PEDIATRIC

MEDICAL

EMERGENCIES
Last Revised: October 2016

Pediatric Medical Emergencies Section D 1

1/2013
INITIAL PEDIATRIC CARE
NOTE: The pediatric patient is determined by the weight as well as the age. On the
average, patients under 14 years of age and less than 90 pounds may fit
criteria for pediatric protocol. Consult with Medical Control to determine if
a patient should be treated under pediatric or adult protocols.

FR/BLS TREATMENT:
1. Place the patient in a position of comfort; loosen any tight clothing, reassure and calm the
patient. Sit the patient in an upright position if more comfortable and not hypotensive.
2. Administer OXYGEN by appropriate method when indicated and attempt to maintain
oxygen saturation at 94-99%.
3. If patient has inadequate ventilation or respiratory effort refer to the UNIVERSAL
AIRWAY ALGORITHM.
4. Perform patient assessment and obtain SAMPLE history and vital signs.
5. Repeat and record vital signs every 5 to 15 minutes and relay any significant
changes to persons who continue patient care.
6. Consider blood glucose determination.
7. Initiate transport** and maintain warmth; Consider intercept per INTERCEPT
CRITERIA.
8. Contact Medical Control.
9. If patient arrests, begin CPR. Manage the airway and go to the CARDIOPULMONARY
ARREST protocol.
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ILS/ALS TREATMENT:
1. Continue FR/BLS TREATMENT.
2. Consider the need for an advanced airway; refer to the UNIVERSAL AIRWAY
ALGORITHM.
3. Apply cardiac monitor if needed.
4. Obtain vascular access if needed.
5. If patient becomes pulseless and apneic, apply quick look patches and begin CPR. Refer
to appropriate protocol for presenting dysrhythmia.
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** Only if transporting agency.

Revised: January 2015

Pediatric Medical Emergencies Section D 2

1/2013
PEDIATRIC COMA SCALE
Indicator Child Score Infant Score
Eye Opening Spontaneous 4 Spontaneous 4
To verbal stimuli 3 To verbal stimuli 3
To pain only 2 To pain only 2
No response 1 No response 1
Verbal Response Oriented, appropriate 5 Coos and babbles 5
Confused 4 Irritable cries 4
Inappropriate 3 Cries to pain 3
Incomprehensible 2 Moans to pain 2
No response 1 No response 1
Motor Response* Obeys commands 6 Moves spontaneously 6
Localizes pain 5 Withdraws to touch 5
Withdraws from pain 4 Withdraws to pain 4
Flexion to pain 3 Decorticate posturing 3
Extension to pain 2 Decerebrate posturing 2
No response 1 No response 1

Total PCS: _____

*If the patient is intubated, unconscious or preverbal, the most important part of this score
is motor response. This section should be carefully evaluated.

Pediatric Medical Emergencies Section D 3

1/2013
AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
TREATMENT: ALL LEVELS

Conscious patient – able to speak:

1. INITIAL PEDIATRIC CARE.
2. Leave patient alone; offer reassurance.
3. Encourage coughing.

Conscious patient – unable to speak:

1. Administer abdominal thrusts or chest compressions/back blows as appropriate to
patient age until the foreign body is expelled or the patient becomes unconscious.
2. After the obstruction is relieved, reassess the airway, lung sounds, skin color and vital
signs.
3. INITIAL PEDIATRIC CARE.

Unconscious patient:
1. Place patient in a supine position and begin chest compressions.
2. Open the airway and check for FBAO. If object is visible, perform finger sweep to
remove.
3. If object is not visible, continue CPR until object dislodged.
4. ILS/ALS only: Perform advanced airway control measures as available; utilize
Magill forceps as necessary.
5. ALS only: If unable to clear obstruction, consider surgical airway placement. Refer
to the UNIVERSAL AIRWAY ALGORITHM.
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Pediatric Medical Emergencies Section D 4

1/2013
ALLERGIC REACTION / ANAPHYLAXIS
NOTE: For patients experiencing a possible allergic reaction without serious signs or
symptoms, perform Initial Pediatric Care and contact Medical Control.
CRITERIA:
1. Possible exposure to allergen, including:
a. Hives (urticaria)
b. Itching
c. Swelling
d. Rash
2. Respiratory difficulty or stridor
3. Signs and symptoms of shock

FR TREATMENT:
1. INITIAL PEDIATRIC CARE.
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BLS TREATMENT:
1. Continue FR TREATMENT.
2. EPINEPHRINE (1:1000) 0.15 mg IM lateral thigh; maximum 0.3 mg per dose.
3. DuoNeb nebulizer for wheezing. May repeat x2 if needed for continued symptomatic
relief.
4. Call for intercept per INTERCEPT CRITERIA.
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ILS/ALS TREATMENT:
1. Continue BLS TREATMENT.
2. BENADRYL 1 mg/kg slow IV/IO push. May administer IM if no vascular access.
Maximum dose: 50 mg.
3. METHYLPREDNISOLONE (Solu-Medrol) 2 mg/kg IV. Maximum dose: 125 mg.
4. NS at KVO; consider 20 ml/kg fluid bolus as needed to a total of 60 ml/kg.
5. Reassess need for intubation if respiratory symptoms worsen or do not improve with
treatment.
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6. Medical Control may consider additional EPINEPHRINE (1:1,000) 0.3 mg IM.
7. If patient experiences respiratory arrest, or if respiratory arrest is imminent, consider
EPINEPHRINE (1:10,000) 0.1-0.3 mg IV over 5 minutes.

Pediatric Medical Emergencies Section D 5

1/2013
ALTERED LOC UNCONSCIOUS/UNKNOWN
ETIOLOGY
NOTE: DEXTROSE 50% may be administered at 1 ml/kg for patients over
8 years of age.
DEXTROSE 12.5% should be administered at 4 ml/kg for infants
< 1 year.

NOTE: If narcotic overdose is suspected, administer NARCAN prior to

DEXTROSE.

FR/BLS TREATMENT:
1. INITIAL PEDIATRIC CARE.
2. Immobilize cervical spine if suspected spinal injury.
3. If blood glucose < 60 mg/dl (or suspected) and patient is conscious with an intact gag
reflex, administer one tube of ORAL GLUCOSE.
4. If airway compromise or inadequate respiratory effort present, administer
intranasal NARCAN at 1 mg/ml per nostril via atomizer* (1 ml per nostril maximum;
2 mg total dose). May repeat in 2-3 minutes to a maximum dose of 4 mg if no
response.
5. Relay information to incoming ambulance or call for an intercept per INTERCEPT
CRITERIA.
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ILS/ALS TREATMENT:
1. Continue FR/BLS TREATMENT.
2. NS at KVO; consider 20 ml/kg fluid bolus as needed to a total of 60 ml/kg.
3. If blood glucose < 60 mg/dl, administer DEXTROSE 25% at 2 ml/kg;
4. Alternative medication: 10% DEXTROSE in 250 ml of sterile water (D10W).
Administer 0.1g/kg (1ml/kg) IV. Repeat blood glucose. Consider repeating the dose
if blood glucose is less than 60 with symptoms of hypoglycemia.
5. May administer GLUCAGON 0.03 mg/kg IM up to a maximum dose of 1 mg if
IV/IO access is not available.
6. If airway compromise or inadequate respiratory effort present, administer
NARCAN:
IV or IM – 0.1 mg/kg; may repeat every 2-3 minutes to a maximum dose of
2 mg, if no response.
IN – 1 mg/ml per nostril via atomizer* (1 ml per nostril maximum; 2 mg total
dose). May repeat in 2-3 minutes to a maximum dose of 4 mg if no
response.
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*Intranasal medications must be administered through an atomizer

Revised : January 2015, April 2015, February 2016, August 2016

Pediatric Medical Emergencies Section D 6

1/2013
ASYSTOLE / PEA
ILS TREATMENT:
1. Initiate CPR.
2. Manage airway per UNIVERSAL AIRWAY ALGORITHM, establish vascular
access and administer NS WO.
3. EPINEPHRINE (1:10,000) 0.01 mg/kg IV/IO* every 3-5 minutes as long as asystole
or PEA persists.
4. Consider possible causes and treatments:
a. Hypovolemia (Volume infusion)
b. Hypoxia (Ventilation and oxygenation)
c. Tension Pneumothorax (Needle decompression)
d. Acidosis/Hyperkalemia (Hyperventilation)
e. Drug Overdose (Refer to appropriate protocol)
f. Hypothermia (Refer to appropriate protocol)
g. Pericardial Tamponade (Rapid transport)
6. Initiate transport** Call for intercept per INTERCEPT CRITERIA.
7. Contact Medical Control.
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ALS TREATMENT:
1. Continue ILS TREATMENT.
2. Consider possible causes and treatments:
a. Hypovolemia (Volume infusion)
b. Hypoxia (Ventilation and oxygenation)
c. Tension Pneumothorax (Needle decompression)
d. Acidosis/Hyperkalemia (Hyperventilation, SODIUM BICARBONATE)
e. Drug Overdose (Refer to appropriate protocol)
f. Hypothermia (Refer to appropriate protocol)
g. Pericardial Tamponade (Rapid transport; Pericardiocentesis as per
Pericardiocentesis Care Guideline with Medical Control order only.)
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3. Medical Control may order SODIUM BICARBONATE 1 mEq/kg IV/IO for:
a. Known pre-existing hyperkalemia
b. Known overdose of Quinidine, tricyclic antidepressants, phenothiazines,
antihistamines, beta blockers, cocaine, Darvocet
c. Return of spontaneous circulation after prolonged arrest interval
4. May repeat SODIUM BICARBONATE every 10 minutes if rhythm persists.

*If no IV/IO access may give ET dose of 0.1 mg/kg EPINEPHRINE 1:1000.

Pediatric Medical Emergencies Section D 7

1/2013
BRADYCARDIA
CRITERIA:
1. Heart rate slower than normal for the child’s age (usually < 60 bpm) and
2. Serious signs and symptoms, including:
a. Cyanosis despite oxygen administration
b. Truncal pallor and coolness
c. Respiratory distress
d. Hypotension
e. Altered LOC
f. Weak, thready or absent peripheral pulses

ILS/ALS TREATMENT:
1. INITIAL PEDIATRIC CARE.
2. If patient shows signs of severe cardiopulmonary compromise, despite oxygenation
and airway support, perform chest compressions.
3. EPINEPHRINE (1:10,000) 0.01 mg/kg IV/IO*; may repeat every 3-5 minutes as
necessary.
4. Consider ATROPINE 0.02 mg/kg IV/IO (minimum dose 0.1 mg; maximum dose 0.5
mg) for increased vagal tone or primary AV block.
5. NS at KVO; consider 20 ml/kg fluid bolus as needed to a total of 60 ml/kg.
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*If no IV/IO access may give ET dose of 0.1 mg/kg EPINEPHRINE 1:1000.

Pediatric Medical Emergencies Section D 8

1/2013
CARDIOPULMONARY ARREST
FR TREATMENT:
1. Check airway, breathing and circulation.
2. Start CPR and apply AED.
3. Manage airway with appropriate adjunct.
4. Follow current AHA BLS guidelines for resuscitation.
5. Relay information to incoming ambulance.
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BLS TREAMENT:
1. Continue FR TREATMENT.
2. Consider the need for an advanced airway per the UNIVERSAL AIRWAY
ALGORITM.
3. Call for intercept per INTERCEPT CRITERIA.
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ILS/ALS TREATMENT:

See appropriate dysrhythmia protocol.

Pediatric Medical Emergencies Section D 9

1/2013
ENVIRONMENTAL HYPERTHERMIA
CRITERIA:
1. Signs and symptoms of environmental hyperthermia, including:
a. Hot, dry, flushed or ashen skin
b. Tachycardia or tachypnea
c. Diaphoresis
d. Decreasing LOC
e. Profound weakness and fatigue
f. Vomiting and diarrhea
g. Hypoperfusion
h. Muscle cramps

FR/BLS TREATMENT:
1. INITIAL PEDIATRIC CARE.
2. Place patient in cool environment and remove clothing as necessary.
3. If normal level of consciousness, diaphoresis and no signs of shock:
a. Administer cool liquids PO.
4. If decreased LOC, dry skin or signs of shock initiate active cooling:
i. Apply cold packs to head, neck, axillae and groin.
ii. Apply water or saline soaked sheets to patient’s body.
iii. Manually fan patient to promote evaporation.
ii. Stop cooling if shivering occurs.
5. Call for intercept per INTERCEPT CRITERIA.
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ILS/ALS TREATMENT:
1. Continue FR/BLS TREATMENT.
2. If decreased LOC, dry skin or signs of shock, administer 20 ml/kg NS fluid bolus.
May repeat fluid bolus as needed to a total of 60 ml/kg.
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Pediatric Medical Emergencies Section D 10

1/2013
EPIGLOTTITIS
NOTE: Epiglottitis is a serious medical emergency in children, and can be life-
threatening. The signs and symptoms of epiglottitis are similar to partial
airway obstruction. Do not insert anything into the child’s mouth.
Stimulation of the epiglottis can cause complete airway obstruction. If the
patient stops breathing, ventilate with BVM, and use oral airways only as a
LAST RESORT.

CRITERIA:
1. Signs and symptoms of epiglottitis, including:
a. Acute onset with high fever
b. Shallow, difficult breathing
c. Inspiratory stridor and wheezing
d. Drooling, hoarseness and choking

FR/BLS TREATMENT:
1. INTIAL PEDIATRIC CARE.
2. Position patient upright; avoid over-stimulation.
3. Administer OXYGEN at 8-15 lpm blow-by; do not use airway adjuncts unless serious
airway compromise exists.
4. Call for intercept per INTERCEPT CRITERIA.
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ILS/ALS TREATMENT:
1. Continue FR/BLS TREATMENT.
2. Consider the need for an advanced airway per the UNIVERSAL AIRWAY
ALGORITM. Airway adjuncts should be used as a last resort.
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Pediatric Medical Emergencies Section D 11

1/2013
FROSTBITE
NOTE: Do not massage frostbitten extremities.

CRITERIA:
1. Cold exposure
2. Signs and symptoms of frostbite, including:
a. Red, inflamed tissue
b. Gray or mottled tissue
c. Waxy tissue that is firm upon palpation.

TREATMENT: ALL LEVELS

1. Remove from cold.
2. INITIAL PEDIATRIC CARE.
3. Cover frostbitten nose or ears with a warm hand.
4. Have patient place frostbitten hand in his/her armpit.
5. Call for intercept per INTERCEPT CRITERIA.
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6. If ETA is greater than 60 minutes, begin active rewarming:
a. Immerse extremity in water maintained at a temperature of 100-105 F.
b. Rewarming should take 30-60 minutes.
c. Rewarming is complete when frozen area is warm to touch and deep red or bluish
in color.
d. After rewarming, dry gently and cover part with dry sterile dressing and elevate
on pillow.

Pediatric Medical Emergencies Section D 12

1/2013
HYPOTHERMIA (MODERATE)
CRITERIA:
1. Exposure to cold environment
2. Signs and symptoms of moderate hypothermia, including:
a. Patient conscious - may be lethargic
b. Shivering
c. Pale, cold skin

FR/BLS TREATMENT:
1. INITIAL PEDIATRIC CARE.
2. Handle patient gently; DO NOT massage cold extremities.
3. Replace any wet clothing with dry sheets and blankets.
4. If no cardiorespiratory compromise, heat packs may be applied to axillae, groin and
abdominal areas.
5. Assess and treat for other injuries as necessary.
6. Call for intercept per INTERCEPT CRITERIA.
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ILS/ALS TREATMENT:
1. Continue FR/BLS TREATMENT.
2. NS at KVO; consider 20 ml/kg fluid bolus as needed to a total of 60 ml/kg. Use
warmed fluid (102-106° F) if available.
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Pediatric Medical Emergencies Section D 13

1/2013
HYPOTHERMIA (SEVERE)
CRITERIA:
1. Exposure to cold environment
2. Signs and symptoms of severe hypothermia, including:
a. Decreased LOC
b. Cold skin
c. Inaudible heart tones
d. Unreactive pupils
e. Slow respirations

FR/BLS TREATMENT:
1. Load and go situation; limit scene time to 10 minutes.
2. INITIAL PEDIATRIC CARE.
3. Cautiously assess pulse for one full minute; unnecessary CPR could precipitate
ventricular fibrillation.
4. If patient is pulseless and apneic after one full minute, refer to HYPOTHERMIC
CARDIAC ARREST protocol.
5. Establish airway WITHOUT using mechanical adjuncts; assist ventilations with
BVM but DO NOT HYPERVENTILATE.
6. Handle patient gently; DO NOT massage cold extremities.
7. Passive external warming:
a. Remove patient to warm environment.
b. Remove wet clothing.
c. Cover patient with warm, dry blankets.
d. Administer warmed, humidified OXYGEN if available.
e. Place heat packs to axillae and groin; avoid direct skin contact.
f. Increase ambient air temperature by increasing cabin heat.
8. Call for intercept per INTERCEPT CRITERIA.
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ILS/ALS TREATMENT:
1. Continue FR/BLS TREATMENT.
2. NS at KVO; consider 20 ml/kg fluid bolus as needed to a total of 60 ml/kg. Use
warmed fluid (102°-106°F) if available.
3. Treat presenting dysrhythmias with appropriate protocol.
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Pediatric Medical Emergencies Section D 14

1/2013
HYPOTHERMIC CARDIAC ARREST
NOTE: Pulses may be very weak or non-palpable in a severely hypothermic patient. Pulses
should be assessed for one full minute to assure pulselessness. Unnecessary CPR
could precipitate V-Fib.

NOTE: Once CPR has been initiated on a hypothermic patient, it should be continued until
patient regains adequate circulation, or patient is evaluated by a qualified
Emergency Department physician.
CRITERIA:
1. Prolonged cold exposure
2. Pulseless, apneic patient

FR/BLS TREATMENT:
1. Assess pulse for one full minute.
2. Begin CPR and apply the AED. Follow current AHA BLS guidelines for
resuscitation.
3. Airway control by BVM with OXYGEN at 15 lpm. DO NOT USE AIRWAY
ADJUNCET UNLESS YOU ARE UNABLE TO VENTILATE THE PATIENT.
4. Initiate transport *
5. Passive external warming:
a. Remove patient to warm environment.
b. Remove wet clothing.
c. Cover patient with warm, dry blankets.
d. Administer warmed, humidified OXYGEN if available.
e. Place heat packs to axillae and groin; avoid direct skin contact.
f. Increase ambient air temperature by increasing cabin heat.
6. Call for an intercept per INTERCEPT CRITERIA.
7. Contact Medical Control.
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ILS/ALS TREATMENT:
1. Continue FR/BLS TREATMENT.
2. Follow appropriate dysrhythmia protocol.
a. Defibrillation and cardioversion should be limited to a total of 3 attempts.
b. Administer EPINEPHRINE 1:10,000 0.01mg/kg IV and a single dose of any
applicable anti-dysrhythmic.
3. Administer 20 ml/kg NS fluid bolus to maximum of 60 ml/kg; use warm solution
(102°-106°F) if available.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*
Only if transporting agency.

Pediatric Medical Emergencies Section D 15

1/2013
NAUSEA/VOMITING
CRITERIA:
1. Any patient presenting with significant nausea/vomiting.

FR/BLS TREATMENT:
1. INITIAL MEDICAL CARE.
2. Call for intercept per INTERCEPT CRITERIA.
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ILS/ALS TREATMENT:
1. Continue FR/BLS TREATMENT.
2. IV NS KVO or saline lock.
3. Administer ZOFRAN 0.15 mg/kg IV or IM (maximum dose 4 mg). May administer
ZOFRAN ODT 4 mg PO in patients >26kg.
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November 2013
Revised: April 2015

Pediatric Medical Emergencies Section D 16

1/2013
NEAR DROWNING
NOTE: A high potential for associated injury (hypothermia or spinal injury) exists in
the near drowning patient. All pediatric patients who experience near
drowning must be transported for evaluation and monitoring to prevent
Secondary Drowning Syndrome. Aggressive airway management is
important. All patients with low core body temperatures should be
resuscitated.

FR/BLS TREATMENT:
1. Assure rescuer safety; remove patient from water with cervical spine immobilization.
2. INITIAL PEDIATRIC CARE.
3. Remove wet clothing; protect from further heat loss; place heat packs to axillae and
groin.
4. Call for intercept per INTERCEPT CRITERIA.
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ILS/ALS TREATMENT:
1. Continue FR/BLS TREATMENT.
2. NS at KVO; consider 20 ml/kg fluid bolus as needed to a total of 60 ml/kg.
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Pediatric Medical Emergencies Section D 17

1/2013
POISONING AND OVERDOSE
NOTE: Anticipate vomiting, seizure, respiratory arrest and dysrhythmias. Refer to
appropriate protocol as needed. Do not induce vomiting, especially in cases of
ingested caustic materials.
NOTE: DEXTROSE 50% may be administered at 1 ml/kg for patients over
8 years of age.
DEXTROSE 12.5% should be administered at 4 ml/kg for infants
< 1 year.
CRITERIA:
1. Suspected exposure to toxic substance, including:
a. Ingestion
b. Inhalation
c. Absorption through eyes, skin or mucous membranes
d. Injection – accidental or intentional
2. Signs and symptoms of overdose / poison exposure.

FR/BLS TREATMENT:
1. Assure scene is safe and the patient has been decontaminated if needed.
2. INITIAL PEDIATRIC CARE.
3. Save all bottles, containers and labels for information. DO NOT EXPOSE RESCUERS
TO POISONOUS SUBSTANCES.
4. If blood glucose < 60 mg/dl (or suspected) and patient is conscious with an intact gag
reflex, administer one tube of ORAL GLUCOSE.
5. If airway compromise or inadequate respiratory effort present, administer intranasal
NARCAN at 1 mg/ml per nostril via atomizer* (1 ml per nostril maximum; 2 mg total
dose). May repeat in 2-3 minutes to a maximum dose of 4 mg if no response.
6. Relay information to incoming ambulance or call for intercept per INTERCEPT
CRITERIA.
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ILS/ALS TREATMENT:
1. Continue FR/BLS TREATMENT.
2. NS at KVO; consider 20 ml/kg fluid bolus as needed to a total of 60 ml/kg.
3. If airway compromise or inadequate respiratory effort present, administer
NARCAN:
IV or IM – 0.1 mg/kg; may repeat every 2-3 minutes to a maximum dose of
2 mg, if no response.
IN – 1 mg/ml per nostril via atomizer* (1 ml per nostril maximum; 2 mg total
dose). May repeat every 2-3 minutes to a maximum dose of 4 mg if no
response.
4. If blood glucose < 60 mg/dl, administer DEXTROSE 25% at 2 ml/kg.
5. Alternative medication: 10% DEXTROSE in 250 ml of sterile water (D10W).
Administer 0.1g/kg (1ml/kg) IV. Repeat blood glucose. Consider repeating the dose if
blood glucose is less than 60 with symptoms of hypoglycemia.
6. If IV/IO access is not available, administer GLUCAGON 0.03 mg/kg IM up to a
maximum dose of 1 mg.
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*Intranasal medications must be administered through an atomizer
Revised: July 2014; January 2015; April 2015, February 2016, August 2016

Pediatric Medical Emergencies Section D 18

1/2013
RESPIRATORY ARREST/DISTRESS
CRITERIA: Any may be present:
1. Patient apneic with a pulse
2. Severe dyspnea, may include tachycardia and use of accessory muscles
3. Abnormal physical exam findings, such as:
a. Wheezing or grunting
b. Inspiratory rales or rhonchi
c. Decreased breath sounds or air exchange
4. Respiratory history, including:
a. Recent respiratory trauma
b. Asthma
c. Epiglottitis or bronchitis
d. Recent pneumonia
e. Foreign body airway obstruction

FR TREATMENT:
1. INITIAL PEDIATRIC CARE.
2. Manage airway per UNIVERSAL AIRWAY ALGORITHM.
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BLS TREATMENT:
1. Continue FR TREATMENT.
2. For suspected reactive airway disease, administer DuoNeb per nebulizer if needed. May
repeat x 2 for continued symptomatic relief.
3. Call for intercept per INTERCEPT CRITERIA.
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ILS TREATMENT:
1. Continue BLS TREATMENT.
2. METHYLPREDNISOLONE (Solu-Medrol) 2 mg/kg IV. Maximum dose: 125 mg.
3. Assist ventilations with in-line nebulizer kit and BVM if necessary.
4. Reassess need for intubation if respiratory symptoms worsen or do not improve with
treatment.
5. NS at KVO; consider 20 ml/kg fluid bolus as needed to a total of 60 ml/kg.
6. Call for intercept per INTERCEPT CRITERIA.
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ALS TREATMENT:
1. Continue ILS TREATMENT
2. Continue to monitor need for intubation if respiratory symptoms worsen or do not
improve with treatment.
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3. In patients with persistent respiratory distress consider MAGNESIUM SULFATE 50
mg/kg IV in 100 ml 0.9% NaCl (normal saline) IV over 10-15 minutes.
Maximum dose: 2 gm

Revised: January 2015

October 2015

Pediatric Medical Emergencies Section D 19

1/2013
SEIZURE/STATUS EPILEPTICUS
NOTE: DEXTROSE 50% may be administered at 1 ml/kg for patients over
8 years of age.
DEXTROSE 12.5% should be administered at 4 ml/kg for infants
< 1 year.

FR/BLS TREATMENT:
1. Initial PEDIATRIC CARE.
2. Assessment; include neurological exam and past seizure history.
3. Immobilize cervical spine if indicated.
4. Position patient to prevent injury.
5. If blood glucose < 60 mg/dl (or suspected) and patient is conscious with an intact gag
reflex, administer one tube of ORAL GLUCOSE.
6. If febrile seizure is suspected, in addition to above:
a. Attempt to cool patient by removing excess clothing layers.
b. May use towels moistened with cool water.
7. Call for intercept per INTERCEPT CRITERIA.
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ILS/ALS TREATMENT:
1. Continue FR/BLS TREATMENT.
2. IV NS KVO or saline lock, if able.
3. If seizure persists longer than three minutes, administer VERSED:
IV: 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 minutes (maximum dose 5 mg)
IM: 0.2 mg/kg IM (maximum dose 7 mg)
IN: 0.2 mg/kg IN (max. 1 ml per nostril; maximum total dose 7 mg)
4. If blood glucose < 60 mg/dl, administer DEXTROSE 25% at 2 ml/kg.
5. Alternative medication: 10% DEXTROSE in 250 ml of sterile water (D10W).
Administer 0.1g/kg (1ml/kg) IV. Repeat blood glucose. Consider repeating the dose if
blood glucose is less than 60 with symptoms of hypoglycemia.
6. If IV/IO access is not available, administer GLUCAGON 0.03 mg/kg IM up to a
maximum of 1 mg.
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7. If seizure persists, contact Medical Control for additional VERSED.

Revised: April 2015

October 2015
February 2016

Pediatric Medical Emergencies Section D 20

1/2013
SEPSIS Upper Limit of Pediatric HR

CRITERIA (Must meet the following): Age Heart Rate

0d – 3m ≥ 205
1. Suspected infection - YES
2. Temperature < 36°C (96°F) or > 38°C (100.4°F) 3m – 2 yr ≥ 190
3. Heart Rate greater than normal limit for age (HR 2yr – 10yr ≥ 140
may not be elevated in septic hypothermic
patients) AND at least one (1) of the following 10yr – 13yr ≥ 100
indications of organ dysfunction:
a. Altered mental status
b. Capillary refill time < 1 second (flash) or > 3 seconds
c. Cool, mottled extremities
d. EtCO2 < 25mmHg (if available)

FR/BLS TREATMENT:

1. INITIAL MEDICAL CARE

2. Administer OXYGEN to maintain oxygen saturations ≥ 94%.
3. Call for intercept per INTERCEPT CRITERIA.
4. Reassess patient and vital signs every 5 minutes.
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ILS/ALS TREATMENT:
1. Continue FR/BLS TREATMENT.
2. If blood glucose < 60 mg/dl, give Dextrose 10% 1ml/kg IV or IO. Recheck glucose in 10
minutes, and retreat if < 60mg/dl.
3. Notify receiving hospital of “SEPSIS ALERT.”
4. Establish at least one large bore IV.
a. Administer 20ml/kg NS fluid bolus (Document TOTAL amount of IVF given
b. Reassess immediately after each 20 mL/kg increment and STOP fluids if signs of
pulmonary edema (increasing shortness of breath or rales/crackles on lung exam)
c. Total amount of IVF should not exceed 60 mL/kg.
5. Continue to reassess patient including vital signs (manual BP), breath sounds,
capnography (< 25 mmHg may be indicative of septic shock), cardiac monitor.
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6. Medical Control may consider DOPAMINE infusion if no response after fluid adequate
fluid therapy.

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SHOCK (NOT FROM TRAUMA)
NOTE: Smaller body mass in children results in hypoperfusion quickly due to
vomiting and diarrhea.

CRITERIA:
1. Signs and symptoms of shock including:
a. Increased respiratory effort
b. Cyanosis despite oxygen administration
c. Truncal pallor and coolness
d. Hypotension and bradycardia
e. Weak, thready or absent peripheral pulses
f. Delayed capillary refill in patients < 6 years old
g. Decreased LOC

FR/BLS TREATMENT:
1. Initial PEDIATRIC CARE.
2. Maintain warmth and elevate feet if possible.
3. Call for intercept per INTERCEPT CRITERIA.
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ILS TREATMENT:
1. Continue FR/BLS TREATMENT.
2. Administer 20 ml/kg fluid bolus; repeat fluid bolus as needed to a total of
60 ml/kg.
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ALS TREATMENT:
1. Continue ILS TREATMENT.
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2. Consider DOPAMINE at 1 gtt/5 kg/minute.
a. Titrate to maintain SBP of 80 if < 3 years old.
b. Titrate to maintain SBP of 90-100 if ≥ 3 years old.

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SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
CRITERIA:
1. Narrow complex tachycardia for given age
2. Serious signs and symptoms, including:
a. Cyanosis despite oxygen administration
b. Truncal pallor and coolness
c. Respiratory difficulty
d. Hypotension
e. Decreased LOC
f. Weak or absent peripheral pulses

ILS/ALS TREATMENT:
1. INITIAL PEDIATRIC CARE.
2. If serious signs and symptoms:
a. Perform SYNCHRONIZED CARDIOVERSION at 0.5 J/kg.
b. Repeat SYNCHRONIZED CARDIOVERSION at 1 J/kg, then 2 J/kg if needed.
3. Refer to CARDIOPULMONARY ARREST protocol as needed.
4. NS at KVO; consider 20 ml/kg fluid bolus as needed to a total of 60 ml/kg.
5. If mild or moderate signs of cardiorespiratory compromise:
a. Administer ADENOSINE 0.1 mg/kg (maximum 6 mg) rapid IV push, followed
by immediate 10 mL NS flush.
b. Repeat ADENOSINE as needed at 0.2 mg/kg (maximum 12 mg) rapid IV push,
followed by 10 mL NS flush.
6. If patient remains in persistent SVT, despite ADENOSINE, consider
SYNCHRONIZED CARDIOVERSION as above.
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V-FIB / PULSELESS V-TACH
ILS/ALS TREATMENT:
1. Begin CPR.
2. Apply AED/cardiac monitor.
3. If utilizing an AED, defibrillate as directed by AED.
4. If using a manual cardiac monitor, defibrillate at 2 J/kg.
5. Continue CPR, manage airway per UNIVERSAL AIRWAY ALGORITHM, establish
vascular access and administer NS WO.
6. After 2 minutes of CPR, defibrillate at 4 J/kg or as directed by AED.
7. CPR for 2 minutes.
8. EPINEPHRINE (1:10,000) 0.01mg/kg IV/IO q 3-5 minutes as long as patient remains
pulseless.*
9. Defibrillate at 4 J/kg or as directed by AED.
10. CPR for 2 minutes.
11. AMIODARONE 5 mg/kg IV/IO; may repeat q 3-5 minutes x 2 as needed.
12. Defibrillate at 4 J/kg or as directed by AED
13. Continue cycles of 2 minutes of CPR followed by defibrillation as needed.
14. Initiate transport.**
15. Contact Medical Control.
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16. ALS only: Consider SODIUM BICARBONATE 1 mEq/kg IV/IO for unwitnessed
arrest or resuscitations longer than 10 minutes.

* If no IV/IO access may give ET dose of 0.1 mg/kg EPINEPHRINE 1:1000.

** Only if transporting agency.

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V-TACH WITH PULSE
NOTE: For pediatric patients with ventricular tachycardia and no serious signs or
symptoms, perform Initial Pediatric Care, transport and contact Medical
Control. Synchronized cardioversion is normally reserved for children with
HR > 220 with signs of shock.

CRITERIA:
1. Serious signs and symptoms, including:
a. Cyanosis despite oxygen administration
b. Truncal pallor and coolness
c. Respiratory difficulty
d. Hypotension
e. Decreased LOC
f. Weak or absent peripheral pulses

ILS/ALS TREATMENT:
1. INITIAL PEDIATRIC CARE.
2. If signs and symptoms of severe cardiorespiratory compromise:
a. Perform SYNCHRONIZED CARDIOVERSION at 0.5 - 1 J/kg.
b. Repeat SYNCHRONIZED CARDIOVERSION at 2 J/kg.
3. NS at KVO; consider 20 ml/kg fluid bolus as needed to a total of 60 ml/kg.
4. If mild to moderate cardiorespiratory compromise, administer AMIODARONE 5
mg/kg IVP.
5. If persistent V-tach despite AMIODARONE, perform SYNCHRONIZED
CARDIOVERSION as above.
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Revised: January 2015

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 PEDIATRIC (≤ 8 years of age)
Universal Airway Management Algorithm
Note: This algorithm is intended for use when faced with a need to secure a
patent airway in a child < 8 years of age.

1. Begin by positioning the patient to achieve proper head placement. Sniffing position
(head tilt-chin lift) for non- trauma patients and in-line neutral position (modified jaw
thrust) for trauma patients. Pad underneath the shoulders to ensure appropriate
positioning of the airway. Pediatric patients have a proportionally larger head which
leads to neck flexion that will occlude the airway.

2. BVM IS THE PREFFERED METHOD OF VENTILATION IN ALL PEDIATRIC

PATIENTS < 8 YEARS OF AGE.

3. Ventilate with 100% oxygen via a bag-valve-mask and maintain SP02 > 94%.

4. If unable to maintain SP02 > 94% with BVM, insert a correctly sized oral pharyngeal
airway (OPA). A nasal pharyngeal airway (NPA) may be used if the patient has intact
gag reflex. An NPA is contraindicated in patients with known or suspected head
injuries. Have suction equipment immediately available.

5. Consider the need for a supraglottic airway.

a. Patient needs to have airway protected from vomit, blood, etc.
b. Provider cannot achieve/maintain proper head alignment.
c. Cannot ventilate with an adequate tidal volume.
d. Unable to maintain SP02 > 94%
e. Cannot achieve/maintain an adequate mask seal.
f. Too much air is entering the stomach.

BLS, ILS, and ALS providers

6. Utilize an appropriately sized, and EMS system approved, Blind Insertion Airway Device
(BIAD) to achieve a patent airway. Follow manufacturer’s recommendations for insertion
procedure. Make sure suction equipment is immediately available.

7. Confirm BIAD placement

a. Waveform capnography should always be used for confirmation if available.
b. Auscultation bilaterally over lungs and epigastrium.
c. Equal chest rise and fall
d. SP02 increase

8. Secure the BIAD

a. Use commercial tube holder if available
b. Consider application of C-Collar and CID to inhibit flexion or extension which
may dislodge the airway.

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 9. Reconfirm BIAD placement after securing in place.

10. Ventilate at age appropriate rate and depth.

ILS and ALS providers:

Prehospital endotracheal intubation of children ≤ 8 years old has not shown benefit, and
may cause harm. Intubation should ONLY be considered if you are still unable to
oxygenate or ventilate utilizing BVM, OPA, NPA, or BID.

ETC02 waveform capnography for E.T.T. is strongly encouraged. If available, ETC02

waveform capnography must be utilized for E.T.T. placement verification and continuous
monitoring. If ETC02 is not available, providers must verify tube placement by alternate
methods and ensure continuous correct placement throughout transport and transfer of
care.

11. Any intubation attempts in a pediatric patient should be considered a “probable difficult
intubation”. The attempt should be made by the most experienced appropriately licensed
provider. Rescue airways and suction need to be readily available.

12. Consider anatomical differences in children vs adults including:

a. Proportionally larger head leading to neck flexion – pad under the shoulders
b. The pediatric larynx is much more superiorly positioned than an adult
c. “More floppy” epiglottis – straight blade may be needed to control epiglottis
d. Shorter, more narrow, and funnel shaped trachea with narrowest portion at the
cricoid ring.

13. Optimize pre-oxygenation before and during intubation by applying nasal cannula at >15
LPM and elevate patient’s head 10-20 degrees during intubation.

14. If successful, perform post-intubation management procedures:

a. Confirmation by EtC02 waveform capnography, if available.
b. Secure using commercial securing device and / or tape
c. Note the centimeter marking at the teeth
d. Consider application of C-Collar and CID to inhibit flexion or extension which
may dislodge the airway.
e. Continuous monitoring of EtC02 waveform capnography

15. If unsuccessful, resume attempts to ventilate utilizing BVM with OPA or NPA, and
utilize supraglottic airway as needed.

August 2016

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