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    Ectopic

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    Ab Staholic Boii
    This document discusses three topics: ectopic pregnancy, partial molar pregnancy, and neural tube defects. It defines each condition and describes their types, locations, and ultrasound features. Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most often in a fallopian tube. Partial molar pregnancy results from an abnormal fertilization that causes extra chromosomes and incomplete or absent embryo development. Neural tube defects are birth defects of the brain and spine that occur early in pregnancy from incomplete closing of the neural tube, and include spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele.

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    Ectopic

    Uploaded by

    Ab Staholic Boii
    28 views4 pages
    This document discusses three topics: ectopic pregnancy, partial molar pregnancy, and neural tube defects. It defines each condition and describes their types, locations, and ultrasound features. Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most often in a fallopian tube. Partial molar pregnancy results from an abnormal fertilization that causes extra chromosomes and incomplete or absent embryo development. Neural tube defects are birth defects of the brain and spine that occur early in pregnancy from incomplete closing of the neural tube, and include spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele.

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    ectopic

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    This document discusses three topics: ectopic pregnancy, partial molar pregnancy, and neural tube defects. It defines each condition and describes their types, locations, and ultrasound features. Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most often in a fallopian tube. Partial molar pregnancy results from an abnormal fertilization that causes extra chromosomes and incomplete or absent embryo development. Neural tube defects are birth defects of the brain and spine that occur early in pregnancy from incomplete closing of the neural tube, and include spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    28 views4 pages

    Ectopic

    Uploaded by

    Ab Staholic Boii
    This document discusses three topics: ectopic pregnancy, partial molar pregnancy, and neural tube defects. It defines each condition and describes their types, locations, and ultrasound features. Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most often in a fallopian tube. Partial molar pregnancy results from an abnormal fertilization that causes extra chromosomes and incomplete or absent embryo development. Neural tube defects are birth defects of the brain and spine that occur early in pregnancy from incomplete closing of the neural tube, and include spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    Submitted by:

    1. Maliya Sano
    2. Meron Asefa
    3. Tesfaye germame
    4. Bonto Anako
    5. Segni negesso
    6. Soliyana Zerihun
    7. Jemal Urgessa
    8. Wegayehu Alemayehu
    9. Dawit Jula

    1.What is ectopic pregnancy


    I. Pregnancy begins with a fertilized egg. Normally, the fertilized egg
    attaches to the lining of the uterus. An ectopic pregnancy occurs
    when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of
    the uterus. An ectopic pregnancy most often occurs in a fallopian
    tube, which carries eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. This type of
    ectopic pregnancy is called a tubal pregnancy. Sometimes, an ectopic
    pregnancy occurs in other areas of the body, such as the ovary,
    abdominal cavity or the lower part of the uterus (cervix), which
    connects to the vagina. An ectopic pregnancy can't proceed normally.
    The fertilized egg can't survive, and the growing tissue may cause
    life-threatening bleeding, if left untreated.

    a) Types and location of ectopic pregnancy.

    I. Tubal pregnancy
    A tubal pregnancy occurs when the egg has implanted in the
    fallopian tube. This is the most common type of ectopic pregnancy
    and the majority of ectopic pregnancies are tubal pregnancies. The
    type of tubal pregnancy can be further classified according to where
    inside the fallopian tube the pregnancy becomes established.
    II. Non-tubal ectopic pregnancy
    Nearly two percent of all ectopic pregnancies become established in
    other areas including the ovary, the cervix or the intra-abdominal
    region.
    III. Heterotopic pregnancy
    In some rare cases, one fertilized egg implants inside the uterus and
    another implants outside of the structure. The ectopic pregnancy is
    often discovered before the intrauterine pregnancy, mainly due to
    the painful nature of ectopic pregnancy. If human chorionic
    gonadotropin levels continue to rise after the ectopic pregnancy has
    been removed, the pregnancy inside the womb may still be viable.
    IV. Ultrasound features
    There are findings on ultrasound that are indicative of possible
    ectopic pregnancy. Positive findings include an empty uterine cavity,
    decidual cast, a thick echogenic endometrium, or a pseudo-
    gestational sac in the presence of beta hCG levels above the
    discriminatory zone

    2. what is partial moral pregnancy


    I. A partial molar pregnancy is a type of molar pregnancy where the
    embryo (fertilized egg) has too many chromosomes. This happens
    when the egg gets 69 chromosomes when fertilized instead of 46. In
    a molar pregnancy, the embryo either develops incompletely or
    doesn’t develop at all. Partial molar pregnancy is typically treated by
    removal of the embryo and placenta through a dilation and curettage
    (D&C) procedure.
    A partial molar pregnancy is a variation of a molar pregnancy, an
    abnormal pregnancy in which an embryo (the fertilized egg) either
    develops incompletely, or doesn’t develop at all. Instead, a cluster of
    grape-like cysts (known as a hydatidiform mole) grows in the uterus.
    In a partial molar pregnancy, an incomplete embryo and placenta
    may actually start to develop.
    II. Ultrasound features
    An ultrasound of a partial molar pregnancy may show: A fetus that's
    unexpectedly small for gestational age. Low amniotic fluid. Placenta
    that appears abnormal also ultrasound will reveal the presence of
    cysts in the uterus.
    3. what is neural tube defect
    I. Neural tube defects are birth defects of the brain, spine, or spinal
    cord. They happen in the first month of pregnancy, often before a
    woman even knows that she is pregnant. It starts as a flat, ribbon-like
    structure that rolls together, lengthwise, to form the tube that will
    normally grow into the brain and spinal cord.

    If the seam of the neural tube does not close correctly, portions of
    the spine, the covering of the spinal cord (meninges) or the cord
    itself can push outside of the back as the fetus grows.
    II. Types of neural tube defect
    1. Spina bifida. This is when the spine doesn't grow normally
    over the spinal cord. Babies born with spina bifida may have
    minor or short-term problems. Or they may have lasting,
    serious physical problems. These may include paralysis, lack
    of bowel and bladder control, club feet, a buildup of spinal
    fluid in the head (hydrocephaly), and intellectual disability.
    In most cases, a child may need one or more surgeries after
    birth. This is the most common kind of ONTD.
    There are a few different types of spina bifida, including:
    Myelomeningocele (open spina bifida): This NTD is
    characterized by incomplete neural tube closure and a fluid-
    filled sac that protrudes (sticks out) from your baby’s back. The
    sac contains part of their spinal cord, meninges, nerves and
    cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Myelomeningocele is the most
    severe and the most common form of spina bifida.
    Meningocele: This NTD is characterized by a sac of fluid that
    protrudes through an opening in your baby’s back, but their
    spinal cord is not involved or damaged.
    Spina bifida occulta: This NTD is characterized by a small gap
    in your baby’s spine, but there isn’t an opening or sac on their
    back. Their nerves and spinal cord aren’t damaged, and the
    condition usually doesn’t cause any disability. This is the
    mildest form of spina bifida.
    2. Anencephaly. This defect is when part of the brain and skull
    don't form. It occurs when the neural tube doesn't close at
    the base of the skull. Babies with anencephaly often die in
    the uterus after 20 weeks of pregnancy (stillborn). Or they
    only live for a very short time after birth.
    3. Encephalocele. This is a very rare condition. With this
    defect, the brain or its coverings poke through the skull.
    This can occur anywhere from the forehead to the lower
    back of the skull. But it may also occur in the front of the
    skull, near the nose and sinuses. In most cases, a child may
    need multiple surgeries after birth.
    4. Iniencephaly. Iniencephaly happens when unborn baby’s
    spine is severely malformed (misshapen). It often causes a
    lack of a neck, and the baby’s head is bent severely
    backward. The skin of the baby’s face is connected to their
    chest, and their scalp is connected to their back. Babies
    with iniencephaly are usually stillborn.
    III. Ultrasound features
    Prenatal ultrasound. This imaging test uses high-frequency sound
    waves and a computer to make images of blood vessels, tissues, and
    organs. Ultrasounds let healthcare providers see the internal organs
    as they function. They also show blood flow through blood vessels.
    Prenatal ultrasound may be able to find an open neural tube defect.
    the provider may also use ultrasound to look at some of the baby’s
    other organs and body systems.

    Reference:
    1. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Ectopic-pregnancy/Pages/Introduction.aspx
    2. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/14000/61854/61854.pdf
    3. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/14000/61860/61860.pdf
    4. www.miscarriageassociation.org.uk/.../Ectopic-pregnancy.pdf
    5. www.obgyn.uab.edu/.../ECTOPIC.pdf

    https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?
    contenttypeid=160&contentid=90

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