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    Various PV Module Technologies

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    himanshu
    1. The document discusses different photovoltaic module technologies including silicon-based solar cells and modules, thin film solar cells and modules, and concentrator-based solar cells. 2. Emerging technologies that are discussed include flexible solar cells, perovskite solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, and graphene-based organic solar cells. 3. The conclusions state that silicon solar modules will remain dominant for the next decade but improvements are needed to increase efficiency and reduce costs. Thin film technologies have potential but need to prove reliability. New low-cost, high efficiency materials still need to be developed.

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    Various PV Module Technologies

    Uploaded by

    himanshu
    36 views53 pages
    1. The document discusses different photovoltaic module technologies including silicon-based solar cells and modules, thin film solar cells and modules, and concentrator-based solar cells. 2. Emerging technologies that are discussed include flexible solar cells, perovskite solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, and graphene-based organic solar cells. 3. The conclusions state that silicon solar modules will remain dominant for the next decade but improvements are needed to increase efficiency and reduce costs. Thin film technologies have potential but need to prove reliability. New low-cost, high efficiency materials still need to be developed.

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    1. The document discusses different photovoltaic module technologies including silicon-based solar cells and modules, thin film solar cells and modules, and concentrator-based solar cells. 2. Emerging technologies that are discussed include flexible solar cells, perovskite solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, and graphene-based organic solar cells. 3. The conclusions state that silicon solar modules will remain dominant for the next decade but improvements are needed to increase efficiency and reduce costs. Thin film technologies have potential but need to prove reliability. New low-cost, high efficiency materials still need to be developed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    36 views53 pages

    Various PV Module Technologies

    Uploaded by

    himanshu
    1. The document discusses different photovoltaic module technologies including silicon-based solar cells and modules, thin film solar cells and modules, and concentrator-based solar cells. 2. Emerging technologies that are discussed include flexible solar cells, perovskite solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, and graphene-based organic solar cells. 3. The conclusions state that silicon solar modules will remain dominant for the next decade but improvements are needed to increase efficiency and reduce costs. Thin film technologies have potential but need to prove reliability. New low-cost, high efficiency materials still need to be developed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 53

    Overview of Different PV Module Technologies

    By

    S. P. Singh, EX- AGM


    BHEL R&D – ASSCP

    Workshop on solar energy technologies


    at
    HRDI, BHEL, Noida
    June 09, 2016
    Environmental loss per kWh use of electrical energy if it is
    coming from coal based power plant

    • ~ 1.0 Kg of CO2 is added to the atmosphere - increasing the


    greenhouse effect

    • Over 2.0 liters of water is evaporated

    • About 5-10 gms of NOx and SO2 is added to the atmosphere

    • ~ 1.0 gram of particulate matter is added causing a health


    hazard
    Contents of Presentation

    Introduction

    Silicon Based Solar Cells and Modules

    Thin Film Solar Cells and Modules

    Concentrator Based Solar Cells and Modules

    Emerging Technologies, Flexible solar cells and Advanced


    Concepts

    Conclusions
    Sun is a Huge Nuclear Generator functioning on fission of
    hydrogen. All fossil fuels are fixed in the energy form by the
    energy deposited due to sun energy
    ASSCP 8
    Generation of Electron Hole
    Pairs with Light
    • Photon enters, is absorbed,
    and sends an electron from VB
    to CB

    • A hole is left behind in VB,


    creating absorption process:
    electron-hole pairs

    • Because of this, only part of


    solar spectrum can be
    converted.

    ASSCP 9
    PERC/PERL(passivated
    emitter rear locally
    diffused),Cells
    PERT(passivated emitter
    rear totally diffused) have
    used rear passivation
    techniques utilizing a oxide
    layer between the metal
    and semiconductor layer.
    H type Fingers
    High Efficiency (~25%) Solar Cell
    - Back Contact Back Junction (BCBJ) Solar Cells on
    silicon wafers
    1. Diffused Junction Based:

    Process steps involved:


    Patterning, diffusion of boron & phosphorous, growth
    of SiO2, deposition of SiOx, Deposition of Metal
    contact and patterning etc.
    Sunpower cell
    Heterojunction Silicon Solar Cells

    Conventional c-Si Solar Cell Passivated Interface Heterojunction (PIHJ)/ HIT Solar Cell

    Process Temperature Requirement

    1000
    Temperature (°C)

    PI Solar Cell/ HIT


    500 ARC Contact Firing
    Diffusion
    Conventional
    Plasma a-Si Low Temp Technology
    0
    0 Contact
    5 35 36 46 48 49
    Time (minutes) 55
    Bifacial Solar Module
    High Efficiency (~25%) Solar Cell
    - Back Contact Back Junction (BCBJ) Solar Cells on silicon
    wafers

    Processes Involved:
    Wafer texturing, thin film deposition of amorphous silicon and indium tin
    oxide, patterning, rear contact metallization etc.
    Predicted Trend Curve for the Module Power
    Expected share of different technologies
    Thin Film Solar Cells and Modules
    Interconnection is possible automatically
    CIGS and CdTe Device Structure

    CdTe
    Glass
    CTO/ZTO,SnO2
    ZnO, ITO 0.2-0.5 µm
    2500 Å
    CdS
    CdS
    700 Å
    600-2000 Å

    CIGS
    1-2.5 µm
    CdTe
    2-8 µm

    Mo
    0.5-1 µm
    Glass, C-Paste
    Metal Foil, with Cu,
    Plastics
    CIGS or Metals

    CTO/ZTO = Cd2SnO4/ZnSnOx
    Silicon energy band diagram
    * Amorphous silicon
    absorption is better due to
    relaxation on wave
    number requirement

    ASSCP 33
    ve
    CONTACT
    METAL (Al/ Ag)

    n-a-Si H

    I-a-SiH

    p-a- Si H

    TCO
    + ve
    CONTACT

    GLASS

    LIGHT RAYS

    Single junction amorphous silicon solar cell


    ASSCP 35
    Tandem Cells
    Silver Grid
    • Tandem cell-
    – Top cell has
    Indium Tin Oxide
    p-a-Si:H large bandgap
    – Middle cell mid
    Blue Cell
    i-a-Si:H

    bandgap
    n-a-Si:H
    p
    Green Cell
    i-a-SiGe:H (~15%) – Bottom cell
    small bandgap.
    n
    p
    Red Cell
    i-a-SiGe:H (~50%)
    n
    Textured Zinc Oxide

    Silver
    Stainless Steel Substrate

    Schematic diagram of state-of-the-art a-Si:H


    based substrate n-i-p triple junction cell structure.
    ASSCP 37
    Concentrator Based Solar Cells and Modules
    A multi junction cell is fabricated with matching current.
    The solar cell provides very high efficiency about 42%.
    The solar cells for concentrators depends on the
    concentration of radiation we want to work.
    Low Medium High
    concentration concentration concentration

    Degree of
    2 - 10 10 - 100 > 100
    concentration

    Dual axis
    No tracking 1-axis tracking
    Tracking? tracking
    necessary sufficient
    required

    Active cooling
    No cooling Passive cooling
    Cooling required in
    required sufficient
    most instances.

    Photovoltaic High- quality Multi-junction


    Material silicon cells
    Emerging Technologies, Flexible solar cells and Advanced
    Concepts
    Types of Technology:
    • Amorphous Silicon
    Based Power Film,
    USA (4-6%)

    • CdTe EMPA,
    Switzerland (8-12%),
    NREL, USA

    • CIGS EMPA, Switzerland


    (10-13%),

    • NREL, USA, Organic


    Solar ~6%
    Flexible Solar Cells with CdTe
    TCO
    Fabrication CdS
    • Closed Space Sublimation (CSS)
    • Electrodeposition (ED) CdTe
    • Magnetic sputtering (MS),
    Interlayer
    • High vacuum thermal evaporation
    (HVE) Metallic
    • Treatment by CdCl2 Substrate
    • Annealing is EssentialMetal Substrate ~7-8%

    Issues:
    Metal
    • CSS – high efficiency – high
    Interlayer temperature process (~400-650 C)
    • ED : Low Temperature- low
    CdTe efficiency
    CdS • MS – Low temperature, best
    TCO efficiency on substrate structure
    • HVE – Medium temperature – Low
    Polymer
    Substrate
    efficiency
    • Back contact Degradation and high
    Superstrate ~13% (Polymide Films) resistance
    MIT – Graphene based organic solar cell
    Wonder Material Perovskite
    The band gap in a
    quantum dot can be tuned
    by changing the size of a
    quantum dot
    Conclusions
    Silicon Solar modules are expected to remain main
    components for solar photovoltaic systems for another
    decade

    A lot of research is required to improve performance and


    reduce cost in silicon based modules. New concepts are to be
    tried to improve efficiency.

    Thin film solar Cells have yet to prove their reliability in the
    field. At present, They are thought to be coexist with
    crystalline silicon and may cater to other niche applications.

    New materials are required to be developed which can


    produce high efficiency using cheaper technology and
    materials .

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