Portfolio

in
Introduction
to the
Philosophy
of the
Human Person

Submitted by:
Mary Claire A. Enong
Grade 12 ABM-B

Submitted to:
Cristina G. Cana-an
 I am Mary Claire A. Enong , 17 years old and I am the eldest in the
family. I was born in General Santos City and my birthday is December
29, 2003. I am Year of the Goat and Capricorn is my zodiac sign. My
father is Arlan E. Enong, my mother is Melanie A. Enong and I have one
sibling and her name is Charisse A. Enong. I’m good at singing and
dancing. Mathematics is my favorite subject.
II. What is Philosophy?

II.1. Book Definition - Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental

questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and
language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved.
II.2. Your Own Definition - Philosophy is when we seek to understand
fundamental truths about ourselves, the world in which we live, and the
relationships we had to the world and to other.
II 3. Life’s Questions Example :
II.3.1 What is my purpose in life?
-My purpose in life is to be happy and a good example.
II.3.2 Is life really worth living?
-Yes, life is worth living despite many problem because the struggle is part of the
story, the lows are what makes you. They teach you something you didn’t know
about yourself and that’s the only way you are ever going to grow. Everything
that comes into your life is here to teach you a lesson until it has taught you it.
Taking on challenges, risking oneself in trying to accomplish something beneficial,
all these make life worth living.
II.3.3 Can I live without any friends?
-No, because some people are bad so you need a friend that can protect you and
can help you to solve your problems.
II.3.4 Am I living a good and directed life?
-Yes
II. 3.5 What is real happiness?
- True happiness is happiness inside you.
II.4 Things need to philosophize
Example:
2.4.1 Career
2.4.2 Future partner in life
2.4.3 Family
2.4.4 Business
2.4.5 Travel
2.5 Reflection

2.5.1 Experience

2.5.2 Problems Encountered

2.5.3 Intention

2.5.4 Context

2.5.5 Creation

2.5.6 Conclusion
III. 5 Philosophers who has influenced you

Name, Picture, Quotes/Belief/Writings/Books

Aristotle

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in
Ancient Greece. Taught by Plato, he was the founder of the Lyceum, the
Peripatetic school of philosophy, and the Aristotelian tradition.

Quote: “Educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all.”
― Aristotle

Belief: It is impossible, Aristotle says, to be really good without wisdom or to be

really wise without moral virtue. Only when correct reasoning and right desire
come together does truly virtuous action result. Virtuous action, then, is always
the result of successful practical reasoning.

Writings: Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, On the Soul and

Poetics.
 Socrates

Socrates was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as a founder of

Western philosophy and the first moral philosopher of the ethical tradition of
thought.

Quote: “Be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a hard battle.”
― Socrates

Beliefs: Philosophy Socrates believed that philosophy should achieve practical

results for the greater well-being of society. He attempted to establish an ethical
system based on human reason rather than theological doctrine. Socrates pointed
out that human choice was motivated by the desire for happiness.

Writings: Socrates wrote nothing

Books: Tragedy in Five Acts

 Parmenides

Parmenides of Elea was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Elea in Magna

Graecia. He is thought to have been in his prime around 475 BC. Parmenides has
been considered the founder of ontology or metaphysics and has influenced the
whole history of Western philosophy.

Quote: “We can speak and think only of what exists. And what exists is uncreated
and imperishable for it is whole and unchanging and complete. It was not or nor
shall be different since it is now, all at once, one and continuous.”
― Parmenides

Belief: Parmenides held that the multiplicity of existing things, their changing
forms and motion, are but an appearance of a single eternal reality (“Being”), thus
giving rise to the Parmenidean principle that “all is one.” From this concept of
Being, he went on to say that all claims of change or of non-Being are illogical.

Writings: On Nature
 Pythagoras

Pythagoras of Samos was an ancient Ionian Greek philosopher and the eponymous
founder of Pythagoreanism. His political and religious teachings were well known
in Magna Graecia and influenced the philosophies of Plato, Aristotle, and, through
them, Western philosophy.
Quote: “Above all things, respect yourself.” -Pythagoras.
Belief: The Pythagoreans believed in immortality and “transmigration of the
soul” (the idea that after death souls went to heaven or occupied the bodies of
men or animals). They also thought that pure knowledge was the essence of the
soul and the best means of attaining pure knowledge was through numbers.
Writings: Pythagoras wrote nothing
 Plato
Plato was an Athenian philosopher during the Classical period in Ancient Greece,
founder of the Platonist school of thought and the Academy, the first institution
of higher learning in the Western world.
Quote: “A good decision is based on knowledge and not on numbers.”
Belief: Plato believed that the perfect state would contain four qualities: wisdom,
courage, self-discipline and justice. Wisdom comes from the Ruler's knowledge
and wise decisions. Courage is demonstrated by the Auxiliaries who defend the
lands and selflessly help the Rulers.
Books: The Republic
IV. Truth
Definition - Truth is the property of being in accord with fact or reality. In
everyday language, truth is typically ascribed to things that aim to represent
reality or otherwise correspond to it, such as beliefs, propositions, and declarative
sentences. Truth is usually held to be the opposite of falsehood.
Give 5 example:
1. I know that getting vaccinated can avoid you to COVID-19.
2. I am confident in my ability to succeed in the future.
3.I know how to balance my schoolwork and other obligations.
4.I know why I should never give up on my education.
5.I am confident that I will graduate this school year.

4.1 Opinion
Definition - An opinion is a judgement, viewpoint, or statement that is not
conclusive, rather than facts, which are true statements.
5 Examples/Real Life Situation
1.San Francisco Giants are the best baseball team.
2..Purple is the best color.
3.Capitalism is better than socialism.
4.White chocolate is better than milk chocolate.
5.Wine tastes better than beer.

4.2 Claims
Definition - A claim is a statement that one subject, such as a person or
organization, makes about a subject. A claim is a debatable statement that an
author manifests in a text or theoretical construction, so that the reader accepts
it, something that not everyone will accept.
5 Examples/Real Life Situation
1. I’m claiming it that I will receive high grades this semester.
2. I’m claiming it that I will go to college.
3. Manifest that I will get a job in the future.
4. Manifest that next year will be a happy year.
5. I’m claiming it that I will be a successful person someday.

4.3 5 Fallacies
Ad hominem - Ad hominem, short for argumentum ad hominem, refers to several
types of arguments, some but not all of which are fallacious.
Ad ignorantiam - Ad ignorantiam translates as “appeal to ignorance.” Locke’s
characterization of this kind of argument is that it demands “the adversary to
admit what they allege as a proof, or to assign a better.” The ignorance in
question is comparative, it is not that the opponent has no evidence, it is that
s/he has no better evidence.
Begging the question - The fallacy of begging the question occurs when an
argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion, instead of supporting it.
In other words, you assume without proof the stand/position, or a significant part
of the stand, that is in question. Begging the question is also called arguing in a
circle.
Composition - The fallacy of composition is an informal fallacy that arises when
one infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some
part of the whole. A trivial example might be: "This tire is made of rubber,
therefore the vehicle of which it is a part is also made of rubber."
Affirming the consequent - Affirming the consequent, sometimes called converse
error, fallacy of the converse, or confusion of necessity and sufficiency, is a formal
fallacy of taking a true conditional statement, and invalidly inferring its converse,
even though the converse may not be true.
4.4 5 Biases
Confirmation bias - Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret,
favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs
or values.
The Dunning-Kruger Effect - The Dunning–Kruger effect is a hypothetical
cognitive bias stating that people with low ability at a task overestimate their own
ability, and that people with high ability at a task underestimate their own ability.
In-group bias - In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group–out-group bias,
in-group bias, intergroup bias, or in-group preference, is a pattern of favoring
members of one's in-group over out-group members. This can be expressed in
evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways.
Self-serving bias - A self-serving bias is any cognitive or perceptual process that is
distorted by the need to maintain and enhance self-esteem, or the tendency to
perceive oneself in an overly favorable manner.
Availability bias - The availability bias is the human tendency to think that
examples of things that come readily to mind are more representative than is
actually the case. The psychological phenomenon is just one of a number of
cognitive biases that hamper critical thinking and, as a result, the validity of our
decisions.

4.5 5 Arguments
The argument from "first mover" - Gillian Anderson on Thomas Aquinas and the
First Mover Argument. ... Thomas Aquinas argued that there couldn't be an
infinite regression of cause and effect without any fixed starting point. He posited
that God was the First Mover, who was able to set the universe in motion without
any prior cause.
The argument from “causation” - Causal arguments attempt to make a case that
one thing led to another. They answer the question "What caused it?" Causes are
often complex and multiple. Before we choose a strategy for a causal argument it
can help to identify our purpose.
The argument from “contingency” - The “Argument from Contingency” examines
how every being must be either necessary or contingent. Since not every being
can be contingent, it follow that there must be a necessary being upon which all
things depend.
The argument from “degree” - The argument from degrees, also known as the
degrees of perfection argument or the henological argument is an argument for
the existence of God first proposed by mediaeval Roman Catholic theologian
Thomas Aquinas as one of the five ways to philosophically argue in favour of
God's existence in his Summa Theologica.
The argument from final cause or ends "teleological argument" - The teleological
argument (from τέλος, telos, 'end, aim, goal'; also known as physico-theological
argument, argument from design, or intelligent design argument) is an argument
for the existence of God or, more generally, that complex functionality in the
natural world which looks designed is evidence of an intelligent.