Algebra and Trigonometry For Engineering
Algebra and Trigonometry For Engineering
Algebra and Trigonometry For Engineering
2. Negative Integers are negative numbers -1,-2,-3,-4, and so on used in reverse count-
ing.
3. Zero written as 0.
Imaginary Numbers
An imaginary number is a real number multiplied by the imaginary unit i, which is defined
by its property i2 = -1. For example, 5i is an imaginary number, and its square is -25. By
definition, zero is considered to be both real and imaginary.
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Graphical Representation of Real Numbers
The order of addition of two numbers does not affect the result.
a+b=b+a
The terms of a sum may be grouped in any manner without affecting the result.
a + b + c = a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
The order of the factors of a product does not affect the result.
a·b=b·a
The factors of a product may be grouped in any manner without affecting the result.
The product of a number a by the sum of two numbers (b + c) is equal to the sum of
the products ab and ac.
a(b + c) = ab + ac,
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6. Distributive property for multiplication over subtraction.
a(b − c) = ab − ac,
x · x · x · x · . . . n times = xn
The indicated product is referred to as the nth power of x or x to the nth power or x
to the n.
Assuming p and q are positive integers.
1.
0p =0
x0 = 1, x 6= 0
0p =0
00 = , not a number
2.
xp · xq = xp+q
3.
xp
q
= xp−q
x
xp 1
similarly, q = q−p , x 6= 0
x x
4.
(xp )q = xpq
5.
(xy)p = xp y p
p
x xp
similarly, = p , y 6= 0
y y
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Operations with Fractions
1. The value of a fraction remains the same if its numerator and denominator are both
multiplied or divided by the same number provided the number is not zero.
2. Changing the sign of the numerator or denominator of a fraction changes the sign of
the fraction.
3. Adding two fractions with a common denominator yields a fraction whose numerator
is the sum of the numerators of the given fractions and whose denominator is the
common denominator.
4. The sum or difference of two fractions having different denominators may be found by
writing the fractions with a common denominator.
5. The product of two fractions is a fraction whose numerator is the product of the numer-
ators of the given fractions and whose denominator is the product of the denominators
of the fractions.
7. To divide two fractions, multiply the first by the reciprocal of the second.