FINISHERS HANDBOOK

For Platers, Anodizers, and Electronics

Conversion Factors
Temperature Conversion
Tank Make Up and Additions
Capacity of Round & Rectangular Tanks
Temperature of Saturated Steam
Water Quality
Electrochemical Equivalents
Thickness of Electrodeposits
Coating Weights
Cathode Efficiencies
Metals for Metal Finishing Fixtures
Metal Conductivity
Common Chemical Names
Acid Conversion Table
Concentration Conversion
Chemical Components
 Table of Conversion Factors
Multiply By To Obtain

Amperes/sq.ft., 0.108 amperes/sq. dm.

Ampere hours, 3600 coulombs

Amperes/sq. dm., 9.29 amperes/sq. ft.

Angstrom units, 1 x 10-4 microns

Centimeters 0.394 inches

Centimeters 393.7 mils

Centimeters 0.0328 feet

Cubic centimeters 3.53 x 10-5 cubic feet

Cubic centimeters 0.061 cubic inches

Cubic centimeters 2.64 x 10-4 gallons

Cubic centimeters 0.0338 ounces (fluid)

Cubic feet 28317 cubic centimeters

Cubic feet 1728 cubic inches

Cubic feet 7.48 gallons

Cubic feet of water 62.37 pounds

60°F

Cubic inches 16.39 cubic centimeters

Faradays 9.65 x 10-4 coulombs

Faraday/second 96500 amperes

Feet 30.48 centimeters

Feet 12 inches

Feet 0.3048 meters

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Multiply By To Obtain

Gallons 4 quarts (liquid)

Gallons 3785.4 cubic centimeters

Gallons (U.S.) 231 cubic inches

Gallons (U.S.) 3.785 liters

Gallons (U.S.) 128 ounces (fluid)

Gallons (U.S.) 8 pints

Gallons (U.S.) 8.34 pounds (av.) of H20 at

62°F.

Gallons (U.S.) 1.2 gallons (British)

Grains 0.0648 grams

Grains 0.0023 ounces (avoir.)

Grains 0.0021 ounces (troy)

Grains 0.0417 pennyweights (troy)

Grams 15.43 grains

Grams 1000 milligrams

Grams 0.0353 ounces (avoir.)

Grams 0.0321 ounces (troy)

Grams 0.643 pennyweights

Grams/liter 0.122 ounces/gallon (troy)

Grams/liter 0.134 ounces/gallon (avoir.)

Grams/liter 1000 parts per million

Grams/liter 2.44 pennyweights/gallon

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Multiply By To Obtain

Inches 2.54 centimeters

Inches 1000 mils

Kilograms 1000 grams

Kilograms 2.205 pounds (avoir.)

Kilograms 2.679 pounds (troy)

Liters 1000 milliliters

Liters 0.264 gallons

Meters 100 centimeters

Meters 39.37 inches

Microns 3.9 x 10-5 inches

Milligrams 0.001 grams

Milliliters 1.000027 cubic centimeters

Mils 0.001 inches

Mils 25.4 microns

Ounces (avoir.) 437.5 grains

Ounces (avoir.) 28.35 grams

Ounces (avoir.) 0.911 ounces (troy)

Ounces (avoir.) 18.23 pennyweights

Ounces (avoir.) 0.076 pounds (troy)

Ounces/gallon (avoir.) 7.5 grams/liter

Ounces (troy) 480 grains

Ounces (troy) 31.1 grams

Ounces (troy) 1.097 ounces (avoir.)

Ounces (troy) 20 pennyweights

Ounces/gallon (troy) 8.2 grams/liter

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Multiply By To Obtain

Ounces (fluid) 29.57 cubic centimeters

Ounces/gallon (fluid) 7.7 cc./liter

Pennyweights 24 grains

Pennyweights 1.56 grams

Pennyweights/gallon 0.41 grams/liter

Pints 16 ounces (fluid)

Pounds (avoir.) 453.6 grams

Pounds (avoir.) 16 ounces (avoir.)

Pounds (avoir.) 14.58 ounces (troy)

Pounds (avoir.) 1.215 pounds (troy)

Pounds (troy) 373.24 grams

Pounds (troy) 12 ounces (troy)

Pounds (troy) 0.823 pounds (avoir.)

Quarts (liquid) 946.4 cubic centimeters

Quarts (liquid) 2 pints

Square feet 929.23 square centimeters

Square feet 144 square inches

Square inches 6.45 square centimeters

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 Temperature Conversions
Fahrenheit to Centigrade - Centigrade to Fahrenheit
Formulae:
C. to F. = (°C. x 9/5) + 32 =°F. | F. to C. = (°F.-32) x 5/9 = °C.

The table below can be used to convert °F. to °C. and vice versa. Locate the temperature to be converted (either F. or
C.) in the center column (bold face). The number to the left gives corresponding °C.; to the right corresponding °F.

°C Converted °F °C Converted °F °C Converted °F

-128.9 -200 -328.0 -0.6 31 87.8 21.7 71 159.8
-73.3 -100 -148.0 0.0 32 89.6 22.2 72 161.6
-62.2 -80 -112.0 0.6 33 91.4 22.8 73 163.4
-51.1 -60 -76.0 1.1 34 93.2 23.3 74 165.2
-45.6 -50 -58.0 1.7 35 95.0 23.9 75 167.0
-40.0 -40 -40.0 2.2 36 96.8 24.4 76 168.8
-34.4 -30 -22.0 2.8 37 98.6 25.0 77 170.6
-28.9 -20 -4.0 3.3 38 100.4 25.6 78 172.4
-23.3 -10 14.0 3.9 39 102.2 26.1 79 174.2
-17.8 0 32.0 4.4 40 104.0 26.7 80 176.0
-17.2 1 33.8 5.0 41 105.8 27.2 81 177.8
-16.7 2 35.6 5.6 42 107.6 27.8 82 179.6
-16.1 3 37.4 6.1 43 109.4 28.3 83 181.4
-15.6 4 39.2 6.7 44 111.2 28.9 84 183.2
-15.0 5 41.0 7.2 45 113.0 29.4 85 185.0
-14.4 6 42.8 7.8 46 114.8 30.0 86 186.8
-13.9 7 44.6 8.3 47 116.6 30.6 87 188.6
-13.3 8 46.4 8.9 48 118.4 31.1 88 190.4
-12.8 9 48.2 9.4 49 120.2 31.7 89 192.2
-12.2 10 50.0 10.0 50 122.0 32.2 90 194.0
-11.7 11 51.8 10.6 51 123.8 32.8 91 195.8
-11.1 12 53.6 11.1 52 125.6 33.3 92 197.6
-10.6 13 55.4 11.7 53 127.4 33.9 93 199.4
-10.0 14 57.2 12.2 54 129.2 34.4 94 201.2
-9.4 15 59.0 12.8 55 131.0 35.0 95 203.0
-8.9 16 60.8 13.3 56 132.8 35.6 96 204.8
-8.3 17 62.6 13.9 57 134.6 36.1 97 206.6
-7.8 18 64.4 14.4 58 136.4 36.7 98 208.4
-7.2 19 66.2 15.0 59 138.2 37.2 99 210.2
-6.7 20 68.0 15.6 60 140.0 37.8 100 212.0
-6.1 21 69.8 16.1 61 141.8 48.9 120 248.0
-5.6 22 71.6 16.7 62 143.6 60.0 140 284.0
-5.0 23 73.4 17.2 63 145.4 71.1 160 320.0
-4.4 24 75.2 17.8 64 147.2 93.3 200 392.0
-3.9 25 77.0 18.3 65 149.0 100.0 212 413.6
-3.3 26 78.8 18.9 66 150.8 115.6 240 464.0
-2.8 27 80.6 19.4 67 152.6 137.8 280 536.0
-2.2 28 82.4 20.0 68 154.4 160.0 320 608.0
-1.7 29 84.2 20.6 69 156.2 182.2 360 680.0
-1.1 30 86.0 21.1 70 158.0 204.4 400 752.0

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 TABLE OF TANK MAKEUP AND ADDITIONS FOR DRY AND LIQUID MATERIALS

Addition of 4 oz./gal. to 600 gallon tank read 4 oz./gal. in left Oz. Per Gal. x Tank Vol. =
column and under 600 find 150 lbs. Pounds To Add
16
DRY PRODUCTS TANK SIZE - GALLONS

OZ./GAL. 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

.5 3.13 6.25 9.38 12.50 15.63 18.75 21.88 25.00 28.13 31.25

1.0 6.25 12.50 18.75 25.00 31.25 37.50 43.75 50.00 56.75 62.50

2.0 12.50 25.00 37.50 50.00 62.50 75.00 87.50 100.00 112.50 125.00

3.0 18.75 37.50 56.25 75.00 93.75 112.50 131.25 150.00 168.75 187.50

4.0 25.00 50.00 75.00 100.00 125.00 150.00 175.00 200.00 225.00 250.00

5.0 31.25 62.50 93.75 125.00 156.25 187.50 218.75 250.00 281.25 312.50

6.0 37.50 75.00 112.50 150.00 187.50 225.00 262.50 300.00 337.50 375.00

7.0 43.75 87.50 131.25 175.00 218.75 262.50 306.25 350.00 393.75 437.50

8.0 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00

9.0 56.25 112.50 168.75 225.00 281.25 337.50 393.75 450.00 506.25 562.50

Addition of 0.3% by volume to 600 gallon tank read .3 in Rectangular tank Capacity = L x W x H
left column and under 600 find 1.8 gallons.. (Gal.) 231
LIQUID PRODUCTS TANK SIZE - GALLONS

% By
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
VOLUME

.1 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0

.2 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

.3 .3 .6 .9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0

.4 .4 .8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0

.5 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

2.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

3.0 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 21.0 24.0 27.0 30.0

4.0 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0

5.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0

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 CAPACITY OF ROUND TANKS

Basis: Inside Measure, 1 cubic foot = 7.481 gallons • Table Gives Gallons Per Foot of Height

Diameter gal/ft*
1’-0" 5.88
1’-3" 9.18
1’-6" 13.22
1’-9" 17.99
2’-0" 23.50
2’-3" 29.75
2’-6" 36.72
2’-9" 44.43
3’-0" 52.88
3’-6" 71.98
4’-0" 94.01
4’-6" 118.98
5’ 146.89
6’ 211.52
7’ 287.90
8’ 376.04
9’ 475.92
10’ 587.56
11’ 710.94
12’ 846.08
15’ 1322.00
20’ 2350.23
25’ 3672.23
30’ 5288.01

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 CAPACITY OF RECTANGULAR TANKS
Basis: Inside Measure, 1 cubic foot = 7.481 gallons (U.S.) • Table Gives Gallons Per Foot of Depth

Length 1’-0" 1’-6" 2’-0" 2’-6" 3’-0" 4’-0" 5’-0" 6’-0" 7’-0" 8’-0" 9’-0" 10’-0"

1’-0" 7.48 11.22 14.96 18.70 22.44 29.92 37.41 44.89 52.37 59.85 67.33 74.81

1’-3" 9.35 14.03 18.70 23.38 28.05 37.41 46.76 56.11 65.46 74.81 84.16 93.51

1’-6" 11.22 16.83 22.44 28.05 33.66 44.89 56.11 67.33 78.55 89.77 100.99 112.22

1’-9" 13.09 19.64 26.18 32.73 39.28 52.37 65.46 78.55 91.64 104.73 117.83 130.92

2’-0" 14.96 22.44 29.92 37.41 44.89 59.85 74.81 89.77 104.73 119.70 134.66 149.62

2’-3" 16.83 25.25 33.66 42.08 50.50 67.33 84.16 100.99 117.83 134.66 151.49 168.32

2’-6" 18.70 28.05 37.41 46.76 56.11 74.81 93.51 112.22 130.92 149.62 168.32 187.03

2’-9" 20.57 30.86 41.15 51.43 61.72 82.29 102.86 123.44 144.01 164.58 185.15 205.73

3’-0" 22.44 33.66 44.89 56.11 67.33 89.77 112.22 134.66 157.10 179.54 201.99 224.43

3’-6" 26.18 39.28 52.37 65.46 78.55 104.73 130.92 157.10 183.28 209.47 235.65 261.84

4’-0" 29.92 44.89 59.85 74.81 89.77 119.70 149.62 179.54 209.47 239.39 269.32 299.24

4’-6" 33.66 50.50 67.33 84.16 100.99 134.66 168.32 201.99 235.65 269.32 302.98 336.65

5’-0" 37.41 56.11 74.81 93.51 112.22 149.62 187.03 224.43 261.84 299.24 336.65 374.05

6’-0" 44.89 67.33 89.77 112.22 134.66 179.54 224.43 269.32 314.20 359.09 403.97 448.86

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 TEMPERATURE OF SATURATED STEAM

This table gives the gage pressure of saturated steam in pounds per square inch
corresponding to the stated temperature.

Zero gage pressure is equal to 14.70 pounds per square inch absolute.

°F PSI
212 0.00
214 0.59
216 1.31
218 1.84
220 2.49
222 3.17
224 3.86
226 4.58
228 5.32
230 6.08
232 6.87
234 7.68
236 8.52
238 9.38
240 10.27
242 11.19
244 12.13
246 13.10
248 14.10
250 15.13
252 16.19
254 17.28
256 18.40
258 19.55
260 20.73
262 21.95
264 23.20
266 24.49
268 25.81
270 27.16
Continued on next page

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272 28.56
274 29.99
276 31.45
278 32.96
280 34.51
282 36.09
284 37.72
286 39.39
288 41.10
290 42.86
292 44.66
294 46.51
296 48.39
298 50.33
300 52.32

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 WATER QUALITY

Parts
Specific
Specific Per Gr./Gal.
resistance As
Conductance As Ion Million as
megohm- NaCL**
micromhos/cm* As CaCO3
cm*
CaCO3

.055 18.240 none none none none

.056 18.000 .036 .028 .022 .002

.063 16.000 .041 .031 .025 .002

.071 14.000 .046 .036 .029 .002

.083 12.000 .054 .042 .033 .002

.100 10.000 .065 .050 .040 .003

.125 8.000 .081 .063 .050 .004

.167 6.000 .108 .083 .067 .005

.250 4.000 .163 .125 .100 .007

.500 2.000 .325 .250 .200 .015

1.000 1.000 .650 .500 .400 .029

1.250 .800 .813 .625 .500 .037

1.667 .600 1.083 .833 .667 .049

2.500 .400 1.625 1.250 1.000 .073

5.000 .200 3.250 2.500 2.000 .146

10.000 .100 6.500 5.000 4.000 .292

20.000 .050 13.000 10.000 8.000 .585

40.000 .025 26.000 20.000 16.000 1.170

80.000 .0125 52.000 40.000 32.000 2.340

158.730 .0063 103.175 79.635 63.492 4.641

312.500 .0032 203.125 156.250 125.000 9.137

625.000 .0016 406.250 312.500 250.000 18.273

1,250.000 .0008 812.500 625.000 500.000 36.550

2,500.000 .0004 1,625.000 1,250.000 1,000.000 73.099

Continued on next page

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 5,000.000 .0002 3,250.000 2,500.000 2,000.000 146.199

10,000.000 .0001 6,500.000 5,000.000 4,000.000 292.398

* At 25°C

** At 25°C, given specific conductance values included in this table.

1 psi = 2.307 head feet of water Calcium (ppm) x .04990 = Calcium (Meq/Liter)
Magnesium (ppm) x .08226 = Magnesium
1 psi = .07031 kg/cm2
(Meq/Liter)
Potassium (ppm) x .02557 = Potassium (Meq/Liter)
1 grain per gal. = 17.1 ppm (CaCO3) Sodium (ppm) x .04350 = Sodium (Meq/Liter)

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 ELECTROCHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS
Calculated on Basis of 100% Cathode Efficiency

AMP.
THICKNESS GRAMS HR. PER
ATOMIC SPECIFIC in INCHES DEPOSITED SQ. FT.
METAL SYMBOL VALENCE
WEIGHT GRAVITY of 1 PER AMP. TO
oz./sq.ft. HR. DEPOSIT
0.001
ANTIMONY Sb 3 121.76 6.68 .00180 1.514 10.4
CADMIUM Cd 2 112.41 8.65 .00139 2.0968 9.73
CHROMIUM Cr 6 52.01 7.1 .00169 0.3233 51.8
COBALT
Co 2 58.94 8.9 .00135 1.100 19.0
(OUS)
COPPER
Cu 1 63.57 8.93 .00134 2.371 8.89
(OUS)
COPPER
Cu 2 63.57 8.93 .00134 1.186 17.8
(IC)
GOLD
Au 1 197.2 19.3 .00068* 7.356 6.2
(OUS)
GOLD (IC) Au 3 197.2 19.3 .00068* 2.450 18.6
HYDROGEN H 1 1.0078 0.0899 g./l. --- 0.0376 ---
INDIUM In 3 114.76 7.31 .00182* 1.427 12.0
IRON (OUS) Fe 2 55.84 7.87 .00153 1.042 17.9
LEAD Pb 2 207.22 11.35 .00106 3.865 6.9
NICKEL Ni 2 58.69 8.90 .00135 1.095 19.0
OXYGEN O 2 16.00 1.429g./l.(0°c) --- 0.2985 ---
PALLADIUM PD 2 106.7 11.40 .00116* 1.990 13.5
PLATINUM Pt 4 195.23 21.45 .00062* 1.821 27.8
RHODIUM Rh 3 102.91 12.5 .00106* 1.280 22.9
SILVER Ag 1 107.88 10.5 .00126* 4.025 6.2
7.3
TIN (OUS) Sn 2 118.70 .00164 2.214 7.8
(tetragonal)
TIN (IC) Sn 4 118.70 7.3 (tetragonal) .00164 1.107 15.6
ZINC Zn 2 65.38 7.14 .00168 1.182 14.3

* These figures are for 1 troy ounce per square foot

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 THICKNESS OF ELECTRODEPOSITS (Inches)

Thickness in Inches .0001 .0002 .0004 .0006 .0008 .001

At 10 Amperes per Square Foot
Cadmium :06 :12 :24 :35 :46.7 :58
Copper (acid) :10 1/2 :21 1/2 :43 1/2 1:05 1/2 1:25 1:49
Copper (cyanide) :05 1/3 :10 1/2 :21 :31 :42 :53
Tin (Stannate) :12 :23 1/2 :47 1:10 1:34 2:00
Zinc :08 :16 1/2 :33 :50 1:06 1:28
Nickel :12 :24 :48 1:12 1:36 2:00

Thickness in Inches .0001 .0002 .0004 .0006 .0008 .001

At 20 Amperes per Square Foot
Cadmium :03 :06 :12 :17 1/2 :23 1/8 :29
Copper (acid) :05 1/3 :10 3/4 :22 :32 1/2 :43 :54 1/2
Copper (cyanide) :02 1/2 :05 1/3 :10 1/2 :17 :23 :27
Tin (Stannate) :06 :12 :23 1/2 :35 1/4 :47 :59
Zinc :04 :08 1/4 :16 1/2 :25 :33 :44
Nickel :06 2/3 :12 :24 :36 :48 :59

Thickness in Inches .0001 .0002 .0004 .0006 .0008 .001

At 30 Amperes per Square Foot
Cadmium :02 :04 :08 :12 :16 :19
Copper (acid) :03 1/2 :07 1/3 :14 1/2 :22 :28 :36
Copper (cyanide) :01 2/3 :03 1/2 :07 1/2 :10 1/2 :14 :18
Tin (Stannate) :04 :08 :16 :23 1/2 :31 1/4 :39
Zinc :02 3/4 :05 1/3 :10 2/3 :16 1/2 :22 :28
Nickel :04 :08 :16 :24 :32 :40

Continued on next page

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Thickness in Inches .0001 .0002 .0004 .0006 .0008 .001
At 40 Amperes per Square Foot
Cadmium :01 1/4 :03 :06 :08 3/4 :12 :15
Copper (acid) :02 2/3 :05 1/2 :11 2/3 :16 1/3 :22 :27
Copper (cyanide) :01 1/3 :02 1/2 :05 1/3 :08 :10 1/2 :13
Tin (Stannate) :03 :06 :12 :18 :23 1/2 :29 1/4
Zinc :02 :04 :08 1/4 :12 1/2 :16 1/2 :22
Nickel :03 :06 :12 :18 :24 :29

Add 10% to time figures for commercial Copper (acid) based on 97%
use;above are obtained under ideal cathode efficiency
Conditions
Figures denote time in hours and minutes Copper (cyanide) based on
to deposit required thickness at given 100% cathode efficiency
current densities
Cadmium based on 100% cathode Tin (stannate) based on 80%
efficiency cathode efficiency
Nickel based on 95% cathode
efficiency

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 COATING WEIGHTS FOR ONE-MIL THICK DEPOSITS

This table gives the gage pressure of saturated steam in pounds per square inch
corresponding to the stated temperature.

Zero gage pressure is equal to 14.70 pounds per square inch absolute.

METAL oz./sq. ft. mg/sq. in. mg/sq. cm.

Aluminum 0.225 44.7 6.9
Antimony 0.557 111 17.0
Arsenic 0.475 94.3 14.5
Bismuth 0.816 162 24.9
Cadmium 0.72 143 22.0
Chromium 0.591 117 18.0
Cobalt 0.74 147 22.6
Copper 0.74 147 22.6
Gallium 0.491 97.5 15.0
Germanium 0.445 88.3 13.6
Gold 1.61 320 49.2
Indium 0.608 121 18.6
Iridium 1.869 368 57.0
Iron 0.66 130 20.1
Lead 0.94 185 28.7
Manganese 0.598 118 18.2
Nickel 0.742 146 22.6
Palladium 0.998 196 30.4
Platinum 1.78 350 54.3
Rhodium 1.04 205 31.8
Rhenium 1.71 336 52.2
Selenium 0.400 78.7 12.2
Silver 0.875 172 26.7
Tellurium 0.520 102 15.9
Thallium 0.986 194 30.1
Tin 0.61 120 18.6
Zinc 0.59 116 18.0

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 AVERAGE CATHODE CURRENT EFFICIENCIES OF COMMON
PLATING SOLUTIONS

NOTE: Some of these figures are very approximate. Cathode efficiency

depends very much on the plating conditions actually used. However, the
figures below serve as a starting point for estimating metal yields from tables of
plating times or electrochemical equivalents which are based on cathode
efficiencies of 100%.

Usual
METAL Type of Bath Cathode Efficiency
Percent
Cadmium Cyanide 88 - 95
Chromium Chromic acid-Sulfate 12 - 16
Copper Acid Sulfate 97 - 100
Copper Cyanide 30 - 95
Copper Rochelle-Cyanide 40 - 70
Cobalt Acid Sulfate 95 - 98
Gold Cyanide 70 - 90
Indium Cyanide 30 - 50
Iridium Fluoborate 30 - 50
Indium Acid Sulfate 70 - 80
Iron Acid Chloride 90 - 98
Iron Acid Sulfate 95 - 98
Lead Fluoborate 100
Lead Fluosilicate 100
Nickel Acid Sulfate 94 - 98
Silver Cyanide 100
Tin Acid Sulfate 90 - 95
Tin Stannate 70 - 90
Rhodium Acid Phosphate 10 - 18
Rhodium Acid Sulfate 10 - 18
Zinc Acid Sulfate 99
Zinc Cyanide 85 - 90

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 METALS FOR METAL-FINISHING FIXTURES

PROCESS FRAME MATERIAL CONTACT MATERIAL ANODE MATERIAL

NICKEL-CHROME PLATINIZED
COPPER STAINLESS STEEL
PLATING TITANIUM/LEAD/STEEL
HARD CHROME
COPPER PHOSPHOR BRONZE LEAD
PLATING
CADMIUM PLATING COPPER/STEEL STAINLESS STEEL
CADMIUM STEEL
ZINC PLATING COPPER/STEEL MONEL ZINC/STEEL
NICKEL/PLATINIZED
NICKEL PLATING COPPER STAINLESS STEEL
TITANIUM
STAINLESS
SILVER PLATING STEEL STAINLESS STEEL/STEEL
STEEL/SILVER
GOLD PLATING COPPER/STEEL STAINLESS STEEL PLATINIZED TITANIUM
COPPER PLATING COPPER/STEEL PHOSPHOR BRONZE/MONEL COPPER/STEEL
ANODIZING ALUMINUM/TITANIUM AALUMINUM/TITANIUM ALUMINUM/TITANIUM
STEEL/SPRING
PAINTING STEEL STEEL/MAGNETS/STAINLESS ----
STEEL
HEAT TREATING INCONEL/NIKROME/HASTOLOY INCONEL/NIKROME/HASTOLOY ----
ELECTROPOLISHING COPPER TITANIUM STAINLESS STEEL
ELECTROLESS
STAINLESS STEEL STAINLESS STEEL ----
PLATING

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 METAL CONDUCTIVITY (AMPERES)

PHOS. STAINLESS
SIZE COPPER ALUMINUM BRASS STEEL TITANIUM
BRONZE STEEL
1x1 1000 600 250 120 180 23 31
1/2 x 1 500 300 125 60 90 12 16
3/8 x 1 375 225 94 45 68 9 12
1/4 x 1 250 150 63 30 45 6 8
1/4 x 3/4 187 112 47 22 33 4.5 6
1/2 x 1/2 250 150 63 30 45 6 8
1/4 x 1/2 125 75 31 15 22 3 4
3/8 x 3/8 140 84 35 17 27 4 5
1/2 ø 200 120 50 24 36 5 6
1/4 ø 50 30 13 6 9 1 1.5
3/16 ø 28 16 7 3.5 5 .6 .8
5/32 ø 20 12 5 2.5 3.7 .5 .6
1/8 ø 12 7 3 1.5 2.2 .3 .4
3/32 ø 7 4 1.7 .8 1.2 .2 .2
1/16 ø 3 1.8 .7 .4 .5 .1 .1

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 COMMONLY USED NAMES FOR CHEMICALS

COMMONLY Chemical Name or COMMONLY Chemical Name or

USED NAMES Compound USED Compound
NAMES

Alum Potassium Gypsum Calcium sulfate,

aluminum sulfate, CaSO4- 2H2O
K2Al2(SO4)4 - 24H2O
(varies)

"Aloxite" Aluminum oxide, Hypo Sodium thiosulfate,

Alumina Al2O3 Na2S203 - 5H2O
"Alundum"

Aqua fortis Nitric acid Lime Calcium oxide, CaO

Aqua regia Nitric acid - I part + Litharge Lead monoxide, PbO

Hydrochloric acid -
3 parts

Baking soda Sodium Liver of Potassium polysulfide, K2Sx

bicarbonate, sulfur
NaHCO3

Bleaching Calcium Marble Calcium carbonate, CaCO3

powder hypochlorite,
CaOCI2

Blue dip Solution of mercury Metso Sodium metasilicate,

salt Na2SiO3 - 5H2O

Blue stone Copper Milk of lime Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2

Blue vitriol sulfate,CuSO4 -
5H20

Boracic acid Boric acid Muriatic acid Hydrochloric acid, HCI

Borax Sodium tetraborate, Oil of vitriol Acid sulfuric, H2SO4

Na2B407 10H2O

Butter of Antimony Peral ash Potassium carbonate, K2C03

antimony trichloride, SbCl3

Calcite Calcium carbonate, Plaster of Calcium sulfate, 2CaSO4 -

CaCO3 Paris H2O

Calomel Mercurous chloride, Quick lime Calcium oxide, CaO

Hg2Cl2

Continued on next page

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"Carborundum" Silicon carbide, SiC Quicksilver Mercury

Caustic potash Potassium Rochelle Sodium potassium tartrate,

hydroxide, KOH salt NaK(C4H4O6) -4H2O

Caustic soda Sodium hydroxide, Rouge . Iron oxide, Fe2O3

NaOH

Chalk Calcium carbonate, Sal Ammonium chloride, NH4CI

CaCO3 ammoniac

Chevereul salt Cupro cupricsulfite, Single nickel Nickel sulfate, NiSO4 - 6H2O
Cu2SO3 - CuSO4 - salt or NiSO4.7H2O
2H20

Chloride of lime Calcium Slaked lime Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2

hypochlorite
CaOCI2

Common salt Sodium chloride, Soda ash Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3

NaCl

Copperas Ferrous sulfate, Sour water Dilute sulfuric acid

FeSO4 7H2O

Cream of tartar Potassium acid Sugar of Lead acetate, Pb(CH3COO)2

tartrate, lead
KH(C4H4O6)

Double nickel Nickel ammonium TSP Trisodiurn phosphate,

salt sulfate Na3PO4
NiS04(NH4)2SO4 -
6H20

Emery Aluminum oxide, Washing Sodium carbonate,

Al2O3 soda Na2CO3 - 10H20

Epsom salt Magnesium sulfate, Water glass Sodium silicate solution

MgSO4 7H2O

Flowers of Sulfur, S Wood's Low melting temperature

sulfur metal Alloy, e.g., 4 pts
Bi, 2 pts Ph, I pt Sn,
1 pt Cd

Fluorspar Calcium fluoride, Vienna lime Calcium carbonate CaCO3

CaF2,

Glauber's salt Sodium sulfate,

Na2SO4 - 10H2O

Return to Index
 CONVERSION TABLE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY,
DEGREES BAUME, POUNDS PER CUBIC FOOT

Sp. gr. °Bé Lb. per Lb. per Sp. gr. °Bé Lb. per Lb. per
60°/60° gal. at cu. ft. at 60°/60° gal. at cu. ft. at
60°F wt. 60°F wt. 60°F wt. 60°F wt.
in air in air in air in air

1.000 10.00 8.3283 62.300 1.455 45.34 12.1223 90.681

1.005 0.72 8.3700 62.612 1.460 45.68 12.1640 90.993

1.010 1.44 8.4117 62.924 1.465 46.02 12.2057 91.305

1.015 2.14 8.4534 63.236 1.470 46.36 12.2473 91.616

1.020 2.84 8.4950 63.547 1.475 46.69 12.2890 91.928

1.025 3.54 8.5367 63.859 1.480 47.03 12.3307 92.240

1.030 4.22 8.5784 64.171 1.485 47.36 12.3724 92.552

1.035 4.90 8.6201 64.483 1.490 47.68 12.4141 92.864

1.040 5.58 8.6618 64.795 1.495 48.01 12.4558 93.176

1.045 6.24 8.7035 65.107 1.500 48.33 12.4975 93.488

1.050 6.91 8.7452 65.419 1.505 48.65 12.5392 93.800

1 055 7.56 8.7869 65.731 1.510 48.97 12.5809 94.112

1.060 8.21 8.8286 66.042 1.515 49.29 12.6226 94.424

1.065 8.85 8.8703 66.354 1.520 49.61 12.6643 94.735

1.070 9.49 8.9120 66.666 1.525 49.92 12.7060 95.047

1.075 10.12 8.9537 66.978 1.530 50.23 12.7477 95.359

1.080 10.74 8.9954 67.290 1.535 50.54 12.7894 95.671

1.085 11.36 9.0371 67.602 1.540 50.84 12.8310 95.983

1.090 11.97 9.0787 67.914 1.545 51.15 12.8727 96.295

1.095 12.58 9.1204 68.226 1.550 51.45 12.9144 96.606

1.100 13.18 9.1621 68.537 1.555 51.75 12.9561 96.918

1.105 13.78 9.2038 68.849 1.560 52.05 12.9978 97.230

1.110 14.37 9.2455 69.161 1.565 52.35 13.0395 97.542

1.115 14.96 9.2872 69.473 1.570 52.64 13.0812 97.854

Return to Index
1.120 15.54 9.3289 60.785 1.575 52.94 13.1229 98.166

1.125 16.11 9.3706 70.097 1.580 53.23 13.1646 98.478

1.130 16.68 9.4123 70.409 1.585 53.52 13.2063 98.790

1.135 17.25 9.4540 70.721 1.590 53.81 13.2480 99.102

1.140 17.81 9.4957 71.032 1.595 54.09 13.2897 99.414

1.145 18.36 9.5374 71.344 1.600 54.38 13.3313 99.725

1.150 18.91 9.5790 71.656 1.605 54.66 13.3730 100.037

1.155 19.46 9.6207 71.968 1.610 54.94 13.4147 100.349

1.160 20.00 9.6624 72.280 1.615 55.22 13.4564 100.661

1.165 20.54 9.7041 72.592 1.620 55.49 13.4981 100.973

1.170 21.07 9.7458 72.904 1.625 55.77 13.5398 101.285

1.175 21.60 9.7875 73.216 1.630 56.04 13.5815 101.597

1.180 22.12 9.8292 73.528 1.635 56.32 13.6232 101.909

1.185 22.64 9.8709 73.840 1.640 56.59 13.6649 102.220

1.190 23.15 9.9126 74.151 1.645 56.85 13.7066 102.532

1.195 23.66 9.9543 74.463 1.650 57.12 13.7483 102.844

1.200 24.17 9.9960 74.775 1.655 57.39 13.7900 103.156

1.205 24.67 10.0377 75.087 1.660 57.65 13.8317 103.468

1.210 25.17 10.0793 75.399 1.665 57.91 13.8734 103.780

1.215 25.66 10.1210 75.711 1.670 58.17 13.9150 104.092

1.220 26.15 10.1627 76.022 1.675 58.43 13.9567 104.404

1.225 26.63 10.2044 76.334

Return to Index
Sp. gr. °Bé Lb. per Lb. per Sp. gr. °Bé Lb. per Lb. per
60°/60° gal. at cu. ft. 60°/60° gal. at cu. ft.
60°F wt. at 60°F 6o°F at 60°F
in air wt. in wt. in wt. in
air air air

1.230 27.11 10.2461 76.646 1.680 58.69 13.9984 104.715

1.235 27.59 10.2878 76.958 1.685 58.95 14.0401 105.027

1.240 28.06 10.3295 77.270 1.690 59.20 14.0818 105.339

1.245 28.53 10.3712 77.582 1.695 59.45 14.1235 105.651

1.250 29.00 10.4129 77.894 1.700 59.71 14.1652 105.963

1.255 29.46 10.4546 78.206 1.705 59.96 14.2069 106.275

1.260 29.92 10.4963 78.518 1.710 60.20 14.2486 106.587

1.265 30.38 10.5380 78.830 1.715 60.45 14.2903 196.899

1.270 30.83 10.5797 79.141 1.720 60.70 14.3320 107.210

1.275 31.27 10.6214 79.453 1.725 60.94 14.3737 107.522

1.280 31.72 10.6630 79.765 1.730 61.18 14.4153 107.834

1.285 32.16 10.7047 80.077 1.735 61.34 14.4570 108.146

1.290 32.60 10.7464 80.389 1.740 61.67 14.4987 108.458

1.295 33.03 10.7881 80.701 1.745 61.91 14.5404 108.770

1.300 33.46 10.8298 81.013 1.750 62.14 14.5821 109.082

1.305 33.89 10.8715 81.325 1.755 62.38 14.6238 109.394

1.310 34.31 10.9132 81.636 1.760 62.61 14.6655 109.705

1.315 34.73 10.9549 81.948 1.765 62.85 14.7072 110.017

1.320 35.15 10.9966 82.260 1.770 63.08 14.7489 110.329

1.325 35.57 11.0383 82.572 1.775 63.31 14.7906 110.641

1.330 35.98 11.0800 82.884 1.780 63.54 14.8323 110.953

1.335 36.39 11.1217 83.196 1.785 63.77 14.8740 111.265

1.340 36.79 11.1634 83.508 1.790 63.99 14.9157 111.577

1.345 37.19 11.2051 83.820 1.795 64.22 14.9574 111.889

1.350 37.59 11.2467 84.131 1.800 64.44 14.9990 112.200

1.355 37.99 11.2884 84.443 1.805 64.67 15.0407 112.512

1.360 38.38 11.3301 84.755 1.810 64.89 15.0824 112.824

Return to Index
1.365 38.77 11.3718 85.067 1.815 65.11 15.1241 113.136

1.370 39.16 11.4135 85.379 1.820 65.33 15.1658 113.448

1.375 39.55 11.4552 85.691 1.825 65.55 15.2075 113.760

1.380 39.93 11.4969 86.003 1.830 65.77 15.2492 114.072

1.385 40.31 11.5386 86.315 1.835 65.98 15.2909 114.384

1.390 40.68 11.5803 86.626 1.840 66.20 15.3326 114.696

1.395 41.06 11.6220 86.938 1.845 66.41 15.3743 115.007

1.400 41.43 11.6637 87.250 1.850 66.62 15.4160 115.318

1.405 41.80 11.7054 87.562 1.855 66.83 15.4577 115.630

1.410 42.16 11.7471 87.874 1.860 67.04 15.4993 115.943

1.415 42.53 11.7888 88.186 1.865 67.25 15.5410 116.255

1.420 42.89 11.8304 88.498 1.870 67.46 15.5827 116.567

1.425 43.25 11.8721 86.810 1.875 67.67 15.6244 116.879

1.430 43.60 11.9138 89.121 1.880 67.87 15.6661 117.191

1.435 43.95 11.9555 89.433 1.885 68.08 15.7078 117.503

1.440 44.31 11.9972 89.745 1.890 68.28 15.7495 117.814

1.445 44.65 12.0389 90.057 1.895 68.48 15.7912 118.126

1.450 45.00 12.0806 90.369 1.900 68.68 15.8329 118.438

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 CONCENTRATION OF REAGENTS

HYDROCHLORI NITRI SULFURI PHOSPHORI FORMI ACETI AMMONIUM

C C C C C C HYDROXID
ACID ACID ACID ACID ACID ACID E
Specific
1.18 1.41 1.84 1.69 1.20 1.06 0.90
Gravity
Average %
Acid or Base
present in 37.3% 70.0% 96.5% 85.0% 90.0% 99.7% 29.0%
Concentrate
d Reagent
Weight of
Acid or Base
(gms) in
Solution per 442 989 1772 1436 1084 1053 535
Liter of
Reagent
(average)
Molecular
36.47 63.02 98.08 98.00 46.03 60.05 35.05
Weight
Normality of
Concentrate 12 16 36 44 24 17 15
d Reagent
No. of ml.
Reagent to
Prepare One 83 64 28 23 42 58 66
Liter 1 N
Solution

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 COMPONENT PARTS IN PERCENT BY WEIGHT OF SALTS
COMMONLY USED IN ELECTROPLATING

The following table indicates the percentages of the metal, sulfate, chloride,
etc., in the commercial grades of the various chemicals most commonly used in
electroplating solutions. The quantity of a chemical to be added to produce the
desired increase in metal content, chloride content, etc., per gallon can be
readily calculated from this table.

Ammonium Bifluoride, NH4HF2

NH4 31.6%

Ammonium Chloride, NH4Cl

NH4 33.7%

Cl 66.3%

Antimony Trichioride, SbCl3

Sb 53.4%

Cl 46.6%

Arsenic Trioxide, As2O3

As 75.7%

O 24.3%

Return to Index
Cadmium Cyanide, Cd(CN)2

Cd 68.4%

CN 31.6%

Cadmium, Oxide, CdO

Cd 87.5%

O 12.5%

Cadmium Sulfate, CdSO4

Cd 54.0%

SO4 46.0%

Chromic Acid, Cr03

Cr 52.0%

Cobalt Sulfate, CoSO4 . 7H2O

Co 20.9%

SO4 30.0%

Return to Index
Copper Carbonate, Basic CuCO3 .
Cu(OH)2, (Approximate)

Cu 53.5%

CO3 34.8%

Copper Cyanide, CnCN

Cu 70.9%

CN 29.1%

Copper Fluoborate*, Cu(BF4)2

Cu 26.8%

Copper Pyrophosphate, Cu2P2O7 .

3H2O

Cu 35.8%

P207 48.9%

Copper Sulfate, CuSO4 5H2O

Cu 25.4%

SO4 38.4%

Gold Chloride, AuCI3. 2H2O

Au 58.0%

Cl 31.4%

Gold Potassium Cyanide, KAu(CN)2

Gold 68.3%

Return to Index
Indium Chloride, InCI3

In 51.9%

Indium Sulfate, In2(SO4)3

In 66.5%

Iron Chloride, Anhyd., FeCI3

Fe 34.4%

Iron Chloride, FeCI3 . 6H2O

Fe 20.7%

Iron (ous) Chloride, FeCI2 . 2H2O

Fe 38.6%

Iron Sulfate, FeSO4. 7H2O

Fe 21.7%

SO4 34.5%

Lead Fluoborate*, Pb(BF4)2

Pb 54.3%

Lead Sulfamate, Pb(SO3 . NH2)2

Pb 51.9%

Return to Index
Nickel Ammonium Sulfate
(Double Nickel Salts)
NiSO4(NH4)2.SO4 . 6H2O

Ni 14.8%

SO4 48.6%

NH4 9.1%

Nickel Carbonate, 2NiCO3 .

3Ni(OH)2 . 4H2O

Ni 50.0%

CO3 10.2%

Nickel Chloride, NiCI2 6H2O

Ni 24.5%

Cl 29.6%

Nickel Cyanide, Ni(CN)2 . 4H2O

Ni 32.1%

CN 28.5%

Nickel Fluoborate*, Ni(BF4)2,

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