Module 6 Building Utilities 3

TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITY : Lecture
Types of Artificial Lighting
 Task or Functional Lighting

o lighting designed to provide strong illumination for a visually demanding activity
 General or Ambient Lighting
o lighting designed to provide a uniform level of illumination throughout an area
 Accent or Decorative Lighting
o lighting that calls attention to a particular object or feature in the visual field or
that forms a decorative pattern on a surface
 Path or Information Lighting
o lighting designed for wayfinding
Types of Lamps
 Incandescent and Halogen Lamps

o generally light when electric current heats the lamp's filament
o start and warm up almost instantly and can be extinguished and restarted at will
o preferred for their color and versatility
o drawbacks of this type of lamp is inefficiency and short life
 Fluorescent Lamps
o electric energy excites the gas inside the lamp, which generates ultraviolet light
that excites the phosphors painted onto the inside of the bulb
o requires a ballast in order to work properly
o T-8 (4' long with 1" dia.) is the most commonly used general purpose lamp
o compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) come with either a screw base (to replace
incandescent lamps) or a plug-in base
 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
o designed to emit a great deal of light from a compact, long-life light source
o most often used for street and parking lot lighting
o requires time to warm up; true light output and color is often not reached for 2-5
minutes
o requires a cool-off period (restrike time) before it can be restarted once turned off
o types of HID lamps:
 Metal Halide Lamps
 Sodium Lamps
 Mercury Vapor Lamps
 Neon and Cold Cathode Lamps
o closely-related to fluorescent lamps in operating principles
o primary applications are signs and specialty lighting
o tubular lighting that can be formed into any shape and be made to create any
color of light
o cold cathode lamps are generally larger in diameter than neon lamps and comes
with a plug-in base while neon tubing usually terminates in base wire
connections
 Fiber-Optics
o generally uses a thin, flexible, transparent fiber as a "light pipe" to transmit light
between the 2 ends of the fiber
 Light-Emitting Diodes (LED)
o light output produced by an individual diode often used together
o small compared to incandescent and CFL
Types of Luminaires
 Direct Luminaires
o emits light downwards
o includes most types of recessed lighting, including downlights and troffers
 Indirect Luminaires
o emits light upwards, bouncing light from the ceiling into a space
o includes many styles of suspended luminaires, scones, and some portable lamps
 Diffuse Luminaires
o emits light in all directions uniformly
o includes most types of bare lamps, globes, chandeliers, and some table and floor
lamps
 Direct-Indirect Luminaires
o emits light upward and downward but not to the sides
o includes many types of suspended luminaires as well as some table and floor
lamps
o can be semi-direct or semi-indirect according to the proportions of up and down
light
 Asymmetric Luminaires
o usually designed for special applications
o may be direct-indirect luminaires with a stronger distribution in one direction
 Adjustable Luminaires
o generally direct luminaires that can be adjusted to throw light in directions other
than down
o includes track lights, floodlights, and accent lights
Computation Guide
 Guidelines
o Methods discussed below are merely for rough calculations or architects and
interior designers for basic ambient lighting and should follow the conditions
below:
 Apply only to relatively ordinary spaces with white ceilings, medium tone to
light walls, and a reasonable number of windows and other details. This does
not work well for dark-colored spaces or spaces with unusual shapes.
 Use common, everyday lighting equipment intended for the space being
designed. Avoid custom designs and clever uses of lighting equipment.
 Make sure you understand the different effects of point sources like
incandescent or halogen and fluorescent lamps

o

Watts per Square Foot of Fluores

Average Light Level Desired and Typical Application
Lamps
2.5 - 5.0 fc
Hotel Corridors 0.1 - 0.2
Stair Towers
5.0 - 10.0 fc
Office Corridors
0.2 - 0.4
Parking Garages
Theaters (house lights)
10.0 - 20.0 fc
Building Lobbies
Waiting Areas
Elevator Lobbies 0.4 - 0.8
Malls
Hotel Function Spaces
School Corridors
20.0 - 50.0 fc
Office Areas
Classrooms
Hold Rooms
Lecture Halls 0.8 - 1.2
Conference Rooms
Ambient Retail Lighting
Industrial Workshops
Gyms
50.0 - 100.0 fc
Grocery Stores
Big Box Retail Stores
1.2 - 2.0
Laboratories
Work Areas
Sports Courts (not professional)

 WATTS-PER-SQUARE-FOOT METHOD
o Computation Guide:
 Use the table above as a guide
 Total Light or Watts Needed in a Space = Area x Prescribed Watts per sq.ft.
 Number of Lighting Fixtures Needed = Total Required Watts ÷ Watts per
Lighting Fixture
o Sample Computation:
 Compute for the number of lighting fixtures needed for an 800 s sq.ft.
classroom if the desired lighting level for a classroom is about 50 footcandles,
and the lighting fixture to be used is a luminaire containing 2 lamps of 32
watts each.
 Total Light or Watts Needed in the Classroom = 800sq.ft. x 1.2 watts per
sq.ft. = 960 watts
 Number of Lighting Fixtures Needed = 960 watts ÷ (2 x 32 watts per lighting
fixture) = 15 lighting fixtures
 LUMEN METHOD
o Computation Guide:
 Use the table above as a guide
 Multiply the desired lighting level by two (2)
 Total Lumens Required in the Room = Area x Total Desired Lighting Level
 Number of Lighting Fixtures Needed = Total Required Lumens ÷ Lumens per
Lighting Fixture

o Sample Computation:
 Compute for the number of lighting fixtures needed for an 800 s sq.ft.
classroom if the desired lighting level for a classroom is about 50 footcandles,
and the lighting fixture to be used is a luminaire containing 2 lamps, each of
which produces 2850 lumens.
 Multiply the desired lighting level by two (2) = 50 fc x 2 = 100 footcandles
 Total Lumens Required in the Room = 800 sq.ft. x 100 fc = 80,000 lumens
 Number of Lighting Fixtures Needed = 80,000 lumens ÷ (2 x 2850 lumens per
lighting fixture) = 14.04 fixtures = 14 or 15 lighting fixtures

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TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITY : Lecture

Types of Artificial Lighting

 Task or Functional Lighting

 Incandescent and Halogen Lamps

Watts per Square Foot of Fluores

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