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    Fat and Protein Metabolism

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    Mark Zedrix Mediario
    Fatty acids are broken down in mitochondria to form acetyl-CoA which enters the citric acid cycle to generate ATP as an energy source. Triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine by bile and pancreatic enzymes and absorbed through lacteals into the lymphatic system. Ketones accumulate in the blood during ketosis as glucose levels decrease, such as in diabetes. Protein is broken down into amino acids by enzymes in the stomach and small intestine, and essential amino acids must be obtained through diet. Nitrogen balance refers to the intake and output of nitrogen from protein, and can be positive, negative, or in equilibrium depending on health and nutritional status.

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    Fat and Protein Metabolism

    Uploaded by

    Mark Zedrix Mediario
    45 views2 pages
    Fatty acids are broken down in mitochondria to form acetyl-CoA which enters the citric acid cycle to generate ATP as an energy source. Triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine by bile and pancreatic enzymes and absorbed through lacteals into the lymphatic system. Ketones accumulate in the blood during ketosis as glucose levels decrease, such as in diabetes. Protein is broken down into amino acids by enzymes in the stomach and small intestine, and essential amino acids must be obtained through diet. Nitrogen balance refers to the intake and output of nitrogen from protein, and can be positive, negative, or in equilibrium depending on health and nutritional status.

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    Fatty acids are broken down in mitochondria to form acetyl-CoA which enters the citric acid cycle to generate ATP as an energy source. Triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine by bile and pancreatic enzymes and absorbed through lacteals into the lymphatic system. Ketones accumulate in the blood during ketosis as glucose levels decrease, such as in diabetes. Protein is broken down into amino acids by enzymes in the stomach and small intestine, and essential amino acids must be obtained through diet. Nitrogen balance refers to the intake and output of nitrogen from protein, and can be positive, negative, or in equilibrium depending on health and nutritional status.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    45 views2 pages

    Fat and Protein Metabolism

    Uploaded by

    Mark Zedrix Mediario
    Fatty acids are broken down in mitochondria to form acetyl-CoA which enters the citric acid cycle to generate ATP as an energy source. Triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine by bile and pancreatic enzymes and absorbed through lacteals into the lymphatic system. Ketones accumulate in the blood during ketosis as glucose levels decrease, such as in diabetes. Protein is broken down into amino acids by enzymes in the stomach and small intestine, and essential amino acids must be obtained through diet. Nitrogen balance refers to the intake and output of nitrogen from protein, and can be positive, negative, or in equilibrium depending on health and nutritional status.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    February 24, 2022 Fat Metabolism

    NCM 116 – Metabolism • Main energy- storage molecules


    • Adipose tissues are broken down into fatty
    acids and glycerol, some are released in the
    (4) Fat and Protein Metabolism blood, muscle, and liver use it as source of
    energy
    • Happens in mitochondria
    Lipids • 2 carbon atoms are removed from the end of
    fatty acid chain to form acetyl-CoA (acetyl
    • They include triglycerides, steroids,
    coenzyme A)
    phospholipids, and fat-soluble vitamins
    • Acetyl CoA enter the citric acid cycle and be
    Triglycerides – most common type of lipid in the used to generate ATP
    diet (95%); big chunks of fat; aka triacylglycerol; • Triglycerides and cholesterol- in food when
    can be saturated or non-saturated) taken in the mouth does not change its
    composition, except for butter fat where they
    Steroids and phospholipids – 5%
    are acted on upon by the salivary and gastric
    Phospholipids- ex. Lecithin found in egg yolk; lipase
    used for growth and repair of tissues; • In the small intestine, bile coming from the
    combination of protein and fats liver which has been stored in gall bladder
    will act upon these fats and convert them into
    Cholesterol- precursor of all steroids in the body;
    fatty acid and glycerol where they enter the
    a steroid (found in liver, egg yolk, milk, cheese
    LACTEALS in the center of microvillis and
    butter and meat)
    join the lymph in the lympathic system to be
    o LDL (low-density lipoprotein)- bad transported to the liver for synthesis.
    cholesterol; can stick and clog arteries, o Won’t be mixed with amino acids and
    making BP shoot up causing glucose. Amino acids and glucose
    hypertension mix with the blood because they are
    o HDL- good cholesterol; helps in fat water-soluble (circulatory system).
    metabolism Fats enter in lacteals (center)
    (lympathic system).
    Lipoprotein- carrier molecules by which lipids
    o Triacylglycerol – Diacylglycerol –
    are transported to other cells for energy and to
    Monoacylglycerol (absorbable form
    adipose tissues for storage
    of fat in body)
    Uses of Lipids
    Fat Anabolism
    1. Produce ATP
    • Storage of fat as adipose tissues
    2. Stored in adipose tissue as reserved food
    • Ketosis- excess accumulation of ketones
    3. Component of cell membrane, bile salts, and
    (remnant of glucose) in blood as in the case
    steroids (sex hormones)
    of diabetes mellitus
    4. Construct myelin sheath
    5. Eicosanoids derived from fatty acids are Ketogenesis
    involved in inflammation, tissue repair,
    smooth muscle contraction • Catabolism of Fat- Liver cells use PRO and
    6. Each fat-soluble vitamin has its function in CHO to make fats then release them into the
    the body blood to be carried to adipose tissues for

    1
    storage. (1 gram fat yields 9 kilocalories of 5. Methionine
    heat) 6. Lysine
    • Gluconeogenesis- converts fats and protein 7. Tryptophan
    into glucose if glucose is absent in the diet as 8. Phenylalanine
    in fasting and starvation
    Non-essential Amino Acids
    1. Alanine
    PROTEIN METABOLISM 2. Serine
    3. Proline
    Protein 4. Hydroxylproline
    • The fundamental constituent of protoplasm. 5. Aspartic Acid
    Substance of a very large molecular weight 6. Glutamic Acid
    made up of combination of units of building 7. Histidine
    stones called amino acid. 8. Norleucine
    • CHON – plus Nitrogen component 9. Asphagin

    Hydrolysis Nitrogen Equilibrium

    • Breakdown of protein with the aid of • Intake of protein nitrogen is more than
    enzymes in the stomach and in the small adequate to replace the Nitrogen lost in the
    intestine urine, feces, sweats, hair, nails, and
    • Pepsinogen is converted into active pepsin epidermal debris. The surplus of Nitrogen is
    by Hydrochloric acid (produced by parietal not retained but converted to Urea.
    cells of stomach) and will act on protein Negative Nitrogen Balance
    foods, which will be converted into Proteases
    and Peptones- two types of minor protein. • If the intake is at its normal value, output is
    • Pancreatic juice which contains Trysinogen greater in terms of Nitrogen
    and Chymotrypsinogen and Carbopetidases • Example: Debilitating illness, cancer, fasting
    enters the duodenum via common bile duct Positive Nitrogen Balance
    will get in contact with Enterokinase Enzyme
    and will be converted to Trypsin and • If the intake is greater than that of the output
    Chymotrypsin • Example: growth and development,
    • Trypsin will act on peptide bonds pregnancy, during recovery from illness
    • Chymotrypsin will act on Proteases
    Protein Anabolism
    • Peptones and Peptides will be converted to
    amino acids • Protein synthesis resulting in by-products
    • Aminopeptidases from the intestine helps to such as enzymes, antibodies, body secretions,
    convert small polypeptides into amino acid blood constituents
    • Enterokinase in small intestine assist • Body growth is dependent on protein
    Chymotrypsin in its work anabolism

    Essential Amino Acids Protein Catabolism or Deamination

    1. Threonine • Removal of amino group and excreted in


    2. Valine urine and urea while their carbon skeleton
    3. Leucine can be converted into Glucose in the liver
    4. Isoleucine • Ammonia is converted to Urea

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