power supply systems, electrical
circuits, and electrical equipment.
 Frequently inspect electrical systems to ensure that the path to ground is
continuous. Electrical systems can be as simple as batteries powering a
flashlight to as complex as those in a jet airliner. With more complex
systems, you may need to get a certified professional to inspect the system.
 Never remove ground prongs from power cords or extension cords. Use
double-insulated tools and equipment.

 Use only equipment approved by regulatory safety agencies, including

OSHA.
 Always use equipment in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
and never modify cords or the equipment in any way.

 If equipment or cords have been fabricated in your shop, ensure that they
meet all regulatory safety standards.
 Only use factory-assembled cord sets.
 Only use three-wire type extension cords.
 Only use the proper extension cord for the designated use. Cords are rated
in many different ways. OSHA requires three-wire cords

1.3 SAFETY REGULATIONS:

The definition of safety regulations in the dictionary is regulations or rules that are
put in place to ensure a product, event, etc., is safe and not dangerous.

Safety regulations.
Is regarded in engineering as any precautions taking to protect against electrical
shock, burns, fire, explosive etc. It’s also responsible for workplaces safety and
ensure that workers are following the correct safety procedures in deeding with
electricity.
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Regulations require employers to provide: adequate lighting, heating, ventilation

and workspace (and keep them in a clean condition); staff facilities, including
toilets, washing facilities and refreshment; and. safe passageways, i.e. to prevent
slipping and tripping hazards.

History of the Health and Safety at Work Act summary

The Health and Safety at Work Act etc. (HSWA) has been part of the UK legal system
since 1974. It was developed in response to the particularly dangerous
employment conditions that existed in factories and mines at the time. Prior to the
introduction of the Health and Safety at Work Act, the UK had no comprehensive
legislation that dealt with workplace health and safety. Instead, there was lots of
disconnected and unsystematic. pieces of sector-specific legislation, with
separate laws for factories, offices, shops, mines, construction and railways. These
regulations were prescriptive and did not cover technological developments or
provide legal protection for the public.

The purpose of Health and Safety at Work Act 1974? It aims to protect people from
the risk of injury or ill health by: Ensuring employees' health, safety and welfare at
work; Protecting non-employees against the health and safety risks arising from
work activities; and. Controlling the keeping and use of explosive or highly
flammable or dangerous substances.

The Health and Safety at Work Act and employers

For employers, there are four main sections of the Health and Safety at Work Act
to be aware of 1974 sections.

 Section 1
 This places a duty on employers to ensure, so far as is reasonably
practicable, the health, safety and wellbeing of all employees at work.
 Section 2
 This provides that employers must, so far as is reasonably practicable,
ensure the health and safety of any non-employees who may be affected by
the conduct of their undertaking. This includes members of the public,
contractors and visitors.
 Section 3
 This states that employees themselves have a duty to take reasonable care
for their own health and safety. They must also protect the health and safety
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of other workers and anybody else who may be affected by their actions or
omissions at work.
 Section 4
 This places a duty on directors and senior managers and provides that they
may be prosecuted if it is found that an offence committed by the company
was committed with their consent, their connivance, or was attributable to
their neglect.

These duties apply in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland

The 5 key components of a health and safety plan

1. Policy and commitment. ...

2. Planning. ...
3. Implementation and operation. ...
4. Measuring performance. ...
5. Auditing and reviewing performance.
The purpose of IEE (INSTITUDE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING) wiring
regulations are simply.
The IEE Wiring Regulations Explained and Illustrated, Second Edition discusses
the recommendations of the IEE Regulations for the Electrical Equipment of
Buildings for the safe selection or erection of wiring installations. The book
emphasizes earthling, bonding, protection, and circuit design of electrical wirings.
IEE Wiring Regulations means the British Standard (BS7671:2008) to which all
domestic and industrial electrical wiring installations must conform; Sample. IEE
Wiring Regulations means the Regulations for Electrical Installations (BS 7671)
published by the Institution of Electrical Engineers, UK in IEE 15th Edition Wiring
Regulations. The Regulations themselves purely outline a standard by which all
electrical installations, using mains generated electricity, are installed in domestic
and commercial environments.
In an industrials electricity use, has similar problems as these safety devices are;
--- fuses
---circuits Breakers
---Ground fault circuits interrupters
The factories Act, 1944 provides safeguard for workers to be protect health at
workplace when dealing with machinery to improves the physical condition of
workplace and welfare amenities.

NIGERIAN FACTORY ACT (No 16 of 1987).

Part 1: Registration of factories.

a) Registration of factory.
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b) Registration of a new factories.

c) Notification of change in particulars furnished.
d) Appointment of factories Appeal Board.
e) Appeal to board from decision of Directors of factories.

Part 2: Health General Provision.

a) Cleanliness.
b) Overcrowding.
c) Ventilation.
d) Lighting.
e) Drainage conveniences.
f) Duty of inspector as to sanitary defects remediable by local
authority.
Part3: Safety General Provisions.
a) Prime movers.
b) Transmission Machinery.
c) Provisions as to unfence machinery.
d) Construction and maintenance of fencing.
e) Training and supervision of inexperienced workers.
f) Power of inspectors to issues prohibition notices as to
dangerous factory.

Like that we have part 1 to part 11Nigeria factories act No 16 of 1987

1.4 Telecommunications equipment encompasses many different types of

telecommunications, including are.

1. The telephone network, 2. the radio broadcasting system, 3. computer

networks and the Internet. Telecommunication device means any type of
instrument, device, machine or equipment which is capable of transmitting
telephonic, electronic, digital, cellular or radio communications or any part of
an instrument, device, machine or equipment which is capable of facilitating the
transmission of telephonic, electronic, another telecommunications equipment
included switches, telecom towers, fiber-optic cables, routers, voice over internet
protocol (VoIP), and smartphones.

Telecommunications, also known as telecom, is the exchange of information over

significant distances by electronic means and refers to all types of voice, data and
video transmission. ... A complete, single telecommunications circuit consists of
two stations, each equipped with a transmitter and a receiver.
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Telecommunications tools.
Telecom Tools
 Cable Cutters.
 Crimping Pliers.
 Fiber Optic Installation Tools.
 Wire & Cable Strippers.
 Screwdrivers.
 Scissors & Knives.
 Modular & Coaxial Test Equipment.
 Laser Measuring & Impact Tools.
 Coaxial cable – used for radio frequency signals, for example in cable
television distribution systems.
 Communications cable.
 Direct-buried cable.
 Flexible cables.
 Halifax cable.
 Non-metallic sheathed cable (or nonmetallic building wire, NM, NM-B)
 Metallic sheathed cable (or armored cable, AC, or BX)
Types

 Customer office terminal.

 Private switches.

 Local area networks (LANs)

 Modems.

 Mobile phones.

 Answering machines.

 Telepointers.

1.5 EARTHING AND EARTHING REGULATION

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The primary purpose of earthing is to avoid or minimize the danger of electrocution, fire due
to earth leakage of current through undesired path and to ensure that the potential of a
current carrying conductor does not rise with respect to the earth than its designed
insulation.

Earthing can be define as insulation used to protect one from an electric shock. It does this
by providing a path (a protective conductor) for a fault current to flow to earth. It also causes
the protective device (either a circuit-breaker or fuse) to switch off the electric current to the
circuit that has the fault.

Component parts of earthing system are to include the following:

1. Earth electrode (rods, tapes etc.)

2. Main earthing terminals or bars

3. Earthing conductors

4. Protective conductors

5. Equipotential bonding conductors

6. Electrically independent earth electrodes for special systems (clean earth)

7. Accessories and termination fittings, bonding, welding kits and other materials

1.6: Earth leakage circuit breaker (ELCB)

An Earth-leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) is a safety device used in electrical installations

with high Earth impedance to prevent shock. It detects small stray voltages on the metal
enclosures of electrical equipment, and interrupts the circuit if a dangerous voltage is
detected. Once widely used, more recent installations instead use residual-current devices
(RCDs, RCCBs or GFCIs) which instead.

Difference between earthing and ELCB

Earthing takes the guesswork out of voltage stabilization, helping to ensure that
no circuits overload or blow up. Damage, Injury & Death Prevention – Blown fuses
or a tripped circuit breakers are far more welcome than electrical fires or shocks,
which can pose serious safety hazards to people and property.

While ELCB an ELCB is a specialized type of latching relay that has a building's
incoming mains power connected through its switching contacts so that the ELCB
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disconnects the power when earth leakage is detected. The ELCB detects fault
currents from live to the Earth (ground) wire within the installation it protects.

1.8 Compared with a current-sensing system, voltage sensing systems have

several disadvantages which include:

 A wire break in the fault to load section, or in the earth to ground section,
will disable operation of the ELCB.
 Requirement of an additional third wire from the load to the ELCB.
 Separate devices cannot be grounded individually.
 Any additional connection to Earth on the protected system can disable the
detector.
 The ELCB senses equipment faults and cannot detect if a person
accidentally touches an energized part of the ELCB.

Voltage sensing ELCBs have some:

 They do not detect faults that do not pass current through the CPC to the Earth
rod.
 They do not allow a single building system to be easily split into multiple
sections with independent fault protection, because Earthing systems are
usually bonded to pipework.
 They may be tripped by external voltages from something connected to the
Earthing system such as metal pipes, a TN-S Earth or a TN-C-S combined
neutral and Earth.
 As with RCDs, electrically leaky appliances such as some water
heaters, washing machines and cookers may cause the ELCB to trip.
 ELCBs introduce additional resistance and an additional point of failure into
the Earthing system.

1.10 Some simple precautions can prevent electric shock hazards around the
home.

 Inspect electric cords for fraying. If you see a crack in the insulation, repair
or replace it. Cords can be frayed if they get moved a lot, are in the sun, or
are chewed by an animal, or if you have had them for a long time.
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 Do not plug too many things into the same outlet. This can overload
electrical circuits.
 Replace all older two-pronged outlets. All outlets in the home should be of
the 3-pronged type. It is not safe to use adapters that allow you to plug a 3-
pronged appliance into a 2-pronged outlet for an extended period of time.
 Insert plastic safety caps in all unused electrical outlets if small children are
in the home. Keep extension cords out of the reach of children. A young child
may put the end of an extension cord in his or her mouth and suffer a severe
electrical burn.
 Keep all electric appliances away from places where there is water, such as
a sink, toilet, or bathtub. Do not handle extension cords or electric
appliances and do not plug anything into an electrical outlet while you are
wet or if the appliance is on a wet surface.
 Check electrical outlets used near sources of water, such as the bathroom
sink, or near a hot tub, spa, or swimming pool. All such outlets should be a
special type known as a ground fault circuit interrupter, or GFCI, outlet.
 Keep electric appliances, outlets, and light bulbs away from flammable
liquids or products that produce vapors.
 Make sure that all power tools are grounded or double insulated. This means
there is an extra barrier between you and the electricity.
 Make sure that children do not play or climb near electric lines on a power
pole or where the lines enter a house.

 Stay clear of electric power lines when you are trimming trees or using
gardening tools.
 Do not handle fallen wires. Report fallen wires to the police or local utility
right away. If you are in a car and a wire has fallen on it, stay in the car and
drive away if you can. Do not touch any metal in the car until the electrical
source has been removed. If you cannot drive away, do not get out of the
car. Call or wait for help.

1.9 How the human body can become part of electric.

An electrical shock can affect your breathing, heart, brain, nerves and muscles.
The body has its own electrical system for breathing, nerve transmission and heart
rate. An electrical shock can shut off or “blow the fuses” in your body. When your
body’s fuses are blown the heart
can stop beating or you can stop breathing. A fatal shock is called electrocution.
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You can also receive electrical burns or fall due to a shock The elements in our
bodies, like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, have a specific electrical
charge. Almost all of our cells can use these charged elements, called ions, to
generate electricity.
The contents of the cell are protected from the outside environment by a cell
membrane. This cell membrane is made up of lipids that create a barrier that only
certain substances can cross to reach the cell interior. Not only does the cell
membrane function as a barrier to molecules, it also acts as a way for the cell to
generate electrical currents. Resting cells are negatively charged on the inside,
while the outside environment is more positively charged. This is due to a slight
imbalance between positive and negative ions inside and outside the cell. Cells can
achieve this charge separation by allowing charged ions to flow in and out through
the membrane. The flow of charges across the cell membrane is what generates
electrical currents.
Electricity is everywhere, even in the human body. Our cells are specialized to
conduct electrical currents. Electricity is required for the nervous system to send
signals throughout the body and to the brain, making it possible for us to move,
think and feel.
1.11 Separate the Person from Current's Source
1, To turn off power:
 Unplug an appliance if plug is undamaged or shut off power via circuit
breaker, fuse box, or outside switch.
2, If you can't turn off power:
 Stand on something dry and non-conductive, such as dry newspapers,
telephone book, or wooden board.
 Try to separate the person from current using non-conductive object such
as wooden or plastic broom handle, chair, or rubber doormat.
3, If high voltage lines are involved:
 The local power company must shut them off.
 Do not try to separate the person from current if you feel a tingling sensation
in your legs and lower body. Hop on one foot to a safe place where you can
wait for lines to be disconnected.
 If a power line falls on a car, instruct the passengers to stay inside unless
explosion or fire threatens.
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1.12 LIST AND TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Fire Extinguisher Types and Color Codes
Fire Extinguisher Types by Contents
The six main fire extinguisher types are water, foam, CO2, powder, water
mist and wet chemical.
Each of the different types of fire extinguisher is suitable for different fire
classes. It is important that you purchase the right fire extinguisher for your
needs:
 Water:
Class A fires (solid combustibles such as wood, paper and textiles). Some
water extinguishers are safe on electrical equipment if di-electrically tested.
Otherwise caution is required near electrical equipment; as ordinary water
is a conductor.
 AFFF foam:
Class A and B (flammable liquids). Safe on electrical equipment if di-
electrically tested.
 Carbon dioxide (CO2):
Class B and electrical equipment
 ABC powder:
Class A, B, C (flammable gases) and electrical equipment
 De-Ionized water mist:
Class A, B, C and electrical equipment
 Wet chemical:
Class F (deep fat) fires, sometimes class A
1.13 The explanations of the six fire extinguishers above.
1. Water fire extinguishers: Have a red label and a class A rating. They are suitable
for fighting fires involving solid combustibles such as wood, paper and textiles.
A few models are safe on electrical equipment if di-electrically tested. Otherwise,
care must be taken near electrical equipment.
2. AFFF foam fire extinguishers: Have a cream label and are highly effective on
class A and class B fires (the foam agent helps to prevent re-ignition). If foam
extinguishers have been dielectrically tested they can be used on electrical
appliances.
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3. CO2 fire extinguishers: Have a black label, they were originally designed for use
on flammable liquid fires and therefore have a class B fire rating. They can be used
on electrical fires, as CO2 is not a conductor and they do not leave behind any
harmful residue.
4. ABC powder fire extinguishers: Have a blue label. They are versatile and can be
used on class A, class B, class C and electrical fires, they are available in a range
of sizes from 1 - 9kg and are ideal for application in environments containing mixed
fire risks. However, there is a risk of inhalation when using powder extinguishers
indoors. Powder fire extinguishers are therefore not recommended for use within
small rooms, homes and offices. Limited to engine rooms and outdoors machinery.
5. De-ionized water mist fire extinguishers: Have a white label and are highly
effective on class A, B, C and burning electrical equipment, the unique design of
the water mist extinguishers' supersonic nozzle creates a microscopic mist
curtain, reducing the oxygen content. Water mist extinguishers are safe and well
suited for use on burning. electrical equipment as the de-ionized water mist does
not conduct electricity and the water mist does not form puddles which could lead
to electrocution.
6. Wet Chemical fire extinguishers: Have a yellow label and are designed
specifically for use on fires involving combustible cooking media such as burning
oil and fat, they have a class F rating and a special lance applicator nozzle. They
usually have an additional class A rating and are normally not designed for use on
class B fires (petrol, diesel, paint, paraffin etc), although the 3ltr Gloria wet
chemical fire extinguisher is an exception.