1.

In Los Angeles, a political candidate who buys saturation radio advertising will get
maximum name recognition.

The statement above logically conveys which of the following?

A. Radio advertising is the most important factor in political campaigns in Los

Angeles.
B. Maximum name recognition in Los Angeles will help a candidate to win a higher
percentage of votes cast in the city.
C. Saturation radio advertising reaches every demographically distinct sector of the
voting population of Los Angeles.
D. For maximum name recognition a candidate need not spend on media channels
other than radio advertising.
E. A candidate's record of achievement in the Los Angeles area will do little to affect
his or her name recognition there.

Answer : D

2. The rate of violent crime in this state is up 30 percent from last year. The fault lies
entirely in our court system: Recently our judges' sentences have been so lenient that
criminals can now do almost anything without fear of a long prison term.

The argument above would be weakened if it were true that

A. 85 percent of the other states in the nation have lower crime rates than does this
state.
B. white collar crime in this state has also increased by over 25 percent in the last
year.
C. 35 percent of the police in this state have been laid off in the last year due to
budget cuts.
D. polls show that 65 percent of the population in this state oppose capital
punishment.
E. the state has hired 25 new judges in the last year to compensate for deaths and
retirements.

Answer : C

3. The increase in the number of newspaper articles exposed as fabrications serves to bolster
the contention that publishers are more interested in boosting circulation than in printing
the truth. Even minor publications have staffs to check such obvious fraud.

The argument above assumes that

A. newspaper stories exposed as fabrications are a recent phenomenon.

B. everything a newspaper prints must be factually verifiable.
C. fact checking is more comprehensive for minor publications than for major ones.
 D. only recently have newspapers admitted to publishing intentionally fraudulent
stories.
E. the publishers of newspapers are the people who decide what to print in their
newspapers.

Answer : E

4. Time and again it has been shown that students who attend colleges with low
faculty/student ratios get the most well-rounded education. As a result, when my children
are ready to attend college, I'll be sure they attend a school with a very small student
population.

Which of the following, if true, identifies the greatest flaw in the reasoning above?

A. A low faculty/student ratio is the effect of a well-rounded education, not its

source.
B. Intelligence should be considered the result of childhood environment, not
advanced education.
C. A very small student population does not by itself, ensure a low faculty/student
ratio.
D. Parental desires and preferences rarely determines a child's choice of a college or
university.
E. Students must take advantage of the low faculty/student ratio by intentionally
choosing small classes.

Answer : C

5. All German philosphers, except for Marx, are idealists.

From which of the following can the statement above be most properly inferred?

A. Except for Marx, if someone is an idealist philosopher, then he or she is German.

B. Marx is the only non-German philosopher who is an idealist.
C. If a German is an idealist, then he or she is a philosopher, as long as he or she is
not Marx.
D. Marx is not an idealist German philosopher.
E. Aside from the philosopher Marx, if someone is a German, then he or she is an
idealist.

Answer : E

6. Bill earns more commission than does Sandra. But since Andrew earns more commission
than does Lisa, it follows that Bill earns more commission than does Lisa.

Any of the following, if introduced into the argument as an additional premise, makes the
argument above logically correct EXCEPT:
 A. Andrew earns more commission than Bill
B. Sandra earns more commission than Lisa
C. Sandra earns more commission than Andrew
D. Sandra and Andrew earn the same amount of commission
E. Bill and Andrew earn the same amount of commission

Answer : A

7. During the SARS days, about 23,500 doctors who had treated SARS sufferers died and about
23,670 doctors who had not engaged in treatment for SARS sufferers died. On the basis of those
figures, it can be concluded that it was not much more dangerous to participate in SARS
treatment during the SARS day than it was not to participate in SARS treatment.

Which of the following would reveal most clearly the absurdity of the conclusion drawn above?

A. Counting deaths among doctors who had participated in SARS treatment in addition to
deaths among doctors who had not participated in SARS treatment
B. Expressing the difference between the numbers of deaths among doctors who had treated
SARS sufferers and doctors who had not treated SARS suffers as a percentage of the total
number of deaths
C. Separating deaths caused by accidents during the treatment to SARS suffers from deaths
caused by infect of SARS suffers.
D. Comparing death rates per thousand members of each group rather than comparing total
numbers of deaths
E. Comparing deaths caused by accidents in the United States to deaths caused by infect in
treating SARS suffers.

Answer : D

8.In 2003 an airline in United State lost more than half, on average, of the foreign passengers
they had previously served each year. Researchers have alleged that this extreme drop resulted
from a rise in price of tickets for international lines from $60 to $90 per 1,000 miles.

Which of the following, if feasible, offers the best prospects for alleviating the problem of the
drop in passengers as the researchers assessed it?

A. Cooperating with other airlines to provide more international lines.

B. Allowing foreign passengers to pay the same as the previous international line
C. Reemphasizing the goals and mission of the airline as serving both domestic passengers
and foreign passengers
D. Increasing the financial resources of the airline by raising the ticket price for domestic
passengers
E. Offering superior VIP service for foreign passengers.

Answer : B
9.Our work proves to be very successful. In the past three years, each of our five clients has
experienced the fastest growth of sales in their history. Therefore, if your company wants to
increase sales, do not hesitate to call Sigma & Max, since we are the solution.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously jeopardizes the validity of the argument by the
speaker above?

A. Most of the consultants at Sigma & Max hold MBA degrees.

B. Even without the help of Sigma & Max, the five clients of Sigma & Max will achieve the
same growth rate in sale.
C. Sigma & Max is one of the five leading management consulting companies.
D. Sigma & Max uses an updated accounting approach to help companies to cut cost.
E. All of the five clients of Sigma & Max are doing business in financial industry.

Answer : B

10.A life insurance company allows people to prepay their endowment insurance at current rates.
The policyholder then pays the premium every year. People should participate in the program as
a means of decreasing the cost for their living after retirement.

Which of the following, if true, is the most appropriate reason for people NOT to participate in
the program?

A. Peoples are unsure about which insurance company they will choose after retirement.
B. The amount of money accumulated by putting the prepayment funds in an interest-
bearing account today will be greater than the total cost of insurance when they retire.
C. The annual cost of premium is expected to increase at a faster rate than the annual
increase in the cost of living.
D. Some of the insurance companies are contemplating large increases in premium next
year.
E. The prepayment plan would not cover the cost of hospitalization.

Answer : B

Questions 11-12 are based on the following passage.

If highways were restricted to cars and only those truck with capacity of less than 8 tons, most
the truck traffic would be forced to run outside highway. Such a reduction in the amount of truck
traffic would reduce the risk of collision in highway.

11. The conclusion draw in the first sentence depends on which of the following
assumptions?
A. The roads outside highway would be as convenient as highway for most drivers of
truck.
B. Most roads outside highways are not ready to handle truck traffic.
 C. Most trucks that are currently running in highway have a capacity of more than 8
tons.
D. Cars are at greater risk of becoming involved in collisions than are trucks.
E. A reduction in the risk of collision would eventually lead to increases in car
traffic.

Answer : C

12. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn in the
second sentence?
A. Cars with a capacity of more than 8 tons are already excluded outside highways.
B. Highways are experiencing overcrowded traffic primarily because of sharp
increases in car traffic.
C. Many drivers of trucks would rather buy truck with a capacity of less than 8 tons
than be excluded from highways.
D. The number of collisions that occur near highways has decreased in recent years.
E. Trucks that have a capacity of more than 8 tons cause a disproportionately large
number of collisions in highways.

Answer : E

13. The price of purchasing a car in Country Q is 120 percent less than the price of
purchasing a car in Country Y. Even after transportation fees and tariff charges are added,
it is still cheaper for a buyer to import car from Country Q to Country Y than to buy car
in Country Y.

The statements above, if true, best support which of the following assertions?

A. Gasoline prices in Country Q are 120 percent below those in Country Y.

B. Importing cars from Country Q to Country Y will eliminate 120 percent of the
sales of cars in Country Y.
C. The tariff on a car imported from Country Q to Country Y is less than 120 percent
of the price of a car in Country Y.
D. The fee for transporting a car from Country Q to Country Y is more than 120
percent of the price of a car in Country Q.
E. It takes 120 percent less time to transport a car in Country Q than it does in
Country Y.

Answer : C

14. In 1992, 5 percent of every dollar paid in tax went to support the unemployed citizens. In
1998, 8 percent of every dollar paid in tax went to such funds, although that
unemployment rate has decreased in 1998 than in 1992.
 Each of the following, if true, could explain the simultaneous increase in percent of every
dollar paid in tax to support the unemployed citizens and decrease in the number of
unemployment rate EXCEPT:

A. On average, each unemployed citizen received more money in 1998 than 1992.
B. On average, people paid less tax in 1998 ‍than in 1992.
C. The individuals had paid more tax than did enterprises during this period.
D. Income before tax has significantly decreased since 1992.
E. The number of tax evaders rose sharply between 1992 and ‍1998.

Answer : C

15. Something must be done to stop spam. In early days, people seldom received unsolicited
email advertisement; but now that numerous bulk email software and email address
finders are developed to collect email address all around the world. Advertisers use email
addresses to market their products and even sell such email lists to other advertisers. As a
result, almost everyone ever get junk email, and sometime several and even tens of
annoying emails a day. So, relevant anti-spam regulations should be framed to stop
unsolicited advertising.

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A. Background that the argument depends on and conclusion that can be drawn from
the argument.
B. Part of evidence that the argument includes, and inference that can be drawn from
this passage.
C. Pre-evidence that the argument depends on and part of evidence that supports the
conclusion.
D. Background that argument depends on and part of evidence that supports the
conclusion.
E. Pre-evidence that argument includes and a method that helps to supports that
conclusion.

Answer : B

16. Stock analyst: "We believe Company A's stock will appreciate at 35% a year for the next
5 to 7 years. Company A just became the leader in its industry and we expect its sales to
grow at 8% a year."
Commentator: "But how can the stock's price be expected to grow more quickly than the
company's underlying sales?"

Which of the following facts would best support the stock analyst?

A. The company's expenses will be declining over the next 5 to 10 years.

B. The company just won a patent on a new product.
C. Company A's stock is currently overvalued by a significant amount.
 D. The 5 to 7 year time frame is too long for anyone to accurately forecast.
E. Company A's industry peer group is expected to experience stock appreciation
rates of 30% over the same time horizon.

Answer : A

17. Acme brand aspirin claims to be the best headache relief available on the market today.
To prove this claim, Acme called 10 people and asked them their thoughts on headache
relief products. All 10 of them stated that they unequivocally use Acme brand aspirin on
a regular basis and that they believe it to be the best headache relief available on the
market today.

Which of the following would most weaken this argument?

A. Acme brand aspirin is highly addictive.

B. The 10 people called were married to the company's top 10 executives, and they
were coached on what to say.
C. Most people choose to suffer silently through their headaches and take no
medicines whatsoever.
D. This survey was conducted by an independent company.
E. The 10 people were selected at random.

Answer : B

18. My neighbor's dogs bark and howl every time their owner lets them outside. My CPA
told me that dogs tend to bark and howl when they see birds resting in the top branches of
their favorite trees. I personally believe they bark and howl because they enjoy disrupting
my meditations.

Which of the following can be inferred from the preceding passage?

A. The dogs must be abused by their owners.

B. The dogs' owners do not care how they are viewed by their neighbors.
C. There are many pedestrians who walk by this neighbor's house, and the dogs are
starving for attention.
D. The dogs enjoy being outside.
E. The dogs will bark and howl at 3 a.m. if they are outside at that time.

Answer : D

19. Most citizens are very conscientious about observing a law when they can see the reason
behind it. For instance, there has been very little need to actively enforce the recently-
implemented law that increased the penalty for motorists caught leaving a gas station
without paying for gas they had pumped into their vehicles. This is because citizens are
very conscientious of the high cost of gasoline and they know that stealing gas will only
further increase the price of gasoline for everyone.
 Which of the following statements would the author of this passage be most likely to
believe?

A. The increased penalty alone is a significant motivation for most citizens to obey
the law.
B. There are still too many inconsiderate citizens in the local community.
C. High gasoline prices can be brought down if everyone does his or her part and
pays for the gasoline they use at the pumps.
D. Society should make an effort to teach citizens the reasons for its laws. People
would be more likely to speed on a stretch of deserted highway than to not pay for
gasoline.

Answer : D

20. Nearly one in three subscribers to Financial Forecaster is a millionaire, and over half are
in top management.
Shouldn't you subscribe to Financial Forecaster now?

A reader who is neither a millionaire nor in top management would be most likely to act
in accordance with the advertisement's suggestion if he or she drew which of the
following questionable conclusions invited by the advertisement?

A. Among finance-related periodicals. Financial Forecaster provides the most

detailed financial information.
B. Top managers cannot do their jobs properly without reading Financial Forecaster.
C. The advertisement is placed where those who will be likely to read it are
millionaires.
D. The subscribers mentioned were helped to become millionaires or join top
management by reading Financial Forecaster.
E. Only those who will in fact become millionaires, or at least top managers, will
read the advertisement.

Answer : D

Contrary to the charges made by some of its opponents, the provisions of the new deficit-
reduction law for indiscriminate cuts in the federal budget are justified. Opponents should
remember that the New Deal pulled this country out of great economic troubles even though
some of its programs were later found to be unconstitutional.

21. The author's method of attacking the charges of certain opponents of the new deficit-
reduction law is to
A. attack the character of the opponents rather than their claim
B. imply an analogy between the law and some New Deal programs
C. point out that the opponents' claims imply a dilemma
D. show that the opponents' reasoning leads to an absurd conclusion
E. show that the New Deal also called for indiscriminate cuts in the federal budget
 Answer : B

22. The opponents could effectively defend their position against the author's strategy by
pointing out that
A. the expertise of those opposing the law is outstanding
B. the lack of justification for the new law does not imply that those who drew it up
were either inept or immoral
C. the practical application of the new law will not entail indiscriminate budget cuts
D. economic troubles present at the time of the New Deal were equal in severity to
those that have led to the present law
E. the fact that certain flawed programs or laws have improved the economy does
not prove that every such program can do so

Answer : E

23. In Millington, a city of 50,000 people, Mercedes Pedrosa, a realtor, calculated that a
family with Millington's median family income, $28,000 a year, could afford to buy
Millington's median-priced $77,000 house. This calculation was based on an 11.2 percent
mortgage interest rate and on the realtor's assumption that a family could only afford to
pay up to 25 percent of its income for housing.

Which of the following corrections of a figure appearing in the passage above, if it were
the only correction that needed to be made, would yield a new calculation showing that
even incomes below the median family income would enable families in Millington to
afford Millington's median-priced house?

A. Millington's total population was 45,000 people.

B. Millington's median annual family income was $27,000
C. Millington's median-priced house cost $80,000
D. The rate at which people in Millington had to pay mortgage interest was only 10
percent.
E. Families in Millington could only afford to pay up to 22 percent of their annual
income for housing

Answer : D

24. Psychological research indicates that college hockey and football players are more
quickly moved to hostility and aggression than are college athletes in noncontact sports
such as swimming. But the researchers' conclusion-that contact sports encourage and
teach participants to be hostile and aggressive-is untenable. The football and hockey
players were probably more hostile and aggressive to start with than the swimmers.

Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn by the
psychological researchers?
 A. The football and hockey players became more hostile and aggressive during the
season and remained so during the off-season, whereas there was no increase in
aggressiveness among the swimmers.
B. The football and hockey players, but not the swimmers, were aware at the start of
the experiment that they were being tested for aggressiveness.
C. The same psychological research indicated that the football and hockey players
had a great respect for cooperation and team play, whereas the swimmers were
most concerned with excelling as individual competitors.
D. The research studies were designed to include no college athletes who
participated in both contact and noncontact sports.
E. Throughout the United States, more incidents of fan violence occur at baseball
games than occur at hockey or football games.

Answer : A

25. Ross: The profitability of Company X, restored to private ownership five years ago, is
clear evidence that businesses will always fare better under private than under public
ownership.
Julia: Wrong. A close look at the records shows that X has been profitable since the
appointment of a first-class manager, which happened while X was still in the pubic
sector.

Which of the following best describes the weak point in Ross's claim on which Julia's
response focuses?

A. The evidence Ross cites comes from only a single observed case, that of
Company X.
B. The profitability of Company X might be only temporary.
C. Ross's statement leaves open the possibility that the cause he cites came after the
effect he attributes to it.
D. No mention is made of companies that are partly government owned and partly
privately owned.
E. No exact figures are given for the current profits of Company X.

Answer : C

26. Stronger patent laws are needed to protect inventions from being pirated. With that
protection, manufacturers would be encouraged to invest in the development of new
products and technologies. Such investment frequently results in an increase in a
manufacturer's productivity.

Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn from the information
above?

A. Stronger patent laws tend to benefit financial institutions as well as

manufacturers.
 B. Increased productivity in manufacturing is likely to be accompanied by the
creation of more manufacturing jobs.
C. Manufacturers will decrease investment in the development of new products and
technologies unless there are stronger patent laws.
D. The weakness of current patent laws has been a cause of economic recession.
E. Stronger patent laws would stimulate improvements in productivity for many
manufacturers.

Answer : E

27. Which of the following best completes the passage below?

At large amusement parks, live shows are used very deliberately to influence crowd
movements. Lunchtime performances relieve the pressure on a park's restaurants.
Evening performances have a rather different purpose: to encourage visitors to stay for
supper. Behind this surface divergence in immediate purpose there is the unified
underlying goal of

A. keeping the lines at the various rides short by drawing off part of the crowd
B. enhancing revenue by attracting people who come only for the live shows and
then leave the park
C. avoiding as far as possible traffic jams caused by visitors entering or leaving the
park
D. encouraging as many people as possible to come to the park in order to eat at the
restaurants
E. utilizing the restaurants at optimal levels for as much of the day as possible

Answer : E

28.

o James weighs more than Kelly.

o Luis weighs more than Mark.
o Mark weighs less than Ned.
o Kelly and Ned are exactly the same weight.

If the information above is true, which of the following must also be true?

A. Luis weighs more than Ned.

B. Luis weighs more than James.
C. Kelly weighs less than Luis
D. James weighs more than Mark
E. Kelly weighs less than Mark.

Answer : D
 Questions 29-30 are based on the following.

Partly because of bad weather, but also partly because some major pepper growers have
switched to high-priced cocoa, world production of pepper has been running well below
worldwide sales for three years. Pepper is consequently in relatively short supply. The
price of pepper has soared in response: it now equals that of cocoa.

. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A. Pepper is a profitable crop only if it is grown on a large scale.
B. World consumption of pepper has been unusually high for three years.
C. World production of pepper will return to previous levels once normal weather
returns
D. Surplus stocks of pepper have been reduced in the past three years.
E. The profits that the growers of pepper have made in the past three years have been
unprecedented.

Answer : D

. Some observers have concluded that the rise in the price of pepper means that the switch
by some growers from pepper to cocoa left those growers no better off than if none of
them had switched; this conclusion, however, is unwarranted because it can be inferred to
be likely that
A. those growers could not have foreseen how high the price of pepper would go
B. the initial cost involved in switching from pepper to cocoa is substantial
C. supplies of pepper would not be as low as they are if those growers had not
switched crops
D. cocoa crops are as susceptible to being reduced by bad weather as are pepper
crops
E. as more growers turn to growing cocoa, cocoa supplies will increase and the price
of cocoa will fall precipitously.

Answer : C

31. Using computer techniques, researchers analyze layers of paint that lie buried beneath the
surface layers of old paintings. They claim, for example, that additional mountainous
scenery once appeared in Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, which was later painted over.
Skeptics reply to these claims, however, that X-ray examinations of the Mona Lisa do not
show hidden mountains.

Which of the following, if true, would tend most to weaken the force of the skeptics'
objections?

A. There is no written or anecdotal record that Leonardo da Vinci ever painted over
major areas of his Mona Lisa.
B. Painters of da Vinci's time commonly created images of mountainous scenery in
the backgrounds of portraits like the Mona Lisa
 C. No one knows for certain what parts of the Mona Lisa may have been painted by
da Vinci's assistants rather than by da Vinci himself.
D. Infrared photography of the Mona Lisa has revealed no trace of hidden
mountainous scenery.
E. Analysis relying on X-rays only has the capacity to detect lead-based white
pigments in layers of paint beneath a painting's surface layers.

Answer : E

32. While Governor Verdant has been in office, the state's budget has increased by an
average of 6 percent each year. While the previous governor was in office, the state's
budget increased by an average of 11.5 percent each year. Obviously, the austere budgets
during Governor Verdant's term have caused the slowdown in the growth in state
spending.

Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion drawn
above?

A. The rate of inflation in the state averaged 10 percent each year during the previous
governor's term in office and 3 percent each year during Verdant's term.
B. Both federal and state income tax rates have been lowered considerably during
Verdant's term in office.
C. In each year of Verdant's term in office, the state's budget has shown some
increase in spending over the previous year.
D. During Verdant's term in office, the state has either discontinued or begun to
charge private citizens for numerous services that the state offered free to citizens
during the previous governor's term.
E. During the previous governor's term in office, the state introduced several so-
called "austerity" budgets intended to reduce the growth in state spending.

Answer : A

33. Technological education is worsening. People between eighteen and twenty-four, who are
just emerging from their formal education, are more likely to be technologically illiterate
than somewhat older adults. And yet, issues for public referenda will increasingly involve
aspects of technology.

Which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn from the statements above?

A. If all young people are to make informed decisions on public referenda, many of
them must learn more about technology.
B. Thorough studies of technological issues and innovations should be made a
required part of the public and private school curriculum.
C. It should be suggested that prospective voters attend applied science courses in
order to acquire a minimal competency in technical matters.
 D. If young people are not to be overly influenced by famous technocrats, they must
increase their knowledge of pure science.
E. On public referenda issues, young people tend to confuse real or probable
technologies with impossible ideals.

Answer : A

34. In a political system with only two major parties, the entrance of a third-party candidate
into an election race damages the chances of only one of the two major candidates. The
third-party candidate always attracts some of the voters who might otherwise have voted
for one of the two major candidates, but not voters who support the other candidate.
Since a third-party candidacy affects the two major candidates unequally, for reasons
neither of them has any control over, the practice is unfair and should not be allowed.

If the factual information in the passage above is true, which of the following can be most
reliably inferred from it?

A. If the political platform of the third party is a compromise position between that
of the two major parties, the third party will draw its voters equally from the two
major parties.
B. If, before the emergence of a third party, voters were divided equally between the
two major parties, neither of the major parties is likely to capture much more than
one-half of the vote.
C. A third-party candidate will not capture the votes of new voters who have never
voted for candidates of either of the two major parties.
D. The political stance of a third party will be more radical than that of either of the
two major parties.
E. The founders of a third party are likely to be a coalition consisting of former
leaders of the two major parties.

Answer : B

35. Companies considering new cost-cutting manufacturing processes often compare the
projected results of making the investment against the alternative of not making the
investment with costs, selling prices, and share of market remaining constant.

Which of the following, assuming that each is a realistic possibility, constitutes the most
serious disadvantage for companies of using the method above for evaluating the
financial benefit of new manufacturing processes?

A. The costs of materials required by the new process might not be known with
certainty.
B. In several years interest rates might go down, reducing the interest costs of
borrowing money to pay for the investment.
 C. Some cost-cutting processes might require such expensive investments that there
would be no net gain for many years, until the investment was paid for by savings
in the manufacturing process.
D. Competitors that do invest in a new process might reduce their selling prices and
thus take market share away from companies that do not.
E. The period of year chosen for averaging out the cost of the investment might be
somewhat longer or shorter, thus affecting the result.

Answer : D

36. There are far fewer children available for adoption than there are people who want to
adopt. Two million couples are currently waiting to adopt, but in 1982, the last year for
which figures exist, there were only some 50,000 adoptions.

Which of the following statements, if true, most strengthens the author's claim that there
are far fewer children available for adoption than there are people who want to adopt?

A. The number of couples waiting to adopt has increased significantly in the last
decade.
B. The number of adoptions in the current year is greater than the number of
adoptions in any preceding year.
C. The number of adoptions in a year is approximately equal to the number of
children available for adoption in that period.
D. People who seek to adopt children often go through a long process of interviews
and investigation by adoption agencies.
E. People who seek to adopt children generally make very good parents.

Answer : C

Questions 37-38 are based on the following

Archaeologists seeking the location of a legendary siege and destruction of a city are
excavating in several possible places, including a middle and a lower layer of a large
mound. The bottom of the middle layer contains some pieces of pottery of type 3, known
to be from a later period than the time of the destruction of the city, but the lower layer
does not.

37. Which of the following hypotheses is best supported by the evidence above?
A. The lower layer contains the remains of the city where the siege took place.
B. The legend confuses stories from two different historical periods.
C. The middle layer does not represent the period of the siege.
D. The siege lasted for a long time before the city was destroyed.
E. The pottery of type 3 was imported to the city by traders.

Answer : C
38. The force of the evidence cited above is most seriously weakened if which of the
following is true?
A. Gerbils, small animals long native to the area, dig large burrows into which
objects can fall when the burrows collapse.
B. Pottery of types 1 and 2, found in the lower level, was used in the cities from
which, according to the legend, the besieging forces came.
C. Several pieces of stone from a lower-layer wall have been found incorporated into
the remains of a building in the middle layer.
D. Both the middle and the lower layer show evidence of large-scale destruction of
habitations by fire.
E. Bronze axheads of a type used at the time of the siege were found in the lower
level of excavation.

Answer : A

39. After the national speed limit of 55 miles per hour was imposed in 1974, the number of
deaths per mile driven on a highway fell abruptly as a result. Since then, however, the
average speed of vehicles on highways has risen, but the number of deaths per mile
driven on a highway has continued to fall.

Which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn from the statements above?

A. The speed limit alone is probably not responsible for the continued reduction in
highway deaths in the years after 1974.
B. People have been driving less since 1974.
C. Driver-education courses have been more effective since 1974 in teaching drivers
to drive safely.
D. In recent years highway patrols have been less effective in catching drivers who
speed.
E. The change in the speed limit cannot be responsible for the abrupt decline in
highway deaths in 1974.

Answer : A

40. Neighboring landholders: Air pollution from the giant aluminum refinery that has been
built next to our land is killing our plants.
Company spokesperson: The refinery is not to blame, since our study shows that the
damage is due to insects and fungi.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion drawn by the
company spokesperson?

A. The study did not measure the quantity of pollutants emitted into the surrounding
air by the aluminum refinery.
B. The neighboring landholders have made no change in the way they take care of
their plants.
 C. Air pollution from the refinery has changed the chemical balance in the plants'
environment, allowing the harmful insects and fungi to thrive.
D. Pollutants that are invisible and odorless are emitted into the surrounding air by
the refinery.
E. The various species of insects and fungi mentioned in the study have been
occasionally found in the locality during the past hundred years.

Answer : B

46. Teenagers are often priced out of the labor market by the government-mandated
minimum-wage level because employers cannot afford to pay that much for extra help.
Therefore, if Congress institutes a subminimum wage, a new lower legal wage for
teenagers, the teenage unemployment rate, which has been rising since 1960, will no
longer increase.

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?

A. Since 1960 the teenage unemployment rate has risen when the minimum wage has
risen.
B. Since 1960 the teenage unemployment rate has risen even when the minimum
wage remained constant.
C. Employers often hire extra help during holiday and warm weather seasons.
D. The teenage unemployment rate rose more quickly in the 1970's than it did in the
1960's.
E. The teenage unemployment rate has occasionally declined in the years since 1960.

Answer : B

47. Which of the following best completes the passage below?

The computer industry's estimate that it loses millions of dollars when users illegally
copy programs without paying for them is greatly exaggerated. Most of the illegal
copying is done by people with no serious interest in the programs. Thus, the loss to the
industry is much smaller than estimated because

A. many users who illegally copy programs never find any use for them
B. most of the illegally copied programs would not be purchased even if purchasing
them were the only way to obtain them
C. even if the computer industry received all the revenue it claims to be losing, it
would still be experiencing financial difficulties
D. the total market value of all illegal copies is low in comparison to the total
revenue of the computer industry
E. the number of programs that are frequently copied illegally is low in comparison
to the number of programs available for sale

Answer : B
48. This year the New Hampshire Division of Company X, set a new record for annual sales
by that division. This record is especially surprising since the New Hampshire Division
has the smallest potential market and the lowest sales of any of Company X's divisions.

Which of the following identifies a flaw in the logical coherence of the statement above?

A. If overall sales for Company X were sharply reduced, the New Hampshire
Division's new sales record is irrelevant to the company's prosperity.
B. Since the division is competing against its own record, the comparison of its sales
record with that of other divisions is irrelevant.
C. If this is the first year that the New Hampshire Division has been last in sales
among Company X's divisions, the new record is not surprising at all.
D. If overall sales for Company X were greater than usual, it is not surprising that the
New Hampshire Division was last in sales.
E. Since the New Hampshire Division has the smallest potential market, it is not
surprising that it had the lowest sales.

Answer : B

49. Statement of a United States copper mining company: Import quotas should be imposed
on the less expensive copper mined outside the country to maintain the price of copper in
this country; otherwise, our companies will not be able to stay in business. Response of a
United States copper wire manufacturer: United States wire and cable manufacturers
purchase about 70 percent of the copper mined in the United States. If the copper prices
we pay are not at the international level, our sales will drop, and then the demand for
United States copper will go down.

If the factual information presented by both companies is accurate, the best assessment of
the logical relationship between the two arguments is that the wire manufacturer's
argument

A. is self-serving and irrelevant to the proposal of the mining company

B. is circular, presupposing what it seeks to prove about the proposal of the mining
company
C. shows that the proposal of the mining company would have a negative effect on
the mining company's own business
D. fails to give a reason why the proposal of the mining company should not be put
into effect to alleviate the concern of the mining company for staying in business
E. establishes that even the mining company's business will prosper if the mining
company's proposal is rejected

Answer : C

50. Y has been believed to cause Z. A new report, noting that Y and Z are often observed to
be preceded by X, suggests that X, not Y, may be the cause of Z.
 Which of the following further observations would best support the new report's
suggestion?

A. In cases where X occurs but Y does not, X is usually followed by Z.

B. In cases where X occurs, followed by Y, Y is usually followed by Z.
C. In cases where Y occurs but X does not, Y is usually followed by Z.
D. In cases where Y occurs but Z does not, Y is usually preceded by X.
E. In cases where Z occurs, it is usually preceded by X and Y.

Answer : A

51. Mr. Primm: If hospitals were private enterprises, dependent on profits for their survival,
there would be no teaching hospitals, because of the intrinsically high cost of running
such hospitals.
Ms. Nakai: I disagree. The medical challenges provided by teaching hospitals attract the
very best physicians. This, in turn, enables those hospitals to concentrate on nonroutine
cases.

Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen Ms. Nakai's attempt to refute Mr.
Primm's claim?

A. Doctors at teaching hospitals command high salaries.

B. Sophisticated, nonroutine medical care commands a high price.
C. Existing teaching hospitals derive some revenue from public subsidies.
D. The patient mortality rate at teaching hospitals is high.
E. The modern trend among physicians is to become highly specialized.

Answer : B

52. A recent survey of all auto accident victims in Dole County found that, of the severely
injured drivers and front-seat passengers, 80 percent were not wearing seat belts at the
time of their accidents. This indicates that, by wearing seat belts, drivers and front-seat
passengers can greatly reduce their risk of being severely injured if they are in an auto
accident.

The conclusion above is not properly drawn unless which of the following is true?

A. Of all the drivers and front-seat passengers in the survey, more than 20 percent
were wearing seat belts at the time of their accidents.
B. Considerably more than 20 percent of drivers and front-seat passengers in Dole
County always wear seat belts when traveling by car.
C. More drivers and front-seat passengers in the survey than rear-seat passengers
were very severely injured.
D. More than half of the drivers and front-seat passengers in the survey were not
wearing seat belts at the time of their accidents.
 E. Most of the auto accidents reported to police in Dole County do not involve any
serious injury.

Answer : A

53. Six months or so after getting a video recorder, many early buyers apparently lost interest
in obtaining videos to watch on it. The trade of businesses selling and renting videos is
still buoyant, because the number of homes with video recorders is still growing. But
clearly, once the market for video recorders is saturated, businesses distributing videos
face hard times.

Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion above?

A. The market for video recorders would not be considered saturated until there was
one in 80 percent of homes.
B. Among the items handled by video distributors are many films specifically
produced as video features.
C. Few of the early buyers of video recorders raised any complaints about
performance aspects of the new product.
D. The early buyers of a novel product are always people who are quick to acquire
novelties, but also often as quick to tire of them.
E. In a shrinking market, competition always intensifies and marginal businesses
fail.

Answer : D

54. Advertiser: The revenue that newspapers and magazines earn by publishing
advertisements allows publishers to keep the prices per copy of their publications much
lower than would otherwise be possible. Therefore, consumers benefit economically from
advertising.
Consumer: But who pays for the advertising that pays for low-priced newspapers and
magazines?
We consumers do, because advertisers pass along advertising costs to us through the
higher prices they charge for their products.

Which of the following best describes how the consumer counters the advertiser's
argument?

A. By alleging something that, if true, would weaken the plausibility of the

advertiser's conclusion
B. By questioning the truth of the purportedly factual statement on which the
advertiser's conclusion is based
C. By offering an interpretation of the advertiser's opening statement that, if
accurate, shows that there is an implicit contradiction in it
D. By pointing out that the advertiser's point of view is biased
 E. By arguing that the advertiser too narrowly restricts the discussion to the effects
of advertising that are economic

Answer : A

55. Mr. Lawson: We should adopt a national family policy that includes legislation requiring
employers to provide paid parental leave and establishing government-sponsored day
care. Such laws would decrease the stress levels of employees who have responsibility
for small children. Thus, such laws would lead to happier, better-adjusted families.

Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion above?

A. An employee's high stress level can be a cause of unhappiness and poor

adjustment for his or her family.
B. People who have responsibility for small children and who work outside the home
have higher stress levels than those who do not.
C. The goal of a national family policy is to lower the stress levels of parents.
D. Any national family policy that is adopted would include legislation requiring
employers to provide paid parental leave and establishing government-sponsored
day care.
E. Most children who have been cared for in daycare centers are happy and well
adjusted.

Answer : A

56. Lark Manufacturing Company initiated a voluntary Quality Circles program for machine
operators. Independent surveys of employee attitudes indicated that the machine
operators participating in the program were less satisfied with their work situations after
two years of the program's existence than they were at the program's start. Obviously, any
workers who participate in a Quality Circles program will, as a result, become less
satisfied with their jobs.

Each of the following, if true, would weaken the conclusion drawn above EXCETP:

A. The second survey occurred during a period of recession when rumors of cutbacks
and layoffs at Lark Manufacturing were plentiful .
B. The surveys also showed that those Lark machine operators who neither
participated in Quality Circles nor knew anyone who did so reported the same
degree of lessened satisfaction with their work situations as did the Lark machine
operators who participated in Quality Circles.
C. While participating in Quality Circles at Lark Manufacturing, machine operators
exhibited two of the primary indicators of improved job satisfaction: increased
productivity and decreased absenteeism.
D. Several workers at Lark Manufacturing who had participated in Quality Circles
while employed at other companies reported that, while participating in Quality
Circles in their previous companies, their work satisfaction had increased.
 E. The machine operators who participated in Quality Circles reported that, when the
program started, they felt that participation might improve their work situations.

Answer : E

Questions 57-58 are based on the following.

Blood banks will shortly start to screen all donors for NANB hepatitis. Although the new
screening tests are estimated to disqualify up to 5 percent of all prospective blood donors,
they will still miss two-thirds of donors carrying NANB hepatitis. Therefore, about 10
percent of actual donors will still supply NANB-contaminated blood.

57. The argument above depends on which of the following assumptions?

A. Donors carrying NANB hepatitis do not, in a large percentage of cases, carry
other infections for which reliable screening tests are routinely performed.
B. Donors carrying NANB hepatitis do not, in a large percentage of cases, develop
the disease themselves at any point.
C. The estimate of the number of donors who would be disqualified by tests for
NANB hepatitis is an underestimate.
D. The incidence of NANB hepatitis is lower among the potential blood donors than
it is in the population at large.
E. The donors who will still supply NANB-contaminated blood will donate blood at
the average frequency for all donors.

Answer : A

58. Which of the following inferences about the conse-quences of instituting the new tests is
best supported by the passage above?
A. The incidence of new cases of NANB hepatitis is likely to go up by 10 percent.
B. Donations made by patients specifically for their own use are likely to become
less frequent.
C. The demand for blood from blood banks is likely to fluctuate more strongly.
D. The blood supplies available from blood banks are likely to go down.
E. The number of prospective first-time donors is likely to go up by 5 percent.

Answer : D

59. Child's World, a chain of toy stores, has relied on a "supermarket concept" of
computerized inventory control and customer self-service to eliminate the category of
sales clerks from its force of employees. It now plans to employ the same concept in
selling children's clothes. The plan of Child's World assumes that
A. supermarkets will not also be selling children's clothes in the same manner
B. personal service by sales personnel is not required for selling children's clothes
successfully
C. the same kind of computers will be used in inventory control for both clothes and
toys at Child's World
 D. a self-service plan cannot be employed without computerized inventory control
E. sales clerks are the only employees of Child's World who could be assigned tasks
related to inventory control

Answer : B

60. Continuous indoor fluorescent light benefits the health of hamsters with inherited heart
disease. A group of them exposed to continuous fluorescent light survived twenty-five
percent longer than a similar group exposed instead to equal periods of indoor fluorescent
light and of darkness.

The method of the research described above is most likely to be applicable in addressing
which of the following questions?

A. Can industrial workers who need to see their work do so better by sunlight or by
fluorescent light?
B. Can hospital lighting be improved to promote the recovery of patients?
C. How do deep-sea fish survive in total darkness?
D. What are the inherited illnesses to which hamsters are subject?
E. Are there plants that require specific periods of darkness in order to bloom?

Answer : B

61. Millions of identical copies of a plant can be produced using new tissue-culture and
cloning techniques.

If plant propagation by such methods in laboratories proves economical, each of the

following, if true, represents a benefit of the new techniques to farmers EXCEPT:

A. The techniques allow the development of superior strains to take place more
rapidly, requiring fewer generations of plants grown to maturity.
B. It is less difficult to care for plants that will grow at rates that do not vary widely.
C. Plant diseases and pests, once they take hold, spread more rapidly among
genetically uniform plants than among those with genetic variations.
D. Mechanical harvesting of crops is less difficult if plants are more uniform in size.
E. Special genetic traits can more easily be introduced into plant strains with the use
of the new techniques.

Answer : C

62. Which of the following best completes the passage below? Sales campaigns aimed at the
faltering personal computer market have strongly emphasized ease of use, called user-
friendliness. This emphasis is oddly premature and irrelevant in the eyes of most potential
buyers, who are trying to address the logically prior issue of whether
A. user-friendliness also implies that owners can service their own computers
B. personal computers cost more the more user-friendly they are
 C. currently available models are user-friendly enough to suit them
D. the people promoting personal computers use them in their own homes
E. they have enough sensible uses for a personal computer to justify the expense of
buying one

Answer : E

63. A weapons-smuggling incident recently took place in country Y. We all know that Y is a
closed society. So Y's government must have known about the weapons.

Which of the following is an assumption that would make the conclusion above logically
correct?

A. If a government knows about a particular weapons-smuggling incident, it must

have intended to use the weapons for its own purposes.
B. If a government claims that it knew nothing about a particular weapons-
smuggling incident, it must have known everything about it.
C. If a government does not permit weapons to enter a country, it is a closed society.
D. If a country is a closed society, its government has a large contingent of armed
guards patrolling its borders.
E. If a country is a closed society, its government has knowledge about everything
that occurs in the country.

Answer : E

64. Banning cigarette advertisements in the mass media will not reduce the number of young
people who smoke. They know that cigarettes exist and they know how to get them. They
do not need the advertisements to supply that information.

The above argument would be most weakened if which of the following were true?

A. Seeing or hearing an advertisement for a product tends to increase people's desire

for that product.
B. Banning cigarette advertisements in the mass media will cause an increase in
advertisements in places where cigarettes are sold.
C. Advertisements in the mass media have been an exceedingly large part of the
expenditures of the tobacco companies.
D. Those who oppose cigarette use have advertised against it in the mass media ever
since cigarettes were found to be harmful.
E. Older people tend to be less influenced by mass-media advertisements than
younger people tend to be.

Answer : A

65. People tend to estimate the likelihood of an event's occurrence according to its salience;
that is, according to how strongly and how often it comes to their attention.
 By placement and headlines, newspapers emphasize stories about local crime over stories
about crime elsewhere and about many other major events.

It can be concluded on the basis of the statements above that, if they are true, which of
the following is most probably also true?

A. The language used in newspaper headlines about local crime is inflammatory and
fails to respect the rights of suspects.
B. The coverage of international events in newspapers is neglected in favor of the
coverage of local events.
C. Readers of local news in newspapers tend to overestimate the amount of crime in
their own localities relative to the amount of crime in other places.
D. None of the events concerning other people that are reported in newspapers is so
salient in people's minds as their own personal experiences.
E. The press is the news medium that focuses people's attention most strongly on
local crimes.

Answer : C

66. By analyzing the garbage of a large number of average-sized households, a group of

modern urban anthropologists has found that a household discards less food the more
standardized-made up of canned and prepackaged foods-its diet is. The more
standardized a household's diet is, however, the greater the quantities of fresh produce the
household throws away.

Which of the following can be properly inferred from the passage?

A. An increasing number of households rely on a highly standardized diet.

B. The less standardized a household's diet is, the more nonfood waste the household
discards.
C. The less standardized a household's diet is, the smaller is the proportion of fresh
produce in the household's food waste.
D. The less standardized a household's diet is, the more canned and prepackaged
foods the household discards as waste.
E. The more fresh produce a household buys, the more fresh produce it throws away.

Answer : C

Questions 67-68 are based on the following.

In the past, teachers, bank tellers, and secretaries were predominantly men; these
occupations slipped in pay and status when they became largely occupied by women.
Therefore, if women become the majority in currently male-dominated professions like
accounting, law, and medicine, the income and prestige of these professions will also
drop.
67. The argument above is based on
A. another argument that contains circular reasoning
B. an attempt to refute a generalization by means of an exceptional case
C. an analogy between the past and the future
D. an appeal to popular beliefs and values
E. an attack on the character of the opposition.

Answer : C

68. Which of the following, if true, would most likely be part of the evidence used to refute
the conclusion above?
A. Accountants, lawyers, and physicians attained their current relatively high levels
of income and prestige at about the same time that the pay and status of teachers,
bank tellers, and secretaries slipped.
B. When large numbers of men join a female-dominated occupation, such as airline
flight attendant, the status and pay of the occupation tend to increase.
C. The demand for teachers and secretaries has increased significantly in recent
years, while the demand for bank tellers has remained relatively stable.
D. If present trends in the awarding of law degrees to women continue, it will be at
least two decades before the majority of lawyers are women.
E. The pay and status of female accountants, lawyers, and physicians today are
governed by significantly different economic and sociological forces than were
the pay and status of female teachers, bank tellers, and secretaries in the past.

Answer : E

69. An electric-power company gained greater profits and provided electricity to consumers
at lower rates per unit of electricity by building larger-capacity more efficient plants and
by stimulating greater use of electricity within its area. To continue these financial trends,
the company planned to replace an old plant by a plant with triple the capacity of its
largest plant.

The company's plan as described above assumed each of the following EXCEPT:

A. Demand for electricity within the company's area of service would increase in the
future.
B. Expenses would not rise beyond the level that could be compensated for by
efficiency or volume of operation, or both.
C. The planned plant would be sufficiently reliable in service to contribute a net
financial benefit to the company as a whole.
D. Safety measures to be instituted for the new plant would be the same as those for
the plant it would replace.
E. The tripling of capacity would not result in insuperable technological obstacles to
efficiency.

Answer : D
 70. Of the countries that were the world's twenty largest exporters in 1953, four had the same
share of total world exports in 1984 as in 1953. Theses countries can therefore serve as
models for those countries that wish to keep their share of the global export trade stable
over the years.

Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the suitability of those
four countries as models in the sense described?

A. Many countries wish to increase their share of world export trade, not just keep it
stable.
B. Many countries are less concerned with exports alone than with he balance
between exports and imports.
C. With respect to the mix of products each exports, the four countries are very
different from each other.
D. Of the four countries, two had a much larger, and two had a much smaller, share
of total world exports in 1970 than in 1984.
E. The exports of the four countries range from 15 percent to 75 percent of the total
national output.

Answer : D

Meteorologists say that if only they could design an accurate mathematical model of the
atmosphere with all its complexities, they could forecast the weather with real precision. But this
is an idle boast, immune to any evaluation, for any inadequate weather forecast would obviously
be blamed on imperfections in the model.

71. Which of the following, if true, could best be used as a basis for arguing against the
author's position that the meteorologists' claim cannot be evaluated?
A. Certain unusual configurations of data can serve as the basis for precise weather
forecasts even though the exact causal mechanisms are not understood.
B. Most significant gains in the accuracy of the relevant mathematical models are
accompanied by clear gains in the precision of weather forecasts.
C. Mathematical models of the meteorological aftermath of such catastrophic events
as volcanic eruptions are beginning to be constructed.
D. Modern weather forecasts for as much as a full day ahead are broadly correct
about 80 percent of the time.
E. Meteorologists readily concede that the accurate mathematical model they are
talking about is not now in their power to construct.

Answer : B

72. Which of the following, if true, would cast the most serious doubt on the meteorologists'
boast, aside from the doubt expressed in the passage above?
A. The amount of energy that the Earth receives from the Sun is monitored closely
and is known not to be constant.
 B. Volcanic eruptions, the combustion of fossil fuels, and several other processes
that also cannot be quantified with any accuracy are known to have a significant
and continuing impact on the constitution of the atmosphere.
C. As current models of the atmosphere are improved, even small increments in
complexity will mean large increases in the number of computers required for the
representation of the models.
D. Frequent and accurate data about the atmosphere collected at a large number of
points both on and above the ground are a prerequisite for the construction of a
good model of the atmosphere.
E. With existing models of the atmosphere, large scale weather patterns can be
predicted with greater accuracy than can relatively local weather patterns.

Answer : B

Questions 73-74 are based on the following

In the United States, the Postal Service has a monopoly on first-class mail, but much of
what is sent first class could be transmitted electronically. Electronic transmittal operators
argue that if the Postal Service were to offer electronic transmission, it would have an
unfair advantage, since its electronic transmission service could be subsidized from the
profits of the monopoly.

73. Which of the following, if each is true, would allay the electronic transmittal operators'
fears of unfair competition?
A. If the Postal Service were to offer electronic transmission, it could not make a
profit on first-class mail.
B. If the Postal Service were to offer electronic transmission, it would have a
monopoly on that kind of service.
C. Much of the material that is now sent by first-class mail could be delivered much
faster by special package couriers, but is not sent that way because of cost.
D. There is no economy of scale in electronic transmission-that is, the cost per
transaction does not go down as more pieces of information are transmitted.
E. Electronic transmission will never be cost-effective for material not sent by first-
class mail such as newspapers and bulk mail.

Answer : A

74. Which of the following questions can be answered on the basis of the information in the
passage above?
A. Is the Postal Service as efficient as privately owned electric transmission
services?
B. If private operators were allowed to operate first-class mail services, would they
choose to do so?
C. Do the electronic transmittal operators believe that the Postal Service makes a
profit on first-class mail?
D. Is the Postal Service prohibited from offering electronic transmission services ?
 E. Is the Postal Service expected to have a monopoly on electronic transmission?

Answer : C

75. Lists of hospitals have been compiled showing which hospitals have patient death rates
exceeding the national average. The data have been adjusted to allow for differences in
the ages of patients.

Each of the following, if true, provides a good logical ground for hospitals to object to
interpreting rank on these lists as one of the indices of the quality of hospital care
EXCEPT:

A. Rank order might indicate insignificant differences, rather than large differences,
in numbers of patient deaths.
B. Hospitals that keep patients longer are likely to have higher death rates than those
that discharge patients earlier but do not record deaths of patients at home after
discharge.
C. Patients who are very old on admission to a hospital are less likely than younger
patients to survive the same types of illnesses or surgical procedures.
D. Some hospitals serve a larger proportion of low-income patients, who tend to be
more seriously ill when admitted to a hospital.
E. For-profit hospitals sometimes do not provide intensive-care units and other
expensive services for very sick patients but refer or transfer such patients to other
hospitals.

Answer : C

76. Teresa: Manned spaceflight does not have a future, since it cannot compete economically
with other means of accomplishing the objectives of spaceflight.
Edward: No mode of human transportation has a better record of reliability: two
accidents in twenty-five years. Thus manned spaceflight definitely has a positive future.

Which of the following is the best logical evaluation of Edward's argument as a response
to Teresa's argument?

A. It cites evidence that, if true, tends to disprove the evidence cited by Teresa in
drawing her conclusion.
B. It indicates a logical gap in the support that Teresa offers for her conclusion.
C. It raises a consideration that outweighs the argument Teresa makes.
D. It does not meet Teresa's point because it assumes that there is no serious
impediment to transporting people into space, but this was the issue raised by
Teresa.
E. It fails to respond to Teresa's argument because it does not address the
fundamental issue of whether space activities should have priority over other
claims on the national budget.
 Answer : D

77. Black Americans are, on the whole, about twice as likely as White Americans to develop
high blood pressure. This likelihood also holds for westernized Black Africans when
compared to White Africans.
Researchers have hypothesized that this predisposition in westernized Blacks may reflect
an interaction between western high-salt diets and genes that adapted to an environmental
scarcity of salt.

Which of the following statements about present-day, westernized Black Africans, if true,
would most tend to confirm the researchers' hypothesis?

A. The blood pressures of those descended from peoples situated throughout their
history in Senegal and Gambia, where salt was always available, are low.
B. The unusually high salt consumption in certain areas of Africa represents a
serious health problem.
C. Because of their blood pressure levels, most White Africans have markedly
decreased their salt consumption.
D. Blood pressures are low among the Yoruba, who, throughout their history, have
been situated far inland from sources of sea salt and far south of Saharan salt
mines.
E. No significant differences in salt metabolism have been found between those
people who have had salt available throughout their history and those who have
not.

Answer : A

78. The following proposal to amend the bylaws of an organization was circulated to its
members for comment.
When more than one nominee is to be named for an office, prospective nominees must
consent to nomination and before giving such consent must be told who the other
nominees will be.

Which of the following comments concerning the logic of the proposal is accurate if it
cannot be known who the actual nominees are until prospective nominees have given
their consent to be nominated?

A. The proposal would make it possible for each of several nominees for an office to
be aware of who all of the other nominees are.
B. The proposal would widen the choice available to those choosing among the
nominees.
C. If there are several prospective nominees, the proposal would deny the last
nominee equal treatment with the first.
D. The proposal would enable a prospective nominee to withdraw from competition
with a specific person without making that withdrawal known.
 E. If there is more than one prospective nominee, the proposal would make it
impossible for anyone to become a nominee.

Answer : E

79. Which of the following best completes the passage below?

In a survey of job applicants, two-fifths admitted to being at least a little dishonest.

However, the survey may underestimate the proportion of job applicants who are
dishonest, because

A. some dishonest people taking the survey might have claimed on the survey to be
honest
B. some generally honest people taking the survey might have claimed on the survey
to be dishonest
C. some people who claimed on the survey to be at least a little dishonest may be
very dishonest
D. some people who claimed on the survey to be dishonest may have been answering
honestly
E. some people who are not job applicants are probably at least a little dishonest

Answer : A

80. Which of the following, if true, most serinously weakens the conclusion that cigarette
companies could have dropped advertising without suffering economically?
A. Cigarette advertisements provide a major proportion of total advertising revenue
for numerous magazines.
B. Cigarette promotion serves to attract first-time smokers to replace those people
who have stopped smoking.
C. There exists no research conclusively demon-strating that increases in cigarette
advertising are related to increases in smoking.
D. Advertising is so firmly established as a major business activity of cigarette
manufacturers that they would be unlikely to drop it.
E. Brand loyalty is typically not very strong among those who smoke inexpensive
cigarettes.

Answer : B

The average life expectancy for the United States population as a whole is 73.9 years, but
children born in Hawaii will live an average of 77 years, and those born in Louisiana, 71.7 years.
If a newlywed couple from Louisiana were to begin their family in Hawaii, therefore, their
children would be expected to live longer than would be the case if the family remained in
Louisiana.

 Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion drawn in the
passage?
 A. Insurance company statisticians do not believe that moving to Hawaii will significantly
lengthen the average Louisianian's life.
B. The governor of Louisiana has falsely alleged that statistics for his state are inaccurate.
C. The longevity ascribed to Hawaii's current population is attributable mostly to genetically
determined factors.
D. Thirty percent of all Louisianians can expect to live longer than 77 years.
E. Most of the Hawaiian Islands have levels of air pollution well below the national average
for the United States.

Answer : C

 Which of the following statements, if true, would most significantly strengthen the
conclusion drawn in the passage?

A. As population density increases in Hawaii, life expectancy figures for that state are likely
to be revised downward
B. Environmental factors tending to favor longevity are abundant in Hawaii and less
numerous in Louisiana
C. Twenty-five percent of all Louisianians who move to Hawaii live longer than 77 years.
D. Over the last decade, average life expectancy has risen at a higher rate for Louisianians
than for Hawaiians.
E. Studies show that the average life expectancy for Hawaiians who move permanently to
Louisiana is roughly equal to that of Hawaiians who remain in Hawaii.

Answer : B

 Insurance Company X is considering issuing a new policy to cover services required by

elderly people who suffer from diseases that afflict the elderly. Premiums for the policy must be
low enough to attract customers. Therefore, Company X is concerned that the income from the
policies would not be sufficient to pay for the claims that would be made.

Which of the following strategies would be most likely to minimize Company X's losses on the
policies?

A. Attracting middle-aged customers unlikely to submit claims for benefits for many years
B. Insuring only those individuals who did not suffer any serious diseases as children
C. Including a greater number of services in the policy than are included in other policies of
lower cost
D. Insuring only those individuals who were rejected by other companies for similar policies
E. Insuring only those individuals who are wealthy enough to pay for the medical services

Answer : A

 A program instituted in a particular state allows parents to prepay their children's future
college tuition at current rates. The program then pays the tuition annually for the child at any of
the state's public colleges in which the child enrolls. Parents should participate in the program as
a means of decreasing the cost for their children's college education.

Which of the following, if true, is the most appropriate reason for parents not to participate in the
program?

A. The parents are unsure about which pubic college in the state the child will attend.
B. The amount of money accumulated by putting the prepayment funds in an interest-
bearing account today will be greater than the total cost of tuition for any of the pubic
colleges when the child enrolls.
C. The annual cost of tuition at the state's pubic colleges is expected to increase at a faster
rate than the annual increase in the cost of living
D. Some of the state's public colleges are contemplating large increases in tuition next year.
E. The prepayment plan would not cover the cost of room and board at any of the state's
public colleges.

Answer : B

 Company Alpha buys free-travel coupons from people who are awarded the coupons by
Bravo Airlines for flying frequently on Bravo airplanes. The coupons are sold to people who pay
less for the coupons than they would pay by purchasing tickets from Bravo. This marketing of
coupons results in lost revenue for Bravo.

To discourage the buying and selling of free-travel coupons, it would be best for Bravo Airlines
to restrict the

A. number of coupons that a person can be awarded in a particular year

B. use of the coupons to those who were awarded the coupons and members of their
immediate families
C. days that the coupons can be used to Monday through Friday
D. amount of time that the coupons can be used after they are issued
E. number of routes on which travelers can use the coupons

Answer : B

86. The ice on the front windshield of the car had formed when moisture condensed during
the night. The ice melted quickly after the car was warmed up the next morning because
the defrosting vent, which blows only on the front windshield, was turned on full force.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously jeopardizes the validity of the explanation
for the speed with which the ice melted?

A. The side windows had no ice condensation on them.

B. Even though no attempt was made to defrost the back window, the ice there
melted at the same rate as did the ice on the front windshield.
 C. The speed at which ice on a window melts increases as the temperature of the air
blown on the window increases.
D. The warm air from the defrosting vent for the front windshield cools rapidly as it
dissipates throughout the rest of the car.
E. The defrosting vent operates efficiently even when the heater, which blows warm
air toward the feet or faces of the driver and passengers, is on.

Answer : B

87. To prevent some conflicts of interest, Congress could prohibit high-level government
officials from accepting positions as lobbyists for three years after such officials leave
government service. One such official concluded, however, that such a prohibition would
be unfortunate because it would prevent high-level government officials from earning a
livelihood for three years.

The official's conclusion logically depends on which of the following assumptions?

A. Laws should not restrict the behavior of former government officials.

B. Lobbyists are typically people who have previously been high-level government
officials.
C. Low-level government officials do not often become lobbyists when they leave
government service.
D. High-level government officials who leave government service are capable of
earning a livelihood only as lobbyists.
E. High-level government officials who leave government service are currently
permitted to act as lobbyists for only three years.

Answer : D

88. A conservation group in the United States is trying to change the long-standing image of
bats as frightening creatures. The group contends that bats are feared and persecuted
solely because they are shy animals that are active only at night.

Which of the following, if true, would cast the most serious doubt on the accuracy of the
group's contention?

A. Bats are steadily losing natural roosting places such as caves and hollow trees and
are thus turning to more developed areas for roosting.
B. Bats are the chief consumers of nocturnal insects and thus can help make their
hunting territory more pleasant for humans.
C. Bats are regarded as frightening creatures not only in the United States but also in
Europe, Africa, and South America.
D. Raccoons and owls are shy and active only at night; yet they are not generally
feared and persecuted.
E. People know more about the behavior of other greatly feared animal species, such
as lions, alligators, and snakes, than they do about the behavior of bats.
 Answer : D

89. Meteorite explosions in the Earth's atmosphere as large as the one that destroyed forests
in Siberia, with approximately the force of a twelve-megaton nuclear blast, occur about
once a century.
The response of highly automated systems controlled by complex computer programs to
unexpected circumstances is unpredictable.

Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn, if the statements above
are true, about a highly automated nuclear-missile defense system controlled by a
complex computer program?

A. Within a century after its construction, the system would react inappropriately and
might accidentally start a nuclear war.
B. The system would be destroyed if an explosion of a large meteorite occurred in
the Earth's atmosphere.
C. It would be impossible for the system to distinguish the explosion of a large
meteorite from the explosion of a nuclear weapon.
D. Whether the system would respond inappropriately to the explosion of a large
meteorite would depend on the location of the blast.
E. It is not certain what the system's response to the explosion of a large meteorite
would be, if its designers did not plan for such a contingency.

Answer : E

90. Defense Department analysts worry that the ability of the United States to wage a
prolonged war would be seriously endangered if the machine-tool manufacturing base
shrinks further. Before the Defense Department publicly connected this security issue
with the import quota issue, however, the machine-tool industry raised the national
security issue in its petition for import quotas.

Which of the following, if true, contributes most to an explanation of the machine-tool

industry's raising the issue above regarding national security?

A. When the aircraft industries retooled, they provided a large amount of work for
tool builders.
B. The Defense Department is only marginally concerned with the effects of foreign
competition on the machine-tool industry.
C. The machine-tool industry encountered difficulty in obtaining governmental
protection against imports on grounds other than defense.
D. A few weapons important for defense consist of parts that do not require
extensive machining.
E. Several federal government programs have been designed which will enable
domestic machine-tool manufacturing firms to compete successfully with foreign
toolmakers.
 Answer : C

The fewer restrictions there are on the advertising of legal services, the more lawyers there are
who advertise their services, and the lawyers who advertise a specific service usually charge less
for that service than lawyers who do not advertise. Therefore, if the state removes any of its
current restrictions, such as the one against advertisements that do not specify fee arrangements,
overall consumer legal costs will be lower than if the state retains its current restrictions.

91. If the statements above are true, which of the following must be true?
A. Some lawyers who now advertise will charge more for specific services if they do
not have to specify fee arrangements in the advertisements.
B. More consumers will use legal services if there are fewer restrictions on the
advertising of legal services.
C. If the restriction against advertisements that do not specify fee arrangements is
removed, more lawyers will advertise their services.
D. If more lawyers advertise lower prices for specific services, some lawyers who do
not advertise will also charge less than they currently charge for those services.
E. If the only restrictions on the advertising of legal services were those that apply to
every type of advertising, most lawyers would advertise their services

Answer : C

92. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument concerning
overall consumer legal costs?
A. The state has recently removed some other restrictions that had limited the
advertising of legal services.
B. The state is unlikely to remove all of the restrictions that apply solely to the
advertising of legal services.
C. Lawyers who do not advertise generally provide legal services of the same quality
as those provided by lawyers who do advertise.
D. Most lawyers who now specify fee arrangements in their advertisements would
continue to do so even if the specification were not required.
E. Most lawyers who advertise specific services do not lower their fees for those
services when they begin to advertise.

Answer : E

93. Opponents of laws that require automobile drivers and passengers to wear seat belts
argue that in a free society people have the right to take risks as long as the people do not
harm others as a result of taking the risks. As a result, they conclude that it should be
each person's decision whether or not to wear a seat belt.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion drawn above?

A. Many new cars are built with seat belts that automatically fasten when someone
sits in the front seat.
 B. Automobile insurance rates for all automobile owners are higher because of the
need to pay for the increased injuries or deaths of people not wearing seat belts.
C. Passengers in airplanes are required to wear seat belts during takeoffs and
landings.
D. The rate of automobile fatalities in states that do not have mandatory seat-belt
laws is greater than the rate of fatalities in states that do have such laws.
E. In automobile accidents, a greater number of passengers who do not wear seat
belts are injured than are passengers who do wear seat belts.

Answer : B

94. The cost of producing radios in Country Q is ten percent less than the cost of producing
radios in Country Y. Even after transportation fees and tariff charges are added, it is still
cheaper for a company to import radios from Country Q to Country Y than to produce
radios in Country Y.

The statements above, if true, best support which of the following assertions?

A. Labor costs in Country Q are ten percent below those in Country Y.

B. Importing radios from Country Q to Country Y will eliminate ten percent of the
manufacturing jobs in Country Y.
C. The tariff on a radio imported from Country Q to Country Y is less than ten
percent of the cost of manufacturing the radio in Country Y.
D. The fee for transporting a radio from Country Q to Country Y is more than ten
percent of the cost of manufacturing the radio in Country Q.
E. It takes ten percent less time to manufacture a radio in Country Q than it does in
Country Y.

Answer : C

95. During the Second World War, about 375,000 civilians died in the United States and
about 408,000 members of the United States armed forces died overseas. On the basis of
those figures, it can be concluded that it was not much more dangerous to be overseas in
the armed forces during the Second World War than it was to stay at home as a civilian.

Which of the following would reveal most clearly the absurdity of the conclusion drawn
above?

A. Counting deaths among members of the armed forces who served in the United
States in addition to deaths among members of the armed forces serving overseas
B. Expressing the difference between the numbers of deaths among civilians and
members of the armed forces as a percentage of the total number of deaths
C. Separating deaths caused by accidents during service in the armed forces from
deaths caused by combat injuries
D. Comparing death rates per thousand members of each group rather than
comparing total numbers of deaths
 E. Comparing deaths caused by accidents in the United States to deaths caused by
combat in the armed forces.

Answer : D

96. One state adds a 7 percent sales tax to the price of most products purchased within its
jurisdiction. This tax, therefore, if viewed as tax on income, has the reverse effect of the
federal income tax: the lower the income, the higher the annual percentage rate at which
the income is taxed.

The conclusion above would be properly drawn if which of the following were assumed
as a premise?

A. The amount of money citizens spend on products subject to the state tax tends to
be equal across income levels.
B. The federal income tax favors citizens with high incomes, whereas the state sales
tax favors citizens with low incomes.
C. Citizens with low annual incomes can afford to pay a relatively higher percentage
of their incomes in state sales tax, since their federal income tax is relatively low.
D. The lower a state's sales tax, the more it will tend to redistribute income from the
more affluent citizens to the rest of society.
E. Citizens who fail to earn federally taxable income are also exempt from the state
sales tax.

Answer : A

97. The average age of chief executive officers (CEO's) in a large sample of companies is 57.
The average age of CEO's in those same companies 20 years ago was approximately
eight years younger. On the basis of those data, it can be concluded that CEO's in general
tend to be older now.

Which of the following casts the most doubt on the conclusion drawn above?

A. The dates when the CEO's assumed their current positions have not been
specified.
B. No information is given concerning the average number of years that CEO's
remain in office.
C. The information is based only on companies that have been operating for at least
20 years.
D. Only approximate information is given concerning the average age of the CEO's
20 years ago.
E. Information concerning the exact number of companies in the sample has not
been given.

Answer : C
98. Surveys show that every year only 10 percent of cigarette smokers switch brands. Yet the
manufacturers have been spending an amount equal to 10 percent of their gross receipts
on cigarette promotion in magazines. It follows from these figures that inducing cigarette
smokers to switch brands did not pay, and that cigarette companies would have been no
worse off economically if they had dropped their advertising.

Of the following, the best criticism of the conclusion that inducing cigarette smokers to
switch brands did not pay is that the conclusion is based on

A. computing advertising costs as a percentage of gross receipts, not of overall costs

B. past patterns of smoking and may not carry over to the future
C. the assumption that each smoker is loyal to a single brand of cigarettes at any one
time
D. the assumption that each manufacturer produces only one brand of cigarettes
E. figures for the cigarette industry as a whole and may not hold for a particular
company

Answer : E

99. Toughened hiring standards have not been the primary cause of the present staffing
shortage in public schools. The shortage of teachers is primarily caused by the fact that in
recent years teachers have not experienced any improvements in working conditions and
their salaries have not kept pace with salaries in other professions.

Which of the following, if true, would most support the claims above?

A. Many teachers already in the profession would not have been hired under the new
hiring standards.
B. Today more teachers are entering the profession with a higher educational level
than in the past.
C. Some teachers have cited higher standards for hiring as a reason for the current
staffing shortage.
D. Many teachers have cited low pay and lack of professional freedom as reasons for
their leaving the profession.
E. Many prospective teachers have cited the new hiring standards as a reason for not
entering the profession.

Answer : C

100. A proposed ordinance requires the installation in new homes of sprinklers

automatically triggered by the presence of a fire. However, a home builder argued that
because more than ninety percent of residential fires are extinguished by a household
member, residential sprinklers would only marginally decrease property damage caused
by residential fires.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the home builder's
argument?

A. Most individuals have no formal training in how to extinguish fires.

B. Since new homes are only a tiny percentage of available housing in the city, the
new ordinance would be extremely narrow in scope.
C. The installation of smoke detectors in new residences costs significantly less than
the installation of sprinklers.
D. In the city where the ordinance was proposed, the average time required by the
fire department to respond to a fire was less than the national average.
E. The largest proportion of property damage that results from residential fires is
caused by fires that start when no household member is present.

Answer : B