EXERCISES FOR GRADE 10 STUDENTS (UNIT 9.

1)
I. Replace the words and phrases in bold in sentences 1-15 with one of those from the box. You will not need all
of the words and phrases from the box.

1. In some countries, building is restricted or completely banned in the area of farmland or woods and parks which
surround a community. ___________________
2. More and more companies are using boxes, cartons, and cans which can easily be decomposed by organisms
such as bacteria, or by sunlight, sea, water, etc., for their products. ___________________
3. The burning of some fuels creates carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and methane which rise into
the atmosphere. ___________________
4. Farmers have cleared acres of thick wooded land in tropical regions where the precipitation is very high to
provide pasture for their cattle. ___________________
5. Planting trees and bushes can provide some protection from the gradual wearing away of soil.
___________________
6. We should all try to process waste material so that it can be used again. ___________________
7. Many shops now sell fruit and vegetables which are cultivated naturally, without using any chemical fertilizers or
pesticides. ___________________
8. This bread is made from wheat which has been altered at a molecular level so as to change certain
characteristics which can be inherited. ___________________
9. The process of removing trees from an area of land is destroying millions of acres of woodland every year.
___________________
10. Polluted precipitation which kills trees often falls a long distance from the source of the pollution.
___________________
11. Human activity has had a devastating effect on the living things, both large and small, in many parts of the world.
___________________
12. The gases and other substances which come from factories using oil, coal, and other fuels which are the
remains of plants and animals can cause serious damage to the environment. ___________________
13. Don't drink that water. It's been made dirty by something being added to it. ___________________
14. Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace, and other people concerned with protecting the environment are holding an
international summit in Geneva next month. ___________________
15. The heating up of the earth's atmosphere by pollution is threatening life as we know it. ___________________
Read this essay and complete the gaps with one of the words or phrases from the box in Exercise 1.
There is no doubt that the environment is in trouble. Factories burn (1) _____________ which produce (2)
_______________, and this kills trees. At the same time, (3) ___________________ rise into the air and contribute to
(4) ___________________ which threatens to melt the polar ice cap. Meanwhile farmers clear huge areas of (5)
____________ in places such as the Amazon to produce feeding land for cattle or wood for building. Rivers and oceans
are so heavily (6) _____________ by industrial waste that it is no longer safe to go swimming. Cars pump out
poisonous (7) _____________ which we all have to breathe in. (8) _____________ and overfishing are killing off
millions of animals, including whales, elephants, and other (9) ______________________. In fact, all around us, all
living things large and small which comprise our finely balanced (10) _______________ are being systematically
destroyed by human greed and thoughtlessness.
There is a lot we can all do, however, to help prevent this. The easiest thing, of course, is to (11) _____________ waste
material such as paper and glass so that we can use it again. We should also check that the things we buy from
supermarkets are packaged in (12) ______________ packaging which decomposes easily. At the same time, we should
make a conscious effort to avoid foods which are (13) _______________ (at least until someone proves that they are
safe both for us and for the environment). If you are truly committed to protecting the environment, of course, you should
only buy (14) ______________ fruit and vegetables, safe in the knowledge that they have been naturally cultivated.
Finally, of course, we should buy a smaller car, as these cause less (15) _____________ than large sedans or SUVs.
Even better, we should try to make more use of public transportation.
Serious (16) ___________________, however, do much more. They are aware of the global issues involved and will
actively involve themselves in (17) _________________________ by making sure our forests are kept safe for future
generations. They will oppose activities which are harmful to animals, such as (18) ____________________ and they
will campaign to keep the (19) ____________ around our towns and cities free from new building. We cannot all be as
committed as them, but we can at least do our own little bit at a grass roots level. We humans control our planet, but
that doesn’t mean we can do whatever we like with it.
II. Choose A, B, C or D that best fits each blank in the sentences
1. The storm ____ to be over now.
A. has appeared B. is appearing C. appears D. is appeared
2. “You look tired.” - “I know, I haven’t been sleeping well ____”
A. presently B. currently C. shortly D. lately
3. “Why did they stop the tennis game?” - “They could see that it was ____ rain.”
A. due to B. going C. about to D. the point of
4. "Can we use the pool yet?” - “No, it ____”
A. is still being cleaned B. isn’t cleaned yet C. is yet to clean D. is still cleaning
5. “Should I phone Annie now?” - “I wouldn’t. She ____ the baby to bed about now.”
A. is putting B. will be putting C. going to put D. will have put
6. Farmers ____ a protest against falling grain prices.
A. are to stage B. staging C. are staged D. will be staged
7. The managing director ____ to lay off workers.
A. threatens forever B. does forever threatenC. is forever threatening D. is threatening forever
8. “When can Chris move into her new flat?” - “As soon as ____ her new furniture.”
A. they will deliver B. they have delivered C. they are being delivered D. do they deliver
9. Josh was hired last month, and ____, he’s been a real asset.
A. so far B. until C. for ages D. ever since
10. The board ____ a new chairman before next month’s meeting.
A. will have been selecting B. has selected C. is selecting D. will have selected
11. Would it be ____ to offer bonuses to staff who reach their targets?
A. inclusive B. feasible C. financial D. freelance
12. The post office has difficulty ____ the volume of mail
at Christmas time.
A. coping B. running C. dealing D. handling
13. The office needs ____ renovation.
A. instructive B. selective C. extensive D. inventive
14. As a result of their financial problems, the company got a consultant to help them ____.
A. deteriorate B. shrink C. diminish D. downsize
15. Dan wouldn’t sign the contract because he felt it was ____.
A. his line of work B. none of his business C. out of work D. a raw deal
16. Why doesn’t Mike ____ some of his work to his assistant?
A. demand B. resign C. widen D. delegate
17. I think we need to look at the problem from a different ____.
A. perspective B. feedback C. administration D. workload
18. Rose gets a great deal of satisfaction from doing ____ work.
A. maternity B. voluntary C. affectionate D. occupational
19. Legal matters are not my ____ - you’ll have to consult a lawyer.
A. domain B. aspect C. prospect D. excess
20. The senator disapproved of his daughter’s marrying a ____ gardener.
A. short-term B. high-flying C. lowly D. meteoric
21. I’d never been to the ballet before. I just went out of ____.
A. curiosity B. complexity C. distraction D. interference
22. Child actors often show great ____ for their age.
A. credibility B. offence C. maturity D. imitation
23. Journalists are supposed to maintain their ____ but theatre critics often praise their friends.
A. clearance B. ignorance C. dissimilarity D. objectivity
24. ____ at the free concert was said to be over 100,000.
A. Insistence B. Attendance C. Acceptance D. Popularity
25. The free ticket offer is subject to ____.
A. availability B. destruction C. existence D. pretence
26. The charity thanked all the people who gave money for their ____.
A. generosity B. unoriginality C. unpopularity D. similarity
27. The jury ____ its verdict tomorrow.
A. is to announce B. will have been announced C. has announced D. is being announced
28. To my ____, I found I had to do more paperwork before the permit could be granted.
A. annoy B. annoyed C. annoying D. annoyance
29. Management ____ ways to save money for months before the layoffs.
A. were to discuss B. has been discussing C. were discussed D. had been discussing
30. “Look at Courtney in this photo!” - “____ so thin?”
A. Would she always be B. Was she always be C. Did she always use to be D. Had she always be
31. Julie was so engrossed ____ that she didn’t hear her sister come in.
A. in her book B. to the book C. into the book D. with the book
32. When the delay was announced, we realized that we ____ enough time to catch our next flight.
A. won’t have B. wouldn’t have C. hadn’t had D. weren’t having
33. The firm has doubled its profits since it ____ its range of products.
A. broadened B. had broadened C. was broadening D. was broadened
34. “What do you think of these books?” - “____, the two novels are similar.”
A. To their respects B. At many respecting C. In many respects D. The many respects
35. The recruits ____ a month’s hard training.
A. were resigned to themselves B. resigned to C. resigning themselves D. resigned themselves to
36. What exactly ____ for lower-income families?
A. is this tax change to mean B. does this tax change mean
C. will this tax change be meaning D. this tax change is meaning
37. The producer refused ____ to discuss any of the actor’s demands for more pay.
A. down and out B. outlook C. outright D. downright
38. Iron should not be taken in ____ with certain vitamins.
A. conjunction B. connection C. consistency D. concentration
39. She has shown complete ____ to her career.
A. administration B. occupation C. adaptation D. dedication
40. Of course, I thought your song was the ____ of the show.
A. spotlight B. forefront C. limelight D. highlight
41. His negative attitude ____ across in the interview.
A. went B. came C. played D. branched
42. Ms Fisher has a very ____ position on the committee.
A. preferential B. residential C. influential D. beneficial
43. I wonder if my lecturer can ____ any light on this essay for me?
A. dawn B. shed C. snap D. dub
44. Ed lost ____ when he forgot his employees’ names.
A. credibility B. originality C. simplicity D. inevitability
45. He’s so ambitious that he’ll do anything to ____ his career, even at the expense of others.
A. enlarge B. widen C. further D. expand
46. The novel is basically a ____ of a brilliant artist living in poverty.
A. trailer B. tale C. thriller D. plot
III. Give the correct forms of provided words to complete the sentences
1. Are those flowers real or are they _______________? ART
2. I'm looking for a flatmate so I’m going to put an ad in the ________________________. CLASS
3. I suppose my biggest fault is that I’m a ________________________. PERFECT
4. The hurricane has caused widespread ________________ along the whole coastal region. DESTROY
5. My teacher saying that I’d never amount to anything really ______________ my resolve to prove him wrong. And I
did! STRONG
6. It’s not a real Rolex, unfortunately - just a cheap _____________________. IMITATE
7. Please contact reception regarding the storing of _________________ in the hotel safe. VALUE
8. The positive relationship between a business and a customer, often referred to as ‘_____________’difficult to quantify
financially. GOOD
9. Theo and his brother are always together. They’re completely ___________________. SEPARATE
10. It's very _________________ of you to notice that Sean’s not his usual self. PERCEIVE
11. There was a long legal battle over the ________________, but in the end I did get quite a bit of money. INHERIT
12. I think saying that all black people are lazy is a very _____________ remark, to be honest. RACE
13. Despite his _______________ lack of concern, I think Gabriel really does care what other people think of him.
APPEAR
14. Don’t feel that you’re being ______________ to Sharon if you tell me what’s bothering you about her. LOYAL
15. James got into trouble for ___________________ a police officer. PERSON
16. If you have any complaints about a neighbour, take them to your residents’ ___________________ where they
should be able to advise you further. ASSOCIATE
17. Marvin used to be quite wild, but he’s _______________ calm these days. RELATE
18. According to Lionel, losing his job and then getting divorced were _______________, but I think there’s probably a
link. CONNECT
19. Young animals very quickly form a strong __________________ to their mothers. ATTACH
20. What I don’t like about school uniform is that it completely destroys all __________________. INDIVIDUAL
21. The cricket ground and the theatre make this a very _______________ area to live in. DESIRE
22. My family have always gone in for traditional country _____________, such as hunting, shooting and fishing.
PURSUE
23. What I like about Stravinsky’s music is the _____________ complexity, which has a powerful effect on the listener.
RHYTHM
24. After ten matches, we had the _______________ record of played ten, won none, lost ten. ENVY
25. I know you'd rather take your holiday in August, but when the boss is offering you extra days off, I don’t think you
can afford to be so ______________. CHOOSE
26. You don't need to be quite so ___________ in your work, and you might find you enjoy it more if you take a little
time off. ZEAL
27. You don’t have time to do all the sports you’d like to, so you're going to have to be a bit ____________. SELECT
28. After dinner, we went for a ____________ stroll along the seafront. LEISURE
29. We’re only two weeks into the school holidays and already my children are ______________. REST
30. I don’t mind Annabel spending time on her computer, but playing this latest game has become almost an
_______________. OBSESS
31. Alfie does have a _____________ to get upset if he loses. TEND
32. I don’t see why someone should be given _________________ treatment at an airport just because they're famous.
PREFER
33. I was given the _______________ task of telling the team that funding had been withdrawn from the project. ENVY
34. The Minister attempted to ____________ the dispute, saying it was just a minor disagreement. PLAY
35. I hate going clothes shopping with Carlo - he's so ____________ that he takes hours to find anything he likes.
CHOICE
36. I’m afraid I left the chicken in the oven a bit long so it’s a little ______________. DO
37. I wouldn't describe myself as a ____________ person, but I do enjoy the occasional game of golf. SPORT
38. A ___________________ learner is less likely to retain the content of the lesson than one who is enthusiastic about
his or her learning. MOTIVE
IV. Choose A, B, C or D that best fits each blank in the passage
The changing earth
Although the earth was formed about 4,500 million years ago, human beings have (0) ____ it for less than half a million
years. Within this time, population has increased hugely and people have had a vast (1) ____ upon the earth. They
have long been able to (2) ____ the forces of nature to use. Now, with modern technology, they have the power to alter
the balance of life on earth.
Reports back from the first astronauts helped dispel the dangerous (3) ____ that the world had no boundaries and had
limitless resources. (4) ____ ecologists have shown that all forms of life on earth are interconnected, so it (5) ____ that
all human activity has an effect on the natural environment.
In recent years, people have been putting the environment under stress. As a result, certain (6) ____ materials such as
timber, water and minerals are beginning to (7) ____ short. Pollution and the (8) ____ of waste are already critical
issues, and the (9) ____ of the environment is fast becoming the most pressing problem (10) ____ us all. The way we
respond to the challenge will have a profound effect on the earth and its life support (11) ____.
However, despite all these threats there are (12) ____ signs. Over the past few decades, the growth in population has
been more than matched by food production, indicating that we should be able to feed ourselves for some time yet.
0. A. inhabited B. lived C. dwelled D. resided
1. A. imprint B. indication C. impression D. impact
2. A. put B. make C. place D. stand
3. A. judgement B. notion C. reflection D. concept
4. A. However B. Likewise C. Moreover D. Otherwise
5. A. results B. follows C. complies D. develops
6. A. raw B. coarse C. crude D. rough
7. A. turn B. come C. go D. run
8. A. disposal B. displacement C. dismissal D. disposition
9. A. state B. situation C. case D. circumstance
10. A. encountering B. opposing C. meeting D. confronting
11. A. projects B. systems C. methods D. routines
12. A. stimulating B. welcoming C. satisfying D. reassuring
V. Read the text and complete the tasks below it
Choose the correct heading for each section
List of Headings
i. The probable effects of the new international trade agreement
ii. The environmental impact of modern farming
iii. Farming and soil erosion
iv. The effects of government policy in rich countries
v. Governments and management of the environment
vi. The effects of government policy in poor countries
vii. Farming and food output
viii. The effects of government policy on food output
ix. The new prospects for world trade

Section A. _____
The role of governments in environmental management is difficult but inescapable. Sometimes, the state tries to
manage the resources it owns, and does so badly. Often, however, governments act in an even more harmful way. They
actually subsidise the exploitation and consumption of natural resources. A whole range of policies, from farm price
support to protection for coal-mining, do environmental damage and (often) make no economic sense. Scrapping them
offers a two-fold bonus: a cleaner environment and a more efficient economy. Growth and environmentalism can
actually go hand in hand if politicians have the courage to confront the vested interest that subsidies create.
Section B. _____
No activity affects more of the earth’s surface than farming. It shapes a third of the planet’s land area, not counting
Antarctica, and the proportion is rising. World food output per head has risen by 4 per cent between the 1970s and
1980s mainly as a result of increases in yields from land already in cultivation, but also because more land has been
brought under the plough. Higher yields have been achieved by increased irrigation, better crop breeding, and a
doubling in the use of pesticides and chemical fertilisers in the 1970s and 1980s.
Section C. _____
All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest
single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilisers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies; more intensive
farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of mono-Culture and
use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants
which might have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the productivity of
land In both rich and poor countries. The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done,
discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland as losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil’s productivity.
The country subsequently embarked upon a program to convert 11 per cent of its cropped land to meadow or forest.
Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America.
Section D. _____
Government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can cause. In the rich
countries, subsidies for growing crops and price supports for farm output drive up the price of land.The annual value of
these subsidies is immense: about $250 billion, or more than all World Bank lending in the 1980s.To increase the output
of crops per acre, a farmer’s easiest option is to use more of the most readily available inputs: fertilisers and pesticides.
Fertiliser use doubled in Denmark in the period 1960-1985 and increased in The Netherlands by 150 per cent. The
quantity of pesticides applied has risen too; by 69 per cent In 1975-1984 in Denmark, for example, with a rise of 115 per
cent in the frequency of application in the three years from 1981.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s some efforts were made to reduce farm subsidies. The most dramatic example was
that of New Zealand, which scrapped most farm support in 1984. A study of the environmental effects, conducted in
1993, found that the end of fertiliser subsidies had been followed by a fall in fertiliser use (a fall compounded by the
decline in world commodity prices, which cut farm incomes). The removal of subsidies also stopped land-clearing and
over-stocking, which in the past had been the principal causes of erosion. Farms began to diversify. The one kind of
subsidy whose removal appeared to have been bad for the environment was the subsidy to manage soil erosion.
In less enlightened countries, and in the European Union, the trend has been to reduce rather than eliminate subsidies
and to introduce new payments to encourage farmers to treat their land In environmentally friendlier ways, or to leave it
follow. It may sound strange but such payments need to be higher than the existing incentives for farmers to grow food
crops. Farmers, however, dislike being paid to do nothing. In several countries, they have become interested in the
possibility of using fuel produced from crop residues either as a replacement for petrol (as ethanol) or as fuel for power
stations (as biomass). Such fuels produce far less carbon dioxide than coal or oil, and absorb carbon dioxide as they
grow. They are therefore less likely to contribute to the greenhouse effect. But they die rarely competitive with fossil
fuels unless subsidised - and growing them does no less environmental harm than other crops.
Section E. _____
In poor countries, governments aggravate other sorts of damage. Subsidies for pesticides and artificial fertilisers
encourage farmers to use greater quantities than are needed to get the highest economic crop yield. A study by the
International Rice Research Institute Of pesticide use by farmers in South East Asia found that, with pest-resistant
varieties of rice, even moderate applications of pesticide frequently cost farmers more than they saved. Such waste puts
farmers on a chemical treadmill: bugs and weeds become resistant to poisons, so next year’s poisons must be more
lethal. One cost is to human health, Every year some 10,000 people die from pesticide poisoning, almost all of them in
the developing countries, and another 400,000 become seriously ill. As for artificial fertilisers, their use worldwide
increased by 40 per cent per unit of farmed land between the mid-1970s and late 1980s, mostly in the developing
countries. Overuse of fertilisers may cause farmers to stop rotating crops or leaving their land fallow. That, In turn, may
make soil erosion worse.
Section F. _____
A result of the Uruguay Round of world trade negotiations Is likely to be a reduction of 36 percent In the average levels
of farm subsidies paid by the rich countries in 1986-1990. Some of the world’s food production will move from Western
Europe to regions where subsidies are lower or non-existent, such as the former communist countries and parts of the
developing world. Some environmentalists worry about this outcome. It will be undoubtedly mean more pressure to
convert natural habitat into farmland. But it will also have many desirable environmental effects. The intensity of farming
in the rich world should decline, and the use of chemical inputs will diminish. Crops are more likely to be grown in the
environments to which they are naturally suited. And more farmers in poor countries will have the money and the
incentive to manage their land in ways that are sustainable in the long run. That is important. To feed an increasingly
hungry world, farmers need every incentive to use their soil and water effectively and efficiently.

Complete the table below using the information in sections B and C. Choose your answers A-G from the box
below the table
Agricultural practices Environmental damage that may result
 1. ___________  Deforestation
 2. __________  Degraded water supply
 More intensive farming  3. _____________
 Expansion of monoculture  4. _____________

A. Abandonment of fallow period B. Disappearance of old plant varieties

C. Increased use of chemical inputs D. Increased irrigation
E. Insurance against pests and diseases F. Soil erosion G. Clearing land for cultivation

VI. Read the text and complete the tasks below it

PART 1
A. Air pollution is increasingly becoming the focus of government and citizen concern around the globe. From Mexico
City and New York to Singapore and Tokyo, new solutions to this old problem are being proposed, Mailed and
implemented with ever increasing speed. It is feared that unless pollution reduction measures are able to keep pace
with the continued pressures of urban growth, air quality in many of the world’s major cities will deteriorate beyond
reason.
B. Action is being taken along several fronts: through new legislation, improved enforcement and innovative technology.
In Los Angeles, state regulations are forcing manufacturers to try to sell ever cleaner cars: their first of the cleanest,
titled "Zero Emission Vehicles’, have to be available soon, since they are intended to make up 2 percent of sales in
1997. Local authorities in London are campaigning to be allowed to enforce anti-pollution laws themselves; at present
only the police have the power to do so, but they tend to be busy elsewhere. In Singapore, renting out road space to
users is the way of the future.
C. When Britain’s Royal Automobile Club monitored the exhausts of 60,000 vehicles, it found that 12 percent of them
produced more than half the total pollution. Older cars were the worst offenders; though a sizeable number of quite new
cars were also identified as gross polluters, they were simply badly tuned. California has developed a scheme to get
these gross polluters off the streets: they offer a flat $700 for any old, run-down vehicle driven in by its owner. The aim is
to remove the heaviest-polluting, most decrepit vehicles from the roads.
D. As part of a European Union environmental programme, a London council is resting an infra-red spectrometer from
the University of Denver in Colorado. It gauges the pollution from a passing vehicle - more useful than the annual
stationary rest that is the British standard today - by bouncing a beam through the exhaust and measuring what gets
blocked. The council’s next step may be to link the system to a computerised video camera able to read number plates
automatically.
E. The effort to clean up cars may do little to cut pollution if nothing is done about the tendency to drive them more. Los
Angeles has some of the world’s cleanest cars - far better than those of Europe - but the total number of miles those
cars drive continues to grow. One solution is car-pooling, an arrangement in which a number of people who share the
same destination share the use of one car. However, the average number of people in a car on the freeway in Los
Angeles, which is 1.0, has been falling steadily. Increasing it would be an effective way of reducing emissions as well as
easing congestion. The trouble is, Los Angelinos seem to like being alone in their cars.
F. Singapore has for a while had a scheme that forces drivers to buy a badge if they wish to visit a certain part of the
city. Electronic innovations make possible increasing sophistication: rates can vary according to road conditions, time of
day and so on. Singapore is advancing in this direction, with a city-wide network of transmitters to collect information
and charge drivers as they pass certain points. Such road-pricing, however, can be controversial. When the local
government in Cambridge, England, considered introducing Singaporean techniques, it faced vocal and ultimately
successful opposition.
PART 2
The scope of the problem facing the world’s cities is immense. In 1992, the United Nations Environmental Programme
and the World Health Organisation (WHO) concluded that all of a sample of twenty megacities - places likely to have
more than ten million inhabitants in the year 2000 - already exceeded the level the WHO deems healthy in at least one
major pollutant. Two-thirds of them exceeded the guidelines for two, seven for three or more.
Of the six pollutants monitored by the WHO - carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulphur dioxide, lead and
particulate matter - it is this last category that is attracting the most attention from health researchers. PM10, a sub-
category of particulate matter measuring ten-millionths of a meter across, has been implicated in thousands of deaths a
year in Britain alone. Research being conducted in two counties of Southern California is reaching similarly disturbing
conclusions concerning this little-understood pollutant.
A worldwide rise in allergies, particularly asthma, over the past four decades is now said to be linked with increased air
pollution. The lungs and brains of children who grow up in polluted air offer further evidence of its destructive power the
old and ill; however, are the most vulnerable to the acute effects of heavily polluted stagnant air. It can actually hasten
death, so it did in December 1991 when a cloud of exhaust fumes lingered over the city of London for over a week.
The United Nations has estimated that in the year 2000 there will be twenty-four mega-cities and a further eighty-five
cities of more than three million people. The pressure on public officials, corporations and urban citizens to reverse
established trends in air pollution is likely to grow in proportion with the growth of cities themselves. Progress is being
made. The question, though, remains the same: ‘Will change happen quickly enough?’
Questions 1-5
Look at the following solutions (Questions 1-5) and locations. Match each solution with one location. NB You may use
any location more than once.

SOLUTIONS
1. Manufacturers must sell cleaner cars.
2. Authorities want to have the power to enforce anti-pollution laws.
3. Drivers will be charged according to the roads they use.
4. Moving vehicles will be monitored for their exhaust emissions.
5. Commuters are encouraged to share their vehicles with others.
Locations
Singapore – Tokyo – London - New York - Mexico City – Cambridge - Los Angeles

Questions 6-10
Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in the Reading Passage? Write
YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

6. According to British research, a mere twelve percent of vehicles tested produced over fifty percent of total pollution
produced by the sample group.
7. It is currently possible to measure the pollution coming from individual vehicles whilst they are moving.
8. Residents of Los Angeles are now tending to reduce the yearly distances they travel by car.
9. Car-pooling has steadily become more popular in Los Angeles in recent years.
10. Charging drivers for entering certain parts of the city has been successfully done in Cambridge, England.
Questions 11-13
Choose the appropriate letters A—D

11. How many pollutants currently exceed WHO guidelines in all mega cities studied?
A. one B. two C. three D. seven
12. Which pollutant is currently the subject of urgent research?
A. nitrogen dioxide B. ozone C. lead D. particulate matter
13. Which of the following groups of people are the most severely affected by intense air pollution?
A. allergy sufferers B. children C. the old and ill D. asthma sufferers
VII. You are going to read an article in which four naturalists explain their choice of most inspiring book about
the environment. Choose from the naturalists (A-D). The naturalists may be chosen more than once.

Which naturalist
1. says that the book contained a wider range of material than other books he/she owned? ____
2. says that the human race is often blamed for its destructive relationship with wildlife? ____
3. says that the book can make the organisation of a particular animal group clear to an observer? ____
4. explains what motivated him/her to start drawing? ____
5. describes experiencing a change of mood when reading the book? ____
6. praises the book for both its use of language and depth of feeling? ____
7. describes the sensory experiences evoked by the book? ____
8. thinks the book encouraged greater optimism about a personal skill? ____
9. mentions an initial reluctance to become involved in investigating environmental issues? ____
10. attributes the skill of the illustrator to extensive observation? ____
11. has come into contact with many leading environmental figures through work? ____
12. attributes the immediate appeal of the book to its illustrations? ____
13. first read the book at a time when experiencing problems? ____
14. comments on the illustrator’s ability to show animal behaviour through deceptively simple pictures? ____
15. says that no other book has proved to be as good as the one nominated? ____
Wildlife Books
We invited four leading naturalists to tell us about the wildlife classic that has influenced them most.
A. Geoffrey Lean
At least it wasn’t hard to choose the author. As an environmental journalist, one advantage of longevity is- that I have
had the chance to meet some of the giants who pioneered thinking in the field. Of these, none stood, indeed, still stands,
taller than Barbara Ward. I can’t think of anyone else more at the heart of environmental issues. She has synthesised
her experience of various environmental movements into her own compelling philosophy. Unwillingly ’volunteered’ to
cover the field, I found, as a young journalist, that she, more than anyone, made it all make sense.
Picking the book was much harder. It could have been Only One Earth or Progress for a Small Planet. But The Home of
Man is, to me, Barbara’s most important book. Its focus is on the explosive growth of the world’s cities, but its canvas is
the great themes to which she devoted her life. It is as eloquent and as impassioned a plea as exists for what we would
now call ’sustainable human development’. In the hundreds of books I have read since, I have yet to meet its equal.
B. Linda Bennett
When I open the pages of Signals for Survival by Niko Tinbergen, I can hear the long calls of herring gulls, recall the
smell of the guano in the hot sun and visualise the general hullabaloo of the colony. This book explains superbly,
through words and pictures, the fascinating world of animal communication.
Read Signals for Survival and then watch any gull colony, and the frenzy of activity changes from apparent chaos to a
highly efficient social structure. You can see which birds are partners, where the boundaries are and, later on in the
season, whole families can be recognised.
Niko Tinbergen's collaboration in this book with one of this century’s most talented wildlife artists, Eric Ennion, was
inspirational and has produced a book of interest to anyone with a love of wildlife. His spontaneous style of painting
came from years of watching and understanding birds. With just a minimal amount of line, and colour, he brings to life
how one gull is an aggressor, how another shows appeasement. This is the art of a true field naturalist.
C. Lee Durrell
Most definitely, My Family and Other Animals by my husband Gerald Durrell is the book that has had the greatest
influence on my life.
I was doing research work into animal vocalisations in Madagascar when I first read the book. I had been there two
years and was discouraged by the number of setbacks I was encountering but when, at the end of the day 71 opened
My Family and Other Animals to where I had left off the night before, the world became a brighter place. Animals,
people, joy and beauty inextricably woven together - a microcosm of a world worth saving.
Many people say that our species is the worst because of the terrible things we have done to the others. But I like to
think back to Gerald as a boy in My Family and Other Animals, looking at the world’s inhabitants as a whole, a family
whose members, be they good, bad or indifferent, are nevertheless so intertwined as to be inseparable. And that is a
concept we all need to grasp.
D. Bruce Pearson
A copy of The Shell Bird Book, by James Fisher, found its way into my school library shortly after it was first published in
1966. I was drawn to it at once, especially to the 48 colour plates of birds by Eric Ennion, painted, as the jacket puts it,
with particular skill and charm'. It was those Ennion images which captured my attention.
I already had copies of other bird books and had spent several holidays learning to identify birds. They encouraged me
to begin sketching what I saw as an aid to identification. But in The Shell Bird Book there was so much more to feast on.
As well as the glorious Ennion paintings, there were chapters on migrants and migration, a review of the history of birds
in Britain, and, best of all, a chapter on birds in music, literature and art.
It was the broad span of ornithological information and the exciting images that steered me towards being more of a
generalist in my appreciation of birds and the natural world. The book made it clear that my emotional and creative
response to nature was as valid and as possible as a rational and scientific one. And, as art was a stronger subject for
me than maths or physics, I began to see a door opening for me.
VIII. You are going to read an extract from a wildlife book. Six paragraphs have been removed from the extract.
Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap. There is one extra paragraph which you do not
need to use.
The big game of Africa
We all know, in an academic sense, that man as a species has existed for a very long time and that we have only
emerged with our present dominance in the comparatively recent past. The game country of Kenya puts this piece of
knowledge into context and enables us to experience it at the deep, intuitive level where all knowledge is felt as well as
known. When something is learnt in this deep sense the knowledge becomes part of ourselves and enriches our lives.
1. _______
Today this area is a network of roads and tracks and is almost entirely under cultivation. True, it contains the rem nants
of the Nandi and Kakamega forests but even these are rapidly being turned into charcoal and paper. I have driv en over
many roads in the area and walked the Nandi Hills without seeing any game. There are a few giraffe left on the high
land between Kitale and Eldoret; the remaining ante lope are rare and shy; the rhino and the lion have definitely gone. It
is the same over vast tracts of Kenya; where seventy years ago there was an abundance of animals, today you will find
almost nothing. I was hoping to see elephants.
2. _______
A number of cases of elephants aiding an injured comrade have been recorded by hunters and mother elephants have
been seen to carry a dead baby around for several days. It has been known for a hunter to track a wounded elephant
only to come on the corpse minus the valuable tusks, these having been broken off and smashed by his companions. It
is common knowledge that wild elephants coming upon a skeleton of one of their own kind will examine the bones, carry
them away, and scatter them far and wide, although they will ignore the remnants of other animals.
3. _______
But now pressure on the elephants’ land is increasing. New strains of maize now make it feasible to grow crops in areas
where only five years ago there was virtually no human population. The Masai, who until now have grazed their cattle
alongside the plains game are beginning to plough their lands for wheat and corn. Other threats are posed by the
increased use of insecticides; the expansion of cities and towns; and most worrying of all, the increase in the human
population. Things must change.
4. _______
Above all the pace at which we disturb the natural environment must slow down. Our startling success with the physical
sciences has convinced us that we can solve problems quickly by pushing the right buttons. But in nature, problems are
not solved quickly, although they can be created overnight. A disturbance of the established order is a wound, quickly
inflicted but slow to heal, with the ever-present possibility that the wound may cause a fatal infection. Even a carefully
thought-out and well-controlled change is still a form of surgery from which the environment must recover by adjusting
its complex mechanisms and balances to the new situation.
5. _______
Now, we humans and our greed are out of control all over the world; and in the same sense that a city child must visit a
farm to find that milk comes from cows, not bottles, so most of us need to visit Africa to find where mankind came from.
Even here there is a danger of losing touch with the past. Today the parks and reserves are last-ditch defences for
Kenya's wildlife. The long-term outcome is far from certain, but meanwhile it is our privilege that enough remains for us
to glimpse the original glory first hand.
6. _______
Try to stay longer with each group of animals. They will reward you in their time not yours - remember they are making
the decisions. There is so much to see one is tempted to rush; more than one hundred species of mammals in Kenya,
ninety-five in the Masai Mara Reserve alone. But these animals are not postage stamps or locomotive numbers to be
ticked off on a list. Each of them has an individual character and fits into its own place in this complex system.
A. The men who started Kenya's wildlife sanctuaries were men of vision. They worked against heavy odds often with
inadequate resources. What is now needed is a sense of vision in society as a whole - values which accept that man is
a lesser part of a greater whole - an unfashionable idea in our rushing, modern world. We now need measures designed
to preserve wildlife for centuries, conceived and administered at the international level.
B. Since life began the environment has been adjusting to change; today it is the speed of change which is new and
potentially disastrous. A century ago man himself was part of the established order. The elephant hunters did not
threaten the survival of the elephant any more than lions. The men of the Lingula tribe - great elephant hunters who
used strong bows - had a toughness and knowledge which gave them nobility, in strong contrast to the furtive moral
squalor of the international racketeers involved in today's ivory trade.
C. There is something inexorable about a herd like this moving across country. No browsing, no pausing to pluck
branches or bunches of grass, no moving this way and that. Instead a steady marching, the young ones trotting to keep
up. Other animals do not deflect them; they stride majestically, as though conscious they are invulnerable, and all give
way before them.
D. In Kenya's game country, man is not yet the dominant animal and hopefully he never will be. Here, one can come to
grips with the fact that for around half a million centuries mammals have been the dominant form of life in Africa and that
only in the last of these centuries has man become the dominant mammal. But things are changing. In 1905 an army
captain marching from Kitale to Nandi Fort in western Kenya, counted 124 giraffes, 85 waterbucks, 4 rhinos, 62 zebras,
27 ostriches and 4 lions in around 10 miles.
E. The slender security of this privilege makes it doubly sad that many visitors bring their own pace with them when they
visit Kenya's wildlife. Too much dashing from one Game Park to another does not allow the visitor to attune himself. The
use of a vehicle is an advantage in that it can approach the animals without alarming them. However, if it imposes a
21st-century rhythm on your visit to an area which still has the slow pulse of pre-history, you have failed to make the
best of your privilege.
F. As well as being the biggest and in some ways the most interesting of the animals, elephants are in a sense the most
tragic. A century ago they were the masters of the land. They had the run of the continent and generally man aged their
own affairs. No other large animal has had such a wide range of habitat, from mountain forests through savannah and
semi-desert to the coast.
G. Like me, many visitors and scientists find elephants the most interesting animals to observe. There is the constant
feeling that the elephants, too, understand, make decisions, have feelings, have friends. Stories of elephants are legion.
Modern hunters say elephants know the boundaries of the National Parks and will smartly step inside when hunters are
around. If only the poachers knew the rules and stuck to them as carefully as their victims.
IX. Fill in each blank with the correct form of one of the provided verbs
worm ● check ●figure ●find ● suss ● drown ● sound ● stand ● fathom
1. Did you ______ out what time the parents’ meeting is?
2. I’ve been _____________ out whether it’s better to go by ferry or plane.
3. Susie reckons she’s __________ out a great way to get into the club for free.
4. We all __________ out into the playground.
5. I can't _________ out how to change my password.
6. The band were completely __________ out by all the screaming fans.
7. I’m going to _______ Bob out about his investing in the company.
8. Two essays really do ________ out from the rest.
9. Jan’s good at keeping secrets, so you’ll have to _______ it out of her!
10. None of us could _____________ out why the experiment wasn’t working.

slave ● plod ● explain ● beaver ● hammer ● break ● give ● be ● pass ● type ● work
1. Mary was _______________ away at her desk when I last popped in to see her.
2. Let’s ___________ away from the main crowd and go over there for a while.
3. You can't __________ it away as a simple mistake. You did it on purpose!
4. I think I’ll __________ these old clothes away. Do you know any charity shops around here?
5. My fingers are tired! I’ve ________________________ away at this keyboard for hours.
6. I'm sorry to tell you that your great-grandfather ___________ away during the night.
7. Keep ___________ away and you'll finish your novel eventually.
8. Can we have a break? We’ve been ___________ away all morning.
9. We can hear Carol ___________ away at her keyboard from the living room.
10. Don’t disturb your father. He’s ___________ away on some designs at the moment.
X. Fill in each blank with one of the provided phrasal verbs
dive in • end up • kick off • knock off • knuckle down • lie ahead • take on • while away
1. If the business does well, I'll hopefully be able to _______________ a part-time assistant in the spring.
2. We _______________ having to scrap the whole advertising campaign and start again.
3. Let's _______________ this session by introducing ourselves, shall we?
4. Josh can _______________ a whole day playing online computer games with his mates.
5. No teenager really knows what _______________ for them career-wise in the future.
6. That's enough TV! It’s time to _______________ and get on with your homework now.
7. I usually _______________ work at about half five so I’m home by six thirty most nights.
8. As soon as the food was brought out, everyone _______________ and helped themselves.
XI. Fill in each blank with a suitable particle
1. The police officer told the homeless man to move _________ and he walked slowly and painfully down the road.
2. Len has already left on foot, but if we take the car then maybe we can still head him _________ before he gets home.
3 Would you mind moving _________ so that I can sit here?
4. A young man was riding his motorbike on the pavement and everyone was forced to step ______ to let him go past.
5. The area has been cordoned _________ following a bomb threat.
6. As I leant on the table, It tipped _________ and I fell over.
7. My mum's a bit upset because my sister's moving _________ to go to university next week.
8. Daryl managed to keep up with the leader for most of the race, but eventually he started to fall _________.
9. Dimitri thought he heard a funny noise coming from the car engine, so he pulled _________ to investigate.
10. The police held the crowd _______ so that the ambulances could get to the scene more quickly.
11. The show was so boring that we walked _______ after half an hour.
12. Remind me to stop _______ on the way to your grandma’s to get her a birthday card.
13. I wish you wouldn’t creep _________ on me like that! You frightened me to death!
14. Martha didn't want to interrupt the party, so she just slipped _________ quietly without anyone noticing.
15. Are you really thinking of moving ________ with Josie? What about your own flat?
XII. Choose the correct answer
1. I know you never lend things, but ____ and let me borrow your guitar. I promise I’ll take good care of it.
A. miss the point B. stretch a point C. come to the point
2. Don’t waste so much time! ____ and let’s get on with the rest of the business.
A. see the point B. wander off the point C. get to the point
3. I’m afraid I can’t ____ writing a six-page letter when you could settle the matter in two minutes on the telephone.
A. make a point of B. be on the point of C. see the point of
4. I suppose I could write a long letter of complaint to the manufacturers, but then, ____ they won’t give me a new
washing machine.
A. what's more to the point B. that’s the whole point C. what’s the point?
5. John probably told you that he had no trouble getting into university, but ____ he had four refusals before he finally
got a place.
A. not to put too fine a point on it B. in point of fact C. point taken
6. Lucy said that she’d baby-sit for us on Saturday evening, so as long as she ____, we’ll be able to go to the concert
after all.
A. keep her word B. have the last word C. mince her words
7. Barry swears that he isn’t responsible for the damage and since I can’t prove it, I’ll have to ____.
A. have the last word B. go back on my word C. take his word for it
8. It’s no use translating idioms ____. They hardly ever make sense.
A. in a word B. word perfect C. word for word D. by word of mouth
9. Helen’s been neglecting her homework lately. I’ll ____ with her parents about it.
A. have words B. have the last word C. have a word
10. It’s no use trying to argue with Father. He’s always convinced that he’s right and he always ____.
A. give someone his word B. mince his words C. have the last word
11. This is Emma’s birthday present, but remember, ____ or you’ll spoil the surprise.
A. that's not the word for it B. from the word go C. mum's the word
XIII. Rewrite the following sentences using provided words so that their original meanings do not change
1. Do you think Julie could manage the department? CAPABLE
Is Julie _________________________________________________________ the department?
2. George knows that he’ll never become a professional footballer. RESIGNED
George has _________________________________________________ a professional footballer.
3. They were about to make a deal, but they couldn’t agree on the price. FELL
The deal __________________________________________ a disagreement about the price.
4. He decided to change jobs because he didn’t like working long hours. COPE
He decided to change jobs because _______________________________ the long working hours.
5. The factory laid off 20 workers last month. REDUNDANT
Twenty workers __________________________________________ last month.
6. The best solution to the problem is to downsize the company. EFFECTIVE
Downsizing the company __________________________________________ the problem.
7. You’ll find it very difficult to finish the project on time. CUT
You’ll have your work _______________________________________________ finishing the project on time.
8. There has never been such a large rock festival in this country. SCALE
This year’s rock festival is __________________________________________ than any other held in this country.
9. They have to do a lot of preparation before they start shooting each scene. GOES
A lot of shooting ___________________________________________________ begins.
10. The film was an adaptation of a novel by Tom Sharpe. BASED
They __________________________________________ a novel by Tom Sharpe.
11. Could you take a quick look at my essay before I hand it in? EYE
Would you mind __________________________________________ my essay before I hand it in?
12. I can’t imagine what Rod is planning to buy me for Christmas. FAINTEST
I don’t __________________________________________ what Rod is planning to buy me for Christmas.
13. How much I earn is a personal matter! BUSINESS
It’s __________________________________________ how much I earn!
14. Journalists are expected to work until late at night. PUT
Journalists are expected__________________________________________ hours.
15. Have Liz and John decided when they are getting married? SET
Have Liz and John __________________________________________ wedding?
16. Thinking of a new campaign is the responsibility of the advertising agency. SUPPOSED
The advertising agency __________________________________________ up with a new campaign.
17. I know that it was wrong of me to make fun of the teacher. OUGHT
I know that __________________________________________ at my teacher.
18. Perhaps I can help you find a place to stay. ABLE
I __________________________________________ help you find a place to stay.
19. Mike’s interview with the reporter is probably over by now. FINISHED
The reporter __________________________________________ interviewing Mike by now.
20. The bank probably won’t give you such a big loan. DOUBTFUL
It __________________________________________ you that much money.
21. The crisis must be handled very carefully. BETTER
You __________________________________________ with the crisis very carefully.
22. The singer is considering organising a show to raise money for the poor. MIGHT
The singer __________________________________________ on a show to raise money for the poor.
23. They might ask you to show some form of identification so take your passport. CASE
Take your passport __________________________________________ asked to show some form of identification.