1104Equation Chapter 4 Section 10Chapter Four

Staircase Design

4.1. Introduction

Functionally, the staircase is an important component of a building, and often the only
means of access between the various floors in the building. It consists of a flight of steps,
usually with one or more intermediate landings (horizontal slab platforms) provided between
the floor levels. The horizontal top portion of a step (where the foot rests) is termed tread
and the vertical projection of the step (i.e., the vertical distance between two neighboring
steps) is called riser. Values of 300 mm and 170 mm are ideally assigned to the tread and
riser respectively — particularly in public buildings. However, lower values of tread (up to
250 mm) combined with higher values of riser (up to 190 mm) are resorted to in residential
and factory buildings. The width of the stair is generally around 1.1 – 1.6 m, and in any case,
should normally not be less than 850 mm; large stair widths are encountered in entrances to
public buildings. The horizontal projection (plan) of an inclined flight of steps, between the
first and last risers, is termed going. Generally, risers in a flight should not exceed about 12
in number. The steps in the flight can be designed in a number of ways: with waist slab, with
tread-riser arrangement (without waist slab) or with isolated tread slabs.

4.2. Design Procedure

Stair case analysis and design is similar to one way slab analysis and design. It involves the
analysis steps followed for slabs. The inclined configuration is analyzed by projecting the
loads on a horizontal plane.

Determination of depth for deflection: is a function of design tensile strength of steel,

effective span length of the shortest span in which more load is expected to transfer and
support condition.

Loading: determines the total load in the stair and landing Analysis: determines moment and
shear forces based on the analyzed moment.

Check depth for flexure: this step helps to cross check the design depth as it is safe for
flexure or not, if not revise the depth determined in step 1 and also the loads.

Reinforcement provision: using the computed moments, number and area of reinforcement
bars determined.
Stair case design

Step 1) Determine material design value/specification

For concrete
let assumes C 25/30 Grade of concrete for the stair case
α cc f cd
f cd =
γc
0.85∗25
f cd = =14.167 Mpa
1.5 c
Ec =31Gpa … … … … … … … … ..according ¿ ES−EN −1992−2015 table 3.1
For steel
let's Use 500 MPa steel Grade which is specified in the code in the range of 400-600
according to ES -EN-1992-2015-Art-3.2.2.3
f yk
f yd =
γs
400
f yd =
1.15
f yd =347. 83 MPa
Ec =200GPa
1.5 m 2.7 m 1.5 m

Riser= 16 cm
Thread= 30 cm
Width= 1.5 m
θ= 28.07 ˚
θ= 0.49 rad
No.Step= 9

Figure 4. 1.Stair case

Step 2) Computing the geometric dimension of the stair case

Geometric data
Height of stair in one flight =160 mm =1.6 m
Number of riser = 10
Number of thread = 10-1 = 9
Height of riser = 0.16 𝑚 = 16 𝑐𝑚 (see the drawing)
Width of thread = 30 cm
Step 3) Determine the effective depth
Assume the total depth of the slab = 250 mm
The Nominal cover for stair case = 30 mm
ɸl = 20 mm
d = D-cover-ɸl/2
= 250-30-20/2 =210 mm
Step 4) Computing the Design Load

Material Thickness Unit Weight

Concrete 0.25 25
Marble 0.03 27
Cement Screed 0.03 23
Plastering 0.02 23

Live Load

Live Load (LL) = 4 kN/m2 for category A, from table 6.2 ES -EN -1991 2015

One meter strip live load = 4 KN/m2*1m = 4KN/m

Dead Load

Dead Load of landing

DL for conceret slab=0.25∗25∗1=6.25 KN /m

DL for plastreing=0.02∗23∗1=0.46 KN /m

DL for cement screen=0.03∗1∗23=0.69 KN /m

DL for marble=0.03∗1∗27=0.81 KN /m

Total dead load=8.21 KN /m

Flight Dead Load

Steps Dead Load

1
DL for conceret slab= ∗h∗γ
Marble 2
Cement Screed
¿ 0.5∗0.16∗25=2 KN /m

Concert DL for cement screen=t∗γ∗1

¿ 0.03∗23∗1=0.69 KN /m
 DL for marble=0.03∗1∗27=0.81 KN /m

Total dead load =2+0.69+.81=3.5 KN /m

Riser Dead Load

no of riser (h∗t∗γ )
DL of cement screed=
Concert
project length

Cement 10∗0.16∗0.03∗23
DL of cement screed= =0.41
Screed 2.7

Marble 10∗0.16∗0.03∗27
DL of cement screed= =0.48
2.7

Total dead load =0.41+0.48=0.89 KN /m

Waist Dead Load

h∗Linclined∗γ
DL of Concerete=
Project length

0.25∗3.138∗25
DL of Concerete= =7.26
2.7

h∗Linclined∗γ
DL of Plastering=
Project length

0.02∗3.138∗23
DL of Plastering= =0.534
2.7

Total dead load =7.26+0.534=7.794 KN /m

KN KN KN
Flight dead load=3.5 +0.89 + 7.794 KNm=12.184
m m m

Design Load

DL of Landing = 8.21

DL of flight = 12.184 KN/m

Live Load = 4 KN/m

PD ( Landing )=1.35∗8.21+1.5∗4=17.084 KN /m
 PD ( Flight ) =1.35∗12.184+ 1.5∗4=22.448 KN /m

Step 5) Analysis the Staircase

Based on the end support condition it have two cases

Case 1) Between the basement and intermediate landing

Case ) Between 1st ,2nd ,3rd and 4th to intermediate landing

Loading on the stair case and they respected shear and bending moment

Case 1:-
Figure 4.3 Staircase one analysis result for case 1

Figure 4.4 Staircase one analysis result for case 2

Step 6) Design for flexure
Design Moment is taken maximum of the two cases
I) Check the depth of flexure (for span Moment)
M rd =0. .8 b f cd ( d−0.4 x ) but X =Kd

K2 Xu
M rd =0.8 Kx ( 1−0.1 Kx ) f cd b d 2 , δ=K 1+ … … … … …. .
d

K 1 + K 2 K x max … … . f ck <50 MPa K 1=0.44 K 2=1.25 ¿ ¿)

δ =is the ratio of redistributed moment ¿ the bending moment

δ=1 for zero moment redistribution

2
M rd =0.8 x 0.448 x ( 1−0.4 x∗0.448 ) x 14.167 x 1000 x 210

¿ 183.79 kN /m>56.67 KN /m

II) Computing the Reinforcement ratio

ρ=f cd / f yd ¿
ρ=14.167/434.783 ¿

ρ=0.00591
III) computing the area of steel required
A scal =ρbd
A scal =0.00591∗1000∗210
2
A scal=1,241.1mm

A s min=Max
{0.260.013
f btd /f
ctm
btd
yk … … … … … … . ES−EN −1992−2015 Art 9.2.1 .1 .(1)

{
0.26 x 2.6 x 1000 x 210
=283.92
A s min=Max 500
0.013 x 1000 x 210=273
2
A s min=283.92<1241.1 mm … … .. ok
A s max=0.04 Ac … … … ….. ES−EN −1992−2015 Art 9.2 .1.1 .(3)
¿ 0.04 x 250 x 1000
2
¿ 10000>1241.1 mm … … … … ok

So the number of bar can be calculated and spacing use Ø 20

as∗b
S=
A s max
314.159∗1000
S= =253 mm
1241.1
Use Ø 20 C/C 250 mm As , Apro=314.159*1000/250 = 1256.36
Design for Support Moment
I) Check the depth of flexure
M rd =0. .8 b f cd ( d−0.4 x ) but X =Kd

M rd =0.8 Kx ( 1−0.1 Kx ) f cd b d 2 ,

K2 Xu
δ=K 1 + ……………..
d

K 1 + K 2 K x max … … . f ck <50 MPa K 1=0.44 K 2=1.25 ¿ ¿)

δ=is the ratio of redistributed moment ¿ the bending moment

δ =1 for zero moment redistribution

2
M rd =0.8 x 0.448 x ( 1−0.4 x∗0.448 ) x 14.167 x 1000 x 210

¿ 183.79 kN /m>56.92 KN /m

III) computing the area of steel required

ρ=f cd / f yd ¿
ρ=14.167/434.783 ¿
 ρ=0.00312

III) computing the area of steel required

A scal =ρbd
A scal =0.00305∗1000∗210

A scal =654.7 mm2

A s min=Max
{0.260.013
f btd /f
ctm
btd
yk … … … … … … . ES−EN −1992−2015 Art 9.2.1 .1 .(1)

{
0.26 x 2.6 x 1000 x 210
=283.92
A s min=Max 500
0.013 x 1000 x 210=273
2
A s min=283.92< 654.7.5 mm … … .. ok
A s max=0.04 Ac … … … ….. ES−EN −1992−2015 Art 9.2 .1.1 .(3)
¿ 0.04 x 250 x 1000
2
¿ 10000>654.7 mm … … … … ok

So the number of bar can be calculated and spacing use Ø 20

as∗b
S=
A s max
314.159∗1000
S= =480 mm
654.7
Use Ø 20 C/C 480 mm
As, Prov=314.159*1000/480
=654.49 mm2
Step 6) Check the depth for deflection (serviceability requirement)
According to ES-EN-1992-2015 the limit state of the deformation may be checked by either
 by limiting the span/ depth ratio Art 7.4.2
 by comparing a calculated deflection
L/d=K*[11+1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘ƍo/ƍ+3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘(ƍo/ƍ-1)3/2*F1*F2*F3............if ƍ ≤ ƍo
L/d=k*(11+1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘ƍo/(ƍ-ƍ')+1/12*√𝑓𝑐𝑘ƍ′√ƍ*F1*F2*F3..................if ƍ ≤ ƍo

L/d=is the limit span /depth

K=is the factor to take into account the different structural system
ƍo = is the reference ratio =10−3 √ f ck
ƍ = is the required tension reinforcement ratio at the mid span to resist the
moment due to the design loads (at the support for cantilevers)
 ƍ' = is the required compression reinforcement ratio at the mid span to resist
the moment due to design loads at support for cantilever f ck in MPa
F1=the factor to account for the steel Grade other than f yk =500 MPa
As , req
F 1=500/(f yk x )
AsxProv

F2 = to account the beam type whether it is rectangular and T -section beams

F2 = 0.8,for flanged sections where the ratio of the flange breadth to the flange
bredath to the rib breadth exceeds 3 ,otherwise F 2=1
F 3=7/(leff for beams∧slabs) other than flat slabs, with span exceeding 7m
which support part ions liable to be damaged by excessive deflection
=0.0114

2102\*
MERGEFORMAT (.)
ƍ0=10-3√25=0.0050
K for interior span from ES-EN-1992-2015 Table 7.4N K=1.3
ƍ' = 0 (hence it is interior simply supported)

F2 =1 hence it is
rectangular section
F3=7/4.6=1.52
hence ƍ ≥ ƍo so
L/d=k*(11+1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘ƍo/(ƍ-ƍ')+1/12*√𝑓𝑐𝑘ƍ′√ƍ*F1*F2*F3..................if ƍ ≥ ƍo
=1.3*(11+1.5√25*0.005/0.0114+1/12*√(25∗(00.0114))*1.0123*1*1.52

L/d=24.21

d =4600/24.21

=190 < 210………………….OK

Step 7 ) Check for shear

 for the design of shear is the shear force which found d distance from the face of the
columns, but we use the shear force at the support hence it is greater than that of the shear d
distance from the face of the columns

The design value of

the shear resistance
is given ES-EN-
1992-2015 section
6.2.2 as follows

where

is the area of the tensile reinforcement, which extends beyond the section
considered

is the smallest width of the cross section in the tensile area (mm)

NED = the axial force in the cross section in the tensile area (mm)
AC=is the area of the concrete cross section (mm2)
NED=0 so δcp=0
So
There is no need of Shear reinforcement
Step 8) computing the secondary reinforcement
According to section 9.3.1.1(1) ES-EN-1992-1-1-2015 secondary transverse reinforcement of
not less than 20% of the principal reinforcement should be provided in one-way Load transfer
mechanism elements (also stair case)

Using ɸ 12 bar (113.098)for secondary reinforcement

S=450 mm