BAJAJ CHANDRAPUR POLYTECHNIC

CHANDRAPUR

DEPARTMENT OF
MINING & MINE SURVEYING
SESSION
2021-2022
 BAJAJ CHANDRAPUR POLYTECHNIC CHANDRAPUR
Department of Mining & Mine Surveying

MICRO PROJECT REPORT

ON

“advance mine surveying -“

SUBMITTED BY :
1) ---------------------------

2) ----------------------------

3)-----------------------------

4)----------------------------

5)-----------------------------

6)-----------------------------

Guided by
Mr.ankush sangamwar
Department of Mining & Mine Surveying
Bajaj Chandrapur Polytechnic Chandrapur
(2021-2022)
 BAJAJ CHANDRAPUR POLYTECHNIC
CHANDRAPUR

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr.1) -----------------------
---------- 2)--------------- ------3)-------------------
-------4)------------------ -----5)---------------------- 6)
--------------------- of MS-1/MS-2/MS-3 Year of
Diploma in Mining & Mine Surveying . of Institute,
Bajaj Chandrapur Polytechnic Chandrapur. (Code:-
0109) has completed the Micro Project satisfactorily
in Subject:-
-------------------------------------------------------- for the
academic year 2021 to 2022 as prescribed in the
curriculum.

Mr. ankush sangamwar Mr. S.V.Chintalwar

( Micro Project Guide) ( H.O.D)
Department of Mining & Mine Surveying Department of Mining & Mine Surveying
Bajaj Chandrapur Polytechnic, Chandrapur Bajaj Chandrapur Polytechnic, Chandrapur
BAJAJ CHANDRAPUR POLYTECHNIC
CHANDRAPUR

SUBMISSION

Sr.No. Name of Roll No. Signature

Student
1
2
3
4
5

INDEX
SR.NO CONTENT PAGE NO.
Advance mine surveying in coal
mines .

Although surveying
techniques have always
played a primary role in
collecting data for
mapping, recently new
Instruments and methods for
data capture and processing
have
introduced the chance to
increase the mass and the
variety of achievable
information.
Nowadays real-time
monitoring systems based on
robotic total stations and
GPS, digital
photogrammetric techniques,
high resolution satellite imagery,
satellite, airborne and terrestrial
laser scanners devices are able
to give a set of powerful tools
for the geometric surveying and
modeling.
Although surveying
techniques have always
played a primary role in
collecting data for
mapping, recently new
Instruments and methods for
data capture and processing
have
introduced the chance to
increase the mass and the
variety of achievable
information.
Nowadays real-time
monitoring systems based on
robotic total stations and
GPS, digital
photogrammetric techniques,
high resolution satellite imagery,
satellite, airborne and terrestrial
laser scanners devices are able
to give a set of powerful tools
for the geometric surveying and
modeling.
MODERN SURVEY INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR USE IN
MINE SURVEYING

Although surveying techniques have always played a primary role in collecting data for
mapping, recently new Instruments and methods for data capture and processing have
introduced the chance to increase the mass and the variety of achievable information.
Nowadays real-time monitoring systems based on robotic total stations and GPS, digital
photogrammetric techniques, high resolution satellite imagery, satellite, airborne and
terrestrial laser scanners devices are able to give a set of powerful tools for the geometric
surveying and modeling.

MODERN SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS

One Second Theodolite

One second Theodolite is a precise horizontal angle measuring instrument with a least
count of 1” and is widely used for surface and underground traversing.

General features: These theodolites are of transit type with a micrometer fitted to it. The
centering is done with the help of an optical plummet. It is suitable for almost every type
of survey work. It has a well-illuminated optically reading system. A micrometer screen is
attached with it. With the help of this micrometer screw or fine adjustment screw the
accuracy of the reading taken are increased. Here the instrument possessing least count
of 1”. It has the major advantage in the case of measuring the horizontal angle or vertical
angle. In gassy mines where the total station may not be permitted, precise angular
measurement can be made with these theodolites

Precautions

 Necessary adjustment are to be done

 Not to be used directly under the sun

GPS in Mining

The standard surveying method has been with a traditional total station, requiring a
minimum of two survey personnel for each crew. But it is slow compared to GPS
surveying and requires users to set multiple control points in sight of where the survey
work is to be performed.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a worldwide satellite-based system that can be
used to measure the three-dimensional position of a point anywhere on Earth. The
system uses over twenty orbiting satellites, so that anywhere in the world and at any time
there will be enough satellites in the sky above to reliably measure the position of a
portable satellite receiver. One receiver can be used to obtain low accuracy positions,
while two or more receivers and advanced data reduction techniques can be used for
high accuracy work.

GPS can be very well used in mine surveying in opencast mines only . It is a tool which
can determine on its own without any relation to the topography or otherwise the position
which it occupies both in respect of meridian and datum. What all needed is open sky,
minimum 4 satellites and proper selection of the method of survey.

GPS gives the location of the Base or GPS Rover Antenna point in term of Geodetic Co-
ordinates or Cartesian Co-ordinates with the help of satellites signals orbiting the earth in
different orbits.

GPS like any other precise survey instrument can be mounted on a tripod and centered on the exact point whose location
is required. GPS receiver data can be transferred to a computer, which has post processing software programs. The
programs calculate the positions and heights of points in the desired grid system through suitable transformation
software.

The advantages of using the satellite based GPS techniques for surveying are:

 GPS measurements do not require inter-visibility between points whereas the

conventional surveying tools require line of sight for measurements.
 GPS technique provides a three dimensional position for the point. That is in one
go, we get the horizontal and vertical position of the point, unlike in conventional
surveying where we need two operations viz., horizontal traverse for planimetric
control and a level loop for height control.
 A very high accuracy measurement can be made in a relatively short time for
baseline lengths of a few hundred meters to few hundred kilometers and can
provide the same accuracy anywhere on earth, in almost any weather condition
and at any time of the day.

GPS offers many advantages compared with conventional survey methods. Because
there is no need for a rod person, each surveyor can work alone when necessary. GPS
also requires muchless setup time than did traditional surveying equipment, so the crew
can use its time more efficiently. It can also keep a much more flexible schedule and
move from one area to the next or one pit to another as needed.
 Fig.1 GPS model 1200 (Leica) and SR 20 (Leica)

The possible fields of GPS application in mine surveying may be

1. Establishing National Grid bases at new areas:

2. Establishing boundaries in case of mining lease areas
3. Documentation of land holdings
4. Establishing control stations around OCPs
5. Training the present generation to face future challenges
6. Other applications
a. Surveying the positions of benches
b. Surveying the positions of the working faces, (to monitor the production)
c. Monitoring the Positions of Machines in the Mine,
d. Measurement of O.B. Dumps.
e. Measurement of Stock piles,
f. Detail Surveying on the Surface,
g. Monitoring the pit slopes for Stability,
h. Delineating the position of water in the sump.
i. Updating the mine’s Information System (IS)
j. Surveying the positions of boreholes, drilling sites etc.
k. Strengthening the Survey Control Network.
a. Initial high investment.
b. Clear view of sky needed, not applicable in underground mines, obstructed sites.
c. Disturbances from radio transmissions & Antenna.

Total Stations

Total Station is the combination of an electronic distance measurement, electronic

theodolite and a programmed calculator and may be said to be an electronic tacheometer
theodolite.

Functions: The inclined distance and horizontal & vertical angles to target are measured
automatically at a push of button.

Distance: Electromagnetic modulated beam or wave is generated in the main instrument

held at one end of the line to be measured. This modulated beam is directed toward a
reflector held at the other end of the line from where it is reflected back toward the main
instrument, in a parallel path, where the distance traveled by the electronic signal is
determined by measuring the “phase-difference” between the transmitted and reflected
signals.
 Fig. 2 Total Stations model: S6 (Trimble) [4] and model: 211d (Topcon)

Angle measurement: The angle measurement system of the total station in similar to
that of an electronic theodolite, the dynamic angle-measuring system used in the total
station makes use of a large number of graduation for each reading of the angle on
Horizontal or Vertical circle of the instrument. This helps to eliminate as for as possible
the effects of graduation errors.

The other parameters like horizontal distance, co-ordinates, levels etc. are also calculated automatically and displayed
digitally. The display may be alphanumeric and graphic as well. A number of trigonometrical functions and setting out
parameters can also be performed. Initial setting parameters like bearing of a line, co-ordinates and height of the station
occupied, the height of instrument and that of the reflector height needs to be input in the instrument memory before
starting the actual measurement. It can also be used in trekking mode for continuous measurement on a moving reflector
for setting out points of interest.

Observations: A number of functions, settings and adjustments are available in the

control panel mounted on the system to set up the Total Station for specific tasks. Co-
ordinates, height, and horizontal direction (angle) of instrument stations can be stored in
the theodolite and are then available as station co-ordinates for the next traverse
stations.

3D Laser Scanning

3D Laser imaging system provides a user with a dense set of three-dimensional vectors
to unknown points relative to the scanner location. Given the volume of points and high
sampling frequency, laser-imaging systems offer surveyors and photogrammetrists an
unprecedented density of geospatial information coverage. For this reason, there is
enormous potential for use of this technique in applications where such dense data sets
could provide great insight into the valid representation of the region.

Mining Industry Applications: Two factors that are common in all mining and minerals
operations make laser mapping a rapid and cost effective technology for this industry.
Firstly, mining involves moving volumes of material from one place to another - and the
only way to know what is really going on is to measure the in-situ excavated volume of
that material. Using conventional surveying technology, mine surveyors spend a great
deal of time surveying spot heights in order to calculate volumes. Secondly, most mines
have areas that are difficult to access and are therefore difficult to survey. Laser mapping
allows to undertake high accuracy

surveys from a safe distance. It gives more detail, which opens up possibilities for using
the data in more detailed design work or in geotechnical assessments. A weak link in
many projects is the accuracy of the terrain model used.

Typical applications in mining for laser mapping

These include to,

 accurately map, model and interpret geological structures in a pit

 digitize boundaries, structures and features of interest directly in a 3D spatially
correct environment
 export 3D CAD drawings combined with other geological information in external
databases
 conduct daily or end of month survey - detailed and accurate model of a pit,
stockpile or development face
 create points, polygons or lines can be created directly onto the 3D model to
accurately calculate dips and strikes
 contract volume measurement, truck and shovel load measurement and analysis
 survey for pit production measurement, underground development and void
survey
 haul road analysis, volume measurement
 monitor and analyze and slope stability
 conduct rapid pre- and post-blast surveys
 conduct airborne surveys for reserves assessments (where topography is critical
in shallow flat lying deposits)
 conduct stope surveying

System Requirements

3 D laser scanner (range 2000m, accuracy 25mm)

AutoCAD/ GIS software
Fig 3. a LPM-2K Long Range Scanner in use for remote surveying

b. LPM-2K Long Range Scanner in use at an open cast coal mine

c. Leica HDS3000 scanner

Both terrestrial and airborne laser scanners give as an output XYZ coordinates and picture of laser intensity determined
by scanning about 6-8 million points easy and accurate become surfaces by using appropriate software. Prepared spatial
models could be converted to any commercial CAD and GIS system for post processing.

A terrestrial laser scanner determines the distance between a large number of object
points and the scanner by emitting laser pulses in different directions and detecting the
echoes from the objects. So-called pulsed scanners measure the travel time of the pulse
towards an object and back. This technique therefore uses the intensity of the light signal
to detect when an emitted signal returns to the scanner.

Leica claims an accuracy of 6mm at 50m for the Leica HDS 3000. Opteh ILRIS 3D laser
scanner provides dynamic measuring range capabilities (3 m- 1500m) with 6mm distance
accuracy.
In order to receive accurate information about the point position in plan and height three different measuring systems
are used. Combination of GPS- and INS- system provides in every moment the precise position (WGS coordinates) and
orientation (3 angles) of measuring system. The laser scanner only measures distances according to its position.

The planimetric accuracy of the laser points is approximately 0.5 m where the point
density is up to four points per square meter. The accuracy in height is 0.01 up to 0.15 m.

In mines where the direction of mining is consistent and there are suitable vantage
points, it is possible to make considerable productivity gains through the use of remote
surveying. A long range laser scanner is mounted in a secure position (maybe inside a
building looking through a window) at a vantage point over looking the mining area.

A standard serial data link (19200 baud) is set up between the instrument and a CAD
workstation in the office. It is possible to use radio modems for this purpose. On the CAD
system a polygon can be defined outlining the area to be surveyed, along with other
scanning parameters. The results of the scan can be seen directly in the CAD system.

Both pre- and post-blast measurements, as well as stock pile volumes, can be collected
much more effectively using laser scanning technology.

Auto Levels

Salient Features of Auto Levels

 Instrument consists chief of the telescope with an optical measuring system.

 Mechanical Compensator is essentially a pendulum, supported by tour fixed
suspension tapes and carrying a prism.
 Provided the circular bubble, sensitivity 8′ per 2 mm has been in its setting
circle by turning the three foot screws.
 Line of sight will be automatically horizontal as the compensator (pendulum)
will be well within its working range of + 15′.
 Press button to check the functioning of the compensator.
 The eyepiece with di-optic scale is turned to focus the reticule cross hairs.
The standard eyepiece gives 32x telescope magnification.
  The reticule has wedged-shaped hairs for precise leveling with the parallel
plate micrometer and inver staffs, and a single horizontal hair for normal
leveling staffs; it also has 1:100 stadia hairs.
 The focusing knob is turned to obtain a sharp image of the staff. It has a
course and fine motion. Fine pointing is by means of the endless horizontal
drive screw. The drive has knobs at each side for use with either hand.
Applications

The sphere of application of Auto Levels extends as follows:-

 Leveling for bench mark for surface and underground.

 Leveling for subsidence survey in mining area.
 Leveling for large machinery constriction in Civil Engineering job.

Advantages

Following are the advantages of precise leveling instruments.

 They are compact and lighter then old instruments.

 Modern auto set levels are more accurate and at the some time quicker also.
 The larger magnification of telescope and the measurements by parallel plate
micrometers have enabled the levels to read smaller fractions and therefore
has enhanced the accuracy.
 The instruments with the compensators are quicker and at the same time
there in ease in reading because of erect image.
 All glass-to-air surface of the optical system are antireflection coated and
therefore there is minimum loss of light and the images are bright.

Fig. 5 Auto Level (model: Leica runner 20/24)

Parallel Plate Micrometer

 For precise leveling the parallel plate micrometer is filled in front of the
telescope objective and locked in position with the knob.
 By turning the micrometer knob the parallel sided glass plate is tilting in its
housing, thereby causing the line of sight to be raised or lowered (i.e. to be
displaced in the vertical plane) parallel to itself.
  In the standard metric model, the range of displacement is 10 mm or 5 mm
corresponding to the interval or metric wild inver staffs.
 In the micrometer scale, seen in the reading eyepiece, the amount of
displacement is read directly in figures to 0.1 mm or 0.05 mm and estimated
to 0.01mm or 0.005 mm.
 When the parallel plate is vertical, the line of sight is not displaced.

Digital Level

Digital levels are generally precise leveling instruments equipped with electronically high-
speed camera having coding and decoding facilities in terms of distance and height. The
instrument has memorized the coded staff, which may be decoded by visualizing the staff
in sufficient width and corresponding measurement by the instrument. Readings are
displayed on monitor, stored in instruments as well as PCMCIA Card and may be
downloaded to PC with the help of downloading softwares provided with the system.

Digital levels provide a tool, which can be quickly learnt and effectively used to complete
the leveling work. With the ability to record measurements in as fast as 3 seconds,
productivity can be substantially improved.

Using the digital levels one can save up to 50 percent of time and costs, through reduced
reading errors, writing errors, calculation of the limits, values - all measurements and
calculations are very fast.