Bme Lab Manual PDF

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)

Sponsored by CMR Educational Society
(Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE - Accredited by NBA & NAAC – ‘A’ Grade - ISO 9001:2015 Certified)
Maisammaguda, Dhulapally (Post Via. Kompally), Secunderabad – 500100, Telangana State, India.
Contact Number: 040-23792146/64634237, E-Mail ID: [email protected], website: www.mrcet.ac.in
DEPARTMENT OF EEE
B.TECH (II YEAR – I SEM)
(2018-19)
BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL
BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LAB
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
CYCLE – 1
S. Name of the Experiment Page Date of Date Of Assessm Sign. Of

No No Perfor Submiss ent Faculty
mance ion of
marks
(Max
10M)
I.C. ENGINES VALVE / PORT
1
TIMING DIAGRAMS.
I.C. ENGINES PERFORMANCE

2 TEST ON 4 -STROKE DIESEL
ENGINE.
DETERMINATION OF FHP BY
RETARDATION AND
3
MOTORING TEST ON IC
ENGINE
I.C. ENGINES HEAT BALANCE
4
ON PETROL / DIESEL ENGINES.
5 STUDY OF BOILERS
I.C. ENGINES PERFORMANCE

6 TEST ON 2-STROKE PETROL
ENGINE
CYCLE –II
7 IMPACT OF JET ON VANES
8 PERFORMANCE TEST ON
PELTON WHEEL
PERFORMANCE TEST ON
9
FRANCIS TURBINE
PERFORMANCE TEST ON
10
KAPLAN TURBINE
PERFORMANCE TEST ON
11 SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP
PERFORMANCE TEST ON
12
RECIPROCATING PUMP
Malla Reddy College Of Engineering & Technology 2 2 MRCET,EEE

Objectives:
 Student able to learn about different measuring devices, working Principles and their
performances
 To calculate cd, cc, cv , and Coefficient of impact of various hydraulic systemsand engine
performances
 Student able to learn about different characteristics of Turbines and Engines.
OUTCOMES:
 Students exposure to study various operating characteristics of Centrifugal pump

and Reciprocating pump.
 Students exposure to study various operating characteristics of Kaplan, Francis and
Pelton Wheel Turbines, 2-stroke and 4- stroke engines.
 Get Exposure to verification of Bernoulli’s Theorem.

CYCLE I

Experiment No: I Date:

I.C. ENGINES VALVE / PORT TIMING DIAGRAMS
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM
AIM: The experiment is conducted to

• Determine the actual valve timing for a 4-stroke diesel engine and hence
draw the diagram.
PROCEDURE:
1. Keep the decompression lever in vertical position.

2. Bring the TDC mark to the pointer level closed.
3. Rotate the flywheel till the inlet valves moves down i.e., opened.
4. Draw a line on the flywheel in front of the pointer and take the reading.
5. Continue to rotate the flywheel till the inlet valve goes down and comes
to horizontal position and take reading.
6. Continue to rotate the flywheel till the outlet valve opens, take the
reading.
7. Continue to rotate the flywheel till the exhaust valve gets closed and take
the reading.
Observations
ARC LENGTH, S ANGLE IN

SL NO VALVE POSITION
cm mm DEGREES
1 TDC – Inlet Valve Open
2 BDC – Inlet Valve Open
3 TDC – Exhaust Valve Close
4 BDC – Exhaust Valve Close
Calculations
1. Diameter of the flywheel, D
= Circumference of the flywheel

π

2. Angle ‘θ’ in degrees,
S x 360
θ =
Dxπ
Where,
S = Arc length, mm
RESULT:
Valve Timing diagram is drawn

PORT TIMING DIAGRAM
AIM:
The experiment is conducted to

• Determine the actual PORT timing for a 2-stroke Petrol engine and hence
draw the diagram.
PROCEDURE:
1) Bring the Piston to Top and start as if from the spark.

2) Rotate the flywheel till the Exhaust port opens and note the reading.
3) Continue the same way and note the reading for the Transfer port.
4) Continue to rotate the flywheel till the Piston moves from BDC to TDC and note down
the closing of Transfer and Exhaust port readings.
Observations:
Valve Position
Sl. No. Angle ‘θ’ in degrees
1
Transfer Port open
2 Transfer Port Close
3 Exhaust Port Open
4 Exhaust Port Close
RESULT:
Port Timing diagram is drawn.

Experiment No: II Date:
I.C. ENGINES PERFORMANCE TEST ON 4 -STROKE DIESEL ENGINE.
INTRODUCTION
A machine, which uses heat energy obtained from combustion of fuel and
converts it into mechanical energy, is known as a Heat Engine. They are classified as
External and Internal Combustion Engine. In an External Combustion Engine,
combustion takes place outside the cylinder and the heat generated from the combustion
of the fuel is transferred to the working fluid which is then expanded to develop the
power. An Internal Combustion Engine is one where combustion of the fuel takes place
inside the cylinder and converts heat energy into mechanical energy. IC engines may be
classified based on the working cycle, thermodynamic cycle, speed, fuel, cooling, method
of ignition, mounting of engine cylinder and application.
Diesel Engine is an internal combustion engine, which uses heavy oil or diesel oil
as a fuel and operates on two or four stroke. In a 4-stroke Diesel engine, the working
cycle takes place in two revolutions of the crankshaft or 4 strokes of the piston. In this
engine, pure air is sucked to the engine and the fuel is injected with the combustion taking
place at the end of the compression stroke. The power developed and the performance of
the engine depends on the condition of operation. So it is necessary to test an engine for
different conditions based on the requirement.
DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS:
The test rig is built for loading mentioned below:

a. Mechanical Loading (Water cooled)
1. The equipment consists of KIRLOSKAR Diesel Engine (Crank started) of 5hp

(3.7kW) capacity and is Water cooled. The Engine is coupled to a Rope Brake
Drum Dynamometer for loading purposes. Coupling is done by an extension shaft
in a separate bearing house. The dynamometer is connected to the spring load
assembly for varying the load.
2. Thermocouples are provided at appropriate positions and are read by a digital

temperature indicator with channel selector to select the position.
3. Rota meters of range 15LPM & 10LPM are used for direct measurement of water
flow rate to the engine and calorimeter respectively.

4. Engine Speed and the load applied at various conditions is determined by a Digital
RPM Indicator and spring balance reading.
5. A separate air box with orifice assembly is provided for regularizing and
measuring the flow rate of air. The pressure difference at the orifice is measured
by means of Manometer.
6. A volumetric flask with a fuel distributor is provided for measurement and
directing the fuel to the engine respectively.
EXPERIMENTATION:
AIM:
a. To study and understand the performance characteristics of the engine.
b. To draw Performance curves and compare with standards.
PROCEDURE:
1. Give the necessary electrical connections to the panel.
2. Check the lubricating oil level in the engine.
3. Check the fuel level in the tank.
4. Allow the water to flow to the engine and the calorimeter and adjust the
flow rate to 6lpm & 3lpm respectively.
5. Release the load if any on the dynamometer.
6. Open the three-way cock so that fuel flows to the engine.
7. Start the engine by cranking.
8. Allow to attain the steady state.
9. Load the engine by slowly tightening the yoke rod handle of the Rope
brake drum.
10. Note the following readings for particular condition,
a. Engine Speed
b. Time taken for ____cc of diesel consumption
c. Rotameter reading.
d. Manometer readings, in cm of water &
e. Temperatures at different locations.
11. Repeat the experiment for different loads and note down the above
readings.
12. After the completion release the load and then switch of the engine.
13. Allow the water to flow for few minutes and then turn it off.

OBSERVATIONS:
Sl. Speed, Load Applied Manometer Time for

No. rpm Reading 10cc of
fuel
F1 F2 F= h1 h2 hw =
collected, t
(F1~F2)
(h1+h2)
sec
CALCULATIONS:
1. Mass of fuel consumed, mf

mf = Xcc x Specific gravity of the fuel ( kg/sec)
1000 x t
Where,
SG of Diesel is = 0.827
Xcc is the volume of fuel consumed = 10 cc
t is time taken in seconds
2. Heat Input, HI
HI = mf x Calorific Value of Fuel, kW

Where,
Calorific Value of Diesel = 44631.96 KJ/Kg
3. Output or Brake Power, BP
Engine output BP = 2Π NT kW
60000
Where,
N = speed in rpm
T = F x r x 9.81 N-m
r = 0.15 m
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4. Specific Fuel Consumption, SFC

SFC = mf x 3600 kg/kW – hr
BP
5. Brake Thermal Efficiency, ηbth%
ηbth% = 3600 x 100

SFC x CV
6. Mechanical Efficiency, ηmech%
ηmech% = BP x 100
IP
Determine the IP = Indicated Power, using WILLAN’S LINE method and the
procedure is as below:
• Draw the Graph of Fuel consumption Vs Brake power

• Extend the line obtained till it cuts the Brake power axis
• The point where it cuts the brake power axis till the zero point will give
the Power losses (Friction Power loss)
• With this the IP can be found using the relation:
• IP = BP + FP
TABULATION:
Sl. Input Output SFC Brake Thermal Mechanical

Power Power Efficiency Efficiency

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PRECAUTIONS:
1. Do not run the engine if supply voltage is less than 180V

2. Do not run the engine without the supply of water.
3. Supply water free from dust to prevent blockage in rotameters, engine head and
calorimeter.
4. Note that the range for water supply provided is an approximate standard values,
however the user may select the operating range to his convenience not less than
3 & 2 LPM for engine and calorimeter respectively.
5. Do not forget to give electrical earth and neutral connections correctly.

6. It is recommended to run the engine at 1500 rpm otherwise the rotating
parts and bearing of engine may run out.
RESULT:
Graphs to be plotted:
1) SFC v/s BP
2) ηbth v/s BP
3) ηmech v/s BP
4) ηvol v/s BP

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Experiment No: III Date:
DETERMINATION OF FHP BY RETARDATION AND MOTORING TEST ON IC

ENGINE
INTRODUCTION
A machine, which uses heat energy obtained from combustion of fuel and converts it
into mechanical energy, is known as a Heat Engine. They are classified as External and
Internal Combustion Engine. In an External Combustion Engine, combustion takes place
outside the cylinder and the heat generated from the combustion of the fuel is transferred to
the working fluid which is then expanded to develop the power. An Internal Combustion
Engine is one where combustion of the fuel takes place inside the cylinder and converts heat
energy into mechanical energy. IC engines may be classified based on the working cycle,
thermodynamic cycle, speed, fuel, cooling, method of ignition, mounting of engine cylinder
and application.
AIM:
To measure the FP of the given 4-stroke single cylinder petrol engine by motoring test
INSTRUMENTATION:
Digital RPM indicator to measure the speed of the engine.
Digital temperature indicator to measure various temperatures.
Differential manometer to measure quantity of air sucked into cylinder.
Burette with manifold to measure the rate of fuel consumed during test.
ENGINE SPECIFICATION:
ENGINE : YAMAHA
BHP : 3 HP
RPM : 3000 RPM
FUEL : PETROL
No OF CYLINDERS : SINGLE
BORE : 70 mm
STROKE LENGTH : 66.7 mm
STARTING : ROPE & PULLEY STARTING
WORKING CYCLE : FOUR STROKE
METHOD OF COOLING : AIR COOLED

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METHOD OF IGNITION : SPARK IGNITION

ORIFICE DIA. : 20 mm
COMPRESSION RATIO : 4.67
SPARK PLUG : MICO W 160Z2
CARBURATOR : YAMAHA 1320
GOVERNOR SYSTEM : MECHANICAL GOVERNOR
TYPE : SELF EXCITED, DC SHUNT GENERATOR
POWER : 1.5 KW
SPEED : 3000 RPM
RATED VOLTAGE : 220 v DC
(Max. speed to run as dc motor : 2600 RPM)
RESISTANCE LAMP BANK SPECIFICATION:
RATING : 2.5 Kw, 1Φ(single phase)
VARIATION : In 10 steps, by dc switches.
COOLING : Air cooled
DESCRIPTION:
This engine is a four stroke single cylinder, air – cooled, spark ignition type petrol
engine. It is coupled to a loading system which is in this case is a DC GENERATOR, having a
resistive lamp bank which will take load with the help of dc switches and also providing
motoring test facility to find out frictional power of the engine.
FUEL MEASUREMENT:
The fuel is supplied to the engine from the main fuel tank through a graduated measuring
fuel engine (Burette) with 3 – way cock. To measure the fuel consumption of the engine, fill the
burette by opening the cock. By starting a stop clock, measure the time taken to consume X cc
of fuel by the engine.
AIR INTAKE MEASUREMENT:
The suction side of the engine is connected to an Air tank. The atmospheric air is drawn
into the engine cylinder through the air tank. The manometer is provided to measure the
pressure drop across an orifice provided in the intake pipe of the Air tank. This pressure drop is
used to calculate the volume of air drawn into the cylinder. (Orifice diameter is 20 mm)
LUBRICATION:
The engine is lubricated by mechanical lubrication.
Lubricating oil recommended – SAE – 40 OR Equivalent.

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TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT:
A digital temperature indicator with selector switch is provided on the panel to read the
temperature in degree centigrade, directly sensed by respective thermocouples located at
different places on the test rig.
LOADING SYSTEM:
The engine shaft is directly coupled to the DC Generator which can be loaded by resistive lamp
bank. The load can be varied by switching ON the load bank. The load can be varied by
switching ON the load bank switches for various loads.
PROCEDURE:
1. To conduct the motoring test, first connect the rectifier to the panel board.
2. Remove the spark plug connection from the engine & switch off the ignition switch.
3. Keep the change over switch in the motoring direction.
4. Now slowly increase the power using variac provided in the rectifier circuit.
5. Increase the speed up to 2800 rpm and note down the armature current and voltage.
6. Now slowly decrease the power and turn the change over switch to off condition.
OBSERVATIONS:
S.No Speed(N) Voltage (v) Current(I) F.P

1
2
3
CALCULATIONS:
FRICTIONAL POWER OF THE ENGINE
FP(Total) = vxI ….kW

( 1000 x η)
Where ,
η engine efficiency = 55 % (0.55)
Result : Hence the Total FP has been determined by conducting motoring test.

MRCET,EEE
Experiment No: IV Date:
I.C. ENGINES HEAT BALANCE ON PETROL / DIESEL ENGINES
INTRODUCTION
converts it into mechanical energy, is known as a Heat Engine. They are classified as
External and Internal Combustion Engine. In an External Combustion Engine,
combustion takes place outside the cylinder and the heat generated from the combustion
of the fuel is transferred to the working fluid which is then expanded to develop the
power. An Internal Combustion Engine is one where combustion of the fuel takes place
inside the cylinder and converts heat energy into mechanical energy. IC engines may be
classified based on the working cycle, thermodynamic cycle, speed, fuel, cooling, method
of ignition, mounting of engine cylinder and application.
Diesel Engine is an internal combustion engine, which uses heavy oil or diesel oil
as a fuel and operates on two or four stroke. In a 4-stroke Diesel engine, the working
cycle takes place in two revolutions of the crankshaft or 4 strokes of the piston. In this
engine, pure air is sucked to the engine and the fuel is injected with the combustion taking
place at the end of the compression stroke. The power developed and the performance of
the engine depends on the condition of operation. So it is necessary to test an engine for
different conditions based on the requirement.

a. Mechanical Loading (Water cooled)
1. The equipment consists of KIRLOSKAR Diesel Engine (Crank started) of 5hp

(3.7kW) capacity and is Water cooled. The Engine is coupled to a Rope Brake Drum
Dynamometer for loading purposes. Coupling is done by an extension shaft in a
separate bearing house. The dynamometer is connected to the spring load assembly
for varying the load.
2. Thermocouples are provided at appropriate positions and are read by a digital

3. Rota meters of range 15LPM & 10LPM are used for direct measurement of water
flow rate to the engine and calorimeter respectively.

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4. Engine Speed and the load applied at various conditions is determined by a Digital
RPM Indicator and spring balance reading.
5. A separate air box with orifice assembly is provided for regularizing and measuring
the flow rate of air. The pressure difference at the orifice is measured by means of
Manometer.
6. A volumetric flask with a fuel distributor is provided for measurement and directing
the fuel to the engine respectively.
THERMOCOUPLE DETAILS
T1 = INLET WATER TEMPERATURE OF ENGINE JACKET & CALORIMETER.
T2 = OUTLET WATER TEMPERATURE OF ENGINE JACKET.
T3 = TEMPERATURE OF WATER OUTLET FROM CALORIMETER.
T4 = TEMPERATURE OF EXHAUST GAS INLET TO CALORIMETER.
T5 = TEMPERAUTRE OF EXHAUST GAS OUTLET FROM CALORIMETER.
T6 = AMBIENT TEMPERATURE.
EXPERIMENTATION:
AIM:
1. To study and understand the performance characteristics of the engine.
2. To draw Performance curves and compare with standards.
PROCEDURE:

4. Allow the water to flow to the engine and the calorimeter and adjust the flow rate to 6lpm
& 3lpm respectively.
7. Start the engine by cranking.

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9. Load the engine by slowly tightening the yoke rod handle of the Rope brake drum.
a. Engine Speed
b. Time taken for ____cc of diesel consumption
c. Rotameter reading.
d. Manometer readings, in cm of water &
11. Repeat the experiment for different loads and note down the above readings.
12. After the completion release the load and then switch of the engine.
13. Allow the water to flow for few minutes and then turn it off.
OBSERVATIONS:
Sl. Speed, Load Applied Manometer Time for

No. rpm Reading 10cc of
fuel
F1 F2 F= h1 h2 hw =
collected, t
(F1~F2)
(h1+h2)
sec
Sl. No. T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Sl. No. Engine water flowrate, Calorimeter water flowrate,

LPM1 LPM2

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CALCULATIONS:

mf = Xcc x Specific gravity of the fuel ( kg/sec)
1000 x t
Where,
SG of Diesel is = 0.827
Xcc is the volume of fuel consumed = 10 ml
2. Heat Input, HI

Where,
Calorific Value of Diesel = 44631.96 KJ/Kg
Engine output BP = 2Π NT kW
60000
Where,
N = speed in rpm
T = F x r x 9.81 N-m
r = 0.15m

BP
ηbth% = 3600 x 100

SFC x CV
6. Mechanical Efficiency, ηmech%
ηmech% = BP x 100
IP

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Determine the IP = Indicated Power, using WILLAN’S LINE method and the
procedure is as below:
• Draw the Graph of Fuel consumption Vs Brake power

• Extend the line obtained till it cuts the Brake power axis
• The point where it cuts the brake power axis till the zero point will give
the Power losses (Friction Power loss)
• With this the IP can be found using the relation:
• IP = BP + FP
HEAT BALANCE:
1. Heat Input (A)
A = mf x Calorific Value of Fuel, kW
2. Heat to BP (out put ) (B)
BP = ( 2πNT / 60000 ) kW
3. Heat to colling water ( C )
C = mwe x Cpw x ( Tei – Teo) kW
Where Cpw = Specific Heat of water = 4.18 kJ/kg
mwe = cooling water flow rate to the engine from rotameter
= LPM / 60 kg/sec
4. Heat to Exhaust gases (D)
D = mwc x Cpw x (Tci – Tco) x [(Tgci – Ta)/ (Tgco – Tgci)] kW
Where
mwc = water flow rate in kg/sec
= LPM2/60 kg/sec
Cpw = Specific Heat of water
Ta = Engine surrounding temperature.
Tgci = Gas inlet temp to calorimeter

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Tgco = Gas outlet temp from calorimeter

Tci = Water Inlet temp to calorimeter
Tco = Water outlet temp from calorimeter
5. Heat Unaccounted (E)
E = A – ( B + C + D ) kW
PRECAUTIONS:
3. Supply water free from dust to prevent blockage in rotameters, engine head and
calorimeter.
4. Note that the range for water supply provided is an approximate standard values, however
the user may select the operating range to his convenience not less than 3 & 2 LPM for
engine and calorimeter respectively.
6. It is recommended to run the engine at 1500rpm otherwise the rotating parts and bearing
of engine may run out.
RESULT:
4) SFC v/s BP
5) ηbth v/s BP
6) ηmech v/s BP
4) ηvol v/s BP

MRCET,EEE
Experiment No: V Date:
STUDY OF BOILERS
STUDY OF BABCOCK-WILCOX BOILER

Aim: To study Babcock-Wilcox boiler.
Theory: Evaporating the water at appropriate temperatures and pressures in boilers does
the generation of steam. A boiler is defined as a set of units, combined together consisting
of an apparatus for producing and recovering heat by igniting certain fuel, together with
arrangement for transferring heat so as to make it available to water, which could be heated
and vaporized to steam form. One of the important types of boilers is Babcock-Wilcox
boiler.
Observation: In thermal powerhouses, Babcock Wilcox boilers do generation of steam in
large quantities.
The boiler consists essentially of three parts.
1. A number of inclined water tubes: They extend all over the furnace. Water
circulates through them and is heated.
2. A horizontal stream and water drum: Here steam separate from the water which is
kept circulating through the tubes and drum.
3. Combustion chambers: The whole of space where water tubes are laid is divided into
three separate chambers, connected to each other so that hot gases pass from one to the
other and give out heat in each chamber gradually. Thus the first chamber is the hottest and
the last one is at the lowest temperature. All of these constituents have been shown as in fig.
The Water tubes 76.2 to 109 mm in diameter are connected with each other and
with the drum by vertical passages at each end called
headers. Tubes are inclined in such a way that they slope down towards the back. The rear
header is called the down-take header and the front header is called the uptake header
has been represented in the fig as DC and VH respectively.
Whole of the assembly of tubes is hung along with the drum in a room made of
masonry work, lined with fire bricks. This room is divided into three compartments A, B,
and C as shown in fig, so that first of all, the hot gases rise in A and go down in B, again
rises up in C, and then the led to the chimney through the smoke chamber C. A mud
collector M is attached to the rear and lowest point of the boiler into which the sediment
i.e. suspended impurities of water are collected due to gravity, during its passage through
the down take header.

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Below the front uptake header is situated the grate of the furnace, either
automatically or manually fired depending upon the size of the boiler. The direction of hot
gases is maintained upwards by the baffles.
In the steam and water drum the steam is separated from the water and the
remaining water travels to the back end of the drum and descends through the down take
header where it is subjected to the action of fire of which the temperature goes on
increasing towards the uptake header. Then it enters the drum where the separation occurs
and similar process continuous further.
For the purpose of super heating the stream addition sets of tubes of U-shape
fixed horizontally, are fitted in the chamber between the water tubes and the drum. The
steam passes from the steam face of the drum downwards into the super heater entering at
its upper part, and spreads towards the bottom .Finally the steam enters the water box , at
the bottom in a super heated condition from where it is taken out through the outlet pipes.
The boiler is fitted with the usual mountings like main stop valve, safety valve, and
feed valve, and pressure gauge.
Main stop valve is used to regulate flow of steam from the boiler, to steam
pipe or from one steam one steam pipe to other.
The function of safety valve is used to safe guard the boiler from the hazard of
pressures higher than the design value. They automatically discharge steam from the boiler
if inside pressure exceeds design-specified limit.
Feed check valve is used to control the supply of water to the boiler and to
prevent the escaping of water from boiler due to high pressure inside.
Pressure gauge is an instrument, which record the inside pressure of the boiler.
When steam is raised from a cold boiler, an arrangement is provided for
flooding the super heater. By this arrangement the super heater is filled with the water up to
the level. Any steam is formed while the super heater is flooded is delivered to the drum
ultimately when it is raised to the working pressure. Now the waterr is drained off from the
super heater through the cock provided for this purpose, and then steam is let in for super
heating purposes.

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Result: The Babcock – Wilcox boiler is studied.

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STUDY OF LANCASHIRE BOILER
AIM: To study Lancashire boiler.
Theory: Evaporating the water at appropriate temperatures and pressures in boilers does
the generation of system. A boiler is defined as a set of units, combined together consisting
of an apparatus for producing and recovering heat by igniting certain fuel, together with
arrangement for transferring heat so as to make it available to water, which could be heated
and vaporized to steam form. One of the important types of boilers is Lancashire boiler.
Observation: Lancashire boiler has two large diameter tubes called flues, through which
the hot gases pass. The water filled in the main shell is heated from within around the flues
and also from bottom and sides of the shell, with the help of other masonry ducts
constructed in the boiler as described below.
The main boiler shell is of about 1.85 to 2.75 m in diameter and about 8 m
long. Two large tubes of 75 to 105 cm diameter pass from end to end through this shell.
These are called flues. Each flue is proved with a fire door and a grate on the front end.
The shell is placed in a placed in a masonry structure which forms the external flues
through which, also, hot gases pass and thus the boiler shell also forms a part of the heating
surface. The whole arrangement of the brickwork and placing of boiler shell and flues is as
shown in fig.
SS is the boiler shell enclosing the main flue tubes. SF are the side flues
running along the length of the shell and BF is the bottom flue. Side and bottom flues are
the ducts, which are provided in masonry itself.
The draught in this boiler is produced by chimney. The hot gases starting from
the grate travel all along the flues tubes; and thus transmits heat through the surface of the
flues. On reaching at the back end of the boiler they go down through a passage, they heat
water through the lower portion of the main water shell. On reaching again at front end they
bifurcate to the side flues and travel in the forward direction till finally they reach in the
smoke chamber from where they pass onto chimney.
During passage through the side flues also they provide heat to the water
through a part of the main shell. Thus it will be seen that sufficient amount of area is
provided as heating surface by the flue tubes and by a large portion of the shell
Operating the dampers L placed at the exit of the flues may regulate the
flow of the gases. Suitable firebricks line the flues. The boiler is equipped with suitable
firebricks line the flues. The boiler is equipped with suitable mountings and accessories.

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There is a special advantage possessed by such types of boilers. The

products of combustion are carried through the bottom flues only after they have passed
through the main flue tubes, hence the hottest portion does not lie in the bottom of the
boiler, where the sediment contained in water as impurities is likely to fall. Therefore there
are less chances of unduly heating the plates at the bottom due to these sediments.
Result: The Lancashire boiler is studied.

MRCET,EEE
Experiment No: VI Date:
I.C. ENGINES PERFORMANCE TEST ON 2-STROKE PETROL ENGINE
INTRODUCTION
converts it into mechanical energy, is known as a Heat Engine. They are classified
as External and Internal Combustion Engine. In an External Combustion Engine,
combustion takes place outside the cylinder and the heat generated from the
combustion of the fuel is transferred to the working fluid which is then expanded to
develop the power. An Internal Combustion Engine is one where combustion of the
fuel takes place inside the cylinder and converts heat energy into mechanical
energy. IC engines may be classified based on the working cycle, thermodynamic
cycle, speed, fuel, cooling, method of ignition, mounting of engine cylinder and
application.
a. Electrical Dynamometer Loading (AC)
1) The equipment consists of a BAJAJ make 5 port model Petrol Engine (Kick
Start) of 3hp(2.2kW) capacity and is Air cooled The Engine is coupled to a
AC Alternator for Loading purposes. Coupling is done by an extension shaft
in a separate bearing house and is belt driven. The dynamometer is provided
with load controller switches for varying the load.
2) The engine is provided with modified head with cooling arrangement for
different compression ratio and also has an attachment for varying the spark
timing
3) Thermocouples are provided at appropriate positions and are read by digital
4) Engine Speed at various condition s is determined by a Digital RPM

Indicator.
5) Load on the engine is measured by means of Electrical Energy meter.
6) A separate air box with orifice assembly is provided for regularizing and
measuring the flow rate of air. The pressure difference at the orifice is measured
by means of a Manometer.
7) A volumetric flask with a fuel distributor is provided for measurement and
directing the fuel to the engine respectively.

MRCET,EEE
EXPERIMENTATION:
AIM:
a. To study and understand the performance characteristics of the engine AND

b. To draw Performance curves and compare with standards.
PROCEDURE:

6. Set the accelerator to the minimum condition.
7. Start the engine by cranking.(KICK START)
9. Load the engine by switching on the Load controller switches
provided. (Each loading is incremental of 0.5kW)
a. Engine Speed
b. Time taken for ____cc of petrol consumption
c. Water meter readings.
d. Manometer readings, in cms of water &
11. Repeat the experiment for different loads and note down the above
readings.
12. After the completion release the load (while doing so release the
accelerator) and then switch of the engine by
pressing the ignition cut – off switch and then turnoff the panel.

MRCET,EEE
OBSERVATIONS:
Sl. Speed, Load Manometer Time for Time for 5

No. rpm Applied Reading, cm of 10cc of rev of Energy
water fuel meter,
collected,
‘F’ kW h1 h2 hw =
(h1+h2) t sec
Sl. Temperature, °C
No. T1 T2
CALCULATIONS:
Mf = Xcc x Specific gravity of the fuel kg/sec
1000 x t
Where,
SG of Petrol is = 0.71
Xcc is the volume of fuel consumed = 10ml
2. Heat Input, HI

Where,
Calorific Value of Petrol = 43,120 KJ/Kg
BP = n x3600 kW
K x T x ηm

MRCET,EEE
Where,
n = No. of revolutions of energy meter (Say 5)
K = Energy meter constant
T = time for 5 rev. of energy meter in seconds
ηm = efficiency of belt transmission = 80%

BP
ηbth% = 3600 x 100

SFC x CV
6. Calculation of head of air, Ha
Ha = hw ρwater
ρair
Where,
ρwater = 1000 Kg/m
ρair = 1.2 Kg/m @ R.T.P
hw is the head in water column in ‘m’ of water
7. Volumetric efficiency, ηvol%
ηvol = ( Qa / Qthe ) x 100
where,
Qa = Actual volume of air taken
Qa = Cd a √ (2gHa)
Where,
Cd = Coefficient of discharge of orifice = 0.62

a = area at the orifice, = (∏(0.015)2 /4)
Ha = head in air column, m of air.
Qth = Theoretical volume of air taken
Qth = (∏/4) x D2 x L x GR x 0.5 x N
60

MRCET,EEE
Where,
D = Bore diameter of the engine = 0.057m
L = Length of the Stroke = 0.057m
N = speed of the engine in rpm.
GR = gear ratio
1st gear = 14.47:1
2nd gear = 10.28:1
3rd gear = 7.31:1
4th gear = 5.36:1
TABULATION:
Sl. Input Output SFC Brake Volumetric

Power Power, Thermal efficiency
BP Efficiency
PRECAUTIONS:
3. Supply water free from dust to prevent blockage in rotameter, engine head and
calorimeter.
4. Note that the range for water supply provided is an approximate standard values,
however the user may select the operating range to his convenience not less than 3 & 2
LPM for engine and calorimeter respectively.
5. Always set the accelerator knob to the minimum condition and start the engine.
6. Switch off the ignition of AUXILLARY while doing in the engine arrangement.
8. It is recommended to run the engine at 1000rpm otherwise the rotating parts and
bearing of engine may run out.
RESULT:
1. SFC v/s BP
2. ηbth v/s BP
3. ηvol v/s BP

MRCET,EEE
CYCLE II

MRCET,EEE
Experiment No: VII Date:
IMPACT OF JET ON VANES
AIM: To find coefficient of actual force to theoretical force of impact of jet .
APPARATUS: Pump, control valve, measuring tank, sump, nozzle housing , vanes, stop
watch .
SPECIFICATIONS: Pump Set – 1 H.P., 220 – 240V, 50HZ, AC Supply
Nozzle – 8mm, Flat Vane – Gun metal
THEORY: A jet of fluid from nozzle has some velocity and hence it posses a certain amount
of kinetic energy. If this jet strikes an obstruction placed in its path, it will exert force on the
obstruction .this impressed force is known as impact of jet and is designated as hydro dynamic
force.
FLAT VANE NORMAL TO THE JET:
The force exerted by stationary plate on jet is F = ρaV2
Where ρ = density of water =1000 kg/m3
a = crossectional area of the jet = Пd2/4
V = velocity of the jet
HEMI SPERICAL VANE NORMAL TO THE JET:
For a curved vane , the force acting on the vane is F= 2ρaV2
a = cross sectional area of the jet = Пd2/4
PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the required vane to the fixing rod. Adjust it so that the vane is in the horizontal position.
2. Fill up sufficient water in the sump tank.
3. Start the motor keeping the control valve close.
4. The water is allowed to flow through the pipe by regulating the flow valve up to some extent
of
actual force say 500gm.convert the 500gm into Newton’s and note down actual force.
5. Note down time required for 10cm rise of water in measuring tank by using stop watch.
6. Calculate the discharge and velocity of the jet.
7. Now calculate the theoretical force by momentum equation.
8. Then we get the coefficeint of actual force to theoretical force of jet of vane.
9. Repeat the procedure for various heads by regulating the control valve.

MRCET,EEE
OBSERVATIONS:
FOR FLAT VANE AND HEMISPHERICAL VANE :
Time taken Coeff of

S.No Fact for 10cm Discharge Velocity Fth vane =
Newton rise of water Q V Newton Fact/Fth
CALCULATIONS:
FOR FLAT VANE
1. Actual force (Fact) = Observed reading in gms x 9.81 Newton
2. Discharge (Q) = Crossectional area of the tank (A) x Rise of water (R)
time taken for 10cm rise of water(t)
Where A = Crossectional area of the tank in m = (0.3m x 0.3m)

R = Rise of water for 10cm i:e say 0.1m
t = time taken for 10cm rise of water
3. Velocity of Jet (V) = Discharge (Q) .

Co-efficient of contraction(Cc) x Area of jet (a)
Where Cc = Coefficient of contraction = 0.67

a = Area of Jet =Пd2/4
d = Diameter of the nozzle (d) = 8mm
4. Theoritical force (Fth) = ρaV2

5. Coefficient of Impact of Jet =Fact / Fth

MRCET,EEE
FOR HEMI SPHERICAL VANE
1. Actual force (Fact) = Observed reading in gms x 9.81 Newton
2. Discharge (Q) = Crossectional area of the tank (A) x Rise of water (R)
3. Velocity of Jet (V) = Discharge (Q) .

Co-efficient of contraction(Cc) x Area of jet (a)
Where Cc = Coefficient of contraction =0.67
a = Area of Jet =Пd2/4
d = Diameter of the nozzle (d) = 8mm
4. Theoritical force (Fth) = 2ρaV2
5. Coefficient of Impact of Jet = Fact / Fth

GRAPHS:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Operate all the control valves gently.
2. Always use clean water for experiment.
3. Before starting the pump ensure that control value is not closed fully.
RESULT:

MRCET,EEE
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Force exerted by flat vane is_____________________

2.Force exerted by hemispherical vane is ________________
3 Velocity of jet is given by ____________________
4 Area of jet is given by______________
5 Define a fluid jet______________________________________
6.The maximum efficiency of a series of curved vane the speed is________________
7. The ratio of actual discharge of a jet of water to its theoretical discharge is known as
___________________________
8.The discharge is calculated by___________________
9 When a steady jet impinges on a fixed inclined surface_________________________
10. Momentum equation is given by_______________________

MRCET,EEE
Experiment No: VIII Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON PELTON WHEEL
AIM :-
Determining the performance of pelton wheel and draining the performance characteristic
curves.
APPARATUS :-
5.0 h.p.pumps, pelton turbine, venturimeter,pressure gauge, digital tachometer,sump.
SPECIFICATIONS:Pump set – 5.0hp , Area of inlet a1 = 50mm , area of throat a2 = 25mm
THEORY :-
Hydro-power is one of the major cheap source of power available on earth, and hence it
widely used for generation of electric power world wide. water stored in the dam contains
potential energy. The water flows through the turbine, so that power is generated by impact of
water or reaction of water flow. The turbine drives a generator which delivers electrical power.
Thus turbines are of great importance.
Turbines are basically of two types, impulse turbines and reaction turbines. In impulse
turbines, water coming from high head acquires high velocity. The high velocity water jet strikes
the buckets of the turbine runner and comes it to rotate by impact. In reaction turbine, total head
of water is partly converted into velocity head as it approaches turbine runner and it fills the
runner and pressure of water gradually changes as it flows through runner. In impulse turbine,the
turbine used now_a_days is pelton wheel turbine.
PROCEDURE :-
CONSTANT HEAD
1. Fill up sufficient water in the sump tank.
2. See that the gauges are mounted on the correct position an their cocks are closed.
3. Keep the venturimeter cocks closed.
4. Prime the pumps and stact it with closed gate valve.
5. Then slowly open the gate valve situated above the Turbine and open the cock fitted
to the pressure gauge.
6. The pumps develop the rated head.
7. Slowly open the nozzle. Turbine will start rotating. Adjust the spear by rotating the
hand wheel, so that turbine is rotating at 1000 rpm.
8. Run the turbine at normal speed for about 10mins and see any fluctuations are there
in the speed.

MRCET,EEE
9. Note down the nozzle head ie., pressure gauge reading ie, H=pressure gauge reading
X 10 = m.
10. Load the turbine slowely ( say 1kg) and take the readings.
Ie, ventrimeter pressure gauge readings P1 and P2
H = (P1 – P2) X 10 m
11. Note the speed of the turbine.
12. Note brake weights ie., w1 and w2.
13. Repeat steps (10-12) by loading the turbine by maintaining
Constant nozzle head ie, H = constant.
14. Calculate the efficiency of the turbine.
CONSTANT SPEED
1. Repeat steps 1 to 9.
2. Adjust the spear so that the turbine speed is say 1000rpm.
3. Load the turbine slowly ( say 1kg) and take the readings.
4. Speed, N = 1000rpm ( should be maintained constant) by adjusting the spear.
5. Venturimeter pressure gauge readings ie, P1-P2.
6. Note brake weights ie, W1 and W2.
7. H = pressure gauge reading X 10 m.
8. Repeat steps (3 to 7) for different loads maintaining constant speed ie, N =
constant ( say 1000rpm).
10. After taking the readings before switching off the supply pump set.
i) Remove the load on the brake drum.
ii) Close the inlet water value.
iii) Slowly close the spear to its full closed position.
iv) Than close the gate value just above the turbine.
v) Pressure cocks and venturimeter cocks should be closed.
OBSERVATIONS :-
Constant Head
Sl.No. Speed Supply Pressure Gauge Discharge Break Input Output Efficiency
Head Readings Cm3/Sec Wt Power Power
P1 P2 P3 W1+W2
1
2
3
4
5

MRCET,EEE
Constant Speed
Sl.No. Speed Supply Pressure Gauge Discharge Break Input Output Efficiency
Head Readings Cm3/Sec Wt Power Power
P1 P2 P3 W1+W2
1
2
3
4
5
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:-
Output Power
Efficiency = ---------------------------------------------------- X 100
Input power X frictional efficiency
Input power = w Q H /1000

= 9.81 X Discharge (Q) X Supply head in meter (H) Kw.
Frictional efficiency = 85 % = 0.85
Where h = (P1 - P2) X 10 m

H = Pressure gauge reading x 10 m
Q = Cd a1 a2 √ 2gh
----------------
√a12 ― a22
D1 = 50 mm
D2 = 25 mm
Cd = 0.95 for ventiri meter , 0.62 for orifice meter
P1 = Inlet Pressure
P2 = Throat Pressure
2πNT
Out put Power = --------- KW
6000
N = rpm of the turbine shaft
T = torque of the turbine shaft
T = (w1 –w2) X R X 9.81.
W = load applied on the turbine in kgs
R = Radius of the brake drum with rope in meters = 0.13m.
Precautions:
 Do not start Pump set if the supply voltage is less than 300V (Phase to Phase voltage)
 Do not forget to give electrical earth and neutral connections correctly, otherwise
the RPM indicator gets burnt.
 Initially, fill in the tank with clean water free from foreign material, change the
water every six months.

MRCET,EEE
 Frequently, at least once in three months, grease all visual moving parts.
 At least every week, operate the unit for five minutes to prevent any
clogging of moving parts.
 To start and stop supply pump, always keep Gate Valve closed.
 It is recommended to keep Sphere Rod setting at close positions before starting the turbine.
This is to prevent racing of the propeller shaft without load.
 In case of any major faults, Please write to the manufacturers and do not attempt to repair.
RESULTS :-
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Specific speed of an impeller turbine (pelton wheel) ranges from __________________
2. A hydraulic turbine is defined as _________________________________________
3. An impulse turbine requires _____________________________________________
4. Cavitation damage in turbine runner occurs near the __________________________
5. ________________________ of a turbine is defined as the ratio of power available at the turbine
shaft to the power supplied by the water jet.
6. jet ratio(m) is defined as _______________________________
7. Mechanical efficiency(n ) =_________________________

m
8. Volumetric efficiency(n ) =_________________________
v
9. Hydraulic efficiency(n ) =_______________________
h
10. Net head , H = ______________________

MRCET,EEE
Experiment No: IX Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON FRANCIS TURBINE
Aim:-The experiment is conducted to obtain Constant Head and Speed characteristics.

Apparatus:- 1) Monobloc Centifugal Pump of Kirloskar Make 2) Turbine Unit, 3) Sump Tank,
4) Venturimeter with pressure tappings.
Thoery:-
Hydraulic (or Water) Turbines are the machines that use the Energy of water (Hydro – Power)
and convert it into Mechanical Energy. Thus the Turbines become the Primover to run Electrical
Generators to produce electricity, Viz., Hydro Electric Power.
Turbines are classified as Impulse and Reaction Types. In Impulse Turbine, the head of the water
is completely converted into a jet, which impulse the force on the Turbine. In Reaction Turbine,
it is the pressure of the flowing water, which rotates the runner of the Turbine. Of many types of
Turbine, the Pelton Wheel, most commonly used, falls into this category of Impulse Turbine
while the Francis & Kaplan fall into the category of Reaction Turbines. Normally, Pelton Wheel
requires high Heads and Low Discharge while the Francis & Kaplan (Reaction Turbines)
requires relatively low Heads and high Discharge. These corresponding Heads and Discharges
are difficult to create in a laboratory size Turbine from the limitation of the pumps availability in
the market. Nevertheless, at least the performance characteristics could be obtained within the
limited facility available in the laboratories. Further, understating of various elements associated
with any particular Turbine is possible with this kind of facility.
The apparatus consists of the following major parts

a) Monobloc Centrifugal Pump of Kirloskar Make.
b) Turbine Unit
c) Sump Tank
d) Venturimeter with pressure tappings.
e) All are arranged in such a way that the whole unit works as a recirculating water system.
f) Centrifugal pump set supplies water from Sump Tank to the Turbine through control
valve.
g) Water re - enters the Sump Tank after passing through the Turbine unit.
h) Loading of the Turbine is achieved by a rope brake drum connected to spring balance.
i) Provisions for measurement of Turbine speed (digital RPM indicator), Head on Turbine
(Pressure gauge) are built in on the control panel.
j) The whole arrangement is mounted on an aesthetically designed sturdy frame made of
MS angle with all the provisions for holding the tanks and accessories.
Procedure:
To obtain constant head characteristics.
 Set the Vane position.
 Keep the Delivery valve open at Maximum.
 Set the head at required value.
 Now apply the load.
 Operating the delivery valve, maintain the head to the
 Set value.

MRCET,EEE
 Repeat the steps 4 and 5 till the maximum load the turbine can take.
 In the meantime, Note down the turbine speed, vacuum head and
Venturimeter readings for each loadings.
To obtain constant speed characteristics.
 Set the Vane position.
 Keep the Delivery valve open at Maximum.
 Set the speed to the required value using the same delivery Valve.
 Now apply the load.
 Operating the delivery valve, maintain the speed to the
 Set value.
 Repeat the steps 4 and 5 till the maximum load the turbine can take.
 In the meantime, Note down the turbine speed, vacuum
head and Venturimeter readings for each loadings.
Performance under unit head – unit quantities.
In order to predict the behavior of a turbine working under varying conditions and to facilitate
comparison between the performances of the turbines of the same type but having different
outputs and speeds and working under different heads, it is often convenient to express the test
results in terms of certain unit quantities. From the output of the turbine corresponding to
different working heads (Tabular Column - 1), it is possible to compute the output, which would
be developed if the head was reduced to unity (say 1 Meter): the speed being adjustable so that
the efficiency remains unaffected.
a) Unit Speed,
b) Unit Power,
c) Unit Discharge,
d) Specific Speed,
The Specific Speed of any Turbine is the speed in rpm
of a turbine geometrically similar to the actual turbine but of such a
size that under corresponding conditions it will develop 1 metric horse
power when working under unit head (i.e. 1 meter). The Specific
Speed is usually computed for the operating conditions corresponding
to the maximum efficiency.

MRCET,EEE
Observation:
Constant Head/Speed
Sl Turbi Delivery Vacuum Venturimeter Load Time for
. ne Pressure` pressure Head Applied „n‟ pulses
N speed P‟ „Pv‟ mm P1 P2 of energy
o N Kg/cm² of Kg/c Kg/c meter, t
rpm hg m² m² sec
1
2
3
4
5
CALCULATIONS
1. Total Head of Turbine in meters of water, H m of water
Where, P = Pressure gauge readings in Kg/Cm²

Pv = vacuum Pressure gauge readings in mm of hg
2. Discharge, Q
Where,
h = (P1 ~ P2) x 10
A1 = Area of the Venturimeter
A1 = ( π / 4) D12
Where, D2 = Flowmeter
Throat diameter = 50mm
Cd = 0.95 for Venturimeter
Cd = 0.62 for Orificemeter
3. Input to the turbine, IP(Hydraulic)
Where, W = 9810 Kg/m³, Q =Discharge in m³/s, H =Total Head in m of

water
1. Output from turbine, OP (Mechanial Workdone)
Out put = V x I
ηA x ηT x 1000

MRCET,EEE
Where, V =Voltmeter reading in volts, I =Ammeter reading in amps, ηT = Transmission
Efficiency (Belt Transmission) = 0.75., ηA = Alternator Efficiency = 0.73.
Precautions:
1) Do not start Pump set if the supply voltage is less than 300V (Phase to Phase voltage)
2) Do not forget to give electrical earth and neutral connections correctly; otherwise the
RPM indicator gets burnt.
3) Initially, fill in the tank with clean water free from foreign material, change the water
every six months.
4) Frequently, at least once in three months, grease all visual moving parts.
5)  At least every week, operate the unit for five minutes to prevent any clogging of moving
parts.
6) To start and stop supply pump, always keep Gate Valve closed.
7) It is recommended to keep Sphere Rod setting at close positions before starting the
turbine. This is to prevent racing of the propeller shaft without load.
8) In case of any major faults, Please write to the manufacturers and do not attempt to
repair.
RESULT AND CONCLUSION:

APPLICATIONS OF FRANSIS TURBINE:
1. It is used for power development with a medium head (60 to 250 m) medium discharge
Viva-Questions:-
1. Difference between Impulse & reaction turbine.
2. Which type of blade is used in Francis turbine
2. What is maximum head of Francis turbine

3. How many number of runners used in Francis turbine
What is the purpose of draft tube in turbines?

MRCET,EEE
Experiment No: X Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON KAPLAN TURBINE
Aim: The experiment is conducted to obtain Constant Head and Speed characteristics
Apparatus:- 1.)Monobloc Centifugal Pump of Kirloskar Make 2) Turbine Unit, 3) Sump Tank,
4) Venturimeter with pressure tappings.
Theory:- Hydraulic (or Water) Turbines are the machines that use the Energy of water (Hydro –
Power) and convert it into Mechanical Energy. Thus the Turbines become the Primover to run
Electrical Generators to produce electricity, Viz., Hydro Electric Power.Turbines are classified as
Impulse and Reaction Types. In Impulse Turbine, the head of the water is completely converted
into a jet, which impulse the force on the Turbine. In Reaction Turbine, it is the pressure of the
flowing water, which rotates the runner of the Turbine. Of many types of Turbine, the Pelton
Wheel, most commonly used, falls into this category of Impulse Turbine while the Francis &
Kaplan fall into the category of Reaction Turbines. Normally, Pelton Wheel requires high Heads
and Low Discharge while the Francis & Kaplan (Reaction Turbines) requires relatively low
Heads and high Discharge. These corresponding Heads and Discharges are difficult to create in a
laboratory size Turbine from the limitation of the pumps availability in the market. Nevertheless,
at least the performance characteristics could be obtained within the limited facility available in
the laboratories. Further, understating of various elements associated with any particular Turbine
is possible with this kind of facility. The apparatus consists of the following major parts
Monobloc Centrifugal Pump of Kirloskar Make.
a) Turbine Unit
b) Sump Tank
c) Venturimeter with pressure tappings.
 All are arranged in such a way that the whole unit works as a re-circulating
water system.
 Centrifugal pump set supplies water from Sump Tank to
the Turbine through control valve.
 Water re - enters the Sump Tank after passing through the Turbine unit.
 Loading of the Turbine is achieved by a rope brake drum connected to
spring balance.
 Provisions for measurement of Turbine speed (digital RPM
indicator), Head on Turbine (Pressure gauge) are built in on
the control panel.
 The whole arrangement is mounted on an aesthetically designed sturdy
frame made of
MS angle with all the provisions for holding the tanks and accessories.
Procedure:-
To obtain constant head characteristics.
 Set the Vane position.
 Keep the Delivery valve open at Maximum
 Set the head at required value.
 Now apply the load.
 Operating the delivery valve, maintain the head to the
 Set value.
 Repeat the steps 4 and 5 till the maximum load the turbine can take.

MRCET,EEE
In the meantime, Note down the turbine speed, vacuum head and Venturimeter readings for each
loading To obtain constant speed characteristics:-
1. Set the Vane position.
2. Keep the Delivery valve open at Maximum.
3. Set the speed to the required value using the same delivery Valve.
4. Now apply the load.
5. Operating the delivery valve, maintain the speed to the
6. Set value.
7. Repeat the steps 4 and 5 till the maximum load the turbine can take.
8. In the meantime, Note down the turbine speed, vacuum head
and Venturimeter readings for each loadings.
Performance under unit head – unit quantities:-
In order to predict the behavior of a turbine working under varying

conditions and to facilitate comparison between the performances of
the turbines of the same type but having different outputs and speeds
and working under different heads, it is often convenient to express
the test results in terms of certain unit quantities. From the output of
the turbine corresponding to different working heads (Tabular
Column - 1), it is possible to compute the output, which would be
developed if the head was reduced to unity (say 1 Meter): the speed
being adjustable so that the efficiency remains unaffected.
a) Unit Speed,
b) Unit Power,
c) Unit Discharge,
Specific Speed,
The Specific Speed of any Turbine is the speed in rpm of a turbine
geometrically similar to the actual turbine but of such a size that under
corresponding conditions it will develop 1 metric horse power when
working under unit head (i.e. 1 meter). The Specific Speed is usually
computed for the operating conditions corresponding to the maximum
efficiency.
Constant Head/Speed

MRCET,EEE
Observation:
Sl Turbin Delivery Vacuum Venturimeter Load Time for

. e Pressure`P pressure Head Applied „n‟ pulses
N speed ‟ Kg/cm² „Pv‟ mm P1 P2 of energy
o N rpm of Kg/cm Kg/cm meter, t sec
hg ² ²
1
2
3
4
5
CALCULATIONS
1. Total Head of Turbine in meters of water, H
H = ( P + (Pv/760)) x 10 m of water
Where, P = Pressure gauge
readings in Kg/Cm²
Pv = vacuum
Pressure gauge readings in mm
of hg 2. Discharge, Q
Where,
h = (P1 ~ P2) x 10
A1 = Area of the Venturimeter

Where, D1 =
Flowmeter Inlet
diameter = 100mm
A2 = Area of the
throat of the
Venturimeter
Where, D2 = lowemeter Throat diameter 50mm
Cd = .95 for Venturimeter

Cd = 0.62 for Orificemeter
3. Input to the turbine, IP(Hydraulic)

MRCET,EEE
Where, W = 9810 Kg/m³, Q =Discharge in m³/s, H =Total Head in m of water

4.Output from turbine, OP (Mechanical Work done)
Where,
V =Voltmeter reading in volts,
I =Ammeter reading in amps,
ηT = Transmission Efficiency (Belt Transmission) =
0.75.,
ηa = Alternator Efficiency = 0.73.
Precautions:
1) Do not start Pump set if the supply voltage is less than 300V (Phase to Phase voltage)
2) Do not forget to give electrical earth and neutral connections correctly;
otherwise the RPM indicator gets burnt.
3) Initially, fill in the tank with clean water free from foreign material,
change the water every six months.
4) Frequently, at least once in three months, grease all visual moving parts.
5) At least every week, operate the unit for five minutes to prevent any
clogging of moving parts.
6) To start and stop supply pump, always keep Gate Valve closed.
7) It is recommended to keep Sphere Rod setting at close positions before starting the
turbine.
8) This is to prevent racing of the propeller shaft without load.
9) In case of any major faults, Please write to the manufacturers and do not attempt to
repair.
Result and Conclusion:

APPLICATIONS OF FRANSIS TURBINE:
1. It is used for power development with a low head (<= 30 m) high discharge
Viva-Questions:-
1) Difference Between Impulse & reaction turbine
2) Which type of blade used in Kaplan turbine
3) What is maximum head of Kaplan turbine
4) How many number of runners used in Kaplan turbine
5) What is the purpose of draft tube in turbines.

MRCET,EEE
Experiment No: XI Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
AIM: To perform a test at various heads of given centrifugal pump and find its efficiency
APPARATUS: Centrifugal pump, A.C motor, measuring tank, sump, pressure guage, vacuum
guage, energy meter , stop watch.
SPECIFICATIONS: AC Motor – 50 Cycles,AC Supply,Area of the tank = 0.35 x 0.35 m
THEORY: Centrifugal pump is a Rota dynamic machine. This develops dynamic pressure of
liquid by virtue of rotation for pumping of liquid to a higher height. In centrifugal pump, liquid in
the impeller of the pump is made to rotate by external force, so that it is thrown away from the
center of rotation. As constant supply of liquid is made available at the center, liquid can be
pumped to higher level.
.
PROCEDURE:
1. Fill up sufficient water in the sump .

2. Start the motor keeping the control valve close.
3. Adjust the control valve to some flow rate.
4. Now note down the pressure guage reading and vacuum guage reading.
5. Calculate pressure head and vacuum head .
6. Now calculate total head value.
8. Calculate the discharge.
9. Note down the time taken for ‘x’ revolutions say (2 to 5) of the energy meter disc .
10. Calculate the Input power .
11. Calculate the Output power.
12. Repeat the procedure for various heads by regulating the control valve.

MRCET,EEE
OBSERVATIONS:
Time Time
S.no Pressure Vacuum Total taken taken Discharge Input Output
Guage Guage Head for 10cm for 5 (Q) Power Power Efficiency
(P) (V) H=(P+V) rise of rev KW KW
water of %
energy
Disc
CALCULATIONS:
1. Pressure head (P) = Kg/cm2 X 10 = 10 mts
2. Vacuum head (V) = mm of hg X 12.6 mts

1000
3. Total head (H) = Pressure head + vacuum head
4. Discharge (Q) = Cross sectional area of the tank (A) x Rise of water (R)

5. Input power = n x 3600 x 0.75 Kw

CxT
Where n = No.of revolutions of the energy meter disc (say 2 to 5)

T = Time taken for energy meter disc say for (2 to 5) revolutions
C = Energy meter constant = 600 r/Kw.h

MRCET,EEE
0.75 = Combined motor and pump losses
6. Output power = W x Q x H Kw
1000
Where W = Specific weight of the water (9810 N/m3)

Q = Discharge
H = Total head
7. Efficiency = Output /Input
PRECAUTIONS:
2. Before starting the pump ensure that control value is closed fully
GRAPHS:
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. The manometric efficiency of a centrifugal pump is given by________________
2. Mechanical efficiency of a centrifugal pump is given by _________________
3. The work done by the impeller of a centrifugal pump on water per second per unit
Time per unit weight weight of water is given by __________________
4. The discharge is calculated by_______________
5. Input power is given by___________________
6. Output power is given by__________________
7. Total head is given by ____________________
8. Maximum efficiency of a single stage centrifugal pump is given by____________
9. Efficiency is calculated by__________________
10. Number of impellers used in a single stage centrifugal pump is______________

MRCET,EEE
Experiment No: XII Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING PUMP
AIM: To perform a test at various heads of given reciprocating pump and find its efficiency.
APPARATUS: Reciprocating pump, 2.0 HP motor, measuring tank, sump, energy meter, stop
watch
SPECIFICATIONS: 2.0 HP Motor,1440 rpm , reciprocating pump – Single acting type
Bore – 38mm,Stroke – 48mm,pump – 220/230 V,50 cycles,AC Supply
THEORY: Reciprocating pump is appositive displacement plunger pump. It is often used
where relatively small quantity of water is to be handled and delivery pressure is quite large.
Reciprocating pumps are widely used as automobile service stations, chemical industries or as
metering and dosing pumps.
A reciprocating pump essentially consists of a piston or plunger which moves to
and fro in a close fitting cylinder. The cylinder is connected to the suction and delivery pipes,
each of which is provided with a non return one way valve called suction or delivery valve
respectively. The function of non return or one way is to admit liquid in one direction only. Thus
the suction valve allows the liquid only to enter the cylinder and delivery valve permits only its
discharge from the cylinder. The piston or the plunger is connected to a crank by means of
connection rod. As crank is rotated at uniform speed by a driving engine or motor, the piston or
plunger moves to and fro in the cylinder when the crank rotates from θ = 0 to θ = 180 the piston
moves from left to right. During this movement a partial vacuum is created I the cylinder, so
raises from well to the cylinder when piston moves from right piston to left increases pressure on
water inside engine cylinder so water delivered to the required height.
PROCEDURE:
1. Fill up sufficient water in the sump.

2. Start the motor keeping the control valve open.
3. Adjust the control valve to some flow rate.
4. Now note down the pressure guage reading and vacuum guage reading.
5. Calculate pressure head and vacuum head .
6. Now calculate total head value.

MRCET,EEE
8. Calculate the discharge.
9. Note down the time taken for ‘x’ revolutions say (2 to 5) of the energy meter disc .
10. Calculate the Input power .
11. Calculate the Output power.
12. Repeat the procedure for various heads by regulating the control valve
OBSERVATIONS:
Time Time
S.no Pressure Vacuum Total taken taken Discharge Input Output
Guage Guage Head for 10cm for 5 (Q) Power Power Efficiency
(P) (V) H=(P+V) rise of rev KW KW
water of %
energy
Disc
CALCULATIONS:
1. Pressure head (P) = Kg/cm2 X 10 = 10 mts
2. Vacuum head (V) = mm of hg X 12.6 mts

1000
3. Total head (H) = Pressure head + vacuum head
4. Discharge (Q) = Cross sectional area of the tank (A) x Rise of water (R)


MRCET,EEE
5. Input power = X x 3600 x 0.75 x 0.80 Kw

CxT
Where X = No.of revolutions of the energy meter disc (say 2 to 5)

T = Time taken for energy meter disc say for (2 to 5) revolutions
C = Energy meter constant = 600 r/Kw.h
0.80 = Belt losses
0.75 = Combined motor and piston pump friction losses
6. Output power = W x Q x H Kw
1000
Where W = Specific weight of the water (9810 N/m3)

Q = Discharge
H = Total head
7. Efficiency = Output /Input
PRECAUTIONS:

2. Maximun head should not exceed 2.5 kg/sq.cm.
4. Before starting the pump ensure that control value is not closed fully.
GRAPHS:

MRCET,EEE
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. A pump is defined as the device which converts _________________
2. The manometric efficiency of a reciprocating pump ia given by_____________
3. Air vessel in a reciprocating pump is used to_________________
4. The work saved by fitting an air vessel to a single acting reciprocating pump
is__________________________
5. During suction stroke of a reciprocating pump the separation may take
place________________________
6. Output power is given by________________________
7. Input power is given by_____________________
8. Discharge is calculated by________________________
9. The maximum efficiency of a reciprocating pump is________________
10. Total head isgiven by______________________

MRCET,EEE

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MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)

BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

S. Name of the Experiment Page Date of Date Of Assessm Sign. Of

I.C. ENGINES PERFORMANCE

I.C. ENGINES PERFORMANCE

7 IMPACT OF JET ON VANES

Malla Reddy College Of Engineering & Technology 2 2 MRCET,EEE

 Students exposure to study various operating characteristics of Centrifugal pump

Malla Reddy College Of Engineering & Technology 3 3 MRCET,EEE

Malla Reddy College Of Engineering & Technology 4 4 MRCET,EEE

Experiment No: I Date:

VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM

AIM: The experiment is conducted to

1. Keep the decompression lever in vertical position.

ARC LENGTH, S ANGLE IN

1 TDC – Inlet Valve Open

2 BDC – Inlet Valve Open

3 TDC – Exhaust Valve Close

4 BDC – Exhaust Valve Close

1. Diameter of the flywheel, D

= Circumference of the flywheel

Malla Reddy College Of Engineering & Technology 5 5 MRCET,EEE

2. Angle ‘θ’ in degrees,

Valve Timing diagram is drawn

Malla Reddy College Of Engineering & Technology 6 6 MRCET,EEE

PORT TIMING DIAGRAM

The experiment is conducted to

1) Bring the Piston to Top and start as if from the spark.

3 Exhaust Port Open

4 Exhaust Port Close

Port Timing diagram is drawn.

Malla Reddy College Of Engineering & Technology 7 7 MRCET,EEE

Experiment No: II Date:

I.C. ENGINES PERFORMANCE TEST ON 4 -STROKE DIESEL ENGINE.

DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS:

The test rig is built for loading mentioned below:

1. The equipment consists of KIRLOSKAR Diesel Engine (Crank started) of 5hp

2. Thermocouples are provided at appropriate positions and are read by a digital

Malla Reddy College Of Engineering & Technology 8 8 MRCET,EEE

b. To draw Performance curves and compare with standards.

Malla Reddy College Of Engineering & Technology 9 9 MRCET,EEE

Sl. Speed, Load Applied Manometer Time for

1. Mass of fuel consumed, mf

HI = mf x Calorific Value of Fuel, kW

3. Output or Brake Power, BP

Malla Reddy College Of Engineering & Technology 10 10

4. Specific Fuel Consumption, SFC

ηbth% = 3600 x 100

6. Mechanical Efficiency, ηmech%

• Draw the Graph of Fuel consumption Vs Brake power

Sl. Input Output SFC Brake Thermal Mechanical

Malla Reddy College Of Engineering & Technology 11 11

1. Do not run the engine if supply voltage is less than 180V

5. Do not forget to give electrical earth and neutral connections correctly.

Malla Reddy College Of Engineering & Technology 12 12

DETERMINATION OF FHP BY RETARDATION AND MOTORING TEST ON IC

Digital RPM indicator to measure the speed of the engine.

Digital temperature indicator to measure various temperatures.