“A STUDY ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF

TATA MOTORS LTD”

Project Report submitted to

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF COMMERCE (PROFESSIONAL)

Submitted by

RESHMA MV
(CCASBCP013)

Under the supervision of

PROF. P.G THOMAS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

CHRIST COLLEGE(AUTONOMOUS), IRINJALAKUDA

MARCH 2021
 CHRIST COLLEGE(AUTONOMOUS), IRINJALAKUDA

CALICUT UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “A STUDY ON THE

FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF TATA MOTORS LTD” is a bonafide
record of project done by RESHMA MV, Reg. No. CCASBCP013, under my
guidance and supervision in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award
of the degree of BACHELOR OF COMMERCE and it has not previously
formed the basis for any Degree, Diploma and Associateship or
FELLOWSHIP.

PROF. K.O.FRANCIS PROF. P.G THOMAS

Co-ordinator Project Guide
 DECLARATION

I, RESHMA MV, hereby declare that the project work entitled “A

STUDY ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF TATA MOTORS
LTD” is a record of independent and bonafide project work carried out by me
under the supervision and guidance of Prof. P.G Thomas, Assistant Professor,
Department of Commerce, Christ College, Irinjalakuda.

The information and data given in the report is authentic to the best of my
knowledge. The report has not been previously submitted for the award of any
Degree, Diploma, Associateship or other similar title of any other university or
institute.

Place: Irinjalakuda Reshma MV

Date: CCASBCP013
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take the opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to all

people who have helped me with sound advice and able guidance.

Above all, I express my eternal gratitude to the Lord Almighty under whose
divine guidance; I have been able to complete this work successfully.

I would like to express my sincere obligation to Rev.Dr. Jolly Andrews,

Principal-in-Charge, Christ college Irinjalakuda for providing various facilities.

I am thankful to Prof. K.O.Francis, Co-ordinator of B.Com (Professional), for

providing proper help and encouragement in the preparation of this report.

I am thankful to Ms. Teena Thomas, Class teacher for her cordial support,
valuable information and guidance, which helped me in completing this task
through various stages.

I express my sincere gratitude to Prof. P.G Thomas Assistant Professor, whose

guidance and support throughout the training period helped me to complete this
work successfully.

I would like to express my gratitude to all the faculties of the Department for
their interest and cooperation in this regard.

I extend my hearty gratitude to the librarian and other library staffs of my

college for their wholehearted cooperation.

I express my sincere thanks to my friends and family for their support in

completing this report successfully.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO:

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1–4

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5 – 11

INDUSTRY AND COMPANY

CHAPTER 3 12 – 15
PROFILE

DATA ANALYSIS AND

CHAPTER 4 16 – 41
INTERPRETATION

FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS
CHAPTER 5 42 – 43
& CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANNEXURE
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE
TITLE PAGE NO:
NO:

4.1 Table showing current ratio 20

4.2 Table showing liquid ratio 21

4.3 Table showing absolute liquid ratio 22

4.4 Table showing debt-equity ratio 23

4.5 Table showing proprietary ratio 24

4.6 Table showing solvency ratio 25

4.7 Table showing fixed assets to net worth ratio 26

4.8 Table showing fixed assets ratio 27

4.9 Table showing capital gearing ratio 28

4.10 Table showing gross profit ratio 30

4.11 Table showing net profit ratio 31

4.12 Table showing operating cost ratio 32

4.13 Table showing operating profit ratio 33

Table showing comparative balance sheet from 2015-

4.14 36
16 to 2016 15

Table showing comparative balance sheet from 2016-

4.15 37
17 to 2017-18

Table showing comparative balance sheet from 2017-

4.16 39
18 to 2018-19

Table showing comparative balance sheet from 2018-

4.17 40
19 to 2019-20
 LIST OF CHARTS

FIGURE
TITLE PAGE NO:
NO:

4.1 Figure showing current ratio 20

4.2 Figure showing liquid ratio 21

4.3 Figure showing absolute liquid ratio 22

4.4 Figure showing debt-equity ratio 23

4.5 Figure showing proprietary ratio 24

4.6 Figure showing solvency ratio 25

4.7 Figure showing fixed assets to net worth ratio 26

4.8 Figure showing fixed assets ratio 27

4.9 Figure showing capital gearing ratio 28

4.10 Figure showing gross profit ratio 30

4.11 Figure showing net profit ratio 31

4.12 Figure showing operating cost ratio 32

4.13 Figure showing operating profit ratio 33

 Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction

Finance is an integral aspect of every business. The success of an organization

depends on how competently the firm is managing the funds available to them.
The topic for the project is “a study on the financial performance of Tata
Motors Limited”. There are many stakeholders in a company, including trade
creditors, bondholders, investors, employees, and management. Each group has
its own interest in tracking the financial performance of a company.
Understanding financial performance is essential for every organization
because most of the organization’s crucial decisions depend on the financials.
Understanding financial performance is necessary because they help in the
decision-making process of the company. Financial performance analysis is the
process of determining the operating and financial characteristics of a firm
from accounting and financial statements. The goal of such analysis is to
determine the efficiency and performance of firm’s management, as reflected
in the financial records and reports.

The study on financial performance of the company is by using ratio analysis,

trend analysis and comparative statements to assess the solvency, liquidity, and
profitability of the selected company. Ratio analysis is a quantitative method of
gaining insight into a company's liquidity, operational efficiency, and
profitability by studying its financial statements such as the balance sheet and
income statement. A comparative statement is a document used to compare a
particular financial statement with prior period statements. Previous financials
are presented alongside the latest figures in side-by-side columns, enabling
investors to identify trends, track a company's progress and compare it with
industry rivals.

1
1.2 Statement of the problem

The effectiveness of the financial performance involves decision making in the

organization with the help of various analytical tools to recognize the
profitability, solvency and liquidity position and to check whether the
organization is in a position to meet their obligations in properly and timely
manner. Here the problem is to study about the financial performance of Tata
Motors Ltd.

1.3 Scope of study

The study was conducted in Tata Motors Ltd to analyze the effectiveness of the
financial performance of the company during the last five years ranging from
2015-2016 to 2019-2020 to have a clear and a proper outline regarding the
financial aspects of the organization by using various analysis tools.

1.4 Significance of study

 Assessing the operational efficiency and managerial effectiveness

of thecompany
 Analyzing the financial strengths and weaknesses and
creditworthinessof the company
 Providing information’s about the cash position company is
holding andhow much debit the company has in relation to equity
 Studying the reasonability of stock and debtors held by the
company
1.5 Objectives of the study

 To analyze the financial performance of the selected company

 To gain practical knowledge in analysis
 To assess the solvency, liquidity, and profitability.

2
1.6 Research design

1.6.1 Nature of study

This is an analytical study

1.6.2 Nature of data

Secondary data is used in the study, as the study mainly depended on secondary
data.

1.6.3 Source of data

Secondary data is collected from company’s website.

1.6.4 Period of study

The study is based on the current year and past four years. That is 2016-2020.

1.7 sample design

1.7.1 Size of sample

The sample size is limited to one company. The company selected is TATA
Motors ltd.

1.8 Tools of analysis

For analysis, the data collected through secondary source especially the
financial statements of the company, statistical tools such as ratio analysis and
comparative balance sheet are used and the results are interpreted using tables,
graphs and bar diagrams.

1.9 Limitations of study

1. Study involves only automotive industry.

2. Study is mainly based on secondary data.

3
1.10 Chapterization

Chapter I: Introduction

Chapter II: Review of literature

Chapter III: Industry profile and company profile

Chapter IV: Data analysis and interpretation

Chapter V: Finding, suggestion and conclusion

4
 Chapter II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 2.1 Conceptual Review

Financial performance is the process of measuring the results of a firm’s

policies and operations in monetary terms. It is used to measure firm’s overall
financial health over a given period of time and can also be used to compare
similar firms across the same industry or to compare industries or sectors in
aggregation. It refers to the degree to which financial objectives being or has
been accomplished and is an important aspect of finance risk management.
Financial performance analysis includes analysis and interpretation of financial
statements in such a way that it undertakes full diagnosis of the profitability
and financial soundness of the business. Ratio analysis and comparative
statements are the important tools used for the analysis of financial
performance of the company.

2.1.1 Ratio analysis

Ratio analysis is a quantitative method of gaining insight into a company's

liquidity, operational efficiency, and profitability by studying its financial
statements such as the balance sheet and income statement. Ratio analysis is a
cornerstone of fundamental equity analysis.

A) Liquidity ratio

Liquidity refers to the ability of the concern to meet its current obligations as
and when these become due. These ratios measure short term solvency of a
firm.

1. Current ratios: It may be defined as the relationship between current assets

and current liabilities. It is also known as working capital ratio. It is most
widely used to make the analysis of a short term financial position of the firm.

2. Liquid ratio: It is the ratio of liquid assets to current liabilities. It is the

measure of instant debt paying ability of the business enterprise. It is also
known as quick ratio, acid test ratio, or near money ratio.
3. Absolute liquid ratio: It is calculated by dividing absolute liquid assets like
cash in hand, cash at bank and marketable securities by current liability. It is
also known as cash ratio.

B) Solvency ratio (long term solvency ratio)

The term solvency means the ability of the firm to pay of its outside liabilities,
that is, its long term and short term. Solvency ratio is also known as long term
solvency ratio or long term liquidity ratio.

1. Debt-equity ratio: It expresses the relationship between long term debt and
equity. Long term debt means funds invested by the outsiders. It includes
debentures, mortgages, all long term loans etc.

2. Proprietary ratio: It establishes the relationship between shareholders’ or

proprietors’ fund and total assets. It shows how much funds have been
contributed by shareholders in the total assets of the firm. It is also known as
equity ratio or net worth ratio.

3. Solvency ratio: This ratio expresses the relationship between total assets and
total liabilities of a business. A firm is said to be solvent when it has assets
worth more than its outsiders’ liabilities. It is also known as ratio of total assets
to total debt.

4. Fixed asset to net worth ratio: This ratio establishes the relationship between
two components that is fixed assets and proprietors’ fund. This ratio indicates
the extent to which shareholders’ funds are invested in the fixed assets. This
ratio is also known as proprietors’ fund ratio.

5. Fixed asset ratio: This ratio establishes the relationship between two
components that is, fixed assets and long term funds. Long term fund include,
shareholders’ fund and long term borrowed funds. Thus it is called capital
employed.

6. Capital gearing ratio: The gearing ratio is a measure of financial risk and
expresses the amount of a company’s debt in terms of its equity. The term
capital gearing means, the proportion between fixed income bearing funds and
equity.

C) Profitability ratio

1. Gross profit ratio: Gross profit ratio (GP ratio) is a financial ratio that
measures the performance and efficiency of a business by dividing its gross
profit figure by the total net sales. It is then called gross profit percentage or
gross profit margin.

2. Net profit ratio: The net profit percentage is the ratio of after-tax profits to
net sales. It reveals the remaining profit after all costs of production,
administration, and financing have been deducted from sales, and income taxes
recognized. It is also used to compare the results of a business with its
competitors.

3. Operating cost ratio: It is computed by dividing operating expenses of a

particular period by net sales made during that period. It is also known as
operating expense ratio.

4. Operating profit ratio: The operating profit margin ratio indicates how much
profit a company makes after paying for variable costs of production such as
wages, raw materials, etc. It is also expressed as a percentage of sales and then
shows the efficiency of a company controlling the costs and expenses
associated with business operations.

2.1.2 Comparative balance sheet

A comparative balance sheet is a statement that shows the financial position of

an organization over different periods for which comparison is made or
required. The financial position is compared with 2 or more periods to depict
the trend, direction of change, analyze and take suitable actions. It is the study
of trend of same items, group of items and computed items in two or more
balance sheets of the same concern at different period.
Preparing Comparative Financial Statements is the most commonly used
technique for analyzing financial statements. This technique determines the
profitability and financial position of a business by comparing financial
statements. Hence, this technique is also termed as Horizontal Analysis.
Typically, the income statements and balance sheets are prepared in a
comparative form to undertake such an analysis. In this study, the balance
sheets of past five years are taken for the comparative analysis.

Interpretation of the comparative balance sheet is made on the basis of current

financial position, liquidity position, long term financial position and
profitability of the concern. The excess of current assets over current liability
will give the figure of working capital. An increase in working capital means
an increase in current financial position of the company. And excess current
assets over current liabilities show a good short term financial position. If
liquid assets like cash in hand, cash at bank, bills receivable, debtors etc. shows
an increase in current year when compared to the base year, this improve the
liquidity position of the concern. Long term financial position of the concern
can be analyzed by studying the changes in fixed assets, long term liabilities
and capital. Increase in fixed assets is compared with increase in long term
liabilities and capital. If, increase in fixed asset is more than increase in long
term liabilities, it is meant for that part of fixed assets has been financed by the
working capital. Increase in balance of P&L account and other reserves created
from profit will means an increased profitability of the concern.
2.2 Empirical Review

The empirical review is simply talking about the various researches done by
other researchers concerning your topic or peoples research works that are
similar to your research work. The names of various researchers must be
attached to their findings or statement.

An empirical literature review is more commonly called a systematic literature

review and it examines past empirical studies to answer a particular research
question. The empirical studies we examine are usually random controlled
trials (RCTs). The literature review helps to form the theoretical basis of the
research.

 Shinde Govind P. & Dubey Manisha (2011) conducted a study

considering the segments such as passenger vehicle, commercial
vehicle, and utility vehicle, two and three wheeler vehicle of key
player’s performance and also made a SWOT analysis and studied key
factors influencing growth of automobile industry.
 Fernandez (2007) says through the study that those who lead to
corporate finance everyday or are somehow related to this area, is
important to have in mind all these methods and what are behind them.
Valuation is not also essential for M&A opportunities but also to
understand where the company is creating or destroying value.
 Anu B. (2015) made an attempt to examine the relationship between
capital structure indicators, market price per shares and also to test
relationship between debt-equity and market price per share of selected
companies in industry. The study concludes that all three companies
support the hypothesis that there is relation between debt-equity and
MPS.
 Devani (2010) concluded that the study on relationship between
dividend per share, earnings per share, price earnings, dividend yield
and dividend cover with equity share prices leads to a concept that all
 the selected explanatory variable have a significant impact on the equity
share prices except growth variable.
 Daniel A Moses Joshunar (2013) conducted a study to identify the
financial strength and weakness of the Tata motors Ltd. Using past 5
year financial statements. Trend analysis & ratio analysis used to
comment of financial status of company. Financial performance of
company is satisfactory and also suggested to increase the loan levels of
company for the better performance.
 Zafar S.M.Tariq & Khalid S.M (2012) conducted a study and explored
that ratios are calculated from financial statements which are prepared as
desired policies adopted on depreciation and stock valuation by the
management. Ratio is a simple comparison of numerator and a
denominator that cannot produce complete and authentic picture of
business. Results are manipulated and also may not highlight other
factors which affect performance of firm by promoters.
 Huda Salhe Meften & Manish Roy Tirkey (2014) have studied the
financial analysis of Hindustan petroleum corporation Ltd. The study is
based on secondary data. The company has got excellent gross profit
ratio and trend is rising in with is appreciable indicating efficiency in
production cost. The net profit for the year 2010-11 is excellent & it is 8
times past year indicating reduction in operating reduction in operating
expenses and large proportion of net sales available to the shareholders
of company.
 Surekha B. & Krishnalah K. Rama (2015) undertook a study to reveal
the prosperity of Tata Motors Company. It can be concluded that inner
strength of company is remarkable. Company can further improve its
profitability by optimum capital gearing, reduction in administration and
financial expenses for the growth of company.
 Agarwal, Nidhi (2015) conducted a study focusing on the comparative
financial performance of Maruti Suzuki and Tata motors ltd. The
financial data and information required for the study are drawn from the
 various annual reports of companies. The liquidity and leverage analysis
of both the firms are done. To analyse the leverage position four ratios
are considered namely, capital gearing, debt-equity, total debt and
proprietary ratio. The result shows that Tata motors Ltd has to increase
the portion of proprietor’s fund in business to improve long term
solvency position.
 Kaur Harpreet (2016) tried to examine the qualities & quantities
performer of Maruti Suzuki co. & how had both impact on its market
share in India, For this study secondary data has been collected from
annual reports, journals, report automobile sites. Result shows that MSL
has been successfully leading automobile sector in India for last few
years.
 Chapter III
INDUSTRY PROFILE AND
COMPANY PROFILE
3.1 Industry profile

The automotive industry comprises a wide range of companies and

organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing,
and selling of motor vehicles. It is one of the world's largest industries by
revenue. The automotive industry does not include industries dedicated to the
maintenance of automobiles following delivery to the end-user [citation
needed] such as automobile repair shops and motor fuel filling stations.

The word automotive comes from the Greek autos (self), and Latin motivus (of
motion), referring to any form of self-powered vehicle.[clarification needed]
This term, as proposed by Elmer Sperry [need quotation to verify] (1860-
1930), first came into use with reference to automobiles in 1898.

The automotive industry began in the 1860s with hundreds of manufacturers

that pioneered the horseless carriage. For many decades, the United States led
the world in total automobile production. In 1929, before the Great Depression,
the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, and the U.S. automobile industry
produced over 90% of them. At that time, the U.S. had one car per 4.87
persons. After 1945, the U.S. produced about 75 percent of world's auto
production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and then became world's
leader again in 1994. In 2006, Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production
and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million
units. With 19.3 million units manufactured in 2012, China almost doubled the
U.S. production of 10.3 million units, while Japan was in third place with 9.9
million units. From 1970 (140 models) over 1998 (260 models) to 2012 (684
models), the number of automobile models in the U.S. has grown
exponentially.

Safety is a state that implies to be protected from any risk, danger, damage or
cause of injury. In the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators
or manufacturers do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle
or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves, implies that there is
no risk of damage.

Safety in the automotive industry is particularly important and therefore highly

regulated. Automobiles and other motor vehicles have to comply with a certain
number of regulations, whether local or international, in order to be accepted
on the market. The standard ISO 26262, is considered as one of the best
practice framework for achieving automotive functional safety.

In case of safety issues, danger, product defect or faulty procedure during the
manufacturing of the motor vehicle, the maker can request to return either a
batch or the entire production run. This procedure is called product recall.
Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem
from the raw material.

Product and operation tests and inspections at different stages of the value
chain are made to avoid these product recalls by ensuring end-user security and
safety and compliance with the automotive industry requirements. However,
the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls,
which cause considerable financial consequences.

In 2007, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road,
consuming over 980 billion litres (980,000,000 m3) of gasoline and diesel fuel
yearly. The automobile is a primary mode of transportation for many developed
economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicted that, by
2014, one-third of world demand would be in the four BRIC markets (Brazil,
Russia, India and China). Meanwhile, in the developed countries, the
automotive industry has slowed. It is also expected that this trend will
continue, especially as the younger generations of people (in highly urbanized
countries) no longer want to own a car anymore, and prefer other modes of
transport. Other potentially powerful automotive markets are Iran and
Indonesia. Emerging automobile markets already buy more cars than
established markets. According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets
accounted for 51 percent of the global light-vehicle sales in 2010. The study,
performed in 2010 expected this trend to accelerate. However, more recent
reports (2012) confirmed the opposite; namely that the automotive industry was
slowing down even in BRIC countries. In the United States, vehicle sales
peaked in 2000, at 17.8 million units.

Automotive industry, all those companies and activities involved in the

manufacture of motor vehicles, including most components, such as engines
and bodies, but excluding tires, batteries, and fuel. The industry’s principal
products are passenger automobiles and light trucks, including pickups, vans,
and sport utility vehicles. Commercial vehicles (i.e., delivery trucks and large
transport trucks, often called semis), though important to the industry, are
secondary. The design of modern automotive vehicles is discussed in the
articles automobile, truck, bus, and motorcycle; automotive engines are
described in gasoline engine and diesel engine. The development of the
automobile is covered in transportation, history of: The rise of the automobile.

Although the automotive industry has long been multinational in its

organization and operation, beginning in the 1980s and accelerating in the late
1990s, it established a trend toward international consolidation. Larger, more
financially secure firms bought controlling interest in financially troubled ones,
usually because the weaker firm manufactured a highly prized product, had
access to markets that the larger company did not, or both. However, the results
were mixed. For example, Chrysler, as discussed above, acquired AMC in
1987 for access to AMC’s Jeep vehicles and in 1998 was itself merged with
Daimler-Benz, which sought Chrysler’s expertise in high-volume
manufacturing and design techniques. Recognizing its need to penetrate closed
markets in Japan and South Korea, DaimlerChrysler in 2000 took a controlling
34 percent interest in Mitsubishi Motors Corporation and signed a cooperative
venture in trucks with Hyundai Motor Company. Such deals failed to help the
struggling DaimlerChrysler, and in 2007 Chrysler was sold to an American
private equity firm. Seven years later Chrysler became a subsidiary of Fiat.
3.2 Company profile

Tata Motors limited, is an Indian multinational automotive manufacturing

company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It is a part of Tata
group, an Indian conglomerate. Its products include passenger cars, trucks,
vans, coaches, buses, sports cars, construction equipments and military
vehicles.

Formally, known as Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company (TELCO),

Tata Motors is a part of the Tata Group. Tata Motors has auto manufacturing
and assembly plants in Jamshedpur, Pantnagar, Lucknow, Sanand, Dharwad,
and Pune in India, as well as in Argentina, South Africa, Great Britian, and
Thailand. It has research and development centers in Pune, Jamshedpur,
Lucknow, and Dharwad, India and South Korea, Great Britian and span. Tata
Motors’ principle subsidiaries purchased the English premium car maker
Jaguar Land Rover (the maker of Jaguar and Land Rover cars) and the South
Korean commercial vehicle manufacturer Tata Daewoo. Tata Motors has a bus-
manufacturing joint venture with Fiat Chrysler which manufactures automotive
components and Fiat Chrysler and Tata branded vehicles. Furthermore, Tata
Motors has OEMs offering an extensive range of integrated, smart and e-
mobility solutions. Its vehicles can now be found on the roads in more than 125
countries. The company generates majority of sales from international markets.

Founded in 1945 as a manufacturer of locomotives, the company manufactured

its first commercial vehicle in 1954 in collaboration with Daimler-Benz AG,
which ended 1969. Tata Motors entered the passenger vehicle market in 1988
with the launch of the Tata Mobile followed by the Tata Sierra in1991,
becoming the first Indian manufacturer to achieve the capability of developing
a competitive indigenous automobile. In 1998, Tata launched the first fully
indigenous Indian passenger car, the Indica, and in 2008 launched the Tata
Nano, the world’s cheapest car. Tata Motors acquired the South Korean truck
manufacturer Daewoo commercial vehicle company in 2004 and
purchased Jaguar Land Rover from Ford in 2008.
 Tata Motors is listed on the BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange), where it is a
constituent of the BSE SENSEX index, the National Stock Exchange of India,
and the New York Stock Exchange. The company is ranked 265th on
the Fortune Global 500 list of the world’s biggest corporations as of 2019.On
17 January 2017, Natarajan Chandrasekaran was appointed chairman of the
company Tata Group. Tata Motors increases its utility vehicle market share to
over 8% in FY2019.

Mission

Tata Motors ltd innovate mobility solutions with passion to enhance the quality
of life.

Vision

By FY 2024, the company will become the most aspirational Indian auto brand,
consistently winning, by

 Delivering superior financial returns.

 Delivering sustainable mobility solutions.
 Exceeding customer expectations, and
 Creating a highly engaged work force.
 Chapter IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
4.1 Data Analysis

Data analysis is a process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling

data with the goal of discovering useful information, informing conclusions,
and supporting decision-making. Data analysis has multiple facets and
approaches, encompassing diverse techniques under a variety of names, and is
used in different business, science, and social science domains. In today’s
business world, data analysis plays a role in making decisions more scientific
and helping businesses operate more effectively. Although many groups,
organizations, and experts have different ways to approach data analysis, most
of them can be distilled into a one-size-fits-all definition. Data analysis is the
process of cleaning, changing, and processing raw data, and extracting
actionable, relevant information that helps businesses make informed decisions.
The procedure helps reduce the risks inherent in decision making by providing
useful insights and statistics, often presented in charts, images, tables, and
graphs.

Balance sheet

As on 31 March, 2016-2020

(Rs. In crore)

particulars 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020

Equity and
liabilities
Equity share 679.18 679.22 679.22 679.22 719.54
capital
Reserves and 22582.93 20483.39 19491.76 21483.30 16800.61
surplus
Total share 23262.11 21162.61 20170.98 22162.52 18387.65
holders funs
Non- current
liabilities
Long term 10599.96 13686.09 13155.91 13914.74 14776.51
borrowings
Deferred tax 71.39 147.58 154.61 205.83 198.59
liabilities(net)
Other long 3289.91 1451.47 502.37 404.11 1646.56
term
liabilities
Long term 750.89 892.18 1009.48 1281.59 1769.74
provisions
Total non- 14712.15 16177.32 14822.37 15806.30 18391.40
current
liabilities
Current
liabilities
Short term 3654.72 5158.52 3099.87 3617.72 6121.36
borrowings
Trade 5141.17 11462.24 14225.63 10408.83 8102.25
payables
Other current 9455.58 4440.42 6030.53 7765.57 10180.46
liabilities
Short term 450.27 477.17 862.92 1148.69 1406.75
provisions
Total 18701.74 21538.35 24218.95 22940.81 25810.82
current
liabilities
Total capital 56676.00 58878.28 59212.30 60909.63 62589.87
and
liabilities
Assets
Non-current
assets
Tangibles 17573.25 17897.13 18192.52 18316.61 19540.25
assets
Intangible 3502.56 2875.80 3411.23 3970.22 5667.73
assets
Capital work 1557.95 1902.61 1371.45 2146.96 1755.51
in progress
Fixed assets 26762.34 28043.92 26800.35 28573.42 29702.78

Non-current 15217.48 14858.39 14260.79 15434.19 15730.86

investments
Long term 252.93 391.46 143.96 143.13 138.46
loans and
advances
Other non- 2581.56 2827.44 3035.54 3529.59 3449..09
current assets
Total non 44814.31 46121.21 44240.64 47680.33 49021.11
currents
assets
Current assts
Current 1745.84 2437.42 2502.78 1433.18 885.31
investments
Inventories 5117.92 5553.01 5670.13 4662.00 3831.92
Trade 2045.58 2128.00 3479.81 3250.64 1978.06
receivable
Cash and 788.42 326.61 795.42 1306.61 3532.19
cash
equivalents
Short term 484.44 215.96 140.27 200.08 232.14
loans and
advances
Other current 1679.49 2096.07 2383.25 2376.79 3109.14
assets
Total 11861.69 12757.07 14971.66 13229.30 13568.76
current
assets
Total assets 56676.00 58878.28 59212.30 60909.63 62589.87
Liquidity Ratio (short term solvency ratio)

1) Current Ratio = current assets/current liabilities

Table 4.1 showing current ratio

YEAR CURRENT RATIO

2016 11861.69/18701.74 = 0.63:1
2017 12757.07/21538.35 = 0.59:1
2018 14971.66/24218.95 = 0.62:1
2019 13229.30/22940.81 = 0.57:1
2020 13568.76/25810.82 = 0.53:1

The following table shows current ratio. The current ratio of 2:1 is said to be an
ideal one. This ideal ratio means that the current assets shall be at least twice
the current liability. The table shows that the current ratio of the company in
past five years is below ideal ratio. It is almost consistent for the last five years.
So the current ratio of the company is highly unsatisfied. That means it is not
able to meet even the current liabilities of the company.

Figure 4.1 showing current ratio

CURRENT RATIO
0.64
0.62
0.6
0.58
0.56
0.54 CURRENT RATIO

0.52
0.5
0.48
0.46
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
 2) Liquid Ratio = liquid assets/current assets

Table 4.2 showing liquid ratio

YEARS LIQUID RATIO

2016 5064.28/18701.74 = 0.27:1
2017 5107.99/21538.35 = 0.24:1
2018 6918.31/24218.95 = 0.29:1
2019 6190.51/22940.81 = 0.27:1
2020 6627.7/25810.82 = 0.26:1

The following table shows liquid ratio. Generally, liquid ratio of 1:1 is
considered as satisfactory. This means that liquid assets are just equal to the
current liabilities. For this company the past five years show a less than liquid
ratio, when compared to the satisfactory ratio. It further means that, the
company is not able to pay off its current liabilities.

Figure 4.2 showing liquid ratio

LIQUID RATIO
0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2
LIQUID RATIO
0.15

0.1

0.05

0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
 3) Super quick ratio = super quick assets/current liabilities

Table 4.3 showing super quick ratio

YEAR SUPER QUICK RATIO

2016 788.42/18701.74 = 0.04:1
2017 326.61/21538.35 = 0.02:1
2018 795.42/24218.95 = 0.03:1
2019 1306.61/22940.81 = 0.06:1
2020 3532.19/25810.82 = 0.14:1

The following table shows super quick ratio. The acceptable norm of super
quick ratio is 0.5:1. Company’s super quick ratio shall be equal to half of
current liabilities. Here, the company shows an increasing super quick ratio.
But it is not satisfactory because it is lower than the ideal ratio of the super
quick ratio.

Figure 4.3 showing super quick ratio

SUPER QUICK RATIO

0.16

0.14

0.12

0.1

0.08
SUPER QUICK RATIO
0.06

0.04

0.02

0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
 Solvency Ratio (long term solvency ratio)

4) Debt-equity ratio = long term debt/share holders’ fund

Table 4.4 showing debt-equity ratio

YEAR DEBT-EQUITY RATIO

2016 10599.96/23262.11 = 0.46:1
2017 13686.09/21162.61 = 0.65:1
2018 13155.91/20170.98 = 0.65:1
2019 13914.74/22162.52 = 0.63:1
2020 14776.51/18387.65 = 0.80:1

The following table shows debt-equity ratio. The standard debt-equity ratio is
1:1. Here, the company shows lower ratio for the past five years. It indicates
that it is better for the creditors. But this lower ratio is not a satisfactory ratio
for the share holders’ as it indicates the firm has not been able to use outsiders
fund to manage their earnings.

Figure 4.4 showing debt-equity ratio

DEBT EQUITY RATIO

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4 DEBT EQUITY RATIO

0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
 5) Proprietary ratio = share holders’ fund/total assets

Table 4.5 showing proprietary ratio

YEAR PROPRIETARY RATIO

2016 23262.11/56678 = 0.41:1
2017 21162.61/58878.28 = 0.36:1
2018 20170.98/59212.30 = 0.34:1
2019 22162.52/60909.63 = 0.36:1
2020 18387.65/62589.87 = 0.29:1

The following table shows proprietary ratio. A ratio of 0.5:1 or above is

considered as satisfactory. Here, the proprietary ratio is declined for the last
five years which is a greater risk to the creditors. In the share holders’ point of
view, the lower ratio indicates the company is highly dependent on creditors
for its working capital. Therefore, the company’s financial position for the last
five years is not sound.

Figure 4.5 showing proprietary ratio

PROPRIETARY RATIO
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2 PROPRIETARY RATIO

0.15
0.1
0.05
0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
 6) Solvency ratio = total assets/total debt

Total debt = long term borrowings + current liabilities

Table 4.6 showing solvency ratio

YEARS SOLVENCY RATIO

2016 56676.00/(10599.96+18701.74) = 1.93:1
2017 58878.28/(13686.09+21538.00) = 1.67:1
2018 59212.30/(13155.91+24218.95) = 1.58:1
2019 60909.63/(13914.74+22940.81) = 1.65:1
2020 62589.87/(14776.51+25810.82) = 1.54:1

The following table shows solvency ratio. If the ratio is more than one it is
treated as satisfactory. Here, the company shows higher ratio than the
satisfactory ratio which indicates the solvency and financial position are strong.
And in the creditors’ point of view, it shows a greater margin of safety to them.

Figure 4.6 showing solvency ratio

SOLVENCY RATIO
2.5

1.5

SOLVENCY RATIO
1

0.5

0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
 7) Fixed assets to net worth ratio = fixed assets/total share holders’
fund

Table 4.7 showing fixed assets to net worth ratio

YEAR FIXED ASSETS TO NET WORTH RATIO

2016 26762.34/23262.11 = 1.15:1
2017 28043.92/21162.61 = 1.32 :1
2018 26800.35/20170.98 = 1.33:1
2019 28573.42/22162.52 = 1.29:1
2020 29702.78/18387.65 = 1.62:1

The following table shows fixed assets to net worth ratio. The standard rate of
the fixed assets to net worth ratio is one. The company shows higher ratio for
the past five years, when compared to the standard ratio. A higher ratio
indicates that the outsiders’ funds have been used to acquire a part of fixed
assets.

Figure 4.7 showing fixed assets to net worth ratio

FIXED ASSETS TO NET WORTH RATIO

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
FIXED ASSETS TO NET
0.8 WORTH RATIO
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
 8) Fixed assets ratio = (fixed assets/long term funds)*100

Long term funds = share capital + reserves and surpluses + long term
liabilities

Table 4.8 showing fixed assets ratio

YEARS FIXED ASSETS RATIO

2016 (26762.34/14712.15)*100 = 181%
2017 (28043.92/16177.32)*100 = 173%
2018 (26800.35/14822.32)*100 = 180%
2019 (28573.42/15806.30)*100 = 180%
2020 (29702.78/18391.40)*100 = 161%
The following table shows fixed assets ratio. The standard percentage is 100%.
Here the company shows decreased mode for the past five years but it is higher
when compared to the standard rate. This indicates that the company’s fixed
assets are more than long term funds. That means fixed assets have been
financed out of short term funds. So the company’s financial position is not
sound.

Figure 4.8 showing fixed assets ratio

FIXED ASSETS RATIO

185

180

175

170
FIXED ASSETS RATIO
165

160

155

150
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
 9) Capital gearing ratio = fixed income bearing funds/equity share
holders’ funds

Table 4.9 showing capital gearing ratio

YEAR CAPITAL GEARING RATIO

2016 26762.34/10599.96 = 2.52:1
2017 28043.92/13686.09 = 2.05:1
2018 26800.35/13155.91 = 2.04:1
2019 28573.42/13914.74 = 2.05:1
2020 29702.78/14776.51 = 2.01:1

The following table shows capital gearing ratio. Here the company shows
higher ratio than the standard ratio which is 1:1. This indicates that the
company is highly geared. That is, its equity capital is less than its fixed
income bearing funds which is not a risky element to the equity share holders.

Figure 4.9 showing capital gearing ratio

CAPITAL GEARING RATIO

3

2.5

1.5
CAPITAL GEARING RATIO

0.5

0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
 Income statement

As on 31 march 2016-2017

(Rs in crore)

particulars 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020

Income
Revenue from 42845.47 44316.34 58831.41 69202.76 43928.17
operations
Other income 1402.31 981.06 1557.60 2554.66 1383.05
Total revenue 44247.78 45297.40 60389.01 71757.42 45311.22
Expenses
Cost of 24997.40 27651.65 37080.45 43748.77 26171.85
materials
consumed
Operating and 418.27 454.48 474.98 571.76 830.24
direct
expenses
Changes in 10.05 -252.14 842.05 144.69 722.68
inventory of
FG, WIP,
Stock-In-
Trade
Employee 3188.97 3764.65 3966.73 4273.10 4384.31
benefit
expenses
Finance costs 1592.00 1569.01 1744.43 1793.57 1973.00
Depreciation 2329.22 3037.12 3101.89 3098.64 3375.29
and
amortization
expenses
 Other 6790.29 8802.57 8396.33 7141.52 7182.25
expenses
Total 43820.13 47311.96 60369.27 69155.42 49927.64
expenses
Profit/loss 427.65 -2014.56 19.74 2602.00 -4616.42
before
exceptional
items and tax
(-)exceptional -499.55 -415.04 -1054.59 -581.4 -2673.21
items and tax
Profit for the -62.30 -2429.60 -1034.85 2020.60 -7289.63
period
Profitability Ratio

10) Gross profit ratio = (gross profit/revenue from operation)*100

Table 4.10 showing gross profit ratio

YEAR GROSS PROFIT RATIO

2016 (19240.33/42845.47)*100 = 44.91%
2017 (17897.89/44316.34)*100 = 40.39%
2018 (22466.51/58831.41)*100 = 38.19%
2019 (27863.96/69202.76)*100 = 40.26%
2020 (18416.47/43928.17)*100 = 41.92%

The following table shows gross profit ratio. There is no norm to interpret gross
profit ratio. Generally, a higher ratio is considered better. Here the company
has highest ratio for the last five years. So the gross profit ratio is satisfied.

Figure 4.10 showing gross profit ratio

GROSS PROFIT RATIO

46

44

42

40
GROSS PROFIT RATIO

38

36

34
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
 11) Net profit ratio = (net profit after tax/revenue from operation)*100

Table 4.11 showing net profit ratio

YEAR NET PROFIT RATIO

2016 (-62.30/42845.47)*100 = -0.15%
2017 (-2429.60/44316.34)*100 = -5.48%
2018 (-1034.85/58831.41)*100 = -1.76%
2019 (2020.60/69202.76*100 = 2.92%
2020 (-7289.68/43928.17)*100 = -16.59%

The following table shows net profit ratio. Generally, the ideal net profit ratio
is 10%. The company has failed to attain the standard ratio, which means the
company is under pricing. Also shows lower profitability and lower return to
the share holders of the company. Net profit ratio for the past five years shows
negative value because of net loss for the mentioned period except 2018-2019.

Figure 4.11 showing net profit ratio

NET PROFIT RATIO

5

0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

-5
NET PROFIT RATIO
-10

-15

-20
 12) Operating cost ratio = (operating cost/revenue from operation)*100

Table 4.12 showing operating cost ratio

YEAR OPERATING COST RATIO

2016 (3607.24/42845.47)*100 = 8.42%
2017 (4219.13/44316.34)*100 = 9.52%
2018 (4441.71/58831.41)*100 = 7.55%
2019 (4844.83/69202.76)*100 = 7%
2020 (5214.55/43928.17)*100 = 11.87%

The following table shows operating cost ratio. The ideal ratio of operating cost
ratio is 60% to 80%. Although, the lower it is, the better. Here, the company
has lower ratio, which indicates that the expenses are decreasing. This is a
positive sign for the company.

Figure 4.12 showing operating cost ratio

OPERATING COST RATIO

14

12

10

8
OPERATING COST RATIO
6

0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
 13) Operating profit ratio = (operating profit/revenue from
operation)*100

Operating profit = Net profit before taxes + Non-operating expenses –

Non-operating incomes

Table 4.13 showing operating profit ratio

YEAR OPERATING PROFIT RATIO

2016 (29279.14/42845.47)*100 = 68.34%
2017 (30866.95/44316.34)*100 = 69.65%
2018 (42486.60/58831.41)*100 = 72.22%
2019 (51109.47/69202.76)*100 = 73.85%
2020 (26143.74/43928.17)*100 = 59.47%
The following table shows operating profit ratio. An operating profit ratio
higher than 15% is considered good. The company has higher ratio for the past
five years. So it indicates that the company is earning enough money from
business operations to pay for all of the associated costs involved in
maintaining the business.

Figure 4.13 showing operating profit ratio

OPERATING PROFIT RATIO

80

70

60

50

40
OPERATING PROFIT RATIO
30

20

10

0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Comparative balance sheet

Table 4.14 showing Comparative balance sheet from 2015-16 to 2016-17

particulars 2015- 2016- Increase/decrease Increase/decrease

2016 2017 in amount in percentage
Share capital 679.18 679.22 0.04 0.01%
Reserves and 22582.93 20483.39 -2099.54 -9.30%
surplus
Long term 10599.96 13686.09 3086.13 29.11%
borrowings
Other LT 3361.30 1599.05 -1762.25 -52.43%
liabilities
LT 750.89 892.18 141.29 18.82%
provisions
Total non- 14712.15 16177.32 1465.17 9.96%
current
liabilities
Short term 3654.72 5158.52 1503.80 41.15%
borrowings
Other ST 14596.75 15902.66 1305.91 8.95%
liabilities
ST provisions 450.27 477.17 26.9 5.97%
Total 18701.74 21538.35 2836.61 15.17%
current
liabilities
Total 56676.00 58878.28 2202.28 3.89%
liabilities
Capital WIP 1557.95 1902.61 344.66 22.12%
Fixed assets 26762.34 28043.92 1281.58 4.79%
Other non- 25431.78 38850.22 13418.44 52.76%
current assets
Total non- 44814.31 46121.21 1306.9 2.92%
current
assets
Inventories 5117.92 5553.01 435.09 8.50%
Cash and 788.42 326.61 -461.81 -58.57%
equivalents
Other current 5955.35 6877.45 922.1 15.48%
assets
Total 11861.69 12757.07 895.38 7.55%
current
assets
Total assets 56676.00 58878.28 2202.28 3.89%

Table 4.15 showing Comparative balance sheet from 2016-17 to 2017-18

particulars 2016- 2017- Increase/decrease Increase/decrease

2017 2018 in amount in percentage
Share capital 679.22 679.22 0 0%
Reserves and 20483.39 19491.76 -991.63 -4.84%
surplus
Long term 13686.09 13155.91 -530.18 -3.87%
borrowings
Other LT 1599.05 656.98 -942.07 -58.19%
liabilities
LT 892.18 1009.48 117.3 13.15%
provisions
Total non- 16177.32 14822.37 -1354.95 -8.38%
current
liabilities
Short term 5158.52 3099.87 -2058.65 -39.91%
borrowings
Other ST 15902.66 20256.16 4353.5 27.38%
liabilities
ST provisions 477.17 862.92 385.75 80.84%
Total 21538.35 24218.95 2680.6 12.45%
current
liabilities
Total 58878.2 59212.30 334.1 0.57%
liabilities
Capital WIP 1902.61 1371.45 -531.16 -27.92%
Fixed assets 28043.92 26800.35 -1243.57 -4.43%
Other non- 38850.22 39044.04 193.82 0.50%
current assets
Total non- 46121.21 44240.64 -1880.57 -4.08%
current
assets
Inventories 5553.01 5670.13 117.12 2.11%
Cash and 326.61 795.42 468.81 143.54%
equivalents
Other current 6877.45 8506.11 1628.66 23.68%
assets
Total 12757.07 14971.66 2214.59 17.36%
current
assets
Total assets 58878.28 59212.30 334.02 0.57%
Table 4.16 showing Comparative balance sheet from 2017-18 to 2018-19

particulars 2017- 2018- Increase/decrease Increase/decrease

2018 2019 in amount in percentage
Share capital 679.22 679.22 0 0%
Reserves and 19491.76 21483.30 1991.54 10.22%
surplus
Long term 13155.91 13914.74 758.83 5.77%
borrowings
Other LT 656.98 609.94 -47.04 -7.16%
liabilities
LT 1009.48 1281.59 272.11 26.96%
provisions
Total non- 14822.37 15806.30 983.93 6.64%
current
liabilities
Short term 3099.87 3617.72 517.85 16.71%
borrowings
Other ST 20256.16 18174.4 -208.76 -10.28%
liabilities
ST provisions 862.92 1148.69 285.77 33.12%
Total 24218.95 22940.81 -1278.14 -5.28%
current
liabilities
Total 59212.30 60909.63 1697.33 2.87%
liabilities
Capital WIP 1371.45 2146.96 775.51 56.55%
Fixed assets 26800.35 28573.42 1773.07 6.62%
Other non- 39044.04 41393.74 2349.7 6.02%
current assets
Total non- 44240.64 47680.33 3439.69 7.77%
current
assets
Inventories 5670.13 4662.00 -1008.13 -17.78%
Cash and 795.42 1306.61 511.19 64.27%
equivalents
Other current 8506.11 7260.69 -1245.42 -14.64%
assets
Total 14971.66 13229.30 -1742.36 -11.64%
current
assets
Total assets 59212.30 60909.63 1697.33 2.87%

Table 4.17 showing Comparative balance sheet from 2018-19 to 2019-20

particulars 2018- 2019- Increase/decrease Increase/decrease

2019 2020 in amount in percentage
Share capital 679.22 719.54 40.32 5.94%
Reserves and 21483.30 16800.61 -4682.69 21.80%
surplus
Long term 13914.74 14776.51 861.77 6.19%
borrowings
Other LT 609.94 1845.15 1235.21 202.21%
liabilities
LT 1281.59 1769.74 488.15 38.09%
provisions
Total non- 15806.30 18391.40 2582.10 16.35%
current
liabilities
Short term 3617.72 6121.36 2503.64 69.20%
borrowings
Other ST 18174.4 18282.71 108.31 0.59%
liabilities
ST provisions 1148.69 1406.75 258.06 22.47%
Total 22940.81 25810.82 2870.01 12.51%
current
liabilities
Total 60909.63 62589.87 1680.24 2.76%
liabilities
Capital WIP 2146.96 1755.51 -391.45 -18.23%
Fixed assets 28573.42 29702.78 1129.36 3.95%
Other non- 41393.74 44526.39 2132.65 5.15%
current assets
Total non- 47680.33 49021.11 1340.78 2.81%
current
assets
Inventories 4662.00 3831.92 -830.08 -17.81%
Cash and 1306.61 3532.19 2225.58 170.33%
equivalents
Other current 7260.69 6204.65 -1056.04 -14.54%
assets
Total 13229.30 13568.76 339.46 2.57%
current
assets
Total assets 60909.63 62589.87 1680.24 2.76%
Interpretation:

In comparative balance sheet, it shows the changes in the items on it on the

basis of just previous year. In case of current assets and current liabilities, the
comparative balance sheet from 2016-17 to 2017-18 shows that current assets
increased to 17.36% and current liabilities to 12.45%. But in case of other three
comparative balance sheets, the current liabilities show higher percentage than
the current assets. When we analyze the comparative balance sheet from 2017-
18 to 2018-19, it shows negative value in case of current assets and liabilities.
Thus it results that, the short term financial position of the company is not
satisfied.

In case of liquid assets (cash and equivalents), shows an increase in the current
year of the comparative balance sheet except that of 2015-16 to 2016-17. This
means that, there is an improvement in the liquidity position of the company.

If we analyze the fixed assets, long term liabilities and capital, the share capital
of the company is increased only in the comparative balance sheet of 2018-19
to 2019-20 to 5.94%. The share capital is constant for the others. It also shows
increasing fixed assets and long term liabilities except 2016-17 to 2017-18. If
we compare the increasing fixed assets and long term liabilities in the
comparative balance sheets, we can see that long term liabilities are
comparatively more than the fixed assets. That means, the fixed assets and part
of working capital has also been financed from the long term sources. So, this
indicates that the company’s long term financial position is satisfied.

In case of reserves and surplus of the company, it is in an increasing rate, when

we analyze the last two comparative balance sheets, which means that there is
an improvement in the profitability of the company.

So, it can be interpreted that, the company’s overall financial position is

satisfied if we ignore the short term financial position of the company.
 Chapter V
FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND
CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Findings

 Current ratio is below the ideal ratio and it is in a declined rate.

 Liquid ratio of the company is not satisfactory because it is lower than
the standard ratio.
 Super quick ratio is not satisfactory because it is lower than the ideal
ratio of the super quick ratio.
 The company’s short term assets are not sufficient to meet the short term
liabilities.
 The company is highly dependent on creditors for the working capital
and its outsiders’ funds are not sufficient to manage their earnings.
 The company’s solvency position is strong as they have sufficient total
assets to meet their debts.
 The company use share holders’ funds and short term funds to finance
the fixed assets
 The company’s equity share capital is less than fixed income bearing
funds, which is a satisfactory element to the share holders.
 The company is in loss for the past five years except 2019, which means
that the company is not able to pay the returns to share holders. The
company has to improve its net profit.
 The company shows lower ratio in operating cost ratio, which is a
satisfactory.
 Operating profit ratio shows higher value indicating that it is a good
sign.
 In comparative balance sheet, the company’s long term financial
position, liquidity position and profitability are satisfactory.
 Company’s short term financial position is week.
5.2 Suggestions

The company has to improve its short term financial position by increasing its
working capital. It has no sufficient funds to finance even short term liabilities.
The company is dependent on creditors for working capital, which may lead to
increased liabilities. The company’s share capital is constant for the past five
years. They have to improve its share capital by improving the net earnings.
Generally, the companies do not pay dividend to the investors that they utilize
the dividend amount for operations of the business. Here also the company has
utilized the dividend. This may create a bad impact on the investors. So it is
very important to increase its sales revenue.

5.3 Conclusions

The study highlights, the financial performance of Tata Motors Ltd is

satisfactory. To conclude, Tata Motors company has shown its impact on
industry. We can see the downfall of the company, but it is expected, as it is
such a big company. Looking at all the five years, 2019 is considered the best
financial year out of all the five years, as it has improved its profitability in the
year 2019. If the company manages its revenue from sales and assets, it is
expected to recover from the loss.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Financial Statement & Accounts. [online] Available at:
<https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/tatamotors/balance-
sheetVI/TM03> [Accessed 22 March 2021].
ANNEXURE
BALANCE SHEET MAR 20 MAR 19 MAR 18 MAR 17 MAR 16
OF TATA
MOTORS (in Rs.
Cr.)

12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths

EQUITIES AND
LIABILITIES

SHAREHOLDER'S
FUNDS

Equity Share Capital 719.54 679.22 679.22 679.22 679.18

TOTAL SHARE 719.54 679.22 679.22 679.22 679.18

CAPITAL

Reserves and Surplus 16,800.61 21,483.30 19,491.76 20,483.39 22,582.93

TOTAL 16,800.61 21,483.30 19,491.76 20,483.39 22,582.93

RESERVES AND
SURPLUS

TOTAL 18,387.65 22,162.52 20,170.98 21,162.61 23,262.11

SHAREHOLDERS
FUNDS

NON-CURRENT
LIABILITIES

Long Term 14,776.51 13,914.74 13,155.91 13,686.09 10,599.96

Borrowings

Deferred Tax 198.59 205.86 154.61 147.58 71.39

Liabilities [Net]

Other Long Term 1,646.56 404.11 502.37 1,451.47 3,289.91

Liabilities

Long Term Provisions 1,769.74 1,281.59 1,009.48 892.18 750.89

TOTAL NON- 18,391.40 15,806.30 14,822.37 16,177.32 14,712.15

CURRENT
LIABILITIES

CURRENT
LIABILITIES

Short Term 6,121.36 3,617.72 3,099.87 5,158.52 3,654.72

Borrowings

Trade Payables 8,102.25 10,408.83 14,225.63 11,462.24 5,141.17

Other Current 10,180.46 7,765.57 6,030.53 4,440.42 9,455.58

Liabilities

Short Term 1,406.75 1,148.69 862.92 477.17 450.27

Provisions

TOTAL CURRENT 25,810.82 22,940.81 24,218.95 21,538.35 18,701.74

LIABILITIES

TOTAL CAPITAL 62,589.87 60,909.63 59,212.30 58,878.28 56,676.00

AND LIABILITIES

ASSETS

NON-CURRENT
ASSETS

Tangible Assets 19,540.25 18,316.61 18,192.52 17,897.13 17,573.25

Intangible Assets 5,667.73 3,970.22 3,411.23 2,875.80 3,502.56

Capital Work-In- 1,755.51 2,146.96 1,371.45 1,902.61 1,557.95

Progress

Other Assets 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

FIXED ASSETS 29,702.78 28,573.42 26,800.35 28,043.92 26,762.34

Non-Current 15,730.86 15,434.19 14,260.79 14,858.39 15,217.48

Investments

Deferred Tax Assets 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

[Net]
Long Term Loans 138.46 143.13 143.96 391.46 252.93
And Advances

Other Non-Current 3,449.01 3,529.59 3,035.54 2,827.44 2,581.56

Assets

TOTAL NON- 49,021.11 47,680.33 44,240.64 46,121.21 44,814.31

CURRENT ASSETS

CURRENT ASSETS

Current Investments 885.31 1,433.18 2,502.78 2,437.42 1,745.84

Inventories 3,831.92 4,662.00 5,670.13 5,553.01 5,117.92

Trade Receivables 1,978.06 3,250.64 3,479.81 2,128.00 2,045.58

Cash And Cash 3,532.19 1,306.61 795.42 326.61 788.42

Equivalents

Short Term Loans 232.14 200.08 140.27 215.96 484.44

And Advances

Other Current Assets 3,109.14 2,376.79 2,383.25 2,096.07 1,679.49

TOTAL CURRENT 13,568.76 13,229.30 14,971.66 12,757.07 11,861.69

ASSETS

TOTAL ASSETS 62,589.87 60,909.63 59,212.30 58,878.28 56,676.00

Source : Dion Global Solutions Limited

Profit & Loss account ------------------- in Rs. Cr. -------------------
Mar 20 Mar 19 Mar 18 Mar 17 Mar 16

12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths

INCOME
Revenue From Operations
43,485.76 68,764.88 58,234.33 48,078.77 46,883.53
[Gross]
Less: Excise/Sevice
0.00 0.00 793.28 4,738.15 4,538.14
Tax/Other Levies
Revenue From Operations
43,485.76 68,764.88 57,441.05 43,340.62 42,345.39
[Net]
Other Operating Revenues 442.41 437.88 1,390.36 975.72 500.08
Total Operating Revenues 43,928.17 69,202.76 58,831.41 44,316.34 42,845.47
Other Income 1,383.05 2,554.66 1,557.60 981.06 1,402.31
Total Revenue 45,311.22 71,757.42 60,389.01 45,297.40 44,247.78
EXPENSES
Cost Of Materials
26,171.85 43,748.77 37,080.45 27,651.65 24,997.40
Consumed
Purchase Of Stock-In Trade 5,679.98 6,722.32 4,762.41 3,945.97 4,101.97
Operating And Direct
830.24 571.76 474.98 454.48 418.27
Expenses
Changes In Inventories Of
722.68 144.69 842.05 -252.14 10.05
FG,WIP And Stock-In Trade
Employee Benefit Expenses 4,384.31 4,273.10 3,966.73 3,764.35 3,188.97
Finance Costs 1,973.00 1,793.57 1,744.43 1,569.01 1,592.00
Depreciation And
3,375.29 3,098.64 3,101.89 3,037.12 2,329.22
Amortization Expenses
Other Expenses 7,959.75 9,895.68 9,251.41 8,083.12 8,216.65
Less: Amounts Transfer To
1,169.46 1,093.11 855.08 941.60 1,034.40
Capital Accounts
Total Expenses 49,927.64 69,155.42 60,369.27 47,311.96 43,820.13
Mar 20 Mar 19 Mar 18 Mar 17 Mar 16

12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths

Profit/Loss Before
Exceptional, Extra -4,616.42 2,602.00 19.74 -2,014.56 427.65
Ordinary Items And Tax
Exceptional Items -2,510.92 -203.07 -966.66 -338.71 -271.84
Profit/Loss Before Tax -7,127.34 2,398.93 -946.92 -2,353.27 155.81
Tax Expenses-Continued Operations
Current Tax 33.05 294.66 92.63 57.06 -7.34
Deferred Tax 129.24 83.67 -4.70 19.27 2.54
Total Tax Expenses 162.29 378.33 87.93 76.33 -4.80
Profit/Loss After Tax And
Before Extra Ordinary -7,289.63 2,020.60 -1,034.85 -2,429.60 160.61
Items
Extraordinary Items 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -222.91
Profit/Loss From
-7,289.63 2,020.60 -1,034.85 -2,429.60 -62.30
Continuing Operations
Profit/Loss For The Period -7,289.63 2,020.60 -1,034.85 -2,429.60 -62.30

Source : Dion Global

Solutions Limited