PEC Review
PEC Review
PEC Review
Review Article
STUDIES ON PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS – A BRIEF REVIEW
P.K.MAHAPATRA1*, B.B.PANDA1 AND M.K.GHOSH2
Post graduate Department of Chemistry, G.M. (Auto.) college, Sambalpur768004 Orissa, India; 1 Department of Chemistry, Govt. College
1
of Engineering, Kalahandi, Orissa India
Received: 16 July 2010, Revised and Accepted: 22 Aug 2010
ABSTRACT
The present review on renewable energy is directed to the development of photoelectrochemical cells based on thin film compound semiconductor
electrodes. Attempts have been made to include the valuable work done so far on energy conversion starting from the work of Becquerel. The
review paper has been presented briefly and systematically.
Keywords: Liquid junction, Thin film, Photoelectrochemical cell.
INTODUCTION process by using suitable redox couples. H.Gerischer reviewed the
well known photoeffects observed at semiconductor electrode in a
the present commercial energies are based on the fossil and nuclear PEC cell44 using CdS, CdSe and GaP electrode in the form of single
fuels which have dangerous consequences on our environment. In crystal stated that such effects are based on the formation of
order to avoid that, research is going on to find clean and renewable schottky barrier at the solid semiconductor‐redox electrolyte
energies to meet the present energy crisis. The main efforts of junction. A.B.Ellis, M.S.Wrighton et al and many workers have
research workers have been focused in very recent years to the carried out extensive series of investigations on stabilization of
development of photoelectrochemical cells of regenerative type photoelectrodes using redox aqueous electrolyte45‐50. In all the cases
otherwise called photovoltaic cells which convert solar energy mentioned above experiments were conducted mostly with single
directly into electrical energy involving a redox reaction(∆G=0). This crystal. From the year 1976 onwards polycrystalline semiconducting
is also called Liquid‐junction solar cells. materials were used in PEC cells51‐57. In the year 1980 A.Heller and B.
The field of photoelectrochemistry is originated from the work of Miller58 reported a 12% solar to electrical conversion efficiency with
Becquerel1 in the year 1839. A little further work was done on this the n‐GaAs electrode in polysulphide electrolyte. A.J.Bard etal
topic for the next hundred years and the origin of this photovoltaic observed59 that Fermi level pinning is brought about by
phenomenon (Becquerel Effect) was not well understood. Extensive semiconductor surface states resulting the band bending across the
investigation of semiconductor‐liquid electrolyte junction PEC cells semiconductor. Then the illumination of the semiconductor can
was carried out in the 1950’s and 1960’s.In the year 1954–55. result an output photovoltage which is independent of solution
Brettain and Garrett2‐3 made a classical investigation of the effect of potential. If a change in the surface states can be brought about, the
light on Germanium (Ge) electrode in contact with electrolyte. output photovoltage can be improved. The flat bend potential can be
determined from the photocurrent and photovoltage values, the
Their experiment offered evidence as to the distinct roles played by method been employed by Butler and Ginley60. A good piece of work
holes and conduction electrons in the discharge of cations & in the has been done by K.L.Chopra et al on thin film semiconductor
anodic dissolution. electrode in photoelectrochemical cells61.
In the year 1959 Gobrecht et al4 observed photovoltaic effects in The surface recombination rates of semiconductor‐liquid junction
metal electrolyte and elemental semiconductor‐electrolyte system. based PEC cells can be successfully controlled by photoelectrode
Richard William, in the year 1960 studied5 the photovoltaic effect surface modification62‐63. Mixed compound semiconductor
with a number of compound semiconductors like CdS, CdSe, CuI, electrodes were found to exhibit better photoresponse then simple
ZnO, ZnS, ZnTe, GaAs. He has classified two distinct types of photoelectrodes64. The power conversion efficiency of PEC cell based
electrode reactions on the semiconductor‐electrolyte interface. First on n‐GaAs photoelectrode in sulphide‐polysulphide redox system
type is the reaction of the photoelectrode material itself with has been significantly enhanced by surface modification of
eventual destruction (photoanodic dissolution) and the second type photoanode through Ruthenium and Osmium metal ions 65. A good
is the reaction at a chemically inert electrode material by the amount of work has been done using n‐CdSe,n‐CdS electrodes on
exchange of electrons with an oxidation –reduction (redox) couple Photoelectrochemical cells66‐70. It has been observed71 that the use of
consisting of two different ionic species dissolved in the electrolytic non‐aqueous redox electrolytes is generally useful in enhancing the
solution. Studies on photoelectrochemical cells using stability of PEC solar cells by suppressing the corrosion reaction at
semiconducting materials like Si, CdS, ZnS, CdSe, ZnSe, ZnTe, GaAs, semiconductor‐electrolyte interface.
GaP, ZnO, KtaO3, Ta2S, SrTiO3 and TiO2 have been extensively
conducted by several researchers6‐13. Basic understanding of It has been reported that72 introduction of Antimony up to 0.075
photoelectrochemical phenomenon and important observation on W% to CdS thin film decreases the band gap of CdS and increases the
the kinetics and energetic of electron transfer across the photosensitivity. A variety of sensitizing dyes have been examined to
semiconductor‐electrolyte junction were made by Gerischer, improve the photoelectrochemical characteristics of semiconductor
Morrison,Memming and others in early seventies 14‐38 . photoelectrode system73. A paper on dye sensitization of Antimony
doped CdS Photoelectrochemical solar cells has been appeared74,
Whatever works done in photoelectrochemistry before 1970 were of where it is reported that organic dyes Eosin, Thymol and Rhodamin
fundamental nature. At the beginning of 1970, renewed efforts were 6G if used as sensitizer in PEC solar cells, the efficiency was found to
directed at these systems and many combinations of semiconductors increase by almost double, the increase in efficiency being attributed
and liquid were discovered that could affect the stable conversion of to increase in the density of majority free carriers (electron). Even
light into electricity. The work of Honda and coworkers 39‐42 on application of dye in PEC solar cell increases the stability of the
photosensitized electrolytic oxidation using n‐TiO2 semiconductor system. Further controlled chemical and thermal processing can
electrode was not found to be suitable for practical application of lead to viable levels of photoconversion with high stability75. The
solar energy conversion. In the same year 1971, Fujishima et al 43 possibility of tuning of band gap by gradual variation of proportion
attempted to quench the semiconductor electrode decomposition of elements of the same family of atoms practically advantageous in
Mahapatra et al.
Int J Chem Res, Vol 2, Issue 2, 2011, 13
designing liquid electrolyte‐solid semiconductor junction PEC cells 32. Gomes W P Freund T and Morrison S R. J Electrochem soc
for enhancing solar energy conversion efficiency 76. The potential of 1968; 115: 818.
the application of thin film prepared by simple two step method has 33. Freund T and Morrison S R. Surf Sci 1968; 9: 119.
been studied after optimization of different parameters and 34. Memming R. J Electrochem soc 1969; 116: 785.
annealing for conversion of solar energy into electricity 77. It has 35. Memming R and Schwandt G. Electrochem Acta 1968; 13: 1299.
been reported that CdSe film grown by brush plated technique on 36. Laitinen H A etal. J Electrochem soc 1968; 115: 1024.
substrates at high temperature, when used as photoanode in PEC 37. Ohmann F L. Ber Buns Ges 1966; 70: 87.
cells increases the efficiency of the same as compared to those 38. Fujishima A, Honda K and Kikuchi S. J Chem Soc Jpn 1969; 72:
prepared at room temperature and post annealed78. In another 108.
paper the preparative parameters like deposition potential, solution 39. Fujishima A and Honda K. J Chem Soc Jpn 1971; 74: 355.
concentration, bath temperature, pH of the electrolytic bath and 40. Fujishima A and Honda K. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 1971; 44: 1148.
deposition time have been optimized by using photoelectrochemical 41. Fujishima A and Honda K. J Inst Ind Sci Univ Tokyu 1970; 22:
technique to obtain well adherent and uniform thin film and found 478.
that the material exhibits a direct optical transition having band gap 42. Fujishima A and Honda K. Nature 1972; 37: 238.
energy 1.72eV79. The role of every layer of descending band gap 43. Fujishima A, et al. Bull Chem Soc Japan 1971; 44: 304.
energy on the performance of PEC cell has been demonstrated80 44. Gericher H. Electro anal Chem Interfacial Chem 1975; 58: 263.
where it has been found that the three layered electrode exhibits 45. Ellis A B, Kaiser S W, & Wrighton M S. J Am Chem Soc 1976; 98:
more photoresponse than bilayer. It has been experimented in the 1635.
paper81 that the efficiency and fill factor are maximum and lighted 46. Ellis A B, Kaiser S W, & Wrighton M S. J Am Chem Soc 1976; 98:
ideality factor is minimum in annealed photoanode. It has been 6855.
examined82 that the photoactivity and electrochemical corrosion of 47. Ellis A B, Kaiser S W & Wrighton M S. J Am Chem Soc 1976; 98:
thin film are improved on inclusion of surfactant facilitated colloidal 6418.
particulates. The cyclic voltametric method has been found to be an 48. Ellis A B, Kaiser S W, & Wrighton M S. Adv Chem Series 1977;
effective method for preparation of thin film. The film prepared by 163: 71.
the said method have been found to have band gap energy in the 49. Ellis A B, Bolts J M, Kaiser S W & Wrighton M S J Am Chem Soc
range of 1.32eV‐1.4eV83 and found to be an effective method for 1977; 99: 2848.
demonstrating photo conversion efficiency up to the order of 4%. 50. Ellis A B, Bolts J B, Kaiser S W & Wrighton M S J Am Chem Soc
The effect of current density and deposition time on cell parameters 1977; 99: 2839.
has been studied84 and it has been found that the cell parameters of 51. Miller B & Heller A. Nature 1976; 262: 680.
cell having binary thin film increase with the increase of current 52. Hodes G, Manassen J & Cahen D. J Appl Electrochem 1977; 7:
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mixing lower band gap semiconducting material to wide band gap 53. Miller B, Heller A, Robbins M, Menezes S, Chang K C, Thompson
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band energy lower than band gap of the semiconductor to the redox 54. Manassen J, Hodes G & Cahen D. J Electrochem Soc 1977; 124:
electrolyte of the PEC cell could enhance the efficiency and stability 532.
of cell using mixed CdS‐CdSe85. 55. Reiss H. J Electrochem Soc 1978; 125: 937.
56. Morrison S R. “The Chemical Phys.of Surfaces”, New York,
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