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OPTIMIZATION OF ALOCASIA AMAZONICA PROLIFERATION THROUGH IN-

VITRO CULTURE TECHNIQUE

Article  in  Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences · September 2020

DOI: 10.21608/ajs.2020.153632

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 Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci., Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, Egypt
88(3), 888-891, 2082
Website: http://ajs.journals.ekb.eg
888

OPTIMIZATION OF ALOCASIA AMAZONICA PROLIFERATION

THROUGH IN-VITRO CULTURE TECHNIQUE
[46]
Reda M. Abdel-Baset1*, Mohamed S.E.2, Saadawy F.M.1 and Hewidy M.2
1. Ornamental Plant Researches Dept., Hort. Research Institute, Agric. Research Center Giza,
Egypt
2. Hortic. Dept., Fac. of Agric., Ain Shams Univ. P.O. Box 68, Hadayek Shoubra 11241, Cairo,
Egypt

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Received 8 August, 2020 Accepted 21 September, 2020

ABSTRACT grades for shoot length, shoot fresh weight, number

of leaves, number of roots and total chlorophyll. Re-
Excised explants were in-vitro cultured on multi- garding the interaction between cytokinin type and
plication medium of Murashige and Skoog (MS). concentration found that, the control treatment
This study was carried away inside the tissue cul- (Free MS) gave the highest number of leaves. Using
ture lab. Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural BAP at 2 or 3 ppm attained the highest number of
Research Center. Giza, Egypt through the period shoots. Using Kin at 1 or 2 ppm attained the highest
from 2015 to 2017, to research some factors affect- shoots length. Also, Using Kin at 2 ppm attained the
ing in-vitro propagation of the indoor ornamental highest fresh weight. The application of Kin at 1 ppm
plant Alocasia amazonica using benzyladenine was connected with the highest value of number of
amino purine (BAP) and Kinetin at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ppm leaves. The development of roots showed great val-
and their interaction. The obtained results indicated ues on free medium of BAP and Kin as well as me-
that BAP gave the greatest number of shoots, plus dium supplemented with Kin at 1 and 2 ppm.
the lowest values for shoot length, shoot fresh Whereas, root did not demonstrate any presence at
weight, number regarding roots and total chlorophyll higher concentrations of BAP of 2, 3 and 4 ppm. It
content. Meanwhile, kinetin achieved the highest is usually recommended to use the MS medium
values for shoot length, shoot fresh weight although supplemented with BAP at 3 ppm which often gave
it was not necessarily significant. The same was ob- the highest number of shoots. However, the highest
served in number of leaves, number of roots and to- values for shoot length, shoot fresh weight and
tal chlorophyll content with no significant difference. number of roots were recorded on particularly on
MS medium free of hormones demonstrated the MS medium supplemented with Kin at 2 ppm.
greatest number of leaves, number of roots and to-
tal chlorophyll content, and the lowest values of Keywords: Alocasia, BAP, Kin, multiplication.
number of shoots and shoot length. Using cytokinn
at 1 ppm gave the highest shoot length and number INTRODUCTION
of leaves; and the second position for number of
shoot and roots. As for 2 ppm of cytokinin applica- Over 100 species were found of Alocasia known
tion, it gave the greatest values of shoot length, to technology and all are normally found in the re-
number of leaves and shoot fresh weight, despite gion of Southeast Asian countries and neighboring
the last one was not significant. this concentration island countries of the Pacific Sea. Alocasia x ama-
got also the other position for number of shoots, 3 zonica is a new hybrid and not a new species. It was
ppm had the greatest number of shoots, and the developed in 1950's of the particular last century
lowest shoot length, number of roots and shoot from Asiatic parents Alocasia sanderiana (Schott)G.
fresh weight and 4 ppm occupied the second grade Don) x Alocasia longiloba(Miq. ). This is a hybrid fel-
concerning number of shoots, and the lowest low member of the family Araceae. This plant has in
886 Reda Abdel-Baset; Mohamed; Saadawy and Hewidy

no way existed within the rain woodland of the Am- Garden. A factorial test was carried out making use
azon or perhaps South America. It provides never of BAP and Kin as the first factor, from concentration
been observed normally in any virgin woodland in of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 ppm as the second factor. The
the world. InterNet Site 1 (2020). explants were inoculated onto MS medium. 1 bud
Alocasia species are very well-known ornamen- explant was inoculated into each glass container.
tal plants among plant collectors and landscape gar- Every treatment was replicated 3 times, with 6
deners due to their foliar charm, patterns of leaf var- containers in each replicate. These kinds of treat-
iegation and texture, along with tolerance to limited ments were completely randomized. Jars of this re-
sunlight. Alocasia species are conventionally prop- search were kept in typically the incubation room at
agated through seeds and corms. However, con- 26±2oC, under florescent lighting of 2000-2500 lux
ventional metheds of propagation are time consum- from 16\8 day \night varying for 8 weeks. Info of
ing in addition to restrict the mass propagation of number of sets, shoot length, shoot fresh weight,
Alocasia species. (Jo et al 2008). number of root base and total chlorophyll content
In-vitro culture methods of propagation are the according to Saric et al (1976) were recorded. In-
alternatives method to meet the growing demand of formation were statistically analyzed making use of
both the domestic and the international markets. analysis of variance while described by Snedecor
Despite the increasing commercial demand for and Cochran (1989) and means had been sepa-
Alocasia plants, only one tissue culture report is rated according to Duncan multiple comparison test
available for Alocasia macrorrhizos (Adelberg and with a probability level of 5% (Duncan, 1955) by
Toler 2004), and there are few reports of in vitro SAS 95 computer program
propagation of A. amazonica and other species (Jo
et al 2008 & 2009 and Bhatt et al 2013). RESULTS
Hence it is necessary to be able to develop effi-
cient and economically viable micro-propagation Number of shoots
protocols in order to ensure conservation and meet
the commercial demand for Alocasia species. Re- Cytokinin concentration, and type and their in-
garding the use of various cytokinins at different teraction showed significant effect on number of
level represent an important value for proliferation shoots (Table 1). The effect of cytokinin concentra-
of in vitro propagated plants. tion on number of shoots was significant. The high-
Arab et al (2014) mentioned that the longest est number (8.33 shoots) was obtained when cyto-
span of new microshoots associated with the kinin were applied at 3 ppm. The lowest one (4.33
GxN15 (hybrid of almond xpeach) rootstock was ob- shoots) was a result of using no cytokinins at all.
tained within hormone-free MS medium. generally The effect of cytokinin type was significant. Applying
there is a significant connection between hormone BAP gave an increase in the number of shoots when
level and even plantlet, in order that an rise in BAP compared to Kin (8.67 and 3.93 shoots, respec-
level lead significantly in height lower. The exist- tively).
ence of high amounts involving BAP in culture mod-
erate triggered influence on shoot development. Table 1. Effect of cytokinin type, concentration and
Thus the target of this study was to find the their interaction on number of shoots.
proper cytokinin and concentration on proliferation
of Alocasia amazonica.
Conc. Cytokinin type
MATERIALS AND METHODS (ppm) BAP KIN Mean
0 4.33 cd 4.33 cd 4.33 B
This kind of study was carried out inside the Tis-
1 7.33 b-d 4.00 cd 5.67 AB
sue culture Lab, Horticulture Research Institute,
Gardening Research Center, Giza, Egypt through- 2 9.00 a-c 5.00 b-d 7.00 AB
out the period from 2015 to 2017, to research the 3 13.00 a 3.67 d 8.33 A
effect of cytokinin type and levels on in-vitro shoot 4 9.67 ab 2.67 d 6.17 AB
growth of Alocasis amazonica. Inside vitro excised Mean 8.67 A\ 3.93 B\
shoot explants of Alocaia amazonica have been ob-
Means with the same letter are not significantly different
tained from the tissues culture facility in Zohryia

AUJASCI, Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 28(3), 2082

 Optimization of Alocasia amazonica proliferation through in-vitro 887
culture technique

As for the interaction, it affected number of

shoots significantly. The highest record in this con-
cern resulted when BAP was used at 3 ppm (13.00
shoots). However, using BAP at 2 and 4 ppm shared
also in the highest rank (9.00 and 9.67 shoots, re-
spectively). The lowest numbers were a result of us-
ing kinetin at 3 and 4 ppm (3.67 and 2.67 shoots,
respectively).

Shoot length (cm)

The concentration and type of cytokinin and

their interaction showed significant effect on shoot
length (Table 2). As for the concentration, applying Fig. 1. Effect of cytokinin concentration on number
cytokinins at 1 or 2 ppm resulted in higher shoots of shoots kinetin 1 ml / L
length (6.33 and 6.00 cm, respectively) compared to
concentrations of 0, 3 or 4 ppm (3.45, 3.10 and 2.58 Shoot fresh weight (g/culture)
cm, respectively).
Effect of cytokinin concentration, type and their
interaction on shoot fresh weight are presented in
Table 2. Effect of cytokinin type, concentration and Table 3. The effect of cytokinin concentration did
their interaction on shoot length (cm). not show significant impact on shoot fresh weight.
However, it could be detected that applying cytokin-
ins at 2 ppm produced the heaviest fresh shoots
Cytokinin Type
Conc. (9.87 g/cluster), while cytokinins at 4 ppm induced
Mean
(ppm) BAP KIN the lightest ones (4.40 g/cluster).
Regarding the effect of cytokinin type did not
0 3.45 bc 3.45 bc 3.45 B gave significant effect on shoot fresh weight. De-
spite this finding, it was noticed that using Kin pro-
1 3.17 bc 9.50 a 6.33 A duced heavier fresh shoots when compared to BAP
2 2.50 bc 9.50 a 6.00 A (6.71 and 6.41 g/cluster, respectively).
As for the interaction, Kin application gave sig-
3 2.13 c 4.07 b 3.10 B nificant increase in fresh shoots weight at 2 ppm
(11.56 g/cluster). Applying Kin at 3 or 4 ppm gave
4 2.00 c 3.17 bc 2.58 B the lightest fresh shoots (3.43 g/cluster for both
combinations).
Mean 2.65 B\ 5.94 A\
Table 3. Effect of cytokinin type, concentration and
Means with the same letter are not significantly different
their interaction on shoot fresh weight (g/cluster)

Conc. Cytokinin type

Cytokinin type revealed significant effect on Mean
(ppm) BAP KIN
shoot length. The use of Kin gave higher shoot
length than those induced by BAP (5.94 and 2.65 0 5.48 ab 5.48 ab 5.48 A
cm, respectively). 1 5.91 ab 9.66 ab 7.79 A
Regarding the effect of interaction, using Kin at
2 8.17 ab 11.56 a 9.87 A
1 or 2 ppm gave the highest shoots length (9.50 cm
for both combinations). The lowest shoot lengths 3 7.09 ab 3.43 b 5.26 A
were obtained when explants were treated by BAP 4 5.37 ab 3.43 b 4.40 A
at 3 or 4 ppm (2.13 and 2.00 cm, respectively). Mean 6.41 A \
6.71 A \

Means with the same letter are not significantly different

AUJASCI, Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 28(3), 2082

888 Reda Abdel-Baset; Mohamed; Saadawy and Hewidy

with Kin was at 1 ppm followed by non-supple-

mented medium with cytokinin (20.33 and 17.83
leaves, respectively). Treatments of BAP at 1 or 2
ppm, and Kin at 2 ppm shared also in the highest
position (14.00, 12.33 and 14.83 leaves, respec-
tively). Whereas the lowest number of leaves were
developed when BAP was used at 4 ppm (5.00
leaves).

Number of roots

Effect of cytokinin concentration, type and their

interaction on number of roots is demonstrated in
Table 5. Cytokinin concentration affected number of
roots significantly. The greatest number of root was
Fig. 2. Effect of cytokinin concentration on shoot obtained when no cytokinins were used at all (14.67
fresh weight (Kinetin 2 ml /l) roots). Values obtained at 1 ppm concentration oc-
cupied the second position (10.58 roots), while ap-
Number of leaves plying cytokinins at 3 or 4 ppm resulted in the lowest
records (6.33 and 3.83 roots, respectively).
Effect of cytokinin concentration, type and their The effect of cytokinin type was significant. The
interaction on number of leaves are presented in use of Kin significantly increase number of roots
Table 4. when compared to BAP (12.57 and 4.40 roots, re-
The effect of cytokinin concentration revealed spectively).
significant effect on number of leaves. The control Concerning for the interaction between cytokinin
treatment or cytokinins at 1 ppm gave higher num- concentration and type, it showed significant effect
ber of leaves (17.83 and 17.17 leaves, respec- on number of roots. The highest number of roots re-
tively). On the other hand, the highest concentration sulted when no cytokinins were applied at all (14.67
of cytokinins at 4 ppm resulted in the lowest number roots), followed by Kin at 1, 2 and 3 ppm (13.83,
of leaves (6.17 leaves). 14.00 and 12.67 roots, respectively). Whereas no
roots were observed when BAP was used at 2, 3 or
Table 4. Effect of cytokinin type, concentration and 4 ppm.
their interaction on number of leaves
Table 5. Effect of cytokinin type, concentration and
Conc. Cytokinin type their interaction on number of roots
(ppm) Mean
BAP KIN
Conc. Cytokinin type
0 17.83 a 17.83 a 17.83 A Mean
(ppm) BAP KIN
1 14.00 ab 20.33 a 17.17 A 0 14.67 a 14.67 a 14.67 A
2 12.33 a-c 14.83 ab 13.58 AB 1 7.33 c 13.83 a 10.58 B
3 7.33 bc 9.33 bc 8.33 BC 2 0.00 d 14.00 a 7.00 BC
3 0.00 d 12.67 ab 6.33 C
4 5.00 c 7.33 bc 6.17 C
4 0.00 d 7.67 bc 3.83 C
\ \
Mean 11.30 A 13.93 A Mean 4.40 B\ 12.57 A\
Means with the same letter are not significantly different Means with the same letter are not significantly different

The effect of cytokinin type did not show signifi- Total chlorophyll
cant effect on number of leaves. However, it could
be noticed that using Kin induced more leaves when Effect of cytokinin concentration, type and their
compared with BAP (13.93 and 11.30 leaves, re- interaction on total chlorophyll content are pre-
spectively). sented in Table 6. The highest total chlorophyll con-
Concerning the interaction, it showed significant tent resulted when MS medium was free of cytokin-
effect on number of leaves. The greatest number of ins (7.86 mg/g F.W.), while the lowest value resulted
leaves was obtained when explants were treated when cytokinin level was 4 ppm (3.25 mg/g F.W.).

AUJASCI, Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 28(3), 2082

 Optimization of Alocasia amazonica proliferation through in-vitro 889
culture technique

Regarding the effect of cytokinins type, the use of Acacia auriculiformis. Bhatt et al (2013) declared
of Kin gave higher content of total chlorophyll when that MS moderate supplemented with 2. zero mg/L
compared to application of BAP (6.59 and 3.99 BA was maximum for the shoot growth of 5 Alocasia
mg/g F.W., respectively). varieties. Ling et al (2013) found that kinetin with 1
As for the interaction, the addition of Kin at 1 mg/L was far better than kinetin at 3-7 mg/L in in-
ppm produced the highest total chlorophyll content ducing typically the greatest number of shoots of La-
(8.07 mg/g F.W.), while BAP at 4 ppm induced the bisia pumila var. alata, (Fam. Primulaceae).
lowest content (1.85 mg/g F.W.) Arab et al (2014) stated the best shoot number
associated with the GxN15 (cross of almond x
Table 6. Effect of cytokinin type, concentration and peach)rootstock was found in MS medium supple-
their interaction on total chlorophyll content (mg/g mented with 1 mg/L BAP. Ashraf et al. (2014)cul-
F.W.) tured young take buds of Chlorophytum
borivilianum on MS medium that contains BAP at (0,
Conc. Cytokinin type 2, 4, 6 ppm) in addition to kinetin(0, 2, 3. 8, 5. 7
Mean ppm). They will declared that BAP with 2-6 ppm was
(ppm) BAP KIN
0 7.86 7.86 7.86 considerably effective on shoot propagatiation,
1 5.60 8.07 6.84 while kin at 2-2. 7 ppm was considerably effective
2 2.59 6.27 4.43 on shoot elongation, compared to the management.
3 2.06 6.08 4.07 Karatas et al (2014) observed that maximum take
4 1.85 4.65 3.25 regeneration frequency from explant of Ceratophl-
Mean 3.99 6.59 lum demersum has been obtained at 0. 05 mg/L BA.
Tolera et al (2014) observed that will MS media for-
tified using 2 and 3 mg/L BAP were found to have
DISCUSSION
the best number of shoot per explant, shoot size and
The findings are in compliance using what a number of foliage per shoot of sugarcane variety
whole lot of authors have noted. of these coinci- N14 and B41-227, respectively.
dences Thao et al (2003) mentioned that MS me- Ferdous et al (2015) pointed out that maximum
number of shoots along with the longest shoots as-
dium supplemented with 5 mg/L {BA} gave the best
sociated with banana cultivars Amirtasagar and Sa-
take regeneration of the. xamazonica in addition to
bri were induced simply by 0. 5 mg/L BAP. Sujin et
A. cuculata.
al (2016) used different concentration (0-6 mg/L) of
Muhammad et al (2006) investigated the typi-
BAP and kinetin for multiplication of shoots of ba-
cally the effect of BAP in addition to kinetin up to 8.
nana (Musas sp.) cv. Chenthuluvan. They found
0 mg/L, on take proliferation of banana comprehen-
that typically the highest number and span of shoots
sive resume. Basrai. they found of which the most
were noticed in 3 mg/L involving BAP, compared to
of shoots/explant was achieved on MS medium con-
taining 4. zero mg/L BAP. Ružić and Vujović kinetin exact same concentration.
(2008) observed that will the highest shoot range
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AUJASCI, Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 28(3), 2082

 ‫مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للعلوم الزراعية‪ ،‬جامعة عين شمس‪ ،‬القاهرة‪ ،‬مصر‬
‫مجلد(‪ ،)28‬عدد(‪2020 ،891-885 ،)3‬‬
‫‪Website:‬‬ ‫‪http://ajs.journals.ekb.eg‬‬
‫‪891‬‬
‫تحسين إكثار نبات األلوكاسيا معمليا‬
‫]‪[46‬‬
‫رضا محمد عبدالباسط ‪ -‬سهير السيد محمد حسن ‪ -‬محمد هويدي محمود رمضان ‪-‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪*1‬‬

‫ي‪1‬‬
‫فيصل محمد عبدالعليم سعداو‬
‫‪ -1‬قسم بحوث الزينة وتنسيق الحدائق‪ -‬معهد بحوث البساتين‪ -‬مركز البحوث الزراعية‪ -‬جيزة – مصر‬
‫‪ -2‬قسم البساتين ‪ -‬كلية الزراعة ‪ -‬جامعة عين شمس – ص‪.‬ب ‪ – 86‬حدائق شب ار ‪ - 11211‬القاهرة – مصر‬
‫‪*Corresponding author: [email protected]‬‬
‫‪Received 8 August, 2020‬‬ ‫‪Accepted 21 September, 2020‬‬

‫لألفرع و‪ 1‬جزء فى المليون‪ :‬جاء فى المركز الثانى لصفة‬ ‫الموجــ ـ ــــ ـــــــز‬
‫عدد األفرع‪ ،‬والمرتبة الدنيا لصفات طول األفرع‪ ،‬الوزن‬
‫الرطب لألفرع‪ ،‬عدد الجذور‪ ،‬محتوى الكلوروفيل الكلى‪.‬‬ ‫أجريت هذه الدراسة فى معمل زراعة األنسجة‪ ،‬معهد‬
‫وعند التفاعل بين نوع وتركيز السيتوكينينات وجد أن‪:‬‬ ‫بحوث البساتين‪ ،‬مركز البحوث الزراعية‪ ،‬الجيزة‪ ،‬مصر‬
‫معاملة الكنترول (بدون سيتوكينينات)‪ :‬نالت أعلى‬ ‫فى الفترة من ‪ 2112‬إلى ‪ ، 2112‬لدراسة بعض العوامل‬
‫الدرجات لصفتى عدد األوراق وعدد الجذور‪ 1 .‬جزء فى‬ ‫المؤثرة على إكثار "ألوكاسيا أمازونيكا" بواسة زراعة‬
‫المليون بنزايل أدينين‪ :‬حصلت على أعلى عدد لألفرع‬ ‫األنسجة‪ .‬من نتائج البحث وجد ان‪ :‬البنزايل أدينين‪:‬‬
‫وعدد األوراق‪ 2 .‬جزء فى المليون بنزايل أدينين‪ :‬نالت‬ ‫أعطى أفضل النتائج بالنسبة لصفة عدد األفرع‪ ،‬واقل‬
‫أعلى عدد لألفرع وعدد األوراق وأقل عدد للجذور‪ 3 .‬جزء‬ ‫النتائج بالنسبة للصفات التالية طول األفرع‪ ،‬الوزن الرطب‬
‫فى المليون بنزايل أدينين‪ :‬أحرزت أعلى عدد لألفرع وأقل‬ ‫لألفرع‪ ،‬عدد الجذور‪ ،‬محتوى الكلوروفيل الكلى بينما‬
‫طول لألفرع وعدد الجذور‪ 1 .‬جزء فى المليون بنزايل‬ ‫المعاملة بالكينيتين‪ :‬أعطت افضل النتائج لصفات طول‬
‫أدينين‪ :‬نالت أعلى عدد لألفرع وأقل طول لألفرع وعدد‬ ‫األفرع‪ ،‬الوزن الرطب لألفرع (وان يكن التأثير غير‬
‫الجذور ومحتوى الكلوروفيل الكلى‪ 1 .‬جزء فى المليون‬ ‫معنوى)‪ ،‬عدد األوراق (وان يكن التأثير غير معنوى)‪،‬‬
‫كينيتين‪ :‬نالت أعلى طول لألفرع‪ ،‬عدد األوراق‪ ،‬عدد‬ ‫عدد الجذور‪ ،‬محتوى الكلوروفيل الكلى‪.‬‬
‫الجذور‪ ،‬ومحتوى الكل وروفيل الكلى‪ 2 .‬جزء فى المليون‬ ‫أما بالنسبة للسيتوكينيات وجد ان‪ :‬صفر جزء فى‬
‫كينيتين‪ :‬حصلت على أعلى الدرجات لصفات طول‬ ‫المليون (الكنترول)‪ :‬أعطى افضل النتائج فيما يختص‬
‫األفرع‪ ،‬الوزن الرطب لألفرع‪ ،‬عدد األوراق وعدد الجذور‪.‬‬ ‫بصفات عدد األوراق‪ ،‬عدد الجذور ومحتوى الكلوروفيل‬
‫‪ 3‬جزء فى المليون كينيتين‪ :‬أحرزت المركز األعلى‬ ‫الكلى‪ ،‬والدرجات األدنى لصفات عدد األفرع وطول‬
‫لصفة عدد الجذور‪ ،‬والمركز الثانى لصفة طول األفرع‪،‬‬ ‫األفرع والمعاملة بالسيتوكينتين بتركيزات‪ 1 :‬جزء فى‬
‫والمرتبة الدنيا لصفتى عدد األفرع والوزن الرطب لألفرع‪.‬‬ ‫المليون‪ :‬نال أعلى درجة لصفة طول الفرع‪ ،‬عدد األوراق‪،‬‬
‫‪ 1‬جزء فى المليون كينيتين‪ :‬نالت المركز الثانى لصفة‬ ‫والمركز الثانى لصفتى عدد األفرع والجذور‪ .‬أما ‪ 2‬جزء‬
‫عدد الجذور‪ ،‬والدرجات الدنيا لصفتى عدد األفرع والوزن‬ ‫فى المليون‪ :‬اعطى افضل النتائج لصفتى طول األفرع‬
‫الرطب لألفرع‪ .‬وينصح باستعمال البنزايل أدينين بتركيز‬ ‫والوزن الرطب لألفرع (وان كان التأثير غير معنوى‬
‫‪ 3‬جزء فى المليون للحصول على أكبر عدد من األفرع‪،‬‬ ‫للصفة األخيرة)‪ ،‬عدد األوراق‪ ،‬ونال هذا التركيز أيضا‬
‫كم يمكن إستعمال الكينيتين بتركيز ‪ 2‬جزء فى المليون‬ ‫المركز الثانى لصفة عدد األفرع‪ .‬كذلك ‪ 3‬جزء فى‬
‫للحصول على أعلى القيم لصفات طول الفرع‪ ،‬الوزن‬ ‫المليون‪ :‬أحرز الدرجة العليا لصفة عدد األفرع‪ ،‬والمركز‬
‫الرطب لألفرع‪ ،‬وعدد الجذور‪.‬‬ ‫األدنى لصفة طول األفرع‪ ،‬عدد الجذور‪ ،‬الوزن الرطب‬

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